When Karl Freund’S The Mummy (1932) Was Released, The Horror

When Karl Freund’S The Mummy (1932) Was Released, The Horror
When Karl Freund's The Mummy (1932) was released, the horror genre was already ingrained by
Universal Studios and other American studios. The 1930s are considered the beginning of the horror
genre's classic phase. Horror films "primarily engages us affectively and viscerally–its aim seems to
be to scare and disgust us, to raise the hair on the back of our necks or make us cover our eyes". The
horror film of the studios years gives physical shape and specific presence to metaphysical, notions
of spirit or moral evil. The Mummy embodies our personal fears and social fears on a larger scale.
Death and damnation are central to The Mummy. The star of The Mummy is Imhotep/Ardath Bey
played by Boris Karloff. Imhotep (a high Egyptian priest) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the 1930s it was Universal who pioneered the horror film as a low–cost studio genre.
Universal Studios and Rise of Horror Films
Universal's origin can be traced back to 1906 when Carl Laemmle gave up his post as a bookkeeper
and used his savings to buy and operate a nickelodeon in Chicago. Universal was one of the eight
large companies who dominated the industry, though they were not one of the "majors." To be a
"major", a company had to be vertically integrated, owning a theater chain and having an
international distribution operation. The five majors Paramount, MGM, 20th Century Fox, Warner
Brothers, and RKO dominated the industry. Universal had constant money problems, however, was
still successful during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In 1931 Universal released Dracula
starring Bela Lugosi and directed by Tod Browning, which a huge success and initiated the horror
cycle. Universal also released another successful film Frankenstein (1931) starting Boris Karloff.
The follow up to Dracula and Frankenstein was an even greater success, and Universal now looked
for another success that would use its new star, Boris Karloff. This new success would be The
Mummy (1932).
The Filming History of The Mummy The Mummy was filmed during the Great Depression. The
financial collapse came against the background of an already
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Evolution Of The New American Cinema
The studio system was a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number
of studios in Hollywood during the Hollywood Golden Age. During the early 1900's many of the
movie production companies moved from the East Coast to warmer climates in states like
California, Texas, and New Mexico. Relocating to these locations with warmer weather climates
provided more settings for movies to be shot outdoors utilizing beautiful natural scenery, abundant
sunlight for scenes, and eventually formed a small conglomerate of studios that we now call
Hollywood. During the Golden Age the studio system consisted of eight major studios and out of
these eight studios, five of them were major conglomerates. (Looking at Movies, page 468–469) The
studio system was challenged by a Supreme Court ruling in 1938; the court decided that the major
films studios represented a monopoly and went on to implement anti–trust laws to disband the
monopoly. It then took another six years before the studios complied and decided to leave the
production of films. (www.cybercollege.com) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were the assassinations of President Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. During all of this
tumultuous change, the New American Cinema was born. The changes that occurred from the "old"
American Cinema to the "new" American Cinema has been referred to as a "phenomenon." When
the old studio system collapsed, it was replaced with scattered enterprises known as "independent
filmmakers." This change had both positive and negative impacts on the cinema industry. There
were declining audiences, competition from television networks, and escalating production costs.
The upside was that there were conventions adapted such as; new modes of expression to better
meet the audience expectations and more shooting on location, which resulted in better quality

Market Concentration Ratio
Market Concentration Ratio January December 2000 CR Studios Total Revenue Market Share
(Market share)^2 CR4 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000
14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4%
0.010816 Total $3,941,100,000 CR6 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal
$1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount
$791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG $777,200,000 10.3% 0.010609 20th Century Fox
$723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Total $5,441,600,000 CR8 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5%
0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161
Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG $777,200,000 10.3% 0.010609 20th
Century Fox $723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Sonny/Columbia $681,500,000 9.0% 0.0081 New Line
$374,500,000 4.9% 0.002401 Total $6,497,600,000 Herthindal INDEX 0.256418 Genie coefficient
0.127629 CR Studios Total Revenue Market Share (Market share)^2 CR4 Warner Bros.
$1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000 11.7% 0.013689 Paramount $891,500,000
11% 0.0121 Buena Vista $887,800,000 10.9% 0.011881 Total $3,955,600,000 CR6 Warner Bros.
$1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000 11.7% 0.013689

The United States V. Paramount Pictures (1948)
After World War II, the filmmaking industry experienced a dramatic change. The Paramount
decision and the development of the Hollywood Blacklist created a hostile environment and a
tumultuous time for the filmmaking industry. Although the effects would rattle the industry to its
core, it was instrumental in shaping the filmmaking business into what we know today. United
States v. Paramount Pictures (1948) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that changed
the way filmmakers, producers and theaters would operate forever. It was seen as the proverbial first
nail in the coffin of the old Hollywood studio system. Under this system, film studios also owner the
theaters where their pictures were shown. Therefore, specific theater chains would only show the
films that were produced by the studio that owned them. Further, the studios that created the film
also had the directors, writers, actors, set designers, etc. under contract. To take it even further, the
studios also owned the development laboratories and distribution channels. Basically, the studios
were vertically integrated and created a de facto oligopoly. The federal government had no choice
but to step in. The studios unfair practices led to the suing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In October 1947, the federal government subpoenaed a number of persons working in Hollywood to
testify at hearings. Opening the hearings were appearances by Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan, who
at the time was the president of the Screen Actors Guild. They both testified that the threat of
Communists in the film industry was real and should be taken seriously. For an example of how this
affected successful careers, we could take a look at Adrian Scott. He was a famed producer who
produced four films for admitted communist Edward Dmytryk. Once Scott's name was added to the
blacklist in 1951, he was unable to be credited on screen until

Film: The Studio System
During the "golden age" from the early 1930s to the 1950s, the studio system employed a
"producer–unit system" to make movies that would "value both profits and aesthetic value" (Barsam
& Monahan, 2016, p. 469). With this manager and producer–heavy structure, standardization
became possible in filmmaking which led to films with a "studio look," meaning that movies,
particularly from the major studios, had a "predictable technical quality, often at the cost of stylistic
sameness" (Barsam & Monahan, 2016, p. 470).
The big studios of the time, Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, and RKO not
only controlled film production through their studios, they also owned theaters throughout the
Unites States and controlled the distribution

