Fritz Chemical Warfare

Fritz Chemical Warfare
Fritz was born in Breslau, Germany on December 9th, 1868 into a Jewish family. Fritz studied chemistry from 1886 to 1891 at the university of
Heidelberg. He was most famous for his research on ammonia. He was able to find out a way of acquiring it without having to extract it naturally.
During WWI, Fritz worked with Germany on creating a toxic gas which was capable of killing thousands of people. That's exactly what ended up
happening. Throughout WWI chemical warfare was being used to commit lots of murders. Since Fritz was the mastermind behind the chemical
warfare, he became known as the "father of chemical warfare". After Fritz's toxic gas was a success, he got promoted to captain of the German army.
Once the war ended, Fritz gained popularity
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Use Of Chemical Weapons In Chemical Warfare
The first actual use of a chemical weapon was in August 1914. The French utilized tear–gas grenades during an attack against the Germans. One of the
more known use of a chemical weapon was at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915. 160 tonnes of chlorine gas was released onto the French and
Algerian troops. This could be considered the starting point in chemical warfare as it was the first large scale deployment of a chemical gas meant for
harm. As more and more chemical weapons were developed, more and more countries followed the trend.
The use of chlorine gas in trench warfare was first developed by Fritz Haber in 1914 as of help to the German army. At the Second Battle of Ypres,
about 6,000 cylinders filled with about 160 tonnes of chlorine gas were opened and the gas made its way over to the French and Algerian lines. At
first, the French thought it was a smoke screen and that the Germans were advancing towards them, but they were wrong. It was chlorine gas which
would damage their respiratory organs and cause violent choking attacks. Back on the German lines, barely anybody expected this assault to be so
successful and were not prepared to advance onto the French and Algerian lines while their troops were amidst panic and fear caused by the chlorine
gas. Despite their unpreparedness, the Germans still advanced, but with a lack of self–assurance and confidence. Before this attack, Fritz Haber was
not supported very much, but seeing as how

The Pros And Cons Of Chemical Warfare
The chemical weapon warfare has ever since the ancient ages been elicited great debate among various scholars and military expert. Some people
greatly support the use of chemical as a weapon while at the same time, different group greatly condemn the warfare. In the article "it would be very
well if we could avoid it" by Thomas Faith, the author discusses different opinions used by those supporting and those opposing chemical warfare. And
General Pershing prospective on chemical warfare during and after his military career. This paper gives an analysis of the reasons for and against
chemical warfare.
The opponents of chemical warfare were mainly guided by the stereotypic views about the use of chemicals in the battlefield. This negative attitude
arose as a result of the close connection between the use of chemicals and poison, a method which had received heavy condemnation throughout ages
as cowardly and treacherous. The use of chemical weapon in the First World War was thus considered as being cynical and barbarous disrespect to...
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"Instead of dying an agonizing death from horrible wounds, soliders might only be incapacitated by gas and then be humanely carted off to
prisoner–of–war camps where they could quickly recuperate with no ill effects (Slotten, 1990)." And the use of gas weapon could be deployed
openly and its release could not be a secret. He believed chemical warfarw was a means through which a nation can be able to establish itself as a
superpower.He used to say that war is 'survival for the fittest'. This rhetoric means, if one is weak then war is not for them; he encouraging people to
embrace war especially the soldiers that he

Ethical Implications of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear...
Ethical Implications of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare
Thesis
As current problems of terrorism and the war on Iraq, chemical, biological and nuclear warfare (CBW) issues are important and relevant. CBW agents
are dangerous, uncontrollable and undifferentiating weapons of mass destructions. Chemical, biological and nuclear weapons are capable of mass
destruction aimed at killing masses of people. Using CBW agents comes with many ethical dilemmas and consequential side–effects. Chemical,
biological, and nuclear weapons are designed to yield a great number of deaths. Regarding the ethical use of CBW, while looking at the larger context
of war, one must determine the value of life. As backed by Virtues Ethics, this mass... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are just a few examples of many accounts of the use of chemical and biological agents in war.
Is the use of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons in war ethical? Is there an appropriate time to use them? A dilemma will later be presented for
consideration. Different ethical theories can either support or oppose the use of CBW depending on the circumstances. However, chemical, biological
and nuclear agents are dangerous, uncontrollable and undifferentiating weapons of mass destructions. Actions must be taken to see that there are no
future instances of use during war. However, before one discusses the legal and ethical issues involved with CBW, one must understand what chemical,
biological and nuclear weapons are and how they function.
Chemical Weapons
There are many types of chemical agents that can be used for a variety of effects. Most are not meant to be lethal, but most chemicals at high
concentrations can be lethal. Vomiting gases are used for riot–control or harassing agents and are only meant to irritate. "The body attempts to counter
the irritation either by secreting fluids or by initiating reflex actions, for instance, vomiting," (Rose, 1968, p. 20). It is the incapacitating nature of these
responses that gives vomiting gases their harassing effects and name.
Choking gases irritate the lower branches of the lungs. The gases can destroy the sensitive lung tissue leading

Essay on Innovation of weapons during World War I
Within World War I began a new age of warfare. As compared to previous engagements, the adoption of new weapons changed the way in World War
I was fought. Not only did the concept of war change in terms of where battles were fought, how much revenue must be spent on the war and how
much time a war could span; weapons changed. During the Indian Wars and War for independence, basic weapons were used.World War Ibegan to
become mobile. Use of planes, tanks and other technological advances had been implemented. The technological advances brought about were
implemented within this war in an attempt to make the war last a shorter and to show prestige. Not only were mobile aerial and ground assets involved
in war now, but other technology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Wolff (1958), the introduction of small arms with rapid–fire capabilities and artillery lead to armies digging miles and miles of trenches
with fronted with barbed wire to adapt. Trench warfare changed the nature in which the war could be fought because this defensive position, that often
limited movement, was utilized throughout the French and German borders. Trenches hindered any flanking movement and limited armies from
fighting opposing armies how they were used to. Therefore, instead of making any bold flanking movements, soldiers had to utilize trenches to make
frontal attacks. During such movements, soldiers were often killed in mass numbers because there was no cover or concealment from the friendly
trench to the opposing army's trench. Often soldiers were victim to machine gun fire or artillery. With this change in warfare, adaptation was necessary.
(Wolff, 1958)
It was obvious that previous war tactics were now obsolete with the increased use of the machine gun. In order to bypass the dangers of conducting a
frontal attack of the enemy against the threat of machine guns, new weapons were created and tested. Colonel Ernest Swinton of the British army laid
down critical specifications that had to be part of the end product. This creation was a tracked vehicle that was large and trapezoid shaped. This
tracked vehicle's ability to cross over trenches and other uneven terrain, climb high obstacles, resist small arms fire and permit a

