Essay On Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization Research Paper
Life was good in the Indus Valley, they were able to make their own clothes since spindles were
found at the site. They grew their own food, food was plentiful, and they had many huge cities with
numerous arts and craft, and craftsmen in their cities. They built homes in their cities, and they had
livestock. This early civilization was quite advanced. They had religion and religious ceremonies.
Their cities were so well planned that compared to our cities they were much better laid out.
Anyhow, they had entertainment, and a very diverse cultural life. This civilization is truly
marvelous and unique considering the
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The Indus Valley Civilizations
Ancient Economy Indus Valley Report The Indus Valley civilization, which lasted from 5,500
B.C.E to 1,500 B.C.E, was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations of all time and it had an
economy which was extremely dependent on trade, agriculture, hunting, and pottery. Through
trade, the Indus Valley Civilizations exchanged many technologies with other major civilizations
and this allowed them to become one of the most successful civilizations of all time. Although
their cities, which had buildings with multiple stories and were air conditioned, were made out of
mud bricks as compared to the tall metal skyscrapers of today, Indus Valley was one of the first
large human settlements on Earth. This coupled with inventions such as buttons, irrigation, the
seal, and the ruler, helped Indus Valley to go down in history as a civilization which was ahead of
its time. The economy of Indus Valley was very diverse. It specialized in producing dates, grapes
and melons; cotton for cotton cloths; and other crops such as wheat and peas. Indus Valley is
known to be the first place that cotton was cultivated and used to weave cloths. This was a
revolutionary advancement since cotton is one of the most used resources today. This proves that
Indus Valley was a really valuable ancient civilization which was way ahead of its time. The use of
cotton allowed them to step up as a unique and valuable trading partner since they provided a
product which was scarcely found. This along with the

Indus River Valley Civilization
The Indus River Valley civilization was an ancient civilization located on a subcontinent called India.
The Indus River Valley civilization was naturally isolated by the Himalayas and the east and west
Ghat mountains. The ancient civilization was located near a river, like most of the ancient
civilizations of their time. Because India was surrounded by mountains on all sides, the subcontinent
was very prone to attacks. A major problem for theIndus River Valley civilization was the constant
monsoons it had. India had two different types of monsoons, the winter monsoon and the summer
monsoon. The Indus River Valley civilization depended on the summer monsoon, because that is
when they got most of their rain. When the winter monsoon hit the...show more content...
It is also believed they participated in the maritime trade network. The ancient civilization would
trade many different types of things, for example they traded silver, gold, seashells, flint, and
gemstones. Cotton was one of the most important items the ancient civilization traded. The Indus
River Valley civilization had one of the largest trade routes of their time, which expanded from
Mesopotamia to China.
The Indus River Valley civilization society was based around a social hierarchy, which was
divided into groups based upon occupations. The highest group of the social hierarchy was the
Brahmins, or also known as priests. The second highest group of the hierarchy was the Kshatriyas,
or warriors. The third group were called the Vaisyas, which consisted of the herders, farmers,
artisans, and merchants. The fourth group consisted of people who had little or no Aryan heritage
called the Sudras, they consisted of farm workers, servants, and other laborers. The lowest group of
the social hierarchy was the dalits, they did work no one else wanted to do. Their social class
determined who they could marry, what kind of education they could get, where they could live, and
what jobs they could get.
The Indus River Valley religion was polytheistic, which meant they believed in many god. The
ancient civilization worshipped god and goddesses who embodied natural forces. The main god the
civilization worshiped was Indra, the god of war. IndraВґs was weapon

The Indus River Civilization
In the year 3000 BCE the Indus River civilization was formed in the northwest of India (Indus
River). This was the beginning of the long reign of Hinduism over the Indian peninsula. They were
an advanced civilization having many artifacts architecturally especially bathhouses but the biggest
thing they left behind was religious symbols and religious figures; They also set a precedent by
having a mother goddess. Around 1800 BCE the Aryans a militant tribe from central Asia came into
India and took over the Indus River civilization (Indus Valley Civilization). Also according to many
scholars the belief of the collapse of the Indus River Valley Civilization wasn't from an invasion by
the Aryans but a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia along with a drought (Indus Valley
Civilization).
Since the beginning of the civilization they've had many religious texts starting with the Vedic
scripture of the Rig Veda (Hinduism). There were many Hindu writings including the Upanishads,
Brahmanas, and Vedantas. These writings are Indo–Aryan writings as the Aryan occupation had
some influence on the text (Hinduism). The year 300 BCE brought along a new and one of the most
important Hindu books The Bhagavad Gita. The Hindu religion is a polytheistic religion meaning
that it has many gods split into three different sections being Celestial, Atmospheric, and Terrestrial.
Gods have their own specific reason of being in this structured universe. The main gods worshiped in
Vedic Hinduism