Disney Movies Advantages And Disadvantages
Alternatives
Disney's tentpole strategy has been fairly successful throughout the Disney Studios lifetime. Even
though this strategy worked in the past it may not be the best strategy moving forward, as there are
advantages and disadvantages to this strategy. One advantage of this strategy is that the tentpole
films attract movie going customers that think of the movies more as an event rather than just a film
they want to see."A $200 million movie is more likely than a $20 million movie to have elements
that appeal to moviegoers––to have special value for them.", said Horn. Just as with any bet, there
could also be a risk and disadvantage. If the film fails, they would both have to take the fall instead
of just Disney Studios. "When our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having five independent sub–studios also creates its own set of issues. Directors and executives not
being on the same page is one of the issues that has the potential to be the most costly. In the case of
Inside Out they made beneficial changes to the movie late in the process after executives viewed the
cut of the movie. In this case, executives working with sub–studios benefitted the finished product,
however, it creates and environment in which if executives and directors have different views of
where a movie should go or how characters should be portrayed it could lead to a complete
teardown and reshoot of a movie which would waste time and possibly risk missing a release date of
a major "tentpole" movie. Another challenge that arises when sub–studios are involved is division of
resources, which could lead to lower quality movies by not having all creative minds working on a
particular movie. For example, Disney live action has had the biggest percentage of failures versus
all of the other labels. Marvel and Lucasfilm have had tremendous success in creating universes in
which their movies can take place and add on to. This can be seen in the Star Wars universe or the
Marvel universe. The creative minds that developed the ideas to base these movies could be
beneficial to the Disney live action brand but the separation of resources keeps collaboration of
creative minds from happening.
Recommendation
Disney Studios should continue in their current

How does Sunset Boulevard represent the Hollywood Studio...
Sunset Boulevard directed by Billy Wilder in 1950 is based on how Norma Desmond, a huge
Hollywood star, deals with her fall from fame. The film explores the fantasy world in which Norma
is living in and the complex relationship between her and small time writer Joe Gillis, which leads to
his death. Sunset Boulevard is seen as lifting the 'face' of the Hollywood Studio System to reveal the
truth behind the organisation. During the time the film was released in the 1950s and 60s, audiences
started to see the demise of Hollywood as cinema going began to decline and the fierce competition
of television almost proved too much for the well established system. Throughout this essay I will
discuss how Sunset Boulevard represents the Hollywood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The film's main focus largely represents the Hollywood star system to which Norma Desmond is a
victim of. The film particularly highlights the fantasy world in which Norma lives in, the world
where she is the 'greatest star' (Norma Desmond, Sunset Boulevard, 1950). Sunset Boulevard steps
into Norma's mixed up world where hundreds of photos of herself clutter her crumbling mansion
and where she watches herself on screen on a weekly basis. The crumbling and deteriorating
mansion could be seen as a metaphor for Norma's fall from stardom, the collapse of her career. The
focus of Norma's fame is a recurring theme throughout the film that is referenced in order to
emphasise the extent to which fame has affected Norma and her life. When Norma decides to talk to
Cecil DeMille about her script the young security guard questions her by saying 'Norma, who?' as
the younger generation are unlikely to have heard of the actress. This further emphasises the harsh
reality of fame and in particular, Hollywood, as new actors and actresses are constantly churned out
to appeal to the audiences needs for the new Hollywood 'star'. Besides the main focus of the star
system, other representations of the studio system are also apparent within the film, for example
when Joe's thoughts are expressed

Hollywood Blockbuster Movie Cost
Weather it's a major Hollywood blockbuster film with A–list actors and actresses or a small
independent film, there is always a significant financial hurtle to clear when it comes to making a
movie. Studios not only need financial backing from a major investor but someone to manage that
investment and make sure it is distributed to the director, actors, editors, and filming crew to name a
few of the key figures. While the personnel of the film need to get payed, the studio must also invest
in costumes, props, settings, and the equipment needed to film and edit the movie. Some of these
items may be as cheap as a dollar, while hiring an A–list actor can cost millions of dollars.
Independent studios may try and save costs by hiring unknown actors ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Studios need to select a demographic as to who they want to target their movie towards, whether it
be male or female, or younger or older crowds. These studios may show a prescreening of a film to
determine the popularity with certain demographics and have their audience fill out questionnaires
regarding the film. Once a studio has a targeted demographic, they must determine how they are
going to draw interest to that movie by means of advertising. Advertising can take many forms, in
early film history it would be shown on billboards. Today's advertising is done by either television
commercials, movie trailers that preceded other films which target the same demographic,
magazines, and in more recent times ads that are on programs, such as, Facebook and YouTube. All
this advertising costs the studio millions of dollars to ensure that the film does well in the box

Studio System In Hollywood
In essence one could describe the Studio system as a particular method of filming, where the studios
in hollywood were in complete control of the production and distribution of a particular film (Lewis
2008). During the Golden Age of film the studio system was at its peak. Five major companies
dominated the world of movies, they all were conglomerates that owned the production, distribution
of their films. In the Golden Age, censorship was also at the forefront of the studio system.
Originally, censorship was determined by local boards, so began the self censhipric policies and
procedures of the hollywood world. The contract system falls within the realm of the studio system
and is vital in understanding what occurred during the Golden Age

The Main Changes That the Paramount Decree Effected on the...
Outline the main changes the paramount decree effected on the structure of the American film
industry and discuss the measures the ex–studios took to remain in control of the film market.
The period of the 1920's to 1950's where known as the studio era in Hollywood. A few major
companies monopolized the industry through vertical integration when the film companies
controlled all production distribution and exhibition. The majors determined which movies were
shown in which theatres, choosing their own over others. The theatres were often palaces, about
spectacle and a night out more than the movie itself. Marcus Loew said , "we sell tickets to theatres,
not movies" (pg 113 , Hollywood cinema, Maltby R, 2003). The majors forced ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They took on more responsibility and had more time to work on the production. "since the late
1960s it has been common for directors to average only one feature every year and a half , two years
, whereas at the height of the studio system, a John Ford or George Cukor might regularly have
made two or even three major features a year. There were serious implications for the way in which
directors learned their craft." (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood). Independent film
production increased the importance of agents in the system. After contracts were dropped, staff
went to agents who brought them together with a script and a director and a package to studios, for
film projects. "by the 1960s two thirds of films being made were pre–packaged by agents .Agents
continued to grow in importance to such an extent that by the 1980s, Michael Ovitz, president of
CAA, was being the single most influential person in the movie industry", (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The
New Hollywood). With fewer films in production after the Paramount decree , there were fewer
films to maintain the profitability balance and offset losses, as a result there was a need for greater
profits. Blockbusters became the industries idea of sure fire profit . New technologies were utilized
in order to make cinema something new and exciting. In order to compete with the increasing loss of
audience to television, studios