How Did Hitler Use Chemical Weapons
A chemical weapon is defined by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons as "...any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause
death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver
chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves."
(http://www.opcw.org/about–chemical–weapons/what–is–a–chemical–weapon/ )
Chemical Weapons (CW) are classified as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) as CW's can cause significant damage or death to large numbers of
humans. Like all weapons of mass destruction CW's are indiscriminate, they kill both intended targets and anything else in there range. CW's are
particularly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CW's were already banned before WW1 in the 1899 Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs and War on Land. The Hague convention
banded poison and poisoned weapons. Trench warfare quickly became the main form of warfare, this combined with machine guns being introduced,
lead to a stalemate. German High Commanders decided that they needed to find something to gain more land and get out of the stalemate. The first
time Germany decided to use chemical weapons they used Xylyl Bromide against Russia. The Germans filled explosive shells with the chemical at
russian lines with almost zero effect due to the chemical not vaporizing in the sub–zero temperatures. The german scientist responsible for most of
germany's chemical weapons advancement was Fritz Haber. Haber had the idea to use chlorine to sweep out the trenches. They planned to release the
gas from canisters and use the wind to carry the gas toward enemy trenches. (move description of blister agents here) They carried out this plan in
April 22, 1915 at the Ypres Salient, releasing almost 170 tons of chlorine. The chlorine had devastating effects against the French troops, thousands of
soldiers died. Britain shortly created a chemical weapons division named Porton Down. British scientist quickly designed a gas helmets that had great
success in protecting against the Chlorine. Phosgene then started to be used in the battlefield. Phosgene is very hard to detect as it is odourless and
colourless. Phosgene had annoying effects immediately after exposure but also had more lethal effect up to 48 hours after exposure, such as difficulty
breathing, coughing up white and pink fluid, low blood pressure, and heart failure. Chemical weapons advancements continued at a fast past and new
gases were constantly being

Fritz Haber's Accomplishments
Fritz Haber was a Jewish scientist that used his knowledge of science in ways that effected our world. He led the push for inventing chemicals that he
thought would be beneficial for Germany to use during WWI. He is known as the "father of chemical warfare", "scientist of death" or the "immoral
scientist" due to the tremendous amount of pain, suffering and death that he caused. Haber's immense sense of nationalism led him to making many
ambiguous decisions. The long–term effects of Haber's inventions were negative and many people lost their lives because of him. Haber's talent in
science led him to create weapons that were very destructive. He created chlorine gas that he believed would help Germany advance in WWI. "By the
spring of 1915, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They convulsed in pain, tearing at their throats. Pus and phlegm filled their lungs. Yellow mucous frothed from their mouths before they coughed out
blood. Their faces twisted in agony, they drowned on the land. Terrified by this new horror, many Allied soldiers ran, leaving a six kilometer gap in
the line" (Barach N.P.). Soldiers endured excruciating pain when this lethal gas was released onto the battlefield. Due to a gap that was left in the line,
Haber's plan to gain an advance was unsuccessful. "Fritz Haber got his way. On April 22nd, he made hell worse" (Barach N.P.). The war was already
very devastating and Haber's introduction of chlorine gas made the war even more tragic. "The explosives he was manufacturing were horrific
enough, but his work on poison gas had already killed German troops in test runs" (Barach N.P.). Haber was not only demolishing thousands of
people on the opposing side, but he was also killing his own men that he was dependent on to succeed in the war. "Further weapons of industrial
warfare were developed. For three more years the war dragged on until no more blood could be shed. At 11am on November 11th, 1918, the last shots
of The Great War were fired. Germany was defeated.

Chemical Warfare During The First World War
Chemical Warfare in the First World War The First World War, while engulfing Europe with four years of death and destruction, also served as
something of a testing ground, allowing nations to test and deploy the newest and most high tech weapons in their arsenals. It is from these
experiences, on the bitter, mud drenched fields of Flanders, Eastern Europe, and elsewhere, that many technologies that shape the modern battlefield
today, such as the air plane or the tank, were first put to use on a grand scale. It is here too, that another weapon was unleashed upon humanity for first
time, but this one was deemed so sinister that the nations of the world near unanimously agreed to ban once the war ended. A weapon so awful that
even today,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its use, however, despite its non–lethality, served to set a dangerous precedent for the war. German planners wasted no time in developing their own
incapacitating agents to retaliate with, and before long something of a chemical weapons arms race was underway. The German chemical response
finally came that October, when British forces at Neuve Chapelle were hit with a wave of xylyl bromide, and apparently the Germans like what they
saw. In January, they decided to turn their new weapon against the Russian army, in what they hoped would send their opponents running beneath a
thick cloud of tear gas. To create this cloud, nearly 20,000 shells were filled with teargas and unleashed on the Russian positions west of Warsaw.
Unfortunately for the Germans, however, they did not take into account the frigid conditions that occur in Central Poland in July, and most of the gas
froze, the shells harmlessly falling to earth amongst a bewildered Czarist force. In light of the developments on the Eastern Front, as well as the fact
that xylyl bromide was found to corrode metals and thus posed a logistics nightmare for the men transporting the shells, the German army began
looking for alternatives and finally

The Importance Of Chemical Weapons
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) defines chemical weapons as "Any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary
incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action" (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, n.d.). Chemical weapons have
been around for a long time since ancient times, in fact some chemical weapons such as chlorine were frequently used during World War I(War of
nerves, 2006) (Pitschmann, 2014). Over the years with the increase of industrialization and the advancements in technology chemical weapons have
become easier to make, since the materials needed to make chemical weapons are now more accessible to the public and industries (War of nerves,
2006). This not only has allowed some states to improve their chemical warfare programs, but it has also increased the proliferation and it has allowed
terrorists to be able to developed chemical weapons and conduct successful chemical terrorists attacks (War of nerves, 2006). Chlorine can be obtained
easily and a chemical attack using chlorine can have serious consequences because it could affect many people (Pitschmann, 2014). It is important to
recognize that the chemical weapons that are usually employed by terrorist organizations are not as developed as the warfare chemical weapons that
are developed by nation–states (Pitschmann, 2014). Due to the lack of expertise, resources, infrastructure, and ineffective delivery methods, chemical
weapons that are

Chemical Warfare Persuasive Reasearch Essay
The purpose of this essay is to deal with the fact that chemical warfare should be brought back to modern warfare strategies. As Warren Rudman said,
"And they will tell you unequivocally that if we have a chemical or biological attack or a nuclear attack anywhere in this country, they are unprepared
to deal with it today, and that is of high urgency." Rudman's words are true in what they say and that we should do everything to counter–act his
statement. Biological weapons are a key to outstanding success in war and therefore, I strongly suggest that chemical warfare is an effective and
producible weapon tactic that can be used on today's battlefield. Though biological weapons have been available for under a century, there is a long ...
This was a risk. (Spartacus)
The fact that we cannot use chemical weapons is a very bad thing. We could have used these weapons in the Vietnam War. With all the tall grass and
dense forests, our soldiers were not prepared for the close up combat. If we had used the chemical agents in that forest, we could have eliminated
hidden enemy forces and we would have saved many American soldiers' lives.
With the growing problem of the war in the Middle East, we could use chemical weapons in order to siphon out enemy forces hidden in houses.
Enemies will hide in houses and then emerge when we are near by surprise and they kill many soldiers by doing so. Our families are greatly
affected by the loss of a son, father, or brother. With soldiers dying every day, the problem could be fixed by using chemical weapons because they
flow into hard to attack areas. It is the only way to eliminate an enemy without radioactive nuclear force. Chemical weapons would lessen the deaths of
our soldiers.
There are many repercussions to not having a biological weapon. If we cannot reinstate chemical warfare, we will continue to lose many soldiers'
lives. Having chemical weapons is like when we came out with the UCAV. The UCAV stands for unmanned combat aerial vehicle. The UCAV got rid
of the loss of lives in the air. It made bombing targets easier. With chemical weapons, we could eliminate thousands of war related deaths. If