Indus Valley Polytheism
The early river valley civilizations are different and similar in many ways. The one and
big similarity of Sumer, Egypt, and the Indus Valley would have is that they were all
worshipping more than one god as of which we call it "polytheism." First off, since Egypt,
Sumer, and the Indus Valley were all polytheistic in their own ways, those places also had
"empires." This shows the thing about Egypt, Sumer, and the Indus Valley is that they can be
similar in things that they do but except they can do their own ways differently than the others, as
an example, since Egypt has their slaves as to also have jobs as warriors, then it would be
different if Sumer or the Indus Valleycivilization has the potential for protecting their slaves,...show
more content...
First off, we definitely know
that Egypt is a country(or a region) in northeastern Egypt. Second, to combine, we already know
that Egypt has more than 2,000 temples and each temple, there is a god for each Egyptian to
worship. Third and finally, Egypt has developed something interesting called "hieroglyphics,"
which is to, to make it real short and interesting, worshipping all types of different civilization
idols. Since we are done with Egypt, we move on to the Indus Valley civilization. As we said
Egypt, Sumer and the Indus Valley were different in many ways, it can still relate to the other
two civilizations in many ways. First, The Indus Valley can be located in about 4 countries of
Southern Asia which are Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the biggest country of them all, India.
The second and final thing about the Indus Valley is that they were the first ever known
civilization in the Southern asia country, India. We move on to the Indus Valley, and we are
finally are on Sumer. One thing that was independent in Sumer was that they only worshipped "4

Gods." This shows that Egypt could not worship as many gods as Egypt because Sumer

Abstract
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) was the one among the greatest early civilzation of
the Old World alongside the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Wright 2009, Wright 2010), which
developed in South Asia along perennially flowing Indus and Ghaggar–Hakra ( also called as
Saraswati) river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan (Wright 2010, Giosan 2012, Maemoku
2013). Though least studies so far, emerging archeological studies suggest that the Indus Valley
(oftenly called Harappa) might have been most wide spread, extending across today's northwest
Pakistan deep into western India and carried probably more than five million people at its peak
(Kahn 2005, McIntosh 2008). Reduced water supply has possibly caused the civilization's demise
and eastward movement of its population (Madella 2006, MacDonald 2011, Brooke 2014) towards
the Gangetic plain after its decline (Possehl 1999; McIntosh 2002:11) giving rise to many
succeeding Vedic tradition linked cultures reinforced by reports of many religious artefacts of Hindu
practices from Indus Valley locations (Mishra 2001). The northwestern region of pre–partition India
was the centre for Indus Valley civilizationand for the shift from hunting–gathering to the societies
with settled agriculture and domesticated animals (Allchin and Allchin 1997) well supported by
archeological discoveries of first agricultural occupation in the Indus basin near Mehrgarh (now in
Pakistan) and surrounding areas

Indus Valley And Mesopotamia Research Paper
Both the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia civilization were religiously based societies
who focused on religion and valued it very much. But the two civilizations had different views on
religion and also differed on what the gods and goddesses had control over. Also, the central point of
the two civilizations' cities varies, too.
One of the main similarities between Indus Valley andMesopotamia was that they were both
religiously based societies. The Mesopotamians dedicated most of their art to the gods, including
having statues of gods in most households. They also had very complex religious rituals and created
large shrines and temples dedicated to the cities personal patron god. Indus Valley also had temples
dedicated to their gods.

The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in floodplains of the Indus and Saraswati. Their rivers
flooded twice a year on the dot. They flourished around 3,000 B.C.E. They were one of the largest
ancient civilizations. They had great cities some of the best known were Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro. They started trading with Mesopotamian in 3,500 B.C.E. They had great cities some of the
best known were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Archaeologists found more than 1,500 sites. Homes
were multistory made with uniform bricks and their streets were perpendicular. Homes also had
natural air conditioning by building them to catch the wind. Most homes were connected to an
underground drainage system that used gravity. Some of their largest buildings or rooms were
bathhouses. Archaeologists thought they were peaceful because the found no weapons and are
thought to have faded into obscurity. There are three ways people think this happened either they
were defenseless because they had no weapons, they destroyed their environment or there was an
earthquake that changed the environment. The Mesopotamian Civilization was located in modern
Iraq between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates Potamoi. They helped create writing and taxes. They
started appearing 5,000 years ago. Farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses where
workers were paid in grain. There was a lot of conflicts between country and city. In the cities, there
was a canal system and a couple of monumental