Block Booking Essay
It was during World War II that The Golden Age of Hollywood flourished, which not only produced
many patriotic films, but also brought to Hollywood a great number of exiled Europeans from
France, Germany and Austria, which included many actors, writers, directors, and composers.
During this time the film studios grew in power, new stars and directors were discovered and the
eight major studios produced more than 7500 feature films. "These films were released by the
studios to audiences eager to be entertained. More than 80 million people attended at least one film
per week. This period enjoyed the greatest collection of talent gathered in one place." (Motion
Pictures, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2001) ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studios often used block booking to sell films of mediocre quality.
In wasn't until the late 1937 that the studios began to run in to trouble, partly because on of
economic conditions in the United States and partly because of movies that the public felt were low
in quality and subpar. Many blamed this on the "block booking." It was during this time that one of
the smaller studios (Disney Studios) released its 1937 hit "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," an
animated film with no stars and released by a small studio. This was a wakeup call for the larger
studios that maybe this practice of "block booking" wasn't such a good idea.
Variety magazine wrote: "The wonder is not the scarcity of outstanding, smashing film hits, but that
under the present system of industry operation there are any hits at all." (Hollywood Renegades
(Archive, Hollywood in slump 1938: Variety. 12/14/1938, accessed 6/8/17). By 1947, the United
States Supreme Court Anti–Trust law split the Studio System from its distribution component,
which led the way for independent theaters. By 1947 the Sherman Anti–Trust Law put an end to the
studio system by dissolving the relationship between the theaters and the

Film Trailers In The 1920's
It has been claimed that he term "trailer" originates from a time when the advertisements were
shown after a feature film had ended. This practice did not last long, however, due to customers
leaving before viewing the trailers. Trailers from then on were placed before films began, yet the
term seemed to have stuck (Thomas, 1966). The first recorded trailer was shown in 1913, which
advertised a stage musical called The Pleasure Seekers and by 1920, trailers were a common part of
the cinema experience (Thomson and Borwell, 2009). Throughout the 1920's, the National Screen
Service were exclusively responsible for producing film trailers and had access to all the major film
studios footage. These trailers lacked individuality and seemed to be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These are the Classical Era (1930s and 1940s), the Transitional Era (1950s to early 1970s) and the
Contemporary Era (mid 1970s to present). Kernan (2004) argues that in the Classical Era, trailers
were largely used for informing audiences of films to come. She goes on to say that in the
Transitional Era, trailers were beginning to contain persuasive elements whilst remaining
informative. In the Contemporary Era, however, trailers are a significant part of film marketing and
have become very persuasive and informative (Kernan, 2004). This increase in persuasiveness
throughout the years is likely to be result of the increased saturation of the film marketplace. During
the Classical Era, theatres usually only showed one film at a time, while today multiplex and
megaplex theatres are the norm. The largest megaplex in the Southern Hemisphere is in Adelaide,
Australia which has 26 screens that operate simultaneously (Roe, n.d.). This increase has meant that
the industry is much more competitive today than it was in the Classical Era; therefore trailers have
become part of a wider marketing process in the film industry to attract and persuade potential
customers to invest in a particular film (Reference). In today's Contemporary Era, Keran (2004)
states that trailers are used as a commercial tool with the purpose of promoting a film to the target

Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay
Arundel Partners Case Analysis
Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the
sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are
to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either
purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or
purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it
pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value
calculation of each movie production company. In order to decide whether Arundel can make money
buying movie ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, once production started, the studio would inevitably form an opinion about the movie
and the likeliness that a sequel would be possible. This would put Arundel at a disadvantage,
because they would then have to negotiate the price for sequel rights on each film produced, while
knowing much less than the production studio about the film. What are primary advantages and
disadvantages of the approach that was taken by us in valuing the sequel rights? Our analysis of
Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company.
Arundel feels that waiting to purchase sequel rights until after the movie goes into production will
make it more difficult and costly to purchase the rights. Below are advantages and disadvantages of
our approach. ADVANTAGES: – Simplicity
– Because all available data was used, there is a greater sample in our analysis. We assume that more
data points will lead to a more accurate conclusion. – We did not eliminate any outliers because we
felt outliers are characteristic of the industry. – The analysis is based upon historical data rather than
fabricated assumptions.
– We believe that breaking out the data by studio is an advantage because it provides direction.
DISADVANTAGES: – It is assumed that historical

Greek Influence On Hollywood
The Paramount decision and the Hollywood black list forever altered the direction of American film
making standards. Before the Paramount decision, major Hollywood studios owned a monopoly on
the movie industry. They bought their own movie theaters and hawked only their movies and also
forced movie stars into highly restrictive contracts. The Hollywood blacklistk, on the other hand,
was a time in history when the American Government focused on Hollywood to make sure they
weren't pushing a communist agenda on the public. They scrutinized many actors and directors and
black listed them from working in Hollywood. These events made a large change in the way movies
were produced and made the people of Hollywood question their rights as movie makers. The
Paramount decision was a supreme court ruling in 1948 against the major film studios in
Hollywood. The studios were Loew's incorporated, Fox, RKO, Paramount Pictures, and Warner
Brothers, also called 'The big 5'. The court ruled for the elimination of block–booking and blind
buying. Block booking meant that a studio would sell its films in packages on an all or nothing
basis, usually theaters had to buy several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This happened in 1947 when the House Committee of Un–American Activities (HUAC) started to
convict writers, producers, and directors in Hollywood as being communist and pushing
communist–inspired propaganda on the masses. The media at the time began extensive coverage of
these accusations and called the blacklisted people the "Hollywood Ten". The Hollywood Ten
declined to tell HUAC whether or not they were communists. They found HUAC's questions to be
infringing on their constitutional rights. Because they would not cooperate the Committee found
them guilty of contempt. All ten people served up to a year in jail and were fined one thousand
dollars. Being blacklisted they were no longer able to work in America, some worked under sue–do