The Development and Usage of Gas Warfare Essay
Gas warfare was first introduced in World War I and continued to be used throughout World War II. It was most commonly used in the front lines,
and was feared by many. Gas warfare was a very effective war tactic. The effects of gases were unbearable, which is what caused them to be so heavily
feared. Luckily, by the time that World War II came about protective masks called, gas masks had been invented. This resulted in a decrease of use in
World War II compared toWorld War I, however it did not totally destroy the effort ("Poison Gas and World War Two"). There were many different
purposes for gas warfare during World War I and II, gases could do anything from merely disabling soldiers, to killing hundreds at a time. The reasoning
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Symptoms appear much more slowly from a skin dosage than from a respiratory dosage. Although skin absorption great enough to cause death may
occur in 1 to 2 minutes, death may be delayed for 1 to 2 hours. Respiratory lethal dosages kill in 1 to 10 minutes, and liquid in the eye kills almost as
rapidly." Although most gases are made to be lethal, some gases just inhabilitate soldiers for a period of time, rather than killing them ("Chemical
WarfareWeapons Fact Sheets– Tabun – GA Nerve Agent"). There are many different types of gas, each is unique to producing its own symptoms and
effects. "The primary gases of World War I were Mustard, Phosgene,Chlorine, and a mix of Chlorine and Phosgene gases" ("Research"). Mustard gas
is probably the most commonly known. Mustard gas was really painful because it caused the soldiers skin to blister. However, its symptoms did not
always appear right away. Some soldiers did not even realize they had been infected with it until up to twelve hours later! One of the reasons it was so
nasty was because it could transfer through material onto the skin. It was given the nickname "King of Gases" because of how commonly it was used.
Another commonly used gas was Chlorine. Chlorine caused many deaths. Even those who survived the original dose usually ended up dying later due
to pneumonia. The Chlorine gas caused acute bronchitis, and slowly suffocated those exposed to it.

World War I: The Use Of Biological And Chemical Warfare
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought with, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones" (Albert Einstein). For
centuries people have been using biological and chemical warfare, but no person could've predicted what it has become today, except possibly Albert
Einstein. His famous quoted stated above, is what will happen if we continue to develop these weapons of mass destruction. Our civilization will be
reduced to nothing. Biological and chemical weapons have been some of the most feared methods of destruction since their primary introduction in
World War One. However, even though these weapons are as devastating as (if not more devastating than) nuclear weapons, they have received little
attention and all that is keeping a chemical war from breaking out is an old document and a lot of trust. It's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A devastating event nearly as bad as a nuclear war would likely result from the use of biological weapons. The article of Issues and Controversies
states that "in 1925, seven years after World War Iended, 38 countries signed the Geneva Protocol, an agreement that prohibited the use of
'asphyxiating', poisonous or other gases' in warfare... however [the countries] reserved the right to retaliate with chemical weapons if they were
attacked with them first." What the Geneva Protocol means is that if any country is attacked by biological weapons, the victim has the right the
retaliate with biological weapons of their own. This shows that a single biological attack could result in a full blown war with devastating effects. One
country attacking another would cause a domino effect bringing many other countries into the conflict. While biological weapons could be very
effective in winning battles, in the end, the effects of using them would be

Why Do Chemical Weapons Be Banned
The world has been bombarded by stories of how governments keep secret weapons, secret experiments, and the everlasting conspiracies about them.
But how many stories have people heard about chemical weapons til a few weeks ago. Chemical weapons are one of the most dangerous threats that
not just soldiers but everyone face today, But the publicity they get is so minimal it's scary. But just how much people know about them? Chemical
weapons are an issue because chemical weapons can cause so much harm that they should be banned. They are weapons of mass destruction. Look at
napalm, it sticks to your skin and feels like your on fire. Chemical weapon agents, are organized into several categories according to the physiological
manner in which they

The Dangerous Effects of Chemical Warfare in World War One
Upon the battlefield of World War One, soldiers huddle in trenches, faces veiled behind gas masks. These bulky facial coverings were designed to
protect the soldiers from deadly gases used by the enemy. The use of chemical agents in World War One led to the need for the production of better
protection from the deadly effects of the agents. Chlorine gas could be dropped from cylinders above the victims, its high density causing it to flow
downwards onto its unsuspecting foe (Fire 121). Also, the British Authorities struggled to decide whether or not to approve the use of gas for
offensive use, and whether a large scale chemical war was something to be avoided at all costs (Girard 107). The gas masks worn by soldiers
increased their discomfort and made it hard to move around, instilling a sense of panic in them when a gas raid was underway (Fire 121). The
French were the first to fire asphyxiating gas shells from field guns and pioneered the use of gas as a neutralization weapon (Krause 553). The
psychological damage of gas attacks on soldiers was mainly because of the horror of seeing their unprepared comrades suffocating and screaming in
agony from burns inflicted by mustard gas (Fitzgerald 611). Animals were used in the World War, horses for transport, pigeons for contact, and dogs
for protection and defense (Walk). Obviously, there would have to be modified gas masks for the animals on the battle field (Walk.) The panic of the
early days of gas research led to

Chemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay
Chemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the deadly properties of
chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used in chemical warfare are considered to be"weapons of mass destruction" or, WMDs, and are not
considered to be conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical
properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants are an example.They are used to kill off vegetation and deny its use of cover by the enemy.
"Defoliants can also be used against agriculture and livestock to promote hunger and starvation but with protective equipment, and decontamination
measures, the effects of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A discovery of Chinese writing dating from the same period contained hundreds of recipes for the production of toxic or irritating smokes for use in
war, along with numerous accounts of their uses. (Adrienne Mayor).
In the West, the earliest recorded use of gas warfare dates all the way back to the 5th century, during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
The Spartan army placed a burning mixture of wood and sulfur under the walls, hoping that the noxious smoke would impair the Athenians so that they
could not resist the assault planed. (Syed, Tanya) Chemical weapons are dangerous agents that come in four categories: choking, blister, blood and
nerve. The agents are categorized by their effects on the body. Nerve agents "Inactivate enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the breakdown of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the victim's synapses and causing both muscularity and nicotine effects" the signs and symptoms of nerve agents are,
miosis (pinpoint pupils), blurred/dim vision, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, twitching/fasciculations, dyspepsia, seizures, and loss of
consciousness. Symptoms of blood agent poisoning depend on the concentration and the exposure time.
The next type of agent is called blood agents. People killed by blood agents have bright red blood because

Chemical Warfare : The Causes Of Chemical Weapons In The...
Chemical warfare, mastered by the Germans, was a savage form of fighting during World War I. This weaponry was effective in mass carnage, causing
countries affected by Germany's initial chemical attacks to begin formulating their own chemical weapons even though it went against their beliefs.
Chemical warfare was revolutionary but was not an ideal weapon due to the lack of consistency and immoral brutality of the death that ensued.
The Germans marked an epoch with chemical warfare during World War I. The horror that opposing countries experienced when being exposed to
the merciless gas forced them to begin to concoct their own weapons, so they could compete with the Germans and their allies. David Cook, author
of Chemical Warfare: World War I, explains the purpose of chemical weapons during the war was to cause enemy casualties, enfeeble the opposing
troops' ability to retaliate, briefly block the land that they are no longer able to defend in order to escape, and create chaos in the enemy's lines.
Chemical warfare allowed attackers using this weapon to have a major advantage over their enemies, resulting in the successful execution of missions
and casualties with its toxicity. The strength and versatility was not the only cause of chaos during the introduction of chemical weapons by the
Germans during World War I; twenty–six countries had made an agreement previous to the war to prohibit the use of asphyxiating or deleterious gases
("Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and