Indus Valley Civilization Essay
The Indus Valley civilization is located in India along the Indus River. India is a subcontinent in a
region known as South Asia. Two capital cities in this area are Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. To this
day it includes three out of ten of the world's most populous countries, two mountain nations, and an
island nation. Which includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh(countries), Nepal and
Bhutan(mountains), and Sri Lanka(island). The Indus civilization lasted from 2600 to 1900 B.C.
and was known as the Harappan civilization. The Early Harappan phase 3300–2600 B.C., Mature
Harappan phase 2600–1900 B.C., and the Late Harappan phase 1900–1300 B.C. are the three time
phases that separated the Indus Valley civilization. In 1865 constructors where...show more content...
Another economic trait is that India is divided into three major zones: the dry Deccan plateau, the
coastal plains on either side of the Deccan, and the Gangetic Plain in the north. The Deccan juts into
the Indian Ocean as a plateau, which lacks much of melting snow that leads into rivers and causes
unproductive agriculture, arid parts, and populated sparsely. The Gangetic Plain is watered by
mighty rivers such as the Indus River, Ganges, and Brahmaputra which carried melting snow from
the mountains. The coastal plains are below Deccan because its separation from low–lying mountain
ranges, which contains the Eastern and Western Ghats and because of the low–lying mountains,
farmers receive lots of rain water. In the Indus Valley there is not many records to state how their
society actually but artifacts such as pottery, seals, weights, and bricks. Archeologists suggest that
they show some type of authority and governance, though it is not clear. Various theories have
developed over time such as that a single state surrounded all of the communities of the civilization.
It is supported by artifacts, standardized ratio of brick size, the evidence of planned settlements, and
the apparent establishment of sources near sources of raw material. Also that there was no single
ruler, but a number of rulers representing different communities. Clues from statues and images on

Indus Valley Civilization And Early Trade
Indus valley Civilization and Early Trade Earliest indian civilization lies between the Indus and
Saraswati Rivers The Himalaya separate India and Pakistan from Tajikistan and China Farming on
flood plains started in 6,000 BCE Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa Cities/ Villages were built from fired
bris– roads were just large enough for two large carts and some pedestrians because of theocracy
priests served as representatives for the gods cities usually depended on farms that were irrigated
for a source of food The decline if the Indus valley sped up when nomads started to move in The
Vedic Epoch Aryans were some of the earliest nomads in ancient Asia Vedas are are old oral epics
that were written down long after the Aryan Invasion The

Indus Valley Research Paper
The Indus Valley was larger than other ancient civilizations including: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
China. Western India and Pakistan are two modern day countries that give us an idea of where
the Indus Valley was located. When completing an Indus Valley trading game, it put in
perspective the tactics that they would have used for trading purposes. To start off, seals were a
major aspect when trading. The clay piece would seal a rope that was tied around a bundle of
goods. The people of the Indus valley would put different designs onto the seal; examples of
designs they would put onto a seal was a unicorn, bull, bison, elephant, rhino, and even designs of
humans. People would not accept packages if the seal was broken, because that meant it had

Development Of Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization Is the first known Urban Culture in India. Majority of the sites
developed on the banks of river Indus, Ghaggar and its tributaries. This civilisation is credited for
building cities complete with : town planning, sanitation, drainage system and broad well–laid roads.
Persian empire includes Cyrus the great and his establishments, Darius I and his establishments, and
the religion during the persian empire. It also included the achievements and religions of india and
explains and talks about how buddhism and hinduism were created and spread across the indus
valley civilization . The persian empire was established by Cyrus the great, controlled areas from
asia minor to india, was the largest empire in the world at that time period, and had a tolerance
over people. Then there was Darius I who unified the persian empire. The development of the
imperial bureaucracy started where the empire was divided into provinces called satrapies headed
by officials called satraps and each strappy paid taxes based on wealth and resources. The
development of road systems occurred and the economics was a coin, and there was a system of
weights and measurements which switched from a barter economy to a money economy.The
religion of Persia was Zoroastrianism the belief in two opposing forces in the universe. Zoroaster
taught that one god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world. Ahura Mazda was in constant battle with
Ahriman, prince of lies and evil and each person had to choose a side. And on the final judgment
day, people would be judged for their actions during life and this influenced Christianity and Islam
(heaven, hell, judgment day).
Then there was India and its two main cities were Harappa and Mohenjo–Daro (main cities). Indus,
Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers, Hindu Kush, E. and W. Ghats, Himalayan Mountains, and the Deccan
plateaus are main areas in india.
Some of the people in India were Aryans and they were nomads who intermarried and settled down,
as they blended their nomadic culture with the Indus Valley culture. They Migrated down from the
North and their assertion of dominance conquered Indus Valley.
They had a caste system which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations. The