Vertical integration in studio system Essay
Vertical integration in studio system
The term "vertical integration" refers to the structure of a marketplace, which is integrated (rather
than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels. In the case of the motion picture industry, the studio
system established a market in which the studios owned production facilities, distribution outlets,
and theaters. In other words, the studios controlled every level of the marketplace from the top
down, from production to exhibition.
"Vertical integration" began in the 1910s and inspired the postwar consolidation of the studio system
as national distribution companies, such as Paramount merged with production companies, such as
Famous
Players and Lasky and subsequently began purchasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majors owned only a fraction of the nation's theaters, e.g. 3000 of the 18000. But these theaters
were large, first run houses and located in big cities. Therefore they generated 70% of the box office
receipts.
The majors ensured the profitability of their own theaters and controlled the independents by
instituting a series of special distribution practices. These were known as block booking, blind
bidding, runs, zones, and clearances.
Block booking refers to the rental of films in large quantity. If exhibitors wanted to rent films, they
have to rent the entire yearly output. And since they contracted with the distributors before the film
has been made, the distributors were forced to bid for them without seeing them, a procedure called
blind bidding. This way the studios could sell the bad pictures with good.
As a result of the system the new films will be first rented to the first run theaters of which the
majority was owned by the studios, and then its shown in the second run and sub run theaters after a
clearance time of about 7–30 days (to renew demand). Distribution is also guided by a system of
zones; only one theater in any particular area is allowed to show a new picture.
The dismantling of the studio system began just before World War II when the U.S. Department of
justice's Antitrust Division filed suit against the 8 studios for the use of their monopolistic methods

Netflix Case Study
Executive summary The report starts by identifying creativity and innovation as the key to Netflix
past success as Harold has consistently shown in his decisions throughout the history of the
company taking bold action to chase un–ventured routes to satisfying customer needs. The essence
of the report however, is to highlight the issues surrounding the current technological advancements
in the DVD rental market now that VOD has become a feasible and realistic platform that can be
supported. Netflix is faced with a multitude of options and my argument is that it must base its
decision upon the long term strategy of the business. There is still a growing demand for DVD's in
their physical format proven by their increasing rate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction This report first seeks to highlight the innovative thinking behind Netflix's success
followed by the major issues surrounding Netflix's operations in 2007, leading onto an analysis of
the technological advancements within the DVD rental industry at the time, paying particular
attention to the growth and development of the VOD market. The report also seeks to explore the
various strategic options Netflix has available to tackle this new and potentially lucrative market
whilst considering their potential impact on the long term strategy of its core business in order to
provide recommendations as too how Netflix should best deal with the situation at hand in order to
enjoy continual growth and prosperity for the future. The secret behind the success of Netflix's
operations Netflix's concept is a direct result of the innovative thinking of Reed Harold, the
company's founder and CEO. Harold typically saw the potential to satisfy customers better through
the use of a new distribution channel online, using the American postal service. Through this
business model he "pioneered online DVD rentals" (Kaufman, 2007) pursuing a route to market that
had never been taken before. Netflix Chose To target the DVD market rather than replicating the
model of video retail chains (Kaufman, 2007) at the time at a time when 'blockbusters' operated
using a brick and mortar

Compare And Contrast The Cost Of Blockbuster Movies
How much does it cost to make a blockbuster movie? It takes a lot of work and money to make
movies. A film has to go through three stages of preproduction, production and post–production in
order to create that film. There are many similarities from the studio system and the independent
system but today majority of the films are established with a combination of independents and the
major studios. Movies start in the preproduction phase where they began the process and start to try
to secure financing for their project. Sometimes producers have enough money to begin their
project. If they don't have any start up money to begin, they will have to try and market their ideas
of projection of costs and profits to investors. According to Barsam and Monahan (2016), "No ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movies are so expensive because there are so many costs that go in to a budget for a film.
Typically, the highest costs in films are for the cast and the industry has gotten creative to finding
ways to assist instead of paying a fee for an actor or producer upfront, to include it in the contract as
a percentage of the profits goes to them. Some examples of the costs of a movie are: Story, director,
producer, cinematography, cast and etc. The studio system will use a general manager to assist with
budget, while the independent system uses a producer. The marketing and distribution are a very
important stage in the post–production phase. They need to gauge the interest of audiences by using
preview screenings along with questionnaires. Once they analyze all the information, they can adapt
or modify the distribution to ensure the most effective ways of getting their profits. Before the
Supreme Court Paramount Decision, the studio system controlled everything from production,
distribution and exhibition and now they have to use other companies to assist in the distribution and
exhibition. The independent system had different routes they could take by

Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– spootyhead Apr 17, 2007
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the
sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are
to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either
purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or
purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it
pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes ... Show more
– More data on success probabilities may help to direct the course of action
– We would also like to have information about the willingness of production companies to sell
sequel rights at a pre–negotiated price. Action Plan: Given our analysis of the motion picture
industry, we recommend that Arundel carefully select the major film studios from which they intend
to purchase sequel rights. The net present value of hypothetical sequels taken from the available
previous years shows not only that the industry is highly volatile, but also that certain production
studios are more volatile than others in terms of their recent performance. In addition, some studios
are consistently less profitable than others. (See "NPV for Each Production Company" chart in
appendix) Since the success of film studios are relatively stable in the short term (see "Rental Shares
of Major Film Distributors" table and graph) Because of this stability, it is possible for Arundel to
approach more profitable studios with their offer to purchase sequel rights. Out of all the major film
studios, only MCA–Universal, Warner Bros., and The Walt Disney Company generate a positive net
present value on a per–film basis. However, according to casual inquiries, it is unlikely that any
movie studio would enter negotiations with Arundel on a per film price that is less than 1 million.
Instead, the film studios seem to

