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A Publication of ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org
ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service is managed by the National Center for Appropriate Tech-          Funding for the development of this
nology (NCAT) and is funded under a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Rural Business-Coopera-        publication was provided by the
tive Service. Visit the ATTRA Web site, www.attra.ncat.org, for more information about ATTRA’s services and publications.   USDA Risk Management Agency.
Urban Farms Cultivate Food and Community
by Lee Rinehart, NCAT Northeast Regional Director                                    San Francisco civic
                                                                                center was the site of a
Urban farming is not a new concept, but it is gain-                             large victory garden in
ing new support among diverse citizen groups all over                           summer 2008. The city
the country. Schools, colleges, churches, city councils,                           food policy now pro-
                                                                              motes urban agriculture
government agencies, parks departments, anti-hunger                           on public land, supports
groups, healthcare providers, and nonprofit organiza-                           local farmers, and calls
tions are coming together to give a fresh new meaning                         for healthy local food at
to “greening the city.” Large cities like Philadelphia, Bos-                     schools, jails, shelters,
ton, New York, Seattle, and Toronto have initiated sub-                        and city events. Photo:
                                                                                       Kristin Reynolds.
stantial programs to foster urban agriculture.
In addition to community gardens and farmers’ markets,
urban agriculture involves land use decisions, nutritious
meals at schools, employment and job training, food pro-                     Urban farmers are
cessing and delivery, the creation of clean green working                    often community-
spaces in urban areas, citywide systems of composting                        minded individuals engaged in urban renewal and eco-
waste, and much more. Many of the new urban garden-                          nomic revitalization. Urban agriculture has the poten-
ers grow tons of food on small plots, provisioning farm-                     tial to relieve food insecurity, make neighborhoods
ers’ markets, restaurants, food banks, and community-                        safer, and improve regional economies.
supported agriculture share boxes.                                           To learn more, contact lee@ncat.org, 570-696-6706.


  ATTRA—the National Sustainable Agriculture Infor-
                                                                             ATTRA Publications for
  mation Service—offers hundreds of free publications                         Urban Farmers
  about specific crops, livestock, pest management,
  energy, marketing, and other agriculture-related                           Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories (IP105)
  topics. All of these are available to download for free                    Bringing Local Food to Local Institutions (IP242)
  from ATTRA’s Web site, www.attra.ncat.org
                                                                             Community Supported Agriculture (IP289)
  Call 1-800-346-9140, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Eastern time to                      Direct Marketing (IP113)
  order a free paper copy or to speak with one of ATTRA’s
                                                                             Enterprise Budgets and Production Costs for
  sustainable agriculture specialists.
                                                                                  Organic Production (RL041)
  ATTRA is a project of the National Center for Appropri-
                                                                             Farmers’ Markets (IP146)
  ate Technology (NCAT), with offices in Pennsylvania,
  Louisiana, Iowa, Arkansas, Montana, and California.                        Organic IPM Field Guides (online & CD only)
                                                                             Keys to Success in Value-Added Agriculture (IP172)
 Table of Contents                                                           Market Gardening: A Start-Up Guide (IP195)
                                                                             Organic Greenhouse Vegetable Production (IP078)
  Resources about Urban Agriculture
                                                                             Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable
  International Resources........…..............…....page 8                       Production (IP188)
  Urban Soils and Soil Testing..................................... 9        Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous
  Soil Test Order Form................................................. 11        Harvest (IP323)
  Creating Barriers to Protect Raised Beds........... 13
                                                                             Selling to Restaurants (IP255)
  U.S. Resources…….............................….................. 13
    Urban Agriculture Businesses............................ 14              Sustainable Small-Scale Nursery Production (IP104)
    Urban Agriculture Organizations...................... 14                 Sustainable Soil Management (IP027)
  Urban Agriculture Publications ............................ 18             Worms for Composting: Vermiculture (IP110)
  Social Justice and Urban Agriculture.................. 20
                                                                             Coming Soon: Urban Ag Start-Up Guide

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Selected International Resources for Urban Agriculture
  City Farmer—Canada’s Office of Urban Ag maintains an             ment. Web: www.journeytoforever.org/cityfarm_link.html
  outstanding Web site with interesting commentaries and         Sustain began in the U.K. to promote food and farm prac-
  links from all over the world. Web site: www.cityfarmer.info   tices that enhance the health and welfare of people and the
  Food for the Cities is a project of the United Nations         environment. Web site: www.sustainweb.org
  focused on improving nutrition, and food production sys-       RUAF Foundation provides extensive resources such as
  tems in the world’s cities. Web site: www.fao.org/fcit         Urban Agriculture Magazine, available in English, Spanish,
  Guerilla Gardeners started in London growing gardens on        French, Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Turkish. www.ruaf.org
  unused land. Members now farm neglected “orphan” land          Urban Chicken Wiki for North America lists laws and info
  internationally. Web site: www.guerrillagardening.org          about keeping chickens in urban zones. Web site: www.
  Heifer Project International’s Urban Iniative supports         urbanchickens.pbwiki.com/North-American-Chicken-Laws
  and sponsors many community urban farming programs             Urban Harvest works to enhance food security for poor
  in U.S. cities and abroad. Web site: www.heifer.org            urban families in Africa and South America. They offer prac-
  Journey to Forever provides an extensive resource list         tical resources as well as statistics and databases to monitor
  on urban agriculture, nutrition and community develop-         global urban trends. Web site: www.uharvest.org



Page 8       ATTRA                                                                                 Start a Farm in the City
Urban Soils and Soil Testing:
Avoiding Lead & Other Heavy Metals

Before you plant any food crops in an urban area, it’s
important to assess the risk of soil contamination by
heavy metals. The most commonly found metals are lead
(from lead paint), cadmium, nickel, and mercury. Preg-
nant mothers and young children should avoid expo-
sure to these heavy metals. The effects of these metals
on the body and the brain are many, varied, and should
be avoided. Strategies to reduce risk of heavy metal con-
tamination include the following:
   • Improve soil stability through crop plantings and       Residents of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania create a garden at an
                                                             intersection on the edge of the Wilkes University campus. The
   soil amendments like mulch, which reduce wind-            project is co-sponsored by NCAT and SPIN (Small Plot Intensive)
   borne dust and the tracking of contaminated soils         Farming. Photo: Lee Rinehart, NCAT
   into residences by human feet and household pets.
                                                            do not generally take up lead in significant concentra-
   • Emphasize fruiting plants—including vegetables
                                                            tions unless there are very high levels of lead in the soil.
   like peppers and eggplants—in the garden, rather
                                                            Keeping the soil pH level—the relative acidity of the
   than green leafy vegetables and root vegetables that
                                                            soil—at 6.5 or higher will help minimize lead contami-
   absorb heavy metals about ten times faster than do
                                                            nation of produce.
   fruiting plants.
   • Add compost and/or calcium to the soil to lower        The standards for “safe” lead levels are 100 ppm if there
   soil acidity and reduce the metal “uptake” by plants.    are small children who may eat the soil, or 300 ppm for
   The more acidic the soil, the easier it is for plant     simply growing produce (Rosen, 2002). The most prac-
   roots to take in high levels of heavy metals such as     tical approaches for dealing with lead in soils are the
   lead. People and animals who eat those plants can        following:
   be poisoned by the metals.                                 • Immobilize the lead by reducing the soil acidity and
   • In highly contaminated soils, grow ornamental            adding organic matter followed by planting of sod.
   plants rather than edible plants. You will still reap      • Mix or cover the high-lead soil with clean, low-lead
   the rewards of beauty, exercise, and healthy cities.       soil.
    • Use phytoremediation. Cultivate highly absorptive Locations adjacent to busy streets, and right next door
    plants to “take up” heavy metals from the soils. Do to old buildings may be more likely to have lead pollu-
    not eat these contaminated
    plants and be careful where
    you dispose of them.            Soil Lead Levels
    • Use raised beds, container Lead Level           Extracted Lead (ppm)     Estimated Total Lead (ppm)
    gardens, and hydroponics to     Low               less than 43             less than 500*
    avoid many contamination        Medium            43 to 126                500 to 1,000
    problems.                       High              126 to 480               1,000 to 3,000
Background lead levels in U.S. Very High              greater than 480         greater than 3,000
agricultural soils range from 7 *At present, total soil lead levels less than 200 ppm have not been asso-
to 40 parts per million (ppm— ciated with elevated blood lead levels in young children. If estimated
this is the same as milligrams per
                                    soil lead levels are above 300 ppm however, young children and preg-
kilogram). In most cases, levels
                                    nant women should avoid soil contact.
higher than this are the result of
lead contamination of some sort Table from Earthworks website. “Soil Lead Levels—Interpretations and Rec-
(Holmgren, et.al., 1993). Plants ommendations,” www.earthworksboston.org/replicate/A_Soil_Lead_Levels.htm