Chemical Weapon In Vietnam
ntroduction
Why did the United States introduce chemical weapons and defoliant agents into the Vietnam War?
The United States Military introduced chemical weaponry in their attempts to defeat communist forces in Vietnam. Because of the nature of the terrain,
which consisted mostly of dense jungle, the US Armed Forces were unable to effectively target their enemy, the Vietcong.
The introduction of chemical weapons, notably defoliant agents such as Agent Orange, enabled the US military to clear large areas of land that had
previously been jungle, exposing Vietcong hideouts as well as threatening the Vietnamese food supplies. In this way the tactic was very successful.
However, the use of chemical weapons in Vietnam had other unintended consequences that eventually saw the US Army withdraw from the conflict....
I feel that I have a good understanding of the Vietnam War having taking a great interest the history of the conflict and having been to Vietnam myself.
I've had the privilege of speaking with some of the people who fought on both sides, including a real life Vietcong veteran.
There is also a large collection of museums and memorials pertaining to the war in Vietnam, with large displays in nearly every city. These displays
include descriptive commentary on the events from the Vietnam colonial wars, as well as ancient battles and the war with the US.
Since my visit to Vietnam I have developed a specific interest in the use of chemical warfare and its famously inhumane effects during the war. The
40th anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War has allowed for more developments and compensations from the United

The Battle Of The Trenches During World War II
Progressive Warfare Terror, disease, long days, and cold nights are some of the best words to describe life in the trenches during the first World War.
Offensive advancements were quickly met with standoffs, leaving soldiers living in dirt holes in the ground for months at a time. To overcome the
stalemates brought on by trench warfare in WWI, technological advances were made, such as poison gas, tanks, and machine guns, that have changed
warfare even to this day. Trench warfare defined the first world war. Prior to the start of the "War to end all wars," generals believed offensive attacks
would ensure that the end would come swiftly. However, they soon realized that stalemates would bring the war to a screeching halt. The Allies and...
Lice were a large issue because they were the cause of Trench Fever. Trench Fever was a painful disease that was widespread through trenches, both
Allied and Central Powers. "It was at one time computed to form 40 percent of evacuations, and 60 per cent of all cases of sickness in certain
formations"(577). Although only 8% of Trench Fever cases were fatal, it affected over 800,000 allied soldiers alone, leaving them unfit for duty for up
to three months at a time. Symptoms were harsh, but not always fatal. "After an incubation period of fifteen to thirty days, during which prodromata
are not frequent, the disease is ushered in with sudden onset– headache, dizziness, pains in the back and legs, lateral nystagmus, injected conjunctivae
(pink eye), enlarged spleen, an erythematous or papular rash on the trunk, and sharp fever."(578). Life in the trenches was far from comfortable. To
save their soldiers and progress the war, military officers knew something had to change. One of the many advancements made during the duration of
World War Iwas that of poisonous gasses. These gasses were considered "uncivilized" before the beginning of the first World War. However, they
were deemed necessary to overcome the standoff between the Allied forces and the Central Powers. The French army was the first to use such a
weapon in 1914, but the Germans were the first to use poisonous gasses on a large scale. The German's first recorded use of

History of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC)...
CBRN Reconnaissance Platoon
There is a long and rich history of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) reconnaissance, today also known or referred to as Chemical, Biological,
Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) reconnaissance within the United States Army. Scholars and experts believe that as early as 1935
Chemical–Warfare schools publications discussed the need to identify, mark, and produce a method to avoid contaminated areas. Avoidance is the most
important fundamental of NBC Defense. In addition to the casualties an attack can cause, the contamination that may come with an attack also causes
casualties and produces long–term hazards that can interfere with the mission. Overcoming these hazards can tie up tremendous amounts of labor and ...
Before the year 1945, warnings from chemical agents present in the battlefield came from the soldiers physical senses, warning soldiers to mask.
Odors such as garlic indicated mustard agent, and fresh–mown hay were identified as phosgene. Identification kits were man operated that required
someone with experience to get accurate results. The chemical agent detectors, for instance, relied on a trained human operator manually pumping air
through several silica gel–filled glass tubes, each one filled with a specific reagent to detect different chemical agents. (Mauroni, America's Struggle
with Chemical–Biological Warfare, 2000) Tactics and methods used during the early stages ofchemical warfare led to the development of significant
improvements which included the modification of detector paper, the development of an specific 1 ВЅ inch long glass detector tube with silica gel
absorbents, and enzyme tickets that changed color when expose to an agent. The desire for improvement led to the creation and implementation of new
technology such as the M9A2 chemical field agent detector kit, M10A1 chemical agent analyzer kit, and the M12 agent sampling kit. Although there
were a few controversies on whether common soldiers (non–specialist) as they use to call the men who were not scholars in the chemical

Joseph Stalin And The Mensheviks
The Russian Revolution, specifically Joseph Stalin, and Mayas Rasoki a Hungarian Prime Minister, created very similar situations in the ways that they
affected the people living in the areas, and how they maintained their power through the fear of the people. The Russian revolution was started from the
horrible impacts that World War Ihad on Russia. Due to the high taxes, dearth of food, and chaos in Russia the workers began a strike. The Czar
lost power and two opposite groups formed, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Due to their differences, a civil war broke out and the Bolsheviks,
the communists, won. A Bolshevik by the name of Joseph Stalin took over and wished for Russia to have rapid industrialization. This lead to
different forms of violence but Stalin did not care. Then Stalin began the purges which were very similar to what occurred before the Hungarian
Revolution. Stalin decided he needed to rid of anyone, including the government, who were not enthralled with his ideas. He even executed Sergei
Kirov a popular party Chief and a member of the Politburo. He then arrested hundred of thousands of people, even from the communist party, and sent
them away never to be heard of again. Then he began to hold show trials in Moscow, where he put senior advisors of the government on trials and
arrested their families and then put them on trial. He said they committed "crimes", which really were not, and 3,600 were executed. Stalin ruined
families and many lives of Russians

Weapons Are An Important Aspect Of Warfare
Weapons are an important aspect of warfare. They help determine how the war will go. If one side as better and more technologically advanced
weapons, they have an advantage over their opponents. Nations struggle to create innovated weapons or improve old upon ones. Not every
advancement is appreciated and respected. An example of this type of weapon is the chemical weapons, gas or chemical warfare. Chemical warfare is
not an accepted or approved weapon, but one that has been banned from use during war. Chemical weapons have been prohibited from warfare before
the Great War due to the effect it has on the soldiers and reactions from the civilians and soldiers. Why afterWorld War Iare they universally
prohibited? Chemical warfare was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also this destruction and death that caused nations to later agree to the prohibition of chemical weapons and warfare. Germany used
chemicals as a weapon usually in the form of poisonous gas as it was a more technologically advanced weapon then their enemies had. When the
Germans first used this weapon it was met with little resistance, therefore, proving that with more advanced weapons, soldiers could accomplish their
missions and goals both more accurately and faster or simply making their mission more attainable. While using this weapon, the Germans were not
stopped, simply as there was no one to stop them from taking the trenches as their enemies lay dead on the ground in what resembles a gruesome
death. During the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans used chemical weapons for the first time and after a half hour; everything was dead with only
the Germans to claim the French trench. This weapon made it possible for the Germans to capture trenches and accomplish their missions. During the
war, the reactions to chemical warfare were increasingly negative from both soldiers and civilians. The negative reactions and responses to chemical
weapons are reasonable and understandable. Soldiers held negative views on chemical warfare as they had to personally deal with the attacks, while
the civilians and citizens at home also had difficulty responding to chemical warfare with anything but a negative response. The citizens at home had