Vertical Integration Case Summary
In the Paramount decision of 1948 this was the outcome of the United States vs. Paramount Pictures.
This was a monumental case in the right of production companies to own theatres and holding
exclusive rights on which theatres could show there movies.it would also change the way
Hollywood movies were made, distributed, and exhibited in theatres and other places. The court
held that this distributing technique was in violation of the antitrust law that was put in place years
before. This case is used in vertical integration cases and is later known as the first nail in the coffin
of the old Hollywood studio system. The legal issues with this first began in the silent era of movies
when the Federal Trade Commission started investigating into

Independent Film
If you have a good story to tell there is no reason why you should not make it into an independent
film. With the right film production techniques, the right script, the right people working with you
and a relatively small amount of money you can make a low budget movie that can compete with
the best of them on the festival circuit at places like Cannes, Toronto, Telluride and the Sundance
Film Festival. If your story is compelling enough people will forget that the production value is a bit
challenged.
There are people all over this world who never gave up on their dreams to make films, despite the
difficulties that came with working outside of the mainstream film industry. They are passionate
filmmakers who believe that anyone with a compelling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays movies are tested extensively beforehand to ensure that the studio committing hundreds
of millions of dollars to it will not lose money. This kind of testing tends to narrow the field down to
only a few kinds of movies that they will invest in which means there is no room for new ideas. True
artists can never be happy when there are constraints imposed on their methods and subject matter.
Although the film industry is a merging of story telling and commerce, the story telling part has
always been the most important half of the equation for the audience. The big movie studio
executives seem to have forgotten this fact as they continue to produce movies that have more style
than substance. People would much rather see a good movie with a low production value than they
would a bad movie with a high production value.
Talent and a good storyline are generally worth more to movie audiences than an expensive look. If
you can just get a good story committed to film and submitted to film festivals, then people will take
notice. If a buzz is created about your movie, it can lead to a distribution deal that is worth many
times more than the money you

Paramount Decision Vs Hollywood Blacklist
The Paramount decision and the Hollywood blacklist were two major milestones that brought
dramatic changes to the film industry. The Paramount decision was a ruling made by the Supreme
Court in 1948, against the activities of the major studios called the Big 5, which were the main fully
integrated film studios between 1920 and 1948. The ruling stated that the major studios practiced
bad business tactics that included block–booking and blind buying and that this in fact formed a
monopoly of the film industry. The Hollywood black list was a 20th century practice of denying
screenwriters, directors, actors, musicians and other U.S. entertainers because of their political
associations. This list was created by a group of individuals that believed that certain entertainment
professionals persons were affiliated with communists. This list of persons was not able to produce,
act, or work on or in any films during this dark period in film industry history (The Independent
Producers and the Paramount Case, 1938–1949
http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_6supreme1948.htm). ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Big 5 were Lowe's Incorporated, Fox, Paramount Pictures, RKO and Warner Brothers and they
owned the major studios as well as the movie houses that showed the films. This ruling is called the
Paramount decision because within this decision, Paramount agreed to a government–instituted
consent decree that abolished the practice of collecting up–front monies for films not yet produced.
The decision favored independent film producers and marked the official end of the Hollywood
studio system. The studio system was the old film industry standard that controlled creation,
production, and distribution of

What Is The Value Of The Motion Picture Industry
It is no surprise to know that there has been an increase in interest towards the motion picture
industry. Largely because the motion picture industry has become a significant source of revenue in
many countries. Thousands of movies are made each year, and they total to billions of dollars in
revenue. For example, in 2006, more than 3,000 movies were in theaters totaling to $23.8 billion in
revenue. Motion pictures are also "instrumental in shaping worldwide impressions of a country's
intellectual, historical, and cultural environment." In this paper, my objective is to address certain
issues pertaining to the motion picture industry, specifically its value chain, the competitive
landscape, the notion of net profit, cost allocation considerations, and the key elements to consider
when conducting a cost variance analysis. The value chain of the motion picture industry consists of
three stages–production, distribution, and exhibition–then it finally arrives for the consumption,
where the audiences can see the final product. As the saying goes "it takes a village" in each of these
stages to get the motion picture to consumers, but it is no easy task to make a motion picture. There
are four phases involved before, during, and after the production stage: development, pre–
production, production, and post–production. In the development phase, the producer acquires
intellectual property. There is no particular order in which this is done, but the producer needs to
purchase the rights to make the film, acquire a screenwriter, and obtain initial financing. This is
easier for major studios, because hiring well–known screenwriters, actors and actresses, as well as
the director, makes it easier to obtain financing. Independent studios, on the other hand, have a
limited budgeted and are only able to show a "preview" for major or subsidiary studios.
Then the studio decision makers determine whether the film will be successful and compare it to
other films. They also develop a scenario analysis of potential box–office revenues and determine if
they should move forward with the film. Films are only given the green–light once the executives
are satisfied with the predicted probability, and once they secure financing.

The Studio System Essay
The Studio System
Key point about the studio system could be:
Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal
workings of the 'dream factory' that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business.
The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete
development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and
distribute most of the films we watch.
Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to
fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was
firmly in place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following essay will examine how these changes took place, and what impact it had on the film
making industry in America. We shall also examine how the system relates to the current production
methods used in film making. The main issues raised within the text will be summarised concisely
within the conclusion. Before a film reaches the cinema screen, and its audience it must go through
a three stage process. Firstly and most obviously it has to be produced, following this it must then be
distributed, and finally exhibited. Before the introduction of the studio system in the 1920s all of
these processes were controlled separately. Although this gave the makers of films, such as directors
and producers, room to express their creativity it placed a heavy constraint upon the amount of
movies that could be made, and financial profits. However, despite Hollywood's uneasy birth, by the
1920s it had become one of the worlds leading film producers (Dirks, 2002). This was largely due to
the introduction of the producer, or studio syste
Cinema is a collaborative art so it is difficult to determine the influence of one particular person on a
film. The only way to truly judge a single person's contribution to film is to look at their entire
filmography, in that way you can begin to distinguish patterns that can be identified with
individuals. With this in mind, it is