The Indus valley civilizations was an intriguing and sophisticated ancient culture and also a major
contributor in the development of what later came to be known as "Hinduism" . The civilization
was founded "accidentally" in the 19th century when the British engineers were searching for ballast
for a railway line in north–western India (which is now modern day Pakistan) and found the
remains of what seemed to be an ancient city which was only known only to locals until then. In the
early 20th century, when other similar sites were uncovered, archaeologists realized the significance
of the discovery, which turned out to be one of the most prospering civilizations of the ancient
world. It is called The Indus Valley Civilizationbecause most of its settlements are situated along the
banks of the Indus River .The largest and most important of this civilization were its two prospering
cities known as Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. These names are of post–Indus origin as they were
given with reference to the towns built much later on the ruins of these ancient cities. During their
prosperous period,, Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa had a population of around 40–50 thousand, which
was a lot by ancient standards. Both of these cities were highly organized and strategically planned,
and displayed remarkably similar features during their excavation. Given the structure of the cities,
archaeologists suggest that there may have been a central authority for code enforcement and the
Harappan

Indus Valley Civilization:
In the region of South Asia, Indus Valley civilization is acknowledged as the oldest civilization
which is situated in the region of India's western drift and Indus River (Hirst, 2017). This
civilization performed central government and delivered well developed cities and towns along with
compositions and controlled food productions. This civilization is different from those of
Mesopotamia and Egypt, and hence was not overwhelmed by intense figures of religion (Green,
2016). No sanctuaries were manufactured and no pictures of state divine beings or lords have been
found. Deforestation, environmental change and a progression of intrusions all added to the decline
of the Indus civilization. The Indus Valley Civilizationis also acknowledged as Indus civilization
which was situated in a zone of somewhere in the range of 1.6 million square kilometers in what is
today eastern Pakistan and northeastern India between around 2500–1900 BC (Hirst, 2017).
Indus Valley Seals:
Alexander Cunningham, in 1870, distributed a few discoveries uncover at Harappa under the
establishment of the Archeological Survey of India. That demonstrate some inquisitive protest
among them, a 1*1 inch of smooth engraved mud, covered in the vestiges (Rao et al., 2009). The
piece was not cleaned and appeared to engrave the sculpture of a bull. It was at first suspected that
the seal was a not a local possession rather a foreign object. Later on numerous such revelations were

Artifact Of Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early civilization between 3000 B.C to 15000 B.C and as the
civilization collapsed, archaeologist found a 3–D figurine of a man on a structure with wheels,
attached to two animal like figures. The artifact reflects on innovation used by this society by the
use of the wheel. As the wheel was first invented, it was mainly used as a "potter wheel" just to
shape and mold ceramic ware and they innovated from that idea of a wheel, to a transportation
device as shown in the artifact. Also, the artifact teaches us about a belief in this society by
displaying they believed in efficiency. The man was transporting on wheels and with the help of
animals to make it easier and faster for travelling. Another thing that

The peaceful, wealthy and structured Indus Valley Civilisation fell apart between the time of
1900BC and 1700BC. The combination of floods in some areas, drought, anarchy and supposedly
natural disasters brought the Civilisation that was once flourishing between 2600BC and 1900BC to
the ground. Some historians speculate the Indus Valley Civilisation was devastated by a great war.
Hindu poems titled the Rig Veda (1500BC) explain northern invaders conquering the Indus Valley
cities. But, despite the physical annihilation of the Indus Civilisation, only the cities fell into ruins.
Farmers in the Indus Valley continued living in their villages, and the monsoons "de–urbanized"
them. The Indian Religion Hinduism appears to have close connections with the ancient Indus
religion. Some of the Hindu gods are very similar to the gods shown on Indus Valley seals. The
Indus Valley people considered water as being Holy, and the Hindus believe they are 'purified' in a
religious way when they bathe in the sanctified Ganges River. The Indus Valley Civilisation was
destroyed from the outside, but many features of the Civilisation and people lived on.
Distinct from most major religions, Hinduism doesn't have a central person who claims they are the
founder of it. In its place, there is an intricate origin which dates back five thousand years to the
people that lived in the Indus Valley Civilisation. When the Aryan communities of Persia attacked
the Indus Valley around the time of 1700 BC, the