Analysis Of Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen
In the poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" written by Wilfred Owen, Owen uses painfully graphic imagery to rebuke a claim that it is an honor for one to
die for their country. To get his point across, Owen takes full advantage of the shock factor to convince the readers that fighting a war for your country
could lead to extremely horrible suffering and death from the effects of chemical warfare. During the first World War (which coincides with the
timeframe this poem was written) chemical warfare was being tested out in battle for the first time, and the effects of those gasses, as Owen
describes, are enough to make anyone cringe. His descriptions of men who were gassed are horrific and do a great job of terrorizing anyone who
reads his words. But does the poem hold any truth to what Owen describes, or is the poem dramatized to help change the views of the readers? To
find the answer we will investigate the different types of chemical warfare that were used during that period and the symptoms from exposure to those
types of gasses. During the period of World War Ithere were a few different types of chemical warfare that were used that could have caused the
symptoms which were described by Owen. The first of these gasses is chlorine. In the poem, Owen describes the color and effect of the gas as "Dim
through the misty panes and thick green light, as under a green sea I saw him drowning" (486). With this description we can speculate that the gas
used is chlorine. Chlorine gas does

World War I: Chemical Warfare
At the beginning of World War I, the use of chemical weapons was still very much taboo. Not only did mankind have a universal aversion to the use
of poison but there was also the 1899 Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land that prohibited "poison or poisoned
weapons" as permissible in war (#Tucker, 2006).
As the war progressed and trench warfare led to virtual stalemates throughout the theater, the aversion to chemical weapons and the legal ramifications
were subordinated to the military necessity of the gases (or at least the military necessity as judged by the German High Command). The Germans
were especially well suited to chemical warfare because there chemical industry was by far the most advanced in the world ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, they were cumbersome, the gases were hard to detect, and there were malfunctions so large scale casualties were still common. Phosgene for
instance had no effects for hours after exposure and victims would not know they were exposed. One attack on February 21, 1916 against French and
British soldiers with Phosgene resulted in 750,000 casualties (#Hutchinson, 2003). Additionally, certain chemicals could not be detected easily.
New gases continued to be developed and used. France and Britain produced blood agents which attempted to inhibit the victims ability to absorb
oxygen into the blood. These gases were not terribly effective in battle. The most devastating new gas was Mustard Gas. This was developed as to
circumvent the newly invented gas helmet and affect exposed skin (#Tucker, 2006). It was first used July 12–13, 1917 at Ypres Salient by the
Germans. In the next six weeks the British suffered 9,000 casualties as a result of Mustard Gas (#Hutchinson,

Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction (1) Introduction (2) The Term * 1 Early uses of term * 1.1 Evolution of its use * 2
Definitions of the term * 2.1 United States * 2.1.1 Strategic * 2.1.2 Military * 2.1.3 Criminal (civilian) * 3 Common hazard symbols * 3.1 Radioactive
weaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4
Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non–proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or)
Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
states with stockpiles * 3.2.1 Israel * 3.2.2 North Korea * 4 Manner and form * 5 Disposal * 6 Lethality * 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom
and Operation New Dawn[76] * 8 Unitary versus binary weapons (6) Biological (6.1) Biological Warfare * 1 Overview * 2 History * 3 Modern BW
operations * 3.1 Offensive * 3.1.1 Anti–personnel * 3.1.2 Anti–agriculture * 3.1.3 Entomological warfare * 3.2 Defensive * 3.2.1 Research and
development into medical counter–measures * 3.2.2 Role of public health and disease surveillance * 3.2.3 Common epidemiological clues that may
signal biological attack * 3.2.4 Identification of bioweapons * 3.3 Genetic Warfare * 4 List of BW institutions, programs, projects and sites by country
* 4.1 United States * 4.2 United Kingdom * 4.3 Soviet Union and Russia * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Iraq * 4.6 South Africa * 4.7 Canada * 5 List of people
associated with BW * 6 In popular culture (6.2) Biological Agent * 1 Classifications * 1.1 Operational * 1.2 Legal * 1.3 Regulatory * 2 List of
biological and toxin agents of military importance * 2.1 Bacterial bio–agents * 2.2 Chlamydial bio–agents * 2.3 Rickettsial bio–agents * 2.4 Viral
bio–agents * 2.5 Mycotic bio–agents * 2.6 Biological toxins * 2.7 Biological

What Is Chemical Warfare?
Chemical Warfare
Chemical Warfare is a brutal, terrifying form of warfare that shouldn't have even happened.
Chemical warfare, first appearing long ago in the form of poison arrows and disease, is a form of warfare that involves the use of noxious chemicals
with the intent to kill or maim large groups or areas. Whereas in ancient times poison came in the forms of herbs and elements, science today creates
gases that stop the heart or cause immense pain. Chemical warfare is different from nuclear or physical warfare in that, instead of explosions, it's
intended effects are cardiac arrest or suffocation. There are many different types of toxins used in chemical warfare and they all do very different things.
On the topic of stereo–typical poisons like back in the day. The blood toxin Cyanide is still used today. "Signs and symptoms of... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the council of foreign relations "Vx is the most toxic nerve agent ever synthesized(council of foreign relations). It is able to kill
people in less than an hour after exposure to skin or inhalation by extremely small doses. Which is extremely dangerous considering that it can be
delivered as a gas(Us Army DA PAM ). "Early symptoms of percutaneous exposure (skin contact) may be local muscular twitching or sweating at
the area of exposure followed by nausea or vomiting. Some of the early symptoms of a VX vapor exposure to nerve agent may be rhinorrhea (runny
nose) and/or tightness in the chest with shortness of breath (bronchial constriction). Miosis (pinpointing of the pupils) may be an early sign of agent
exposure but is not usually used as the only indicator of exposure"(Us Army DA PAM) Vx has been rumored to have been stockpiled by several
countries. It is terrifying to think how quickly it can kill a healthy adult human and then wonder why someone would seek out such deadly