The Worker Management Techniques Essay
Film History In the Silent Era:
The Worker Management Techniques and Capitalist Vertical Integration
Within Hollywood
The film industry would have never taken the direction it did without the incorporation of certain
worker management techniques and capitalist vertical integration pioneered by the founders of
Hollywood. The methods of operation that Hollywood established in the realms of production,
manufacturing, exhibition and distribution of film has shaped the face of the industry to how we
recognize it today.
In the warm, sunny outskirts of Los Angeles lay Hollywood. This was the location of choice for
several enterprising film companies in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Trust attempted to control the industry by charging rental fees for cameras and projectors, and
by inflating the cost of film. These tactics proved to be unsuccessful with the swift and adverse
emergence of Hollywood producers, unsatisfied with the conditions by which they were forced to
operate beneath the Trust. Many of these independent figures founded the companies we are so
accustomed to presently. Adolph Zukor founded Paramount, William Fox founded 20th Century
Fox, Carl Laemmle founded Universal, and Marcus Loew founded what would eventually be known
as Metro Goldwyn Mayer. The warm temperature and year–round sunlight of the west coast was
very beneficial for the new studios. This along with low land costs and no real established union
allowed producers to focus more on the content of their output. These studios along with others were
quick to brand their individual products and began to make innovations in the medium of film as an
art form. "Actual plays, novels and magazine content became incorporated into the development of
stronger and more interesting plots."1 These studios were producing complex stories for their films
in order to make them longer and of superior quality to the Trust's mundane fare of

Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit Case Study
Criteria 1: Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit
Ohio developed this Motion Picture Tax Credit in 2009 to motivate film industries to choose Ohio as
their location and Cleveland has been the popular city to film movies in. Marvel Studios would
thrive under this tax credit because "Eligible productions can receive 30 percent on production cast
and crew wages, as well as other eligible in–state spending" (Ohio Film Office, 2009). $300,000
must be spent on filming for this tax credit to apply to film producers. Of course, Marvel Studios
spends in the millions, so that would not be a problem.
Through this tax credit, Hollywood has been brought to Cleveland. In a 2016 article, "John Kasich's
decision to raise the Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Costs in Hollywood tend to be much higher than most places and this is causing Hollywood to leave
Hollywood. Ohio is winning the battle ever since this tax credit was passed because $400 million
went towards the economy. Jobs have been created and Cleveland is not losing money from this $40
million tax credit. Marvel Studios is a big–name movie industry that could perform even better. By
moving to Cleveland, Marvel will increase production while saving money. Producing movies will
be better for everyone as jobs and money will be created in Cleveland while Marvel continues to
produce top notch movies. In the end, this criterion is the most important because the tax credit
gives the filming producers the incentive to come to Cleveland.
Criteria 2: Cleveland's Access to Capital/Resources
Different companies have thrived in moving their headquarters to Cleveland and one of the tech
companies named JumpStart is one of them. Access to capital is one of the reasons why JumpStart
thrived because people were investing in them. Also, Ohio has 150 of the Fortune 500 companies
and Cleveland is one of the major cities where these companies belong (Kuhel, 2017). The Midwest
is growing with Cleveland at the center of it, so that is an aspect that Marvel Studios could thrive in.
With the tax credit in place, Cleveland is creating jobs by movies being filmed. With higher
employment, access

Analysis Of The Movie ' 1920 ' American Film '
1920's American Film
During the 1920s, American Film was at the peak of its glory. 1920s Film was the biggest form of
entertainment and a weekly pastime for millions of Americans, regardless of race and social
background. Silent films continued to improve and innovate the film industry. Hollywood
established themselves as an American force and produced hundreds of silent films. Also,
Hollywood became the birthplace of "movie stars" such as Janet Gaynor, Rudolph Valentino, and
Charlie Chaplin. Movie studios such as Warner Brothers Pictures, RKO, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and
20th Century Fox owned thousands of theaters and received public acclamation for hundreds of
films produced. The 1920's American film industry is the epitome of the ascension of Hollywood
and the innovation era of film.
The sources utilized in this research were all uncovered on the internet. Before writing this research
paper, an extensive research was done in two days to discover credible websites to substantiate the
hypothesis. Wikipedia and other non–credible sources were avoided. The domains used in this
research paper were all educational domains: .org, .edu, and .gov. The only websites with the
domain .com were a website dedicated to the early cinema history and the official website of Charlie
Chaplin. The only apparatus used in this research was an HP Smart Buy Chromebook 11 G4.
As the era of the "nickelodeons", five–cent theaters popular in the 1910s, came to an end, the movie
palaces spread

Paramount Decision Of 1948
The Paramount decision of 1948 and the Hollywood blacklist altered the direction of the filmmaking
business in America, one that I believe has had a lasting impression for decades. The Paramount
decision of 1948 refers to a court decision against the major film companies, Paramount, Warner
Bros., 20th Century–Fox, Loew's–MGM, Columbia, Universal and United Artists to outlaw their
price fixing and monopolization of the industry. The Hollywood blacklist referred to a list of studio
employees from 1947 until 1957 that were linked to association to the Communist party, and were to
be "blacklisted" form the film industry indefinitely, or until made innocent of their involvement.
Both of these major events of the film industry in the 1930s until 1950s had a major impact on
business. (Lewis 195) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movie companies at that time not only owned the movie, they also owned the majority of movie
theatre. This allowed them to block book the first run movies that everyone wanted to view. The
block book could take away from the revenues the movie stars could benefit from when a particular
film was a hit. (Lewis 196) The effect of the Paramount decision had an immediate effect on the
industry, as revenues decreased by over 20 percent over the next few years. Studio profits declined
from $120 million in 1946 to $31 million in 1950. Although the large studios took a loss from the
decision, the independent studios were able to benefit. According to The History Channel, the Para
mount decision allowed independent producers could finally compete with the large studios for
audiences and actors, marking the beginning of the end for the Hollywood studio system. (Lewis
197, History