Ancient Indian Civilization
ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia were not the
only "early civilizations." In the vast Indus River plains (located in what is today Pakistan and
western India), under layers of land and mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a
4,600 year–old city. A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and
Mesopotamian states – in an area twice each of their sizes. The Indian civilization is one of the most
ancient civilizations of the world. It is known as the Sindhu civilization or the Indus Valley
civilization or the Aryan civilization. Sometimes it is also referred to as the Vedic civilization.
The Aryans...show more content...
CLIMATE
Climate was an ingredient in early Indian civilizations for several reasons. Monsoons, winds that
mark the seasons, are one of the most immediate. The first monsoon of the season blows from North
to Northeast periodically during November through March. Little rain is present during this
monsoon, however what precipitation does fall, it falls on the Northern slope of the Himilayas.
During mid–June through October a second monsoon indicates the 'Wet Season' – a.k.a. – the
southwest monsoon. Following the southwest monsoon, heavy rains fall in its wake (however
sparse rainfall falls on the Western Ghats, the heaviest rainfull occours over the Ganges Valley and
the Eastern Himilayan Mountains). The timing of these winds is critical; too little or too late
rainfall results in an unsuccessful harvest, yet too much or an extended period of rainfall causes
flooding along the country side. Temperatures also play a significant role in how Indian's settled the
land in anchient times. The ideal area – the Deccan plateau – had mild temperatures in the summer
opposed to the blistering heat of the Western Ghats and valleys which could climb up to
one–hundred twenty degrees farenheit.
The annual rainfall in the Indus region varies between 5 and 20 inches (125 to 500 millimeters).
Except for the mountainous section of Pakistan, the Indus valley lies in the driest part of the
subcontinent. Northwestern winds

Research Paper On Indus River Valley Civilization
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian civilization began around 5000 BC and began to flourish in 3000 BC. Generally ancient
Egyptian history is seperated into three kingdoms the old kingdon, middle, and new kingdom. The
old kingdom (2686BC– 2134BC) is the time period where most of what we think of ancient Egypt
like the pyramids (built as burial tombs for the pharoah). During that time Egyptians began to write
texts, study medicine, and find new battle tactics. The Egyptians were polytheists and had a
pantheon of gods, they believed the pharoah to be the god Horus and was thus treated as
such.Egyptian society was more egalitarian than other societies, women could own property and
divorce their husbands. There was not social mobility in Egyptian society, but It was not impossible
to rise up the social ladder.
Indus river valley
The Indus river valley civilization located along the Indus river was first settled around 5000BC
l. It began to flurish in 3000 Bc, And In 2600 BC one of the best known cities of the Indus river
valley civilization, Moenjo Daro was established. Buildings in the city were built out of baked
bricks and set up so the buildings...show more content...
The rivers were unstable and flooded often, the area also Lacked many natural resources. In
response the mesopotamians began building things like irrigation systems and levies to help keep
the rivers under control and make it easier to grow food. As more and more cities began forming
people increasingly did more than make food leading to things like writing and technology. Travel
was fairly easy as sailing on the rivers allowed people to quickly go from one end of Mespotamia
to the other. Eventually as cities grew larger they needed more from outside their borders, they
started trading with other countries; leading cities like Uruk to become centers of world

India Of The Indus Valley Civilization
India, the Indus Valley civilization is truly an ancient seat of human civilization. Being the seventh
largest country in the world, India has always been rich in both natural and human resources. So far
as human history goes India towers in its achievements among which would be included written
language, philosophy and one of the earliest large scale urban civilizations. The history of India is
replete with many examples of the integration of indigenous peoples with the migrating peoples of
the ancient world. As a modern country India has successfully integrated a hugely diverse mixture
of races into a functioning and democratic nation state. India's population of over 1 billion speak
hundreds of different languages yet they manage to live in relative harmony with each other. Such
a wide diversity and acceptance places India at the center of a crossroad of cultures spanning from
Europe to China. India has absorbed all this in a way nearly unprecedented in world history. Finally
India can be considered the birthplace of organized religion starting with Hinduism and spawning
others like Buddhism and Sikhism. In later times India also absorbed the Islamic invasions and
thereby spread its cultural influence throughout the Arab Islamic world. India's 5000 year history
illustrates just how successful the idea of unity in diversity can really be.
Political overview:
India, officially the Republic of India is a huge country in South Asia with a population of 1.2
billion growing

Essay On Indus Valley Civilization

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Essay On Indus Valley Civilization