Weapons of the First World War
Research Overview of WW1 Weapons During World War I many new kinds of weapons and technology were invented and improved. Some of these
weapons included tanks, chemical and biochemical weapons, grenades, and machine guns. Chemical Warfare was used for the first time on a large
scale in World War I. There are two main types ofchemical warfare, one affects the surface of the body they come in contact with and the other affects
the nervous system. Almost all chemical warfare weapons needed to be inhaled to cause severe damage or death. Chemicals that caused neurological
damage acted by blocking the transmission of nerve messages throughout the body, these types of chemicals included tabun, soman, sarin, and VX
("Chemical and Biological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemicals that attack the nervous system are very powerful and can cause death within minutes of inhalation. Nerve agents work by blocking the
transmission of nerve messages within the body ("Chemical and Biological Warfare"). "A single drop of nerve agent can shut down the entire
body's nervous system in a few minutes" ("Chemical and Biological Warfare"). Tanks were first used in combat in September of 1916 by the
British ("The WW1 Tank"). When tanks were first created they were basically an armored car with a track instead of tires for easier off road use.
The first prototypes of tanks were very flawed and would take a lot of improvements to become what they are today. They were not well adapted to
moving over uneven muddy battle fields so the tanks were easily bogged down by mud and sometimes got completely stuck. Tanks were not only
effective by their protective properties but also had a scare factor towards the beginning of the war since they were new and the German army had not
experienced them in battle before. View slits were one of the main problems with the first tanks. For one they were too small to be able to effectively
see anything out of them while the tank was moving. And the slits were targets for enemy gunshot.
The name tank came from the British, they shipped the parts for tanks in crates marked "tanks" to try and disguise what was

World War I Poetry with Emphasis on Wilfred Owens
World War I spanned four years, from June 1914 to June 1918. During this war, technological advances increased the danger for the soldiers who
took part in battle. Poison gas and trench warfare transformed World War I into a cesspool of sickness and death. Poetry during World War I provided a
way to connect people back home with the horrific lifestyle soldiers had to face on a daily basis. Poets such as Wilfred Owens used vivid imagery, dire
diction, and other literary devices to depict the grueling tasks of warfare. World War I, otherwise known as the Great War, began on June 28th, 1914,
when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This began a four year war that took the lives of thirty–seven million people. The
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But the struggle, and the sense that one is saving bits from the wreckage, doesn't give one a chance to be mastered by the unutterable woe" (Gay).
Chemical warfare was developed by German scientist in 1914, but was not deemed chivalrous until January 1915. . The Germans launched the first
major poison gas attack near Ypres on April 22, 1915. French colonial troops were the victims. Two days later another gas attack hit Canadian troops
who had just entered the trenches. On both occasions the Germans inflicted thousands of casualties and penetrated enemy lines but failed to achieve
the hoped–for decisive results. Much the same pattern would follow as the war progressed. Following the initial German example, both sides used
increasingly treacherous varieties of poison gas and perfected methods of delivery (Lengel 18). The use of poison gas claimed the lives of 500,000
to 650,000 people. One man who served for the British Expeditionary Force described poison gas as, "a crawling yellow cloud that pours in upon
you, that gets you by the throat and shakes you as a huge mastiff might shake a kitten, leaves you burning in every nerve and vein of your body with
pain unthinkable" (Gay). Wilfred Owens was born on March 18, 1893 in Shropshire, England. Following his grandfather's death, The Owens family
moved to Birkenhead. Owens began studying at the Birkenhead Institution in 1897. In 1906 Owens's family moved again, and Wilfred

Evolution Of Chemical Warfare
Records of the implementation of chemicals in battle tactics on a simple scale can be found as early as the Bronze Age.1 However, relatively recent
developments in industry have facilitated the production, mobilization, and dissemination of destructive chemical agents. As a result of said
technological innovations, the scale of implementation has shifted, resulting in vastly amplified hazards to not just military personnel, but also to the
general public.2–3 The Geneva Protocol was enacted in 1925 with goals to prevent the future abuse of harmful and arguably cruel tactics in warfare.2
This was in direct response to the implementation of phosgene and chlorine gasses by Germany as weapons of mass destruction at Ypres, Belgium in
1915, considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the context of exposure to vesicating agents; however, apoptosis results in mass cell death due to the high concentration of damaged cells resulting
from exposure to the compound in question.9 The nature of the damage wrought by this family of agents leads to their consideration as non–lethal in
low concentrations. Additionally, disfiguring effects are not immediately apparent, and may take as long as 12 hours to manifest after exposure.5, 11
The comparatively large gap between exposure to and presentation of symptoms from vesicants facilitates exposure of duration sufficient for lethality
due to the absence of color and odor from most chemicals in this

Using Chemicals as Weapons in War Essay example
There has been war since man has been on Earth. Over time, war tactics, weapon, armor, and even the soldier has changed. The main weapon that has
changed the battlefield has been the use of chemicals to stun, immobilize, or cause death. Chemical warfare isn't a new form of fighting; it has been
around since 400 B.C., but even a powerful and versatile weapon has its disadvantages. Nature always finds a way to fight in a battle too. The threat of
a chemical attack haunts every country today. The extreme tension in the Middle East leaves the United States crippled because of their supply of
chemical weapons and nervous about what the future will hold. The advancements in chemistry has altered the war front since its introduction during...
Since these gases are heavier than natural air, they stay close to the ground. This was effective because the main battle strategy was trench warfare.
The Mustard gas would be dropped from bombs, and the yellow gas would fall into the trenches; killing or injury anyone who was exposed to it
(Russell).
There are advantages and disadvantages to the use of chemical toxins, and nature almost always plays a part in determining the final result of the
success or failure of chemical warfare. Nature can be useful and used as a tool, or it can backfire and cause chaos and destruction. In World War Iand II,
the airborne chemical had to be dropped in the enemy trenches or up wind of the enemy. Since there was no way of controlling the gas as it was
falling, it could change direction due to the wind and kill the soldiers who had released the weapon. During the 60's and the 70's, United States
soldiers killed the Vietcong's food crops by spraying a newly developed and untested herbicide; this chemical soon picked up the nickname "Agent
Orange" due to its orange coloring (Grossman). It destroyed enough crops to feed 600,000 enemies. This was good news for the Americans and South
Koreans, but there was a flaw. The herbicide was later found to cause cancer and birth defects to anyone who came in contact with the chemical.
Hundreds of American veterans have been negatively affected by their contact with Agent Orange. Another way that

Chemical Warfare During World War II
Chemical Warfare in World War 1
Chemical Warfare is defined as "Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning or asphyxiating gases". This is the usage of a
chemical to harm the opposing side in order to get an advantage in the war at hand. Three of the main chemical weapons used during World War 1
were Lachrymator (tear), Chlorine and Phosgene, and Mustard gas. Chemical warfare was overall effective in World War 1 because it added to the
weaponry needed to win the war.
In the start of World War 1 gasses were considered inhumane and uncivilized. These three types of gasses show exactly why that was the thought all
around the world on chemical weaponry. Lachrymator (tear gas) – caused temporary blindness and irritation to the victims' nose and throat. A gas mask
would give the troops relatively good protection from this type of gas. Sternutator (poisonous gas) – chlorine, phosgene. Chlorine gas combines with
moisture so it attacks the soldiers' eyes and lungs. Phosgene gas was used along with Chlorine gas; it would cause less coughing allowing more to
be inhaled. Also the effects were delayed for a longer time than when Chlorine gas was present. Troops would most likely be affected up to 48 hours
after their body was initially introduced to the chemical. These two where later mixed together. The Chlorine helped the vapor to spread wider and
faster than Phosgene had before causing both gases to be deadlier then before. They were also introduced in