1050's Film Industry Analysis
After the 1050's television became a very popular form of entertainment. Because of the cost of a
TV set there were only a few sets in the home of the consumer. For post–World
War II Americans, television largely took the movies' place as a dominant cultural influence.
The television reached audiences far larger than those attracted by motion pictures, and it projected
images right into family's living rooms. The Paramount decision effectively disintegrated the studio
system, major studios survived by changing the ways they did business and establishing practices
(still in use today) that dramatically reduced their controls of production and exhibition, and that
reduced their out as well. This brought an end to the system of mass ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, movie attendance continued to decrease and in the 1960's movies were on television
prime time in the evenings. The major studios were getting far more watch time hours of telefilm
then feature films at that time. Despite competition from television's increasing technological
sophistication over time in the 1960's and 1970's the development of color television and large
screens, motion picture cinemas still continued. By the 1970's the movie industry, even with the fact
of the rise of television's predominance, began to become more respected as an artistic medium.
This was the turning point for the theater.
In the mid 1970's the movie industry seemed to have a huge recovery with the phenomenal success
of Jaws. The movie was released in 1975 and after its release there seemed to be a new breed of
blockbusters like Star Wars (1977), Grease (1978), and Superman (1978).
All of these films were very successful that resulted in record box–office revenue. The New
Hollywood was born and the success of this blockbuster syndrome reinforced an

Vertical Integration Of Film Industry
When we think of the film industry in Hollywood, we often picture it in our mind as an ideal
industry full of fame and money. What makes the production process of films in Hollywood so
successful? The answer is the studio system. According to Hollywoodlexicon.com, the studio
system is a business model adopted by five major Hollywood studios – Paramount Pictures, Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Warner Brothers Pictures, 20th Century Fox and RKO – that combined all facets of
film production with studio–owned distribution chains. In fact, The Big Five Studios possessed 17%
of the theaters that owned 45% of domestic film rentals by 1945. The genesis of the studio system
began when the studio system first took over Thomas Edison's organization called the ... Show more
The term vertical integration refers to the "structure of a marketplace that is integrated (rather than
segregated) at a variety of crucial levels; in the case of the motion picture industry, the studio system
established a market in which the studios are owners of their production facilities, distribution
outlets, and theaters" (Belton 68). Since the studios could control the entire process of production,
distribution/booking and exhibition, they could be recognized as a monopoly. The studios even
owned their actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, screenwriters, art directors, and other
staff by keeping them all under a contract. The formation of vertical integration first started in the
1910s, when independent exhibitors and independent distributors were denied motion pictures by
the trust. Independent exhibitors had to pay fees to the trust if they wanted to use its theaters and
many refused the idea of paying those fees while independent distributors disliked the idea of the
trust's control on the supply of films. These problems resulted in the merging of distribution
companies and production companies as they sought to get into production. The mergers bought
theater chains and exhibitors contributed their distribution and production to the merger's business
model. An example is the establishment of Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer, which was merged from Metro
Pictures, Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp, and Goldwyn Pictures in 1924. The formation of Metro–
Goldwyn–Mayer was made possible by Marcus Loew, who owned a chain of theaters and bought
the individual companies Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp. in
order to get into production and distribution. This merge gave Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer the ability to
optimize the distribution, production and exhibition processes of a movie. To

Film Making Process Essay
There are many modes of production such as large–scale, exploitation, independent, DIY and small–
scale productions. The classical Hollywood "studio system" uses the mode of mass production.1 A
studio is a company in business for making films for example Paramount and Warner Bros are
studios.1 These studios have a system called "studio systems" in which they operate the filmmaking
process.1 In mass production systems, writers, directors, actors and all workers in between are under
contracts.1 These studios have ultimate control on what is being made, how the producers are
making it, what cast and crew were to take part and how the film was to be distributed.1 Large–scale
production studio systems have a large supply of equipment and vast physical space.1 They work on
higher budgets and have large audiences.1 On the other hand, independent films fall into the
category of low–budget productions.1 Although they operate in similar ways to the mass–production
system, they don 't have major distributers financing them.1 This allows directors to have more
control over the production process.1 However, independent filmmaking has its advantages and
disadvantages. The major advantages of independent filmmaking are that they could be personal and
it allows for upcoming filmmakers to flourish and create. The major disadvantages are working with
small budgets and the distribution/exhibition of the film. The films Modern Times (1936) by Charlie
Chaplin, Daughters of the Dust (1991) by

Analysis: The Kaufman Astoria Studios
The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a significant movie studio and production site located in Astoria,
Queens. To explain, Kaufman has established itself as one of the largest and most sophisticated
production centers in New York and on the East Coast. Additionally, their versatility and outstanding
service has made them the studio of choice for many famous and significant movies, productions,
and television shows. Furthermore, Kaufman is the center for a busy creative environment where
shooting, pre–production, and post production take place. Specifically, they have over 500,000
square feet of sound stages, production offices, and services spaces for directors, producers and
other industry professionals. Moreover, Kaufman Studios has also recently ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, The Signal Corps continued to make films, until production halted in 1970; Army
production engineers had created many broadcasting techniques that were later used by commercial
networks. Furthermore, in 1970, the studio was declared as "surplus property" by the Army and was
given to the federal government. To be specific, in 1972, the government offered the property to the
City University of New York, but the development was not able to take place; production returned to
Kaufman in 1975. Consequently, in recognition of its historic importance, Kaufman was appointed
as a National Historic Landmark by the government in 1976. As a result, the Studio formally re–
opened in 1977 under the Astoria Motion Picture and Television Center Foundation. Furthermore, in
1982, the title of the studio was transferred to the City of New York, and real estate developer
George S. Kaufman obtained the lease from the City. Kaufman was able to renovate, expand and
revive the studio by working with several partners to achieve his vision of a full–size studio capable
of servicing any film, movie, or

The Decline of Classical Hollywood Films
Introduction
The decline of Classical Hollywood films came after the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948 as
television audiences dwindled in the wave of television popularity and accessibility and the taste and
interests of viewers which in turn ended the monopoly of Hollywood Studios. To combat this
Hollywood Studios turned it's back on the origins of its creation and headed in a new direction. An
era of film–school educated, liberal filmmakers began in Hollywood where the directors of the films
began to express their personal view and creative insights. These directors and new age film–makers
were heavily influence by the work of the Italian Neo Realism and French New Wave this saw
American film change drastically from its previous eras of filming techniques and saw a whole new
era take over. Many changes happened following the 1948 lawsuit. Which saw the structure of
American cinema completely change and brought a new era which defined the production of films
and had a huge influence on the progression of film. With this, along with the influence of Italian
neo realism and the French new wave, American Cinema grew and grew from Classical styles to
against the grain alternative movies which then flourished into the blockbuster industry those born
in the 80's and 90's grew up with.
Main Body
The American antitrust case of 1948 was a lawsuit between the Supreme court and the 7 main film
houses in Hollywood at the time. These were Paramount, Universal, MGM, Twentieth