www.attra.ncat.org                                                                                    ATTRA           Page 9
tion from leaded gas and lead paint, respectively. Metals   References on Urban Soil
also may have been deposited by past industrial activi-
ties, such as battery production, brass and steel manu-
                                                            Contamination, Testing & Remediation
facturing, mining, and many different processes involv-      Urban Soil Primer for Homeowners and Renters,
ing nickel, cadmium, copper, and lead. Lead is especially   Local Planning Boards, Property Managers, Stu-
evident near roadways because of automobile emissions       dents, and Educators. J.M. Scheyer and K.W. Hip-
before the availability of unleaded gasoline, and auto-     ple, 2005. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Ser-
mobile demolition areas may contain a variety of metals     vice, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.
that were commonly used in older cars. As lead paints       Provides information important in planning and man-
and some window blinds and soldered pipes used in           aging land resources in a manner that helps to pre-
houses before 1978 wear out and deteriorate, they add       vent or mitigate problems associated with sedimen-
lead to nearby soils.                                       tation, contamination, runoff, and structural failure.
Metal contamination on a site may be shown by poor          www.soils.usda.gov/use
plant growth, odd animal behavior, or paint flecks con-      Overview of Public Health and Urban Agriculture:
taining lead from older buildings. Many plants simply       Water, Soil and Crop Contamination & Emerging
cannot grow where the level of certain metals is high.      Urban Zoonoses. Kathleen Flynn, 1999. Published by
Other plants grow well in contaminated soil but fail        International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
to set seed or do not grow as well as expected. Absence     This report addresses the potential health hazards of
of any plant growth is a warning sign that a site may       farming and raising livestock in cities. www.cipotato.org/
be severely contaminated. Caution during sampling is        urbanharvest/documents/bibl_UA&publichealth.doc
needed. Total lead levels higher than 1,000 ppm are
legally hazardous. Contact your state’s Department of
                                                            Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Nickel in Agricultural
Environmental Protection regarding removal of contam-
                                                            Soils of the United States of America. G.G. Hol-
inated soil materials.
                                                            mgren, M.W. Meyer, R.L. Chaney, and R.B. Daniels,
Be sure to consult the references on urban soil contami-    1993. Journal of Environmental Quality 22:335-348.
nation, testing and remediation here and on page 13.        http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/335
These will give you a better understanding of how to
avoid problems in urban gardens.                            Lead in the Home Garden and Urban Soil Environ-
                                                            ment. C.J. Rosen, 2002. University of Minnesota Exten-
Soil Testing Resources                                      sion Service. www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horti-
                                                            culture/DG2543.html
Growing Gardens in Portland, Oregon conducts
free soil testing for low-income families and provides
resources for low-income families who want to have
gardens at their homes.
                                                              Soil Contamination and Urban
Web site: www.growing-gardens.org                             Agriculture: A practical guide to
Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Lab at University of            soil contamination issues for
Massachusetts, Amherst welcomes samples from any-             individuals and groups
where in the country.
Mailing address:                                              By Alexandra Heinegg, Patricia Maragos, Edmund Mason,
                                                              Jane Rabinowicz, Gloria Straccini, and Heather Walsh.
Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Lab
                                                              2002. McGill School of Environment, McGill University.
682 North Pleasant Street
University of Massachusetts                                   This is an illustrated primer on soil contamination for
Amherst, MA 01003                                             gardeners and community groups. It discusses the
413-545-2311, Fax: 413-545-1931                               dangers of gardening in contaminated soil, the sources
E-mail: soiltest@psis.umass.edu.                              of contamination, how to evaluate the level of contami-
                                                              nation, and your various options for addressing the prob-
Web site: www.umass.edu/plsoils/soiltest
                                                              lem. Written for Montreal and Canada, but also useful in
An order form and soil sampling instructions from the         other cities and countries.
                                                              Download at www.ruaf.org/index.php?q=node/1003
U Mass Amherst Testing Lab is supplied on pages 11
and 12 of this publication.
Page 10     ATTRA                                                                           Start a Farm in the City
www.attra.ncat.org   ATTRA   Page 11
Page 12   ATTRA   Start a Farm in the City
Creating Barriers to Protect Raised Beds on Urban Soils
Ideas, methods and sources compiled from the Comfood listserv, https://elist.tufts.edu/wws/subscribe/comfood
by Justin Freiberg, justin.freiberg@gmail.com

· Try landscape fabric, which allows moisture to pass           need an in-ground edging or an actual raised bed struc-
through while suppressing weeds (and in this case, plant        ture to keep adjacent soil from migrating in laterally.
roots from growing through). www.FarmTek.com
· You could put wood chips down before building the             Using Various Containers as Beds
beds and adding soil. Wood chips can be obtained for            · Austin just switched recycling from large plastic curb-
free. Gravel also works but it costs money.                     side bins to rollable dumpsters. All those old bins would
                                                                make great gardening containers, due to their size. Deep
· Cedar beds lined with mesh screen, filled with non-bio-        and big enough but not too big, easily moveable.
degradable packing peanuts, and covered with durable,
permeable landscape barrier fabric, then soil.                  · I was involved in a project in Chicago that uses hard
                                                                plastic kiddie wading pools with good soil placed on
· For heavy metals like lead your job is really to keep         urban lots with high lead soil. Punch holes in the bottom
plant roots from penetrating downwards through your             for water permeability. This was in the Austin neighbor-
barrier (and earthworms, etc. coming upwards)—both              hood of Chicago.
so that plants don’t scavenge lead from the contaminated
soil, and so that you don’t mechanically mix the bad soil       · I’d suggest an EarthBox type thing. I’ve just helped a
in with your good soil when the plants+roots+soil get           Brooklyn homeowner install almost 70 on her rooftop
pulled up at the end of the season. The chemistry of            that we hand-made because the cost was prohibitive.
most garden soils keeps heavy metals in a fairly immo-
bile, water-insoluble state (unless you start to get into       Keeping Dust Down on Paths
seriously acidic sites—which is bad for growing most
food crops anyway) so you don’t have to worry about             · Contaminated soil on paths should be covered with
lead making its way upwards on its own like other sorts         something like woodchips, about 6 inches deep.
of chemical contaminants might.                                 · To keep dust down consider sheet mulching with card-
· Our co-op uses boxes about 3 feet high. The top 18            board and covering with wood chip mulch.
inches are filled with soil. Underneath is heavy plastic         · Throwing seeds of a durable plant like chamomile or
mesh that allows water to seep through, but retains the         clover will root the dust in place. Otherwise, use rocks.
soil. I grow annuals and vegetables in the boxes.
· For our GIFT Gardens program, we build 8x2x10 inch            For More Information
elevated beds up off the ground using concrete blocks            · http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/soilquality.htm, includes
to elevate it, hardware cloth as a bottom reinforced by         information about soil testing, interpreting test results,
slats of lumber, and cypress or cedar lumber to build           and best practices for healthy soils. Check out the three
the raised bed. This method seems to work well for folks        fact sheets listed under “Resources for Healthy Soils”.
with physical disabilities.
                                                                · www.nybg.org/green_up
· Another thing to keep in mind is that lead contam-
ination typically drops off rapidly with depth (again,           · Bob Hyland, a champion of the sub-irrigated world,
due to its relative immobility in the soil environment).        has a blog with links to groups working with Earth
This means that you could conceivably do some system-           Boxes and directions for making your own sub-irrigation
atic testing of your soil at different depths, decide that       containers: www.insideurbangreen.org/2009/06/earthbox-
soil below xx inches depth is safe for growing, and then        organic-gardening-award-winner.html
remove the upper soil to another location on site. We
used to do this on really contaminated sites by digging a       · American Community Garden Association listserv has
deep pit and effectively flipping the soil. You could dump        a good discussion thread on this topic: www.communi-
your contaminated horizons from each garden bed on              tygarden.org
site into a single big pit that you dig. And you can use
the “clean” diggings to start refilling your beds. You will      · http://outrageousgardens.com

www.attra.ncat.org                                                                                     ATTRA     Page 13
Urban Agriculture Resources
                                                               ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Infor-
Selected City Farming Businesses                               mation Service offers free in-depth publications and
                                                               technical assistance on production practices, innovative
All Edibles landscaping company in Berkeley/Oakland
                                                               marketing, organic certification, and alternative crop
installs food gardens for clients. E-mail all.edibles@gmail.
                                                               and livestock enterprises. ATTRA’s newsletters feature
com. Web site: www.alledibles.com
                                                               sustainable agriculture and organic farming news, events
My Farm is a decentralized urban farm whose members            and funding opportunities. 800-346-9140 (English) or
grow and exchange organic vegetables throughout San            800-411-3222 (Spanish), Web site: www.attra.ncat.org
Francisco, transporting themselves and delivering the
                                                               American Community Gardening Association
produce by bicycle. Web site: www.myfarmsf.com
                                                               (ACGA) maintains an online search tool to find com-
Seattle Urban Farm Company establishes produc-                 munity gardens in neighborhoods across the coun-
tive organic vegetable plots for clients in their yards.       try. Staff and volunteers answer requests for informa-
Web site: www.seattleurbanfarmco.com                           tion about community gardening and networking.
                                                               Toll-free 877-275-2242, vgarrett@communitygarden.org.
SPIN Farming is a commercial vegetable farming system          Web site: http://acga.localharvest.org
for areas of less than an acre. The group offers courses
in intensive food production for small areas. Their cur-       Biological Urban Gardening Services (BUGS) is a
riculum provides very detailed information about what          California-based membership organization devoted
growers need, including layout, equipment, marketing,          to reducing reliance on toxic agricultural chemicals
and costs. Contact rchristensen@infocommercegroup.com.         in highly populated urban landscapes. 916-726-5377,
Web site: www.spinfarming.com                                  bugslrc@cwia.com. Web site: www.organiclandscape.com

Your Backyard Farmer in Portland, Oregon cre-                  Community Food Security Coalition’s Urban Agri-
ates small sustainable organic backyard farms for cli-         culture Committee offers an urban agriculture primer
ents. Call Robyn, 971-506-6508 or Donna, 503-449-              as well as urban agriculture courses, workshops, con-
2402, or e-mail farmers@yourbackyardfarmer.com.                ferences, and an Urban Agriculture listserv. Contact
Web site: www.yourbackyardfarmer.com                           Betsy Johnson, betsy@bgjohnson.com, 617-536-1711.
                                                               Web site: www.foodsecurity.org/ua_home.html
Selected Nationwide Urban                                      MetroAg Alliance for Urban Agriculture brings
Agriculture Organizations                                      together culturally diverse stakeholders to share best
                                                               practices. Toll free 888-395-8528, info@metroagalliance.
USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and
                                                               org. Web site: www.metroagalliance.org
Extension Service (CSREES) has offices in almost
every county in the United States. They provide techni-        Heifer International’s Urban Agriculture sup-
cal assistance and research for agriculture and commu-         ports grassroots organizations that help commu-
nity development.                                              nities reclaim and support local food systems.
Web site: www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/index.html             Web site: www.heifer.org/site/c.edJRKQNiFiG/b.734893
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center                 Urban Chicken, based in Albuquerque, New Mexico,
(AFSIC) is a program of the USDA’s National Agri-              is dedicated to promoting backyard chickens in urban
culture Library, www.nal.usda.gov/afsic. They main-            residential landscapes. We support chicken keepers in
tain a comprehensive section of their website called           all urban environments across the U.S. and abroad.
Farms and Community: Urban Agriculture and Com-                Web site: www.urbanchickens.org
munity Gardening. 301-504-6559, afsic@nal.usda.gov.
Web site: http://tinyurl.com/http-afsic-nal-usda-gov-nal       Urban Farming creates an abundance of food for peo-
                                                               ple in need by planting environmentally sustainable
American Horticultural Therapy Association offers               gardens on unused land, increasing diversity, educat-
a great list of publications regarding urban gardening         ing youth, adults, seniors, and strengthening commu-
for people with physical or mental disabilities. 800-634-      nities. Toll-free 877-679-8300, info@urbanfarming.org.
1603. Web site: www.ahta.org                                   Web site: www.urbanfarming.org

Page 14      ATTRA                                                                          Start a Farm in the City
World Hunger Year (WHY) helps grassroots orga-               Mo’ Better Food uses agriculture as an educational
nizations and students fight hunger and poverty.              tool to empower low-income neighborhoods to increase
Web site: www.worldhungeryear.org                            ownership and self-sufficiency within the commu-
                                                             nity. Contact David Roach, info@mobetterfood.com.
Selected State Urban                                         Web site: www.mobetterfood.com
Agriculture Organizations                                    People’s Grocery is building a local food system to
                                                             improve the health and economy of West Oakland. Their
California                                                   Urban Agriculture program supplies fresh food through
California Food and Justice Coalition organizes work-        a network of urban gardens and a suburban farm.
shops to help secure land, write leases, engage the com-     510-652-7607. Web site: www.peoplesgrocery.org
munity, conduct policy work, start up urban ag proj-
ects, and market produce to people who need it most.         Southern California
Web site: www.foodsecurity.org/california/index.html         Center for Urban Agriculture at Fairview Gardens in
                                                             Santa Barbara is a 12-acre farm that feeds approximately
San Francisco                                                500 families. The center runs an education program to
Alemany Farm produces food for the neighborhood and          teach the community about the connections between
workshops on topics such as mushroom cultivation and         food, land and well-being. They offer farm-to-school
perennial vegetables. An ecological horticultural training   programs, cooking and gardening classes, farm festi-
program offers apprenticeships. The farm’s environmen-        vals, guided tours, and apprenticeships. 805-967-7369.
tal education program introduces children and adults to      Web site: www.fairviewgardens.org
the wonders of the natural world and the importance of       The Learning Garden at Venice High School is a joint
local food production. Web site: www.alemanyfarm.org         effort with the UCLA horticulture department and vari-
The Garden Project provides job training and support to      ous community groups. In the garden, volunteers and
former offenders. Apprentices learn how to grow organic       students learn to grow food for the neighborhood. The
vegetables for seniors and families, cultivate plants for    garden is also a community center with classes about
schools, establish and maintain gardens at police stations   yoga, cooking, tai chi, and other health-related subjects.
and housing developments, and carry out community            310-722-3656. Web site: www.thelearninggarden.org
clean-ups. 650-588-8253, feedback@gardenproject.org.         UC Cooperative Extension’s Common Ground Pro-
Web site: www.gardenproject.org                              gram makes gardening possible for Los Angeles County’s
                                                             low-income and traditionally underrepresented families.
Literacy for Environmental Justice—a coalition of
                                                             Families learn to grow and prepare their own food. The
youth, educators, and community leaders—addresses the
                                                             program trains community volunteers and Master Gar-
ecological and health concerns of southeast San Fran-        deners, and publishes a school garden set-up guide and
cisco. Youth are planting gardens, restoring wetlands,       a community garden set-up guide in English and Span-
operating a native plant nursery, and working with neigh-    ish. Web site: http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/Common_
borhood stores to increase their stock of fresh produce.     Ground_Garden_Program
Web site: www.lejyouth.org
                                                             Seeds at City Urban Farm is a partnership between
San Francisco Garden Resource Organization                   San Diego City College, Roots Sustainable Food Proj-
(SFGRO) links local community gardeners, school gar-         ect, and two local high schools. Students and commu-
deners, and other open space and urban agriculture           nity volunteers learn and work together with professional
groups. They also provide links to community garden          organic farmers. They grow food for themselves and for
groups all across the country. Web site: www.sfgro.org       those who have no access to fresh organic produce. Con-
                                                             tact Karon Klipple, kklipple@sdccd.edu, 619-388-3638.
Oakland                                                      Web site: www.seedsatcity.com
City Slicker Farms grows and distributes affordable
fresh food for West Oakland. They help the commu-            Colorado
nity grow with a weekly farm stand, workshops, and           Growing Gardens runs gardening programs in Boul-
backyard gardens all over the Bay Area. 510-763-4241.        der County. They manage community gardens, youth
Web site: www.cityslickerfarms.org                           programs, neighborhood compost and greenhouse proj-
www.attra.ncat.org                                                                               ATTRA        Page 15
ects, and a community food project. Contact Ramona         chance to participate in the entire growing season from
Clark, 303-413-7248 ext. 2, info@growinggardens.org.       seed to harvest. Interns market produce through a CSA,
Web site: www.growinggardens.org                           a farmers’ market and a farm stand. 773-549-1336.
Denver Urban Gardens runs and helps recruit volun-         Web site: www.growinghomeinc.org
teers for nearly 100 community gardens and their out-
reach and education programs. They provide classes,        Kansas
free seeds and seedlings from their nursery to thousands   Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture is work-
of gardeners every year. Web site: www.dug.org             ing toward a vision of small, community-based farms
                                                           that provide fresh food, work opportunities, and pro-
Connecticut                                                ductive use for vacant urban spaces. The Center devel-
Grow Hartford, a project of the Hartford Food Sys-         ops training and research programs for new and experi-
tem, promotes a sustainable and equitable food sys-        enced farmers and operates the Kansas City Community
tem by cultivating youth leadership and civic par-         Farm, a certified organic vegetable farm. 913-831-2444,
ticipation through agriculture. 860-296-9325.              info@kccua.org. Web site: www.kccua.org
Web site: www.hartfordfood.org
                                                           Massachusetts
Delaware                                                   The Food Project’s mission is to create a thoughtful
Delaware Center for Horticulture cultivates a greener      and productive community of youth and adults from
community through horticulture, education and con-         diverse backgrounds who work together to build a sus-
servation. Programs include greening initiatives such as   tainable food system. They produce healthy food, pro-
community gardens, public landscaping, and tree plant-
                                                           vide youth leadership opportunities, and inspire people to
ing. Contact Ann L. Mattingly, community gardens
                                                           create change in their own communities. 781-259-8621,
manager, 302-658-6262. Web site: www.dehort.org
                                                           info@thefoodproject.org. Web site: www.thefoodproject.org
Georgia                                                    Nuestras Raíces manages community gardens and
The Funny Farm: Organic gardener Duane Marcus              youth gardens. Tierra de Oportunidades is a begin-
maintains an informative blog on his urban agricul-        ning farmer training project with a farm stand in
ture experiments at http://happyfood-funnyfarm.blogspot.   Holyoke. The environmental conservation and stew-
com, and also offers workshops on intensive gardening.      ardship project includes a youth development initia-
Web site: http://web.mac.com/duanemarcus/Happyfood         tive, cultural activities, and nature trails. 413-535-1789,
  fromthefunnyfarm/HOME.html                               info@nuestras-raices.org. Web site: www.nuestras-raices.org
Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture is a Coopera-
tive Extension website with information about home         Michigan
gardening, landscaping, water resources, research gar-     Garden for Growth—a project of the Michigan
dens, Spanish language resources, and maps to com-         Land Bank Fast Track Authority—encourages inter-
munity gardens. Web site: http://apps.caes.uga.edu/        ested individuals and nonprofit organizations to lease
  urbanag/index.cfm                                        vacant parcels of land for $50 per year to create an
HABESHA Gardens in Atlanta is a community gar-             agricultural space in their community. 517-636-5149.
den project of Black to Our Roots. They raise food for     Web site: www.michigan.gov/landbank.
the neighborhood, teach about organic gardening and
                                                           Garden Resource Program Collaborative is a team
healthy living, train youth leaders, sponsor the annual
                                                           effort of Detroit Agriculture Network, Greening of
Organic Fest, and promote communities that are sus-
tainable and environmentally sound.                        Detroit, Capuchin Soup Kitchen’s Earthworks Garden,
Web site: www.habeshainc.org                               and Michigan State University. Programs include Urban
                                                           Roots Community Garden Training, Detroit Urban
Illinois                                                   Garden Education Series, Sweet On Detroit beekeeping,
Growing Home provides job training through a non-          and Keep Growing Detroit season extension. Contact
profit organic agriculture business in Chicago. The job     Ashley Atkinson, 313-237-8736, aatkinso@umich.edu.
training program lasts seven months so interns have a      Web site: www.detroitagriculture.org
Page 16     ATTRA                                                                        Start a Farm in the City
Seeds of Solidarity Education Center is a nonprofit           Pennsylvania
organization that provides people of all ages with inspi-    Greensgrow Farms is a nationally recognized leader in
ration and practical tools to use renewable energy and       urban farming, selling fresh produce to local restaurant.
grow food in their communities. The organization is          They run a premier farm stand stocked with the very
based at a farm that grows and markets specialty greens,     best the region has to offer, a well-stocked nursery offer-
garlic and flowers. Solar greenhouses extend the grow-        ing a variety of great locally grown plants and if that
ing season and renewable energy powers the center.           wasn’t enough, a CSA. Web site: www.greensgrow.org
978-544-9023. Web site: www.seedsofsolidarity.org
                                                             West Philadelphia’s Mill Creek Farm is a collectively
Minnesota                                                    run urban education farm that grows and distributes
Minnesota Food Association leases a 200-acre farm as         produce and demonstrates ecological methods of living.
an agricultural training center for immigrant farmers.       The farm offers field trips, skill-sharing workshops, and
They market their produce wholesale as well as through       job training for youth. E-mail millcreekfarm@resist.ca.
a CSA, a farmers’ market, and direct to local stores and     Web site: www.millcreekurbanfarm.org
restaurants. The program strengthens the local food
system and creates opportunities for farmers. 651-433-       Texas
3676. Web site: www.mnfoodassociation.org                    Sustainable Food Center’s Grow Local program in
                                                             Austin believes it’s important that everyone have the
New York                                                     opportunity to reap the benefits of growing their own
East New York Farms! is a collaborative project that pro-    food. They provide support for community and youth
motes local and regional sustainable agriculture and com-    gardens in backyards, churchyards, office building
munity-based economic development. They grow food for        lawns, etc. 512-236-0074, info@sustainablefoodcenter.org.
the community and engage youth in leadership training.       Web site: www.sustainablefoodcenter.org
718-649-7979 x14. Web site: www.eastnewyorkfarms.org         Urban Harvest in Houston has a network of urban
Green Guerillas uses a unique mix of education, orga-        gardens, farms and orchards that inspire and empower
nizing, and advocacy to help people cultivate commu-         people of diverse backgrounds to grow food in the city.
nity gardens, sustain grassroots groups and coalitions,      Programs include organic gardening classes, school &
engage youth, paint colorful murals, and address issues      youth gardens, an after-school program, the Bayou City
                                                             Farmers’ Market, community gardens, and an organic
critical to the future of their gardens. 212-594-2155,
                                                             horticulture business-education alliance. 713-880-5540,
info@nycgreen.org. Web site: www.greenguerillas.org
                                                             info@urbanharvest.org. Web site: www.urbanharvest.org
Just Food hosts the City Farms project, which works to
increase food production, marketing and distribution via     Vermont
community gardens throughout New York City. Available        Intervale Center’s Healthy City Program provides job
for purchase on the Just Food site is The City Farms Tool-   and life skills training for at-risk youth ages 13 to 16, to
kit, a comprehensive guide to urban agriculture in NYC.      ensure better education about food—and better nutri-
Contact Emily Gunther, farmer outreach associate, 212-       tion—in schools, and to address the needs of low-income
645-9880 x 231, emily@justfood.org or info@justfood.org.     families for fresh produce. Healthy City is creating a
Web site: www.justfood.org                                   community of teens and adults dedicated to growing
                                                             healthy food for themselves, their families, and others in
Ohio                                                         the community. The program does this through the com-
Cleveland’s City Fresh Market Garden Training Pro-           plimentary Healthy City Youth Farm, Gleaning Project
gram is a learning network that promotes urban agricul-      and Burlington School Food Project. 802-660-0440.
ture in Northeast Ohio. The program provides education       Web site: www.intervale.org
on business planning and growing techniques, orga-
nizes youth entrepreneurship through summer employ-          Washington
ment opportunities, provides start-up funding for urban      Seattle Youth Garden Works empowers homeless and
agricultural enterprises, and promotes sharing of tools,     under-served youth through garden-based education and
equipment, knowledge, and marketing. 216-220-5532.           employment. It is a market gardening program for youth
Web site: www.cityfresh.org                                  ages 14 to 22 in the University District and South Park
www.attra.ncat.org                                                                                 ATTRA        Page 17
Selected Urban Farm Publications
                                                            Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental
                                                            Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. L.J.A. Mougeot.
                                                            Earthscan, 2005. Reports on field projects funded by
                                                            International Development Research Centre’s Agropolis
                                                            urban agriculture grants in Argentina, Botswana, Côte
                                                            d’Ivoire, Cuba, France, Togo, Tunisia, UK, and Zimba-
                                                            bwe. www.idrc.ca/en/ev-84289-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
                                                            Cities Farming for the Future—Urban Agriculture for
                                                            Green and Productive Cities. Edited by René van Veen-
Photo: Kristin Reynolds                                     huizen, 2006. Published by RUAF Foundation, IDRC
Growing Power barn and sheep pens, Milwaukee, Wisc.         and IIRR. www.ruaf.org/node/961
                                                            City Bountiful: A Century of Community Garden-
neighborhoods. The program goals are to connect youth       ing in America. Laura J. Lawson, 2005. University of
to housing, health care, education, jobs, and community.    California Press. This book reviews the history of the
206-632-0352. Web site: www.sygw.org                        greening of urban communities in the U.S. Web site:
Seattle P-Patch community gardens began in 1973             www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9533.php
when the city bought a family farm for the public to        Civic Agriculture and Community Problem Solv-
use. Now there are 1,900 plots on 12 acres, with vibrant    ing. Thomas A. Lyson. Culture and Agriculture, Vol.
programs for new farmers, youth and seniors. Web site:      27, No. 2, pp. 92–98. 2005. American Anthropological
www.cityofseattle.net/Neighborhoods/ppatch/history.htm      Association. Civic agriculture embeds local food produc-
                                                            tion in the community. http://colfa.utsa.edu/organization/
Washington, DC                                                culture&agriculture/04.CAG.27.2_092-098.pdf
Common Good City Farm is an urban farm and                  Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Design-
education center that grows food for low-income city        ing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. A. Vil-
residents. The group provides educational opportu-          joen. Architectural Press, 2005. Viljoen extends and
nities for all people to increase food security, com-       develops the widely accepted “compact city.” He pro-
munity health, and environmental sustainability.            vides a design proposal for sustainable urban agriculture.
202-330-5945, info@ CommonGoodCityFarm.org.
                                                            www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_
Web site: www.commongoodcityfarm.org
                                                              home/703919/description#description

Wisconsin                                                   Cultivating Havana: Urban Agriculture and Food
Growing Power’s Commercial Urban Agriculture                Security in the Years of Crisis. Catherine Murphy, 1999.
Training Program helps people manage their own              Food First Development Report No. 12. After the break
farming business by practicing skills needed to profit-      up of the Soviet Bloc in 1989, Cuba lost 85 percent of its
ably farm in the city. Begun in Milwaukee, they now         trade, including food and agricultural inputs. This led
have sites in Chicago and elsewhere. Training facilities    to a 50 percent reduction in caloric intake in the early
include greenhouses, gardens, aquaponics, large-scale       1990s. Cuba restructured agriculture with local, low-cost
vermicompost and composting operations, anaerobic           and environmentally safe inputs. www.foodfirst.org/dr12
digestion, and a food distribution facility. Contact Jay    Edible Schoolyard: A Universal Idea. Alice Waters.
Salinas, 414-527-1546, jay@growingpower.org. Web site:      Chronicle Books, 2008. A pioneering school garden,
www.growingpower.org/commercial_urban_agriculture.htm       Berkeley, California’s Edible Schoolyard is a visionary
                                                            model for sustainable farming and childhood nutrition.
Milwaukee Urban Agriculture Network is a collabora-
tive effort of local individuals and organizations inter-    This book is a call to action for schools across the country.
ested in urban agriculture in Milwaukee. Projects include   www.chroniclebooks.com/index/main,book-info/
community gardens, ecology centers, youth training,          store,books/products_id,7928/title,Edible-Schoolyard
school garden and lunch programs, planning groups,          For Hunger-Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Sys-
and city farms. Web site: www.MkeUrbanAg.org                tems. Edited by M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot,
Page 18         ATTRA                                                                       Start a Farm in the City
and J. Welsh. IDRC, 1999. The 20th century has wit-           A Patch of Eden: America’s Inner City Gardens. H.
nessed a massive growth in urban populations. In 1990,        Patricia Hynes. Chelsea Green, 1996. Interviews with
one-third of the world’s people lived in cities of one mil-   founders of urban ag projects in Harlem, San Francisco,
lion or more. How do we build lasting urban food sys-         Philadelphia, and Chicago.
tems? www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9394-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
                                                              Planting for the Planet: The Cool Foods Garden
General Plans and Zoning: Toolkit on Land Use &               Guide. Published by Center for Food Safety. The Guide
Health, L.M. Feldstein. Calif. Dept of. Health Services,      is a how-to on everything from container garden-
2006. Nutrition and other public health advocates now         ing to composting, seed purchases, and home canning
recognize the link between land use and food access.          techniques. Contact: Meredith Niles, 202-547-9359.
Here is an explanation of how land use decisions are          http://coolfoodscampaign.org/your-tools/garden-guide
made and how to effectively participate in those deci-         Rural-Urban Migration and the Stabilization of
sions. www.healthyplanning.org/toolkit/finalbook.pdf           Cuban Agriculture. Lisa Reynolds Wolfe, 2004. Global
Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities.                Exchange. Cuba’s agriculture transformed from a system
Timothy Beatley. Island Press, 2000. To find examples          based on the “green revolution” to an agroecological sys-
of a holistic approach to dealing with sprawl, one must       tem. How has this affected food security in the island’s
turn to models outside the U.S. www.islandpress.org/          cities? www.foodfirst.org/cuba/cubaruralurban.html
  bookstore/details.php?isbn=9781559636827                    Sustainable Agriculture and Resistance: Transform-
Growing Better Cities: Urban Agriculture for Sustain-         ing Food Production in Cuba. F. Funes, L. García, M.
able Development. Luc J.A. Mougeot. IDRC, 2006.               Bourque, N. Pérez, P. Rosset. Food First Books. The
Over the next 25 years nearly all population growth           story of Cuba’s remarkable achievements in organic
will be in the cities of the developing world. 60% of         farming, urban gardens, smaller farms, animal traction,
the world’s population will live in cities by 2030. More      and biological pest control. www.foodfirst.org/node/361
and more people in cities are growing some of their own       Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cit-
food. But urban farming is often seen by cities as a prob-    ies. United Nations Development Programme, 1996.
lem to be eradicated rather than as a part of the solution.   J. Smit, A. Ratta, J. Nasr. Urban Agriculture Network.
www.idrc.org.sg/en/ev-95297-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html               Reports on projects of the Urban Agriculture Initiative of
How Urban Farms Could Feed the World. An article              the UNDP in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Includes
in Earth Island Journal by Michael Ableman of Fairview        extensive research from diverse sources over many years.
Gardens. www.fieldsofplenty.com/writings/frontier.php          202-362-5095. www.cityfarmer.org/smitbook90.html

MetroFarm online magazine of metropolitan agricul-            Urban Agriculture Magazine. Resource Centres on
ture, and MetroFarm: The Guide to Growing for Big             Urban Agriculture & Food Security (RUAF). Platform
Profit on a Small Parcel of Land. By Michael Olson,            for exchange and discussion of grounded information:
who also produces a weekly radio show, Food Chain.            research, project experiences, critical analyses of conven-
Learn about Olson’s projects at www.metrofarm.com             tional & innovative policies. www.ruaf.org/node/100

On Good Land: The Autobiography of an Urban Farm.             The Urban Homestead. K. Coyne, E. Knutzen, 2008.
Michael Ableman. 1998. Chronicle Books. Fairview              Process Media. Filled with tips and details from expe-
Garden is a 12-acre farm now completely surrounded by         rienced urban food producers. The authors’ blog: home
suburban housing tracts. Ableman describes his 30+ year       grownevolution.com. Book: www.processmediainc.com
tenure and how he turned the farm into a valued com-          Urban Soil Primer for Homeowners and Renters,
munity asset. www.chroniclebooks.com/index/main,book-         Local Planning Boards, Property Managers, Students,
info/store,books/products_id,814/title,On-Good-Land           and Educators. J.M. Scheyer and K.W. Hipple, 2005.
On Guerilla Gardening: A Handbook for Gardening               USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Impor-
without Boundaries. Richard Reynolds, 2008. Blooms-           tant information on how to prevent sedimentation, con-
                                                              tamination and runoff. Free at www.soils.usda.gov/use
bury USA. Started in London by gardeners who had
no land to plant, this movement has spread around the         Vitalizing the Vacant. Annie Meyers, 2008. Describes
world. Participants grow plants in street medians, parks      six urban farms that each have different arrangements
and other private and public lands where they do not          with the city where they are located. www.thoughtsonthe
have permission to do so. www.guerrillagardening.org          table.wordpress.com/2008/05/07/vitalizing-the-vacant
www.attra.ncat.org                                                                                 ATTRA        Page 19
Social Justice and
Urban Agriculture
By Kristin Reynolds, University of California, Davis
Urban agriculture can create ownership and leadership
in food production among low-income urban residents,
many of whom are people of color. Members of social
justice movements may have different views of food sys-
tem problems, but urban agriculture projects that are
motivated by community food security, food justice,
and food sovereignty have at least one common goal.
They are working to make it possible for city people to
grow, harvest, and consume culturally appropriate, fresh,
healthy foods.
Three Food System Movements                                 Photo courtesy of Kansas City Center
                                                            for Urban Agriculture, www.kccua.org
Community food security (CFS) refers to a condition
in which all community residents obtain a safe, cultur-     Members of each of these movements who grow food
ally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a      in urban areas also cultivate leadership and community
sustainable food system that maximizes community self-      connections. While urban agriculture may not always
reliance and social justice. (Community Food Security       be the central focus of food-system social justice move-
Coalition: www.foodsecurity.org)                            ments, there is a possibility for urban food production
Food justice reframes CFS and considers the social and      to be a part of each movement’s vision. Urban agricul-
economic inequities that give rise to food insecurity,      ture programs are diverse— ranging from youth devel-
emphasizing democracy and local community control.          opment to food production and marketing—but they
(Peoples’ Grocery: www.peoplesgrocery.org)                  convey a common message that speaks to the relation-
                                                            ship between agriculture and nutrition, food access, and
Food sovereignty considers it a human right for people      community empowerment.
to be able to define their own food and agriculture sys-
tems and have access to healthy and culturally appro-       To learn more, contact Kristin Reynolds, karfireynolds@gmail.
priate food produced through ecologically sound and         com. She would like to thank members of the Growing Food
sustainable methods. (Food First Institute for Food and     and Justice for All Initiative for providing comments on social
Development Policy: www.foodfirst.org)                       justice and urban agriculture. GFJI is a national network aimed
                                                            at dismantling racism and empowering low-income and
                                                            communities of color through sustainable local agriculture:
                                                            www.growingfoodandjustice.org


                                                             Start a Farm in the City:
    Photo courtesy of Seattle Urban Farm Company




                                                             Change Your Community by Growing What You Eat
                                                             By Rex Dufour, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
                                                             E-mail rexd@ncat.org
                                                             © 2009 NCAT—National Center for
                                                             Appropriate Technology
    www.seattleurbanfarmco.com




                                                             Illustrations: Robert Armstrong
                                                             Resources: Marisa Alcorta, Lee Rinehart, Kristin Reynolds
                                                             Production: Karen Van Epen
                                                             This publication is available on the Web at:
                                                             www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/farmcity.pdf
                                                             IP 350   Slot 349   Version 072309



Page 20                                            ATTRA

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Start a Farm in the City

  • 1. A Publication of ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service is managed by the National Center for Appropriate Tech- Funding for the development of this nology (NCAT) and is funded under a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Rural Business-Coopera- publication was provided by the tive Service. Visit the ATTRA Web site, www.attra.ncat.org, for more information about ATTRA’s services and publications. USDA Risk Management Agency.
  • 2. Urban Farms Cultivate Food and Community by Lee Rinehart, NCAT Northeast Regional Director San Francisco civic center was the site of a Urban farming is not a new concept, but it is gain- large victory garden in ing new support among diverse citizen groups all over summer 2008. The city the country. Schools, colleges, churches, city councils, food policy now pro- motes urban agriculture government agencies, parks departments, anti-hunger on public land, supports groups, healthcare providers, and nonprofit organiza- local farmers, and calls tions are coming together to give a fresh new meaning for healthy local food at to “greening the city.” Large cities like Philadelphia, Bos- schools, jails, shelters, ton, New York, Seattle, and Toronto have initiated sub- and city events. Photo: Kristin Reynolds. stantial programs to foster urban agriculture. In addition to community gardens and farmers’ markets, urban agriculture involves land use decisions, nutritious meals at schools, employment and job training, food pro- Urban farmers are cessing and delivery, the creation of clean green working often community- spaces in urban areas, citywide systems of composting minded individuals engaged in urban renewal and eco- waste, and much more. Many of the new urban garden- nomic revitalization. Urban agriculture has the poten- ers grow tons of food on small plots, provisioning farm- tial to relieve food insecurity, make neighborhoods ers’ markets, restaurants, food banks, and community- safer, and improve regional economies. supported agriculture share boxes. To learn more, contact lee@ncat.org, 570-696-6706. ATTRA—the National Sustainable Agriculture Infor- ATTRA Publications for mation Service—offers hundreds of free publications Urban Farmers about specific crops, livestock, pest management, energy, marketing, and other agriculture-related Alternative Soil Testing Laboratories (IP105) topics. All of these are available to download for free Bringing Local Food to Local Institutions (IP242) from ATTRA’s Web site, www.attra.ncat.org Community Supported Agriculture (IP289) Call 1-800-346-9140, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Eastern time to Direct Marketing (IP113) order a free paper copy or to speak with one of ATTRA’s Enterprise Budgets and Production Costs for sustainable agriculture specialists. Organic Production (RL041) ATTRA is a project of the National Center for Appropri- Farmers’ Markets (IP146) ate Technology (NCAT), with offices in Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Iowa, Arkansas, Montana, and California. Organic IPM Field Guides (online & CD only) Keys to Success in Value-Added Agriculture (IP172) Table of Contents Market Gardening: A Start-Up Guide (IP195) Organic Greenhouse Vegetable Production (IP078) Resources about Urban Agriculture Resource Guide to Organic & Sustainable Vegetable International Resources........…..............…....page 8 Production (IP188) Urban Soils and Soil Testing..................................... 9 Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous Soil Test Order Form................................................. 11 Harvest (IP323) Creating Barriers to Protect Raised Beds........... 13 Selling to Restaurants (IP255) U.S. Resources…….............................….................. 13 Urban Agriculture Businesses............................ 14 Sustainable Small-Scale Nursery Production (IP104) Urban Agriculture Organizations...................... 14 Sustainable Soil Management (IP027) Urban Agriculture Publications ............................ 18 Worms for Composting: Vermiculture (IP110) Social Justice and Urban Agriculture.................. 20 Coming Soon: Urban Ag Start-Up Guide Page 2 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
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  • 8. Selected International Resources for Urban Agriculture City Farmer—Canada’s Office of Urban Ag maintains an ment. Web: www.journeytoforever.org/cityfarm_link.html outstanding Web site with interesting commentaries and Sustain began in the U.K. to promote food and farm prac- links from all over the world. Web site: www.cityfarmer.info tices that enhance the health and welfare of people and the Food for the Cities is a project of the United Nations environment. Web site: www.sustainweb.org focused on improving nutrition, and food production sys- RUAF Foundation provides extensive resources such as tems in the world’s cities. Web site: www.fao.org/fcit Urban Agriculture Magazine, available in English, Spanish, Guerilla Gardeners started in London growing gardens on French, Arabic, Chinese, Portuguese, Turkish. www.ruaf.org unused land. Members now farm neglected “orphan” land Urban Chicken Wiki for North America lists laws and info internationally. Web site: www.guerrillagardening.org about keeping chickens in urban zones. Web site: www. Heifer Project International’s Urban Iniative supports urbanchickens.pbwiki.com/North-American-Chicken-Laws and sponsors many community urban farming programs Urban Harvest works to enhance food security for poor in U.S. cities and abroad. Web site: www.heifer.org urban families in Africa and South America. They offer prac- Journey to Forever provides an extensive resource list tical resources as well as statistics and databases to monitor on urban agriculture, nutrition and community develop- global urban trends. Web site: www.uharvest.org Page 8 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
  • 9. Urban Soils and Soil Testing: Avoiding Lead & Other Heavy Metals Before you plant any food crops in an urban area, it’s important to assess the risk of soil contamination by heavy metals. The most commonly found metals are lead (from lead paint), cadmium, nickel, and mercury. Preg- nant mothers and young children should avoid expo- sure to these heavy metals. The effects of these metals on the body and the brain are many, varied, and should be avoided. Strategies to reduce risk of heavy metal con- tamination include the following: • Improve soil stability through crop plantings and Residents of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania create a garden at an intersection on the edge of the Wilkes University campus. The soil amendments like mulch, which reduce wind- project is co-sponsored by NCAT and SPIN (Small Plot Intensive) borne dust and the tracking of contaminated soils Farming. Photo: Lee Rinehart, NCAT into residences by human feet and household pets. do not generally take up lead in significant concentra- • Emphasize fruiting plants—including vegetables tions unless there are very high levels of lead in the soil. like peppers and eggplants—in the garden, rather Keeping the soil pH level—the relative acidity of the than green leafy vegetables and root vegetables that soil—at 6.5 or higher will help minimize lead contami- absorb heavy metals about ten times faster than do nation of produce. fruiting plants. • Add compost and/or calcium to the soil to lower The standards for “safe” lead levels are 100 ppm if there soil acidity and reduce the metal “uptake” by plants. are small children who may eat the soil, or 300 ppm for The more acidic the soil, the easier it is for plant simply growing produce (Rosen, 2002). The most prac- roots to take in high levels of heavy metals such as tical approaches for dealing with lead in soils are the lead. People and animals who eat those plants can following: be poisoned by the metals. • Immobilize the lead by reducing the soil acidity and • In highly contaminated soils, grow ornamental adding organic matter followed by planting of sod. plants rather than edible plants. You will still reap • Mix or cover the high-lead soil with clean, low-lead the rewards of beauty, exercise, and healthy cities. soil. • Use phytoremediation. Cultivate highly absorptive Locations adjacent to busy streets, and right next door plants to “take up” heavy metals from the soils. Do to old buildings may be more likely to have lead pollu- not eat these contaminated plants and be careful where you dispose of them. Soil Lead Levels • Use raised beds, container Lead Level Extracted Lead (ppm) Estimated Total Lead (ppm) gardens, and hydroponics to Low less than 43 less than 500* avoid many contamination Medium 43 to 126 500 to 1,000 problems. High 126 to 480 1,000 to 3,000 Background lead levels in U.S. Very High greater than 480 greater than 3,000 agricultural soils range from 7 *At present, total soil lead levels less than 200 ppm have not been asso- to 40 parts per million (ppm— ciated with elevated blood lead levels in young children. If estimated this is the same as milligrams per soil lead levels are above 300 ppm however, young children and preg- kilogram). In most cases, levels nant women should avoid soil contact. higher than this are the result of lead contamination of some sort Table from Earthworks website. “Soil Lead Levels—Interpretations and Rec- (Holmgren, et.al., 1993). Plants ommendations,” www.earthworksboston.org/replicate/A_Soil_Lead_Levels.htm www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 9
  • 10. tion from leaded gas and lead paint, respectively. Metals References on Urban Soil also may have been deposited by past industrial activi- ties, such as battery production, brass and steel manu- Contamination, Testing & Remediation facturing, mining, and many different processes involv- Urban Soil Primer for Homeowners and Renters, ing nickel, cadmium, copper, and lead. Lead is especially Local Planning Boards, Property Managers, Stu- evident near roadways because of automobile emissions dents, and Educators. J.M. Scheyer and K.W. Hip- before the availability of unleaded gasoline, and auto- ple, 2005. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Ser- mobile demolition areas may contain a variety of metals vice, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. that were commonly used in older cars. As lead paints Provides information important in planning and man- and some window blinds and soldered pipes used in aging land resources in a manner that helps to pre- houses before 1978 wear out and deteriorate, they add vent or mitigate problems associated with sedimen- lead to nearby soils. tation, contamination, runoff, and structural failure. Metal contamination on a site may be shown by poor www.soils.usda.gov/use plant growth, odd animal behavior, or paint flecks con- Overview of Public Health and Urban Agriculture: taining lead from older buildings. Many plants simply Water, Soil and Crop Contamination & Emerging cannot grow where the level of certain metals is high. Urban Zoonoses. Kathleen Flynn, 1999. Published by Other plants grow well in contaminated soil but fail International Development Research Centre (IDRC). to set seed or do not grow as well as expected. Absence This report addresses the potential health hazards of of any plant growth is a warning sign that a site may farming and raising livestock in cities. www.cipotato.org/ be severely contaminated. Caution during sampling is urbanharvest/documents/bibl_UA&publichealth.doc needed. Total lead levels higher than 1,000 ppm are legally hazardous. Contact your state’s Department of Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Nickel in Agricultural Environmental Protection regarding removal of contam- Soils of the United States of America. G.G. Hol- inated soil materials. mgren, M.W. Meyer, R.L. Chaney, and R.B. Daniels, Be sure to consult the references on urban soil contami- 1993. Journal of Environmental Quality 22:335-348. nation, testing and remediation here and on page 13. http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/335 These will give you a better understanding of how to avoid problems in urban gardens. Lead in the Home Garden and Urban Soil Environ- ment. C.J. Rosen, 2002. University of Minnesota Exten- Soil Testing Resources sion Service. www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horti- culture/DG2543.html Growing Gardens in Portland, Oregon conducts free soil testing for low-income families and provides resources for low-income families who want to have gardens at their homes. Soil Contamination and Urban Web site: www.growing-gardens.org Agriculture: A practical guide to Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Lab at University of soil contamination issues for Massachusetts, Amherst welcomes samples from any- individuals and groups where in the country. Mailing address: By Alexandra Heinegg, Patricia Maragos, Edmund Mason, Jane Rabinowicz, Gloria Straccini, and Heather Walsh. Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Lab 2002. McGill School of Environment, McGill University. 682 North Pleasant Street University of Massachusetts This is an illustrated primer on soil contamination for Amherst, MA 01003 gardeners and community groups. It discusses the 413-545-2311, Fax: 413-545-1931 dangers of gardening in contaminated soil, the sources E-mail: soiltest@psis.umass.edu. of contamination, how to evaluate the level of contami- nation, and your various options for addressing the prob- Web site: www.umass.edu/plsoils/soiltest lem. Written for Montreal and Canada, but also useful in An order form and soil sampling instructions from the other cities and countries. Download at www.ruaf.org/index.php?q=node/1003 U Mass Amherst Testing Lab is supplied on pages 11 and 12 of this publication. Page 10 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
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  • 13. Creating Barriers to Protect Raised Beds on Urban Soils Ideas, methods and sources compiled from the Comfood listserv, https://elist.tufts.edu/wws/subscribe/comfood by Justin Freiberg, justin.freiberg@gmail.com · Try landscape fabric, which allows moisture to pass need an in-ground edging or an actual raised bed struc- through while suppressing weeds (and in this case, plant ture to keep adjacent soil from migrating in laterally. roots from growing through). www.FarmTek.com · You could put wood chips down before building the Using Various Containers as Beds beds and adding soil. Wood chips can be obtained for · Austin just switched recycling from large plastic curb- free. Gravel also works but it costs money. side bins to rollable dumpsters. All those old bins would make great gardening containers, due to their size. Deep · Cedar beds lined with mesh screen, filled with non-bio- and big enough but not too big, easily moveable. degradable packing peanuts, and covered with durable, permeable landscape barrier fabric, then soil. · I was involved in a project in Chicago that uses hard plastic kiddie wading pools with good soil placed on · For heavy metals like lead your job is really to keep urban lots with high lead soil. Punch holes in the bottom plant roots from penetrating downwards through your for water permeability. This was in the Austin neighbor- barrier (and earthworms, etc. coming upwards)—both hood of Chicago. so that plants don’t scavenge lead from the contaminated soil, and so that you don’t mechanically mix the bad soil · I’d suggest an EarthBox type thing. I’ve just helped a in with your good soil when the plants+roots+soil get Brooklyn homeowner install almost 70 on her rooftop pulled up at the end of the season. The chemistry of that we hand-made because the cost was prohibitive. most garden soils keeps heavy metals in a fairly immo- bile, water-insoluble state (unless you start to get into Keeping Dust Down on Paths seriously acidic sites—which is bad for growing most food crops anyway) so you don’t have to worry about · Contaminated soil on paths should be covered with lead making its way upwards on its own like other sorts something like woodchips, about 6 inches deep. of chemical contaminants might. · To keep dust down consider sheet mulching with card- · Our co-op uses boxes about 3 feet high. The top 18 board and covering with wood chip mulch. inches are filled with soil. Underneath is heavy plastic · Throwing seeds of a durable plant like chamomile or mesh that allows water to seep through, but retains the clover will root the dust in place. Otherwise, use rocks. soil. I grow annuals and vegetables in the boxes. · For our GIFT Gardens program, we build 8x2x10 inch For More Information elevated beds up off the ground using concrete blocks · http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/soilquality.htm, includes to elevate it, hardware cloth as a bottom reinforced by information about soil testing, interpreting test results, slats of lumber, and cypress or cedar lumber to build and best practices for healthy soils. Check out the three the raised bed. This method seems to work well for folks fact sheets listed under “Resources for Healthy Soils”. with physical disabilities. · www.nybg.org/green_up · Another thing to keep in mind is that lead contam- ination typically drops off rapidly with depth (again, · Bob Hyland, a champion of the sub-irrigated world, due to its relative immobility in the soil environment). has a blog with links to groups working with Earth This means that you could conceivably do some system- Boxes and directions for making your own sub-irrigation atic testing of your soil at different depths, decide that containers: www.insideurbangreen.org/2009/06/earthbox- soil below xx inches depth is safe for growing, and then organic-gardening-award-winner.html remove the upper soil to another location on site. We used to do this on really contaminated sites by digging a · American Community Garden Association listserv has deep pit and effectively flipping the soil. You could dump a good discussion thread on this topic: www.communi- your contaminated horizons from each garden bed on tygarden.org site into a single big pit that you dig. And you can use the “clean” diggings to start refilling your beds. You will · http://outrageousgardens.com www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 13
  • 14. Urban Agriculture Resources ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Infor- Selected City Farming Businesses mation Service offers free in-depth publications and technical assistance on production practices, innovative All Edibles landscaping company in Berkeley/Oakland marketing, organic certification, and alternative crop installs food gardens for clients. E-mail all.edibles@gmail. and livestock enterprises. ATTRA’s newsletters feature com. Web site: www.alledibles.com sustainable agriculture and organic farming news, events My Farm is a decentralized urban farm whose members and funding opportunities. 800-346-9140 (English) or grow and exchange organic vegetables throughout San 800-411-3222 (Spanish), Web site: www.attra.ncat.org Francisco, transporting themselves and delivering the American Community Gardening Association produce by bicycle. Web site: www.myfarmsf.com (ACGA) maintains an online search tool to find com- Seattle Urban Farm Company establishes produc- munity gardens in neighborhoods across the coun- tive organic vegetable plots for clients in their yards. try. Staff and volunteers answer requests for informa- Web site: www.seattleurbanfarmco.com tion about community gardening and networking. Toll-free 877-275-2242, vgarrett@communitygarden.org. SPIN Farming is a commercial vegetable farming system Web site: http://acga.localharvest.org for areas of less than an acre. The group offers courses in intensive food production for small areas. Their cur- Biological Urban Gardening Services (BUGS) is a riculum provides very detailed information about what California-based membership organization devoted growers need, including layout, equipment, marketing, to reducing reliance on toxic agricultural chemicals and costs. Contact rchristensen@infocommercegroup.com. in highly populated urban landscapes. 916-726-5377, Web site: www.spinfarming.com bugslrc@cwia.com. Web site: www.organiclandscape.com Your Backyard Farmer in Portland, Oregon cre- Community Food Security Coalition’s Urban Agri- ates small sustainable organic backyard farms for cli- culture Committee offers an urban agriculture primer ents. Call Robyn, 971-506-6508 or Donna, 503-449- as well as urban agriculture courses, workshops, con- 2402, or e-mail farmers@yourbackyardfarmer.com. ferences, and an Urban Agriculture listserv. Contact Web site: www.yourbackyardfarmer.com Betsy Johnson, betsy@bgjohnson.com, 617-536-1711. Web site: www.foodsecurity.org/ua_home.html Selected Nationwide Urban MetroAg Alliance for Urban Agriculture brings Agriculture Organizations together culturally diverse stakeholders to share best practices. Toll free 888-395-8528, info@metroagalliance. USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and org. Web site: www.metroagalliance.org Extension Service (CSREES) has offices in almost every county in the United States. They provide techni- Heifer International’s Urban Agriculture sup- cal assistance and research for agriculture and commu- ports grassroots organizations that help commu- nity development. nities reclaim and support local food systems. Web site: www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/index.html Web site: www.heifer.org/site/c.edJRKQNiFiG/b.734893 Alternative Farming Systems Information Center Urban Chicken, based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, (AFSIC) is a program of the USDA’s National Agri- is dedicated to promoting backyard chickens in urban culture Library, www.nal.usda.gov/afsic. They main- residential landscapes. We support chicken keepers in tain a comprehensive section of their website called all urban environments across the U.S. and abroad. Farms and Community: Urban Agriculture and Com- Web site: www.urbanchickens.org munity Gardening. 301-504-6559, afsic@nal.usda.gov. Web site: http://tinyurl.com/http-afsic-nal-usda-gov-nal Urban Farming creates an abundance of food for peo- ple in need by planting environmentally sustainable American Horticultural Therapy Association offers gardens on unused land, increasing diversity, educat- a great list of publications regarding urban gardening ing youth, adults, seniors, and strengthening commu- for people with physical or mental disabilities. 800-634- nities. Toll-free 877-679-8300, info@urbanfarming.org. 1603. Web site: www.ahta.org Web site: www.urbanfarming.org Page 14 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
  • 15. World Hunger Year (WHY) helps grassroots orga- Mo’ Better Food uses agriculture as an educational nizations and students fight hunger and poverty. tool to empower low-income neighborhoods to increase Web site: www.worldhungeryear.org ownership and self-sufficiency within the commu- nity. Contact David Roach, info@mobetterfood.com. Selected State Urban Web site: www.mobetterfood.com Agriculture Organizations People’s Grocery is building a local food system to improve the health and economy of West Oakland. Their California Urban Agriculture program supplies fresh food through California Food and Justice Coalition organizes work- a network of urban gardens and a suburban farm. shops to help secure land, write leases, engage the com- 510-652-7607. Web site: www.peoplesgrocery.org munity, conduct policy work, start up urban ag proj- ects, and market produce to people who need it most. Southern California Web site: www.foodsecurity.org/california/index.html Center for Urban Agriculture at Fairview Gardens in Santa Barbara is a 12-acre farm that feeds approximately San Francisco 500 families. The center runs an education program to Alemany Farm produces food for the neighborhood and teach the community about the connections between workshops on topics such as mushroom cultivation and food, land and well-being. They offer farm-to-school perennial vegetables. An ecological horticultural training programs, cooking and gardening classes, farm festi- program offers apprenticeships. The farm’s environmen- vals, guided tours, and apprenticeships. 805-967-7369. tal education program introduces children and adults to Web site: www.fairviewgardens.org the wonders of the natural world and the importance of The Learning Garden at Venice High School is a joint local food production. Web site: www.alemanyfarm.org effort with the UCLA horticulture department and vari- The Garden Project provides job training and support to ous community groups. In the garden, volunteers and former offenders. Apprentices learn how to grow organic students learn to grow food for the neighborhood. The vegetables for seniors and families, cultivate plants for garden is also a community center with classes about schools, establish and maintain gardens at police stations yoga, cooking, tai chi, and other health-related subjects. and housing developments, and carry out community 310-722-3656. Web site: www.thelearninggarden.org clean-ups. 650-588-8253, feedback@gardenproject.org. UC Cooperative Extension’s Common Ground Pro- Web site: www.gardenproject.org gram makes gardening possible for Los Angeles County’s low-income and traditionally underrepresented families. Literacy for Environmental Justice—a coalition of Families learn to grow and prepare their own food. The youth, educators, and community leaders—addresses the program trains community volunteers and Master Gar- ecological and health concerns of southeast San Fran- deners, and publishes a school garden set-up guide and cisco. Youth are planting gardens, restoring wetlands, a community garden set-up guide in English and Span- operating a native plant nursery, and working with neigh- ish. Web site: http://celosangeles.ucdavis.edu/Common_ borhood stores to increase their stock of fresh produce. Ground_Garden_Program Web site: www.lejyouth.org Seeds at City Urban Farm is a partnership between San Francisco Garden Resource Organization San Diego City College, Roots Sustainable Food Proj- (SFGRO) links local community gardeners, school gar- ect, and two local high schools. Students and commu- deners, and other open space and urban agriculture nity volunteers learn and work together with professional groups. They also provide links to community garden organic farmers. They grow food for themselves and for groups all across the country. Web site: www.sfgro.org those who have no access to fresh organic produce. Con- tact Karon Klipple, kklipple@sdccd.edu, 619-388-3638. Oakland Web site: www.seedsatcity.com City Slicker Farms grows and distributes affordable fresh food for West Oakland. They help the commu- Colorado nity grow with a weekly farm stand, workshops, and Growing Gardens runs gardening programs in Boul- backyard gardens all over the Bay Area. 510-763-4241. der County. They manage community gardens, youth Web site: www.cityslickerfarms.org programs, neighborhood compost and greenhouse proj- www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 15
  • 16. ects, and a community food project. Contact Ramona chance to participate in the entire growing season from Clark, 303-413-7248 ext. 2, info@growinggardens.org. seed to harvest. Interns market produce through a CSA, Web site: www.growinggardens.org a farmers’ market and a farm stand. 773-549-1336. Denver Urban Gardens runs and helps recruit volun- Web site: www.growinghomeinc.org teers for nearly 100 community gardens and their out- reach and education programs. They provide classes, Kansas free seeds and seedlings from their nursery to thousands Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture is work- of gardeners every year. Web site: www.dug.org ing toward a vision of small, community-based farms that provide fresh food, work opportunities, and pro- Connecticut ductive use for vacant urban spaces. The Center devel- Grow Hartford, a project of the Hartford Food Sys- ops training and research programs for new and experi- tem, promotes a sustainable and equitable food sys- enced farmers and operates the Kansas City Community tem by cultivating youth leadership and civic par- Farm, a certified organic vegetable farm. 913-831-2444, ticipation through agriculture. 860-296-9325. info@kccua.org. Web site: www.kccua.org Web site: www.hartfordfood.org Massachusetts Delaware The Food Project’s mission is to create a thoughtful Delaware Center for Horticulture cultivates a greener and productive community of youth and adults from community through horticulture, education and con- diverse backgrounds who work together to build a sus- servation. Programs include greening initiatives such as tainable food system. They produce healthy food, pro- community gardens, public landscaping, and tree plant- vide youth leadership opportunities, and inspire people to ing. Contact Ann L. Mattingly, community gardens create change in their own communities. 781-259-8621, manager, 302-658-6262. Web site: www.dehort.org info@thefoodproject.org. Web site: www.thefoodproject.org Georgia Nuestras Raíces manages community gardens and The Funny Farm: Organic gardener Duane Marcus youth gardens. Tierra de Oportunidades is a begin- maintains an informative blog on his urban agricul- ning farmer training project with a farm stand in ture experiments at http://happyfood-funnyfarm.blogspot. Holyoke. The environmental conservation and stew- com, and also offers workshops on intensive gardening. ardship project includes a youth development initia- Web site: http://web.mac.com/duanemarcus/Happyfood tive, cultural activities, and nature trails. 413-535-1789, fromthefunnyfarm/HOME.html info@nuestras-raices.org. Web site: www.nuestras-raices.org Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture is a Coopera- tive Extension website with information about home Michigan gardening, landscaping, water resources, research gar- Garden for Growth—a project of the Michigan dens, Spanish language resources, and maps to com- Land Bank Fast Track Authority—encourages inter- munity gardens. Web site: http://apps.caes.uga.edu/ ested individuals and nonprofit organizations to lease urbanag/index.cfm vacant parcels of land for $50 per year to create an HABESHA Gardens in Atlanta is a community gar- agricultural space in their community. 517-636-5149. den project of Black to Our Roots. They raise food for Web site: www.michigan.gov/landbank. the neighborhood, teach about organic gardening and Garden Resource Program Collaborative is a team healthy living, train youth leaders, sponsor the annual effort of Detroit Agriculture Network, Greening of Organic Fest, and promote communities that are sus- tainable and environmentally sound. Detroit, Capuchin Soup Kitchen’s Earthworks Garden, Web site: www.habeshainc.org and Michigan State University. Programs include Urban Roots Community Garden Training, Detroit Urban Illinois Garden Education Series, Sweet On Detroit beekeeping, Growing Home provides job training through a non- and Keep Growing Detroit season extension. Contact profit organic agriculture business in Chicago. The job Ashley Atkinson, 313-237-8736, aatkinso@umich.edu. training program lasts seven months so interns have a Web site: www.detroitagriculture.org Page 16 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
  • 17. Seeds of Solidarity Education Center is a nonprofit Pennsylvania organization that provides people of all ages with inspi- Greensgrow Farms is a nationally recognized leader in ration and practical tools to use renewable energy and urban farming, selling fresh produce to local restaurant. grow food in their communities. The organization is They run a premier farm stand stocked with the very based at a farm that grows and markets specialty greens, best the region has to offer, a well-stocked nursery offer- garlic and flowers. Solar greenhouses extend the grow- ing a variety of great locally grown plants and if that ing season and renewable energy powers the center. wasn’t enough, a CSA. Web site: www.greensgrow.org 978-544-9023. Web site: www.seedsofsolidarity.org West Philadelphia’s Mill Creek Farm is a collectively Minnesota run urban education farm that grows and distributes Minnesota Food Association leases a 200-acre farm as produce and demonstrates ecological methods of living. an agricultural training center for immigrant farmers. The farm offers field trips, skill-sharing workshops, and They market their produce wholesale as well as through job training for youth. E-mail millcreekfarm@resist.ca. a CSA, a farmers’ market, and direct to local stores and Web site: www.millcreekurbanfarm.org restaurants. The program strengthens the local food system and creates opportunities for farmers. 651-433- Texas 3676. Web site: www.mnfoodassociation.org Sustainable Food Center’s Grow Local program in Austin believes it’s important that everyone have the New York opportunity to reap the benefits of growing their own East New York Farms! is a collaborative project that pro- food. They provide support for community and youth motes local and regional sustainable agriculture and com- gardens in backyards, churchyards, office building munity-based economic development. They grow food for lawns, etc. 512-236-0074, info@sustainablefoodcenter.org. the community and engage youth in leadership training. Web site: www.sustainablefoodcenter.org 718-649-7979 x14. Web site: www.eastnewyorkfarms.org Urban Harvest in Houston has a network of urban Green Guerillas uses a unique mix of education, orga- gardens, farms and orchards that inspire and empower nizing, and advocacy to help people cultivate commu- people of diverse backgrounds to grow food in the city. nity gardens, sustain grassroots groups and coalitions, Programs include organic gardening classes, school & engage youth, paint colorful murals, and address issues youth gardens, an after-school program, the Bayou City Farmers’ Market, community gardens, and an organic critical to the future of their gardens. 212-594-2155, horticulture business-education alliance. 713-880-5540, info@nycgreen.org. Web site: www.greenguerillas.org info@urbanharvest.org. Web site: www.urbanharvest.org Just Food hosts the City Farms project, which works to increase food production, marketing and distribution via Vermont community gardens throughout New York City. Available Intervale Center’s Healthy City Program provides job for purchase on the Just Food site is The City Farms Tool- and life skills training for at-risk youth ages 13 to 16, to kit, a comprehensive guide to urban agriculture in NYC. ensure better education about food—and better nutri- Contact Emily Gunther, farmer outreach associate, 212- tion—in schools, and to address the needs of low-income 645-9880 x 231, emily@justfood.org or info@justfood.org. families for fresh produce. Healthy City is creating a Web site: www.justfood.org community of teens and adults dedicated to growing healthy food for themselves, their families, and others in Ohio the community. The program does this through the com- Cleveland’s City Fresh Market Garden Training Pro- plimentary Healthy City Youth Farm, Gleaning Project gram is a learning network that promotes urban agricul- and Burlington School Food Project. 802-660-0440. ture in Northeast Ohio. The program provides education Web site: www.intervale.org on business planning and growing techniques, orga- nizes youth entrepreneurship through summer employ- Washington ment opportunities, provides start-up funding for urban Seattle Youth Garden Works empowers homeless and agricultural enterprises, and promotes sharing of tools, under-served youth through garden-based education and equipment, knowledge, and marketing. 216-220-5532. employment. It is a market gardening program for youth Web site: www.cityfresh.org ages 14 to 22 in the University District and South Park www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 17
  • 18. Selected Urban Farm Publications Agropolis: The Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. L.J.A. Mougeot. Earthscan, 2005. Reports on field projects funded by International Development Research Centre’s Agropolis urban agriculture grants in Argentina, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, France, Togo, Tunisia, UK, and Zimba- bwe. www.idrc.ca/en/ev-84289-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Cities Farming for the Future—Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities. Edited by René van Veen- Photo: Kristin Reynolds huizen, 2006. Published by RUAF Foundation, IDRC Growing Power barn and sheep pens, Milwaukee, Wisc. and IIRR. www.ruaf.org/node/961 City Bountiful: A Century of Community Garden- neighborhoods. The program goals are to connect youth ing in America. Laura J. Lawson, 2005. University of to housing, health care, education, jobs, and community. California Press. This book reviews the history of the 206-632-0352. Web site: www.sygw.org greening of urban communities in the U.S. Web site: Seattle P-Patch community gardens began in 1973 www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9533.php when the city bought a family farm for the public to Civic Agriculture and Community Problem Solv- use. Now there are 1,900 plots on 12 acres, with vibrant ing. Thomas A. Lyson. Culture and Agriculture, Vol. programs for new farmers, youth and seniors. Web site: 27, No. 2, pp. 92–98. 2005. American Anthropological www.cityofseattle.net/Neighborhoods/ppatch/history.htm Association. Civic agriculture embeds local food produc- tion in the community. http://colfa.utsa.edu/organization/ Washington, DC culture&agriculture/04.CAG.27.2_092-098.pdf Common Good City Farm is an urban farm and Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Design- education center that grows food for low-income city ing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities. A. Vil- residents. The group provides educational opportu- joen. Architectural Press, 2005. Viljoen extends and nities for all people to increase food security, com- develops the widely accepted “compact city.” He pro- munity health, and environmental sustainability. vides a design proposal for sustainable urban agriculture. 202-330-5945, info@ CommonGoodCityFarm.org. www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_ Web site: www.commongoodcityfarm.org home/703919/description#description Wisconsin Cultivating Havana: Urban Agriculture and Food Growing Power’s Commercial Urban Agriculture Security in the Years of Crisis. Catherine Murphy, 1999. Training Program helps people manage their own Food First Development Report No. 12. After the break farming business by practicing skills needed to profit- up of the Soviet Bloc in 1989, Cuba lost 85 percent of its ably farm in the city. Begun in Milwaukee, they now trade, including food and agricultural inputs. This led have sites in Chicago and elsewhere. Training facilities to a 50 percent reduction in caloric intake in the early include greenhouses, gardens, aquaponics, large-scale 1990s. Cuba restructured agriculture with local, low-cost vermicompost and composting operations, anaerobic and environmentally safe inputs. www.foodfirst.org/dr12 digestion, and a food distribution facility. Contact Jay Edible Schoolyard: A Universal Idea. Alice Waters. Salinas, 414-527-1546, jay@growingpower.org. Web site: Chronicle Books, 2008. A pioneering school garden, www.growingpower.org/commercial_urban_agriculture.htm Berkeley, California’s Edible Schoolyard is a visionary model for sustainable farming and childhood nutrition. Milwaukee Urban Agriculture Network is a collabora- tive effort of local individuals and organizations inter- This book is a call to action for schools across the country. ested in urban agriculture in Milwaukee. Projects include www.chroniclebooks.com/index/main,book-info/ community gardens, ecology centers, youth training, store,books/products_id,7928/title,Edible-Schoolyard school garden and lunch programs, planning groups, For Hunger-Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Sys- and city farms. Web site: www.MkeUrbanAg.org tems. Edited by M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot, Page 18 ATTRA Start a Farm in the City
  • 19. and J. Welsh. IDRC, 1999. The 20th century has wit- A Patch of Eden: America’s Inner City Gardens. H. nessed a massive growth in urban populations. In 1990, Patricia Hynes. Chelsea Green, 1996. Interviews with one-third of the world’s people lived in cities of one mil- founders of urban ag projects in Harlem, San Francisco, lion or more. How do we build lasting urban food sys- Philadelphia, and Chicago. tems? www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9394-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Planting for the Planet: The Cool Foods Garden General Plans and Zoning: Toolkit on Land Use & Guide. Published by Center for Food Safety. The Guide Health, L.M. Feldstein. Calif. Dept of. Health Services, is a how-to on everything from container garden- 2006. Nutrition and other public health advocates now ing to composting, seed purchases, and home canning recognize the link between land use and food access. techniques. Contact: Meredith Niles, 202-547-9359. Here is an explanation of how land use decisions are http://coolfoodscampaign.org/your-tools/garden-guide made and how to effectively participate in those deci- Rural-Urban Migration and the Stabilization of sions. www.healthyplanning.org/toolkit/finalbook.pdf Cuban Agriculture. Lisa Reynolds Wolfe, 2004. Global Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities. Exchange. Cuba’s agriculture transformed from a system Timothy Beatley. Island Press, 2000. To find examples based on the “green revolution” to an agroecological sys- of a holistic approach to dealing with sprawl, one must tem. How has this affected food security in the island’s turn to models outside the U.S. www.islandpress.org/ cities? www.foodfirst.org/cuba/cubaruralurban.html bookstore/details.php?isbn=9781559636827 Sustainable Agriculture and Resistance: Transform- Growing Better Cities: Urban Agriculture for Sustain- ing Food Production in Cuba. F. Funes, L. García, M. able Development. Luc J.A. Mougeot. IDRC, 2006. Bourque, N. Pérez, P. Rosset. Food First Books. The Over the next 25 years nearly all population growth story of Cuba’s remarkable achievements in organic will be in the cities of the developing world. 60% of farming, urban gardens, smaller farms, animal traction, the world’s population will live in cities by 2030. More and biological pest control. www.foodfirst.org/node/361 and more people in cities are growing some of their own Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cit- food. But urban farming is often seen by cities as a prob- ies. United Nations Development Programme, 1996. lem to be eradicated rather than as a part of the solution. J. Smit, A. Ratta, J. Nasr. Urban Agriculture Network. www.idrc.org.sg/en/ev-95297-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Reports on projects of the Urban Agriculture Initiative of How Urban Farms Could Feed the World. An article the UNDP in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Includes in Earth Island Journal by Michael Ableman of Fairview extensive research from diverse sources over many years. Gardens. www.fieldsofplenty.com/writings/frontier.php 202-362-5095. www.cityfarmer.org/smitbook90.html MetroFarm online magazine of metropolitan agricul- Urban Agriculture Magazine. Resource Centres on ture, and MetroFarm: The Guide to Growing for Big Urban Agriculture & Food Security (RUAF). Platform Profit on a Small Parcel of Land. By Michael Olson, for exchange and discussion of grounded information: who also produces a weekly radio show, Food Chain. research, project experiences, critical analyses of conven- Learn about Olson’s projects at www.metrofarm.com tional & innovative policies. www.ruaf.org/node/100 On Good Land: The Autobiography of an Urban Farm. The Urban Homestead. K. Coyne, E. Knutzen, 2008. Michael Ableman. 1998. Chronicle Books. Fairview Process Media. Filled with tips and details from expe- Garden is a 12-acre farm now completely surrounded by rienced urban food producers. The authors’ blog: home suburban housing tracts. Ableman describes his 30+ year grownevolution