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Christopher Hardy
English 11
T.Wecht
December 23, 2009
No Home for a Soldier
World War One (WWI) was arguably the most costly conflict in human history. With over "one third of men returning home" with serious mental
ailments, this war had effects long after the armistice treaty (World War IDocument Archive 18). This war lasted well past the signing of the treaty
and went on to spark the beginning of the Second World War in 1939. Veterans were plagued with sickness long after the effects of the gas wore off
and long after the guns fell silent, and to this day photographs of the trenches send chills down the spine of any man. WWI conjures up images of a no
man 's land strewn with dead bodies; their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike bullet wounds that healed, leaving a person looking relatively the same, chemical weapons left long lasting cosmetic effects on its victims.
Soldiers who were exposed suffered grizzly burns on every body part that was exposed leaving the victim looking almost sub–human for his entire life.
Indeed the outward effects of the gas were extremely present, however the larger consequence of the gas attacks were mental. This mental
consequence, often referred to as "Shell Shock" by the men in the trenches, is known today as PTSD.
PTSD in WWI was a direct result of the intense fighting and horrid death that the average soldier was exposed to on a regular basis. Symptoms
often did not manifest until weeks or sometimes months after the event and could be trigged by seemingly benign occurrences. Mustard gas with its
signature yellow color, for instance, would emotionally scar the troops, prompting men to relive the gassing upon walking into a yellow room. WWI
veterans often reported sleep disorders and night horrors that persisted until the end of their lives. This drove many veterans to alcohol, tobacco, and
drug abuse to cope with the disorder (Newton 2). Upon having an attack PTSD patients would tremble violently and shriek in horror, to people, or of

things that were not there. Often they became physically aggressive towards others and in extreme cases even kill. PTSD patients are often miserable,
and find it hard to enjoy the things in life they once did. They

The History of Chemical Warfare and Its Effect on the...
There are so many issues facing the world today that it is sometimes hard to understand why they occur and what they affect. Today it is apparent that
many people take the environment of the earth for granted. Pollution, energy, and natural resources are all seen as an environmental element that can
threaten our future and destroy the environment. But there is another threat to the environment that is certainly overlooked by today's society and was
overlooked by many in the past. This element is the act of war. There are many different aspects of war that can affect the environment and the people
of our world, but there is one specific facet of war that could be considered most detrimentalВ… chemical warfare. "Chemical warfare is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The arrow was fired into the target of choice, usually an item of prey such as the antelope, with the hunter then tracking the doomed animal until the
poison caused its collapse. Although this is not considered warfare between humans, this still provides knowledge on the use of chemicals to cause
harm. From here we can infer that even the use of these chemicals in ancient times had an effect on the environment. If early humans were using
chemicals to hunt and kill their prey, it may have created an unbalance in the habitat of the time. If the antelope population was to suddenly decrease
with the use of chemicals, the predator of the antelope may starve and die, later causing a possible extinction of that particular species. Chemical
weapons in the form of liquid were not the only type of chemicals used in the beginning of human history. The earliest recorded use of gas warfare in
the West dates back to the 5th century BC, during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Spartan forces besieging an Athenian city placed
a lighted mixture of wood, pitch, and sulfur under the walls hoping that the noxious smoke would incapacitate the Athenians, so that they would not be
able to resist the assault that followed. Sparta wasn't alone in its use of unconventional tactics during these wars: Solon of Athens is said to have used
hellebore roots to poison the water in an aqueduct leading from the Pleistrus River around 590 BC during the siege of

Wmds: Weapons Of Mass Destruction
Weapons of mass destruction, or WMDs for short, are nuclear, biological or chemical weapons "that is designed or intended to cause [widespread]
death or serious bodily injury" (Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction). Many countries use them as a deterrent of war, and as a potential form of
retaliation. However, the construction, possession, and usage of WMDs could possibly be the most self–destructive thing humanity has ever done
because they lead to nothing but death and destruction, as evidenced by the U.S. bombing or Japan in WW2, the Iraqi chemical warfare against the
Kurds, and and the Soviet Union's massive biological warfare program. The primary issue with WMDs is, of course, the widespread death and
suffering they cause. Usage causes not only results in immediate devastation, but leaves an dangerous or even uninhabitable area for up to decades,
via radioactive fallout or lingering chemicals. This can directly or indirectly lead the environmental damage, and often does. The construction,
especially of nuclear weapons, is very expensive, and diverts countries' resources away from areas they could be put to better use. Finally, just the
possession of WMDs can allow a country to challenge a much stronger one, and aid in terrorism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The very first usage was as early as the year 1346, in which the Tartars attacked Kaffa, contracted a plague, and "used catapults to throw the
plague–infested bodies of their dead over the city walls" (Rebehn). The most recent uses include Tokyo in 1995 by a religious sect and letters
containing anthrax spores in 2001. Steps are being taken by world leaders to curb the usage of WMDs; for example, "the United States ... helped lead
the global campaign to abolish [WMDs]. By 1975, most of the world's nations had signed the convention" (Miller

Blood Agents: What are they?
Blood Agents: What are they?
The term blood agents came about because at the time they were first introduced, it was believed that, they had an effect on the actual blood itself.
This was due to the bright red color it caused its victims, not for the true effects that these agents have on the oxygen in the blood. Blood agents are
chemical agents that lessen the amount of oxygen in the blood stream.
They do this in one of two ways: they either prohibit oxygen from entering the blood or obstruct the blood and keep it from moving from one place in
the body to another. Exposure may result from inhalation, ingestion, injection, and/or skin contact.
The chemicals known as blood agents are hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, arsine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of its highly poisonous traits, it was quickly recruited as a chemical warfare agent. The French used a sizable amount of cyanide in
World War Iwithout great success. During World War II, the United States retained a small quantity of cyanide weapons. Hydrogen cyanide and
cyanogen chloride are kept hold of due to their nature to act quickly and, at high doses, become hard to filter in the air (Spiers, 1986).
Supposedly Japan used cyanide against China before World War II, and it's thought that Iraq used it against the Kurds in the 1980's (Chemical Casualty
Care Office, 1995).
Cyanogen chloride is a volatile gas when above 20 degrees Fahrenheit, but it is a liquid when colder. It has an irritating odor similar to pepper, and
may cause death within 6–8 minutes in high concentrations and confined spaces. It also causes immediate symptoms such as irritation to the eyes and
lungs, so it is effective in low doses as an irritant (Murphy–Lavoie & Martinez,
2013). Cyanogen chloride forms cyanide in the body or when exposed to water. In addition, when in high doses, it can penetrate gas masks much more
quickly than other agents
(Spiers,1986). Cyanogen chloride was first created in 1802 by a French chemist. It is used in mining and metalworking, and has been associated with
poisoning from items such as dyes, photography, and agriculture. The French and British were first to use this agent in World War I.
Although the United States retained cyanogen

Chemical Warfare in World War I Essay
Juliana Amenta
2/18/13
Mr. Zastrow
Chemical Warfare During World War 1 The first World War has been reported to be one of the most brutal wars in the history of time for many
reasons. One of those reasons was strategic usage of chemical warfare. Chemical gas was used on both sides of the line, which turned out to be fatal
for many. World War Iwas mostly fought in the trenches, where soldiers lived in deep, v–shaped holes or underground bunkers. Both sides would
occupy these trenches in order to escape from the constant stream of bullets. These battles often ended in a standoff, or tie, which helped the
introduction of a different, brand new style of fighting that included the use of chemicals. These chemicals had a range of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This gas may cause temporary blindness and inflammation of the nose and throat of the victim. A gas mask would easily offer good protection against
this gas. This chemical and any chemical with bromide were quite popular during World War I since it was easily brewed. Asphyxiates are the
poisonous gases which include chlorine, phosgene, and diphosgene. Chlorine inflicts damage by forming hydrochloric acid when it comes in contact
with moisture such as what is found in the lungs and eyes. It is lethal at a ratio of 1:5000 (gas/air), whereas phosgene is deadly at 1:10,000 (gas/air) –
twice as toxic! Diphosgene, first used by the Germans at Verdun on 22 June, 1916, was deadlier still and could not be effectively filtered by
standard issue gas masks. Blistering Agents, like mustard gas, were seen as the most dreadful of all chemical weapons in World War I. Unlike the
other gases which attacked the respiratory system, this gas acts on any exposed, moist skin, which makes it extremely dangerous. This includes, but is
not limited to, the eyes, lungs, armpits and groin. Obviously, a gas mask that covered one's face could offer very little to no protection whatsoever.
The oily reacting agent would produce large burn–like blisters wherever it came in contact with skin. It also had a way of hanging around in low areas
for hours, even days, after being

The Pros And Cons Of The Chemical Weapons Service
Chemical warfare was starting to gain momentum during the First World War After using less than ideal equipment from the British against German
forces, the United States needed to gain an edge for fighting into the future to increase their chances at mission success. The United States gained
experience with chemical weapons from the First World War and after transitioning fromWorld War Ito World War II various improvements were
made to enhance the capabilities of the Chemical Weapons Service. Colonel Lewis McBride was directly responsible for changing the Chemical
Weapons Service and helped in securing America's ideals; taking the United States into the future with new and improved chemical weapons
technologies.
Large scale chemical warfare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weapons design was typically a task performed by the Ordnance Corps. Due to the less than acceptable pace of how the Stokes was improving,
CPT McBride was charged with this task due to his knowledge in electrical engineering, passion for all things mechanical, his interests in chemistry,
and his knack for invention. CPT McBride improved upon the Stokes by rifling the barrel and increasing the range to 3000 yards which were triple
the previous range. Not only did McBride triple the range, he also improved the accuracy and could put rounds inside of a 50–foot circle. Of his many
achievements and accomplishments during his time in the Chemical Weapons Service, he was awarded over a dozen patents for chemical and
electrical inventions. In most of his patented inventions he specified that his inventions "...may be manufactured and used by or for the Government
for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon" (Lindberg, 2005). Many of McBride's inventions have been used in
controlling prisoners and as an offensive weapon on the battlefield to confuse troops. His greatest accomplishment was said to be his design of riot
control items that consisted of gas guns, spray tanks, cartridges and grenades that aided police departments in the 1920s and 1930s to battle the
organized crime spree during that time frame

Essay about Chemical Warfare
The images are haunting: soldiers in gas masks rapid firing through dusky vapours, people contorted with a pain that comes from within. Chemical
warfare has long been acknowledged as a devastating tactical weapon, but the origin of this impression is now being debated. While it is a common
held belief that chemical warfare is a form of modern warfare and that the First World War is recognised for introducing this type of combat, recent
archaeological finds show this may prove otherwise. According to accepted definitions of chemical warfare, newly discovered battle tactics used by
humanity's ancestors may not be so different from those of modern warfare. In the opposite way, while advancements in science have aided in making
chemical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Historians consider the use of poison on arrowheads as the beginning of humanity's foray into this type of tactical warfare. (WIFA. 2005) Toxic
substances became the predominant form of chemical warfare in the ancient world, and it was common for attacking armies to poison the water
supply of besieged cities or use other poison methods to silently dispose of their enemies. However, poison was only the beginning of "modern"
tactics used in the ancient world. By 429 B.C., toxic fumes made up of sulphur were recorded as used in battle. (WIFA. 2005) Most interestingly
though, is what has come to light in recent archaeological investigations. Credited as the "oldest ... evidence for chemical warfare" (Syed, 2009), the
discovery of twenty Roman soldiers in the city of Dura–Europos, circa AD 256, at first puzzled archaeologists (Syed, 2009). While each soldier had
apparently died in combat, they bore no marks to suggest violence was the cause and it was not until the unearthing of bitumen and sulphur crystals
nearby that asphyxiation was considered (University of Leicester, 2009). When bitumen and sulphur are burned together, they create "dense clouds of
choking gasses" (University of Leicester, 2009), meaning that this discovery is the oldest found form of choking agents. More proof of chemical
warfare's early beginnings lies with the

Chemical Warfare Research Paper
Chemical warfare has been around for a very long time, since 4000 BC when the spartans attacked the Athenians with long hay and sulfur in them to
try to get the Athenians to come out, that attack failed the coughing Athenians never did leave. No one used Chemicals for a long time, though they
were aware of them. Then a man named Fritz harbor saw power in them, he was helping the german out by his fertilizer discovery but, he saw
something else in the fertilizer. He saw weapons of destruction so he made a fluorine bomb which will bring fiery tears to a grown man's eyes . Fritz
put fluorine in a canister then had soldiers use it against the Russians but, the gas froze in the arctic tundra in Russia. He then moved to his brother
Chlorine or Mustard gas. this was used against the british and canadian soldiers.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hitler did however use chemicals in concentration camps, in those he used Zyklon B. Zyklon B was an interesting chemical because instead of gas it
was pellets. After it mixes with the air it lets out a bitter almond odor. The chemical then combines with red blood cells then suffocates you. It also
left a blue stain in the gas chambers which can still be seen to day if the gas chamber is in tact. Zyklon was a very bad chemical that killed hundreds of
thousands jews in the concentration camps.
Chemical treaties after WWI where chemicals caused over 1 million casualties the geneva protocol was signed to ban chemicals. Over the cold war
over a fourth of the U.S. states were creating chemical weapons. After WWII most chemical weapons were not used except in Iraq where they used
them on the Islamic republic of Iran. After the Genaval protocol the U.S. adopted the chemical weapon convention or CWC to just reminds everyone
what you can and can't use specifically weapons of mass destruction in the battlefield. The first CWC was on january 13 1993 in

Chemical Weapons Essay examples
INTRODUCTION
The following research paper has been compiled to provide an insight into Chemical Weapons (CW). It deals with the description and the usage of
various chemical reagents used by various countries and their negative effects. The following also shows the policies of countries towards chemical
weapons, their stockpiles and their lethality and disposal. The following report also shows the history of chemical warfare, their demilitarisation,
proliferation and the various councils set up to reduce their use. It also includes a news release by the sunshine project on the use of chemical
weapons by the US military. All in all it tells you everything about chemical weapons and explosives.
Chemical Warfare
Chemical warfare (CW) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving
toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g. toxins such as botulinum toxin, ricin, and saxitoxin) is considered chemical warfare under the
provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Under this Convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered a chemical
weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition known as the General Purpose Criterion).
About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled as chemical warfare agents during the 20th century. The entire class known as Lethal Unitary
Chemical Agents and Munitions have been scheduled for elimination by the CWC.
Under the Convention, chemicals that are toxic enough to be used as chemical weapons, or that may be used to manufacture such chemicals, are
divided into three groups according to their purpose and treatment: * Schedule 1 – Have few, if any, legitimate uses. These may only be produced or
used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes (i.e. testing of chemical weapons sensors and protective clothing). Examples include
nerve agents, ricin, lewisite and mustard gas. Any production over 100 g must be notified to the OPCW and a country can have a

Fritz Chemical Warfare

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