Hollywood's Golden Age
Hollywood's Golden Age started when major studios had survived the financial crisis of the 1920s,
and decided not to be put in that kind of situation by introducing the contract system to all of their
employees. This strategy assured that the studios where less likely to be exposed to high risks, and
where sometimes more in favor of the studios. With total power over productions the studios where
able to keep production costs at a manageable levels, as well as exclusive rights to certain stars of
the era. Even thought employees who were part of the contract system enjoyed steady employment,
compensation, and other benefits, the studios reserve the right to cancel or void any contract at their
discretion sometimes without merit. Everything about

Blockbuster History
The legacy encompassing the coexistence of blockbuster and independent films are quite interesting
and somewhat complex. History shows that at one point the word "blockbuster" had nothing to do
with a movie production and originated back in the 1940s. Blockbuster was describing how large
bombs can destroy city blocks in Hamburg during World War 11. The term took on new meaning
referring to anything capable of public impact. Another illustration of this would be when a hyped
play was expected to be very successful and competing theaters were busted and put out of business.
Soon the term blockbuster would become a dominant marketing tool in the world of theater and film
production representing anticipated hits or big box–office sales. In other words, blockbusters were
used interchangeably to the concept of major studios.
The movie Jaws in 1975 one of Steven Spielberg classics was a direct beneficiary of this cultural
phenomenon. The movie grossed well over $100,000.00 in ticket sales and laid the foundation of the
"New Hollywood's blockbuster era." Movies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just because some films are produced on a low–budget scale does not mean they are excluded as
possibly a hit movie. Many independent films were marked by less investment resources and were
politically inferior to the studios which affected how films were produced, directed and distributed,
and not to mention landmark Supreme Court decisions. It is important to note at one time the major
studios (back then known as the Big Five) were once independent studios prior to the obliteration of
the MPPC patents that where owned by The Edison Trust which dominated major legal rights to the
technology of the industry. The case ended by two Supreme Court decisions which extended certain
legal rights to independent

The Studio System: The Golden Age Of Hollywood
The studio system, was coined during a period known as the Golden Age of Hollywood,and was a
method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of "major" studios in
Hollywood. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the major studios that represented
the Hollywood studio system. There were five major conglomerates "The Big Five" within the eight
companies that made up the studio system, these were; Fox Films Corporated, Lowe's Incorporated,
Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, and Warner Bros. The term "studio system" is still used
today as a reference to the systems and output of the major studios, historically the term refers to the
practice of large motion picture studios between the 1920s and 1960s because

Tv Vs Disney
By 1945, WWII had ended and America had entered a post war era. The film industry saw huge
revenue with its wartime themed films in support of America, but television was soon in every home
in across the United States. Americans were tired after a long day at work, and found comfort in
watching TV in their own homes. The development of suburbia drew many people away from the
hustle and bustle of the cities in search of a quieter lifestyle. This move to the suburbs took the
studios audience away and the availability of TV soon began to replace going to the movies.
Coupled with the Paramount Decision of 1948, the studio system was no longer in effect for the
studio executives and they found themselves at a crossroads of needing reinvention ... Show more
Drugs and music were outlets that caused major societal changes in personal views. America was
racially integrating and society was moving towards a more racially diverse community. Studios
turned to younger filmmakers to capture the vibe of a changing America. These visionaries made
movies that spoke to the minds of everyday American youth. Pornography also made its way to the
big screen in the wake of the sexual revolution. Deep Throat was released in 1972 and remained
high in the rankings for 48 weeks. Television, the MPAA film rating system, and the societal
changes in America had a drastic effect on the film industry. Box office sales plummeted and
audiences shied away from the big screen for the comfort of their own homes to watch TV. The film
industry responded with a change in the rating system to allow more mature minded, culturally
relevant, and more risqué films to be produced. Technological advances that greatly enhanced the
movie experience also helped bring people back to the theater. These changes proved to revitalize
America's interest in the big

Discuss The Reasons For The Decline Of The 50's
Just as the studio system did not appear from nowhere in 1930 it did not suddenly end in 1948.
However, it's a convenient date to signal the end of the golden age because of the Paramount
decision. In 1948 the US supreme court ordered that the oligopolistic control of the majors was
uncompetitive. The major studios were ordered to sell all their cinemas to allow fairer competition
for films and to stop the system of block booking to allow other cinemas to negotiate for films. This
of course meant that profits were reduced for the majors. However, this may have actually helped
them as audiences began to decline in the 1950s for three major reasons: Competition from TV,
Increasing affluence and Suburban living. During this period several stars

Blockbuster Budget
Movies today are typically very expensive to make and require a high production budget to cover all
the high costs. Amongst those costs are expenses for marketing and distributing the movie. Although
a movie may cost a great deal to make, it does not necessarily mean that the movie will turn a big
profit. There are thousands of movies made every year and only a small percentage makes it to the
big screen and become successful. The budget, marketing, and distribution for a blockbuster movie
and an independent film differ greatly. Blockbuster movies are financed through the major studios
through the success of other blockbusters. Depending on the film, merchandising and licensing
contracts can sometimes make the money to produce a film. The major studios will generally be
given a guaranteed amount plus royalties to finance the movies. The average budget for a
blockbuster is generally around $100 million and can go higher depending on the film and how
technical it is. The movie studios hope that the movie will gross double if not more of the budget but
that is not always the case. For example, the movie The Adventures of Pluto Nash had a $100
million dollar budget and only grossed a little over $7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the low end of the budget there is the buying of the actual movie script and development and
also licensing. The salaries of the staff, drives up the budget having to pay the producers, actors and
actresses, as well as the director. The production costs make a big dent in the budget as well, making
sure salaries of the people that make the production happen are paid. Even with all those factors
taking a part in the price of the budget, there are still other costs that have to be paid for things such
as special effects, depending on the movie and the score of the movie. The music in the film has to
be bought, composed and performed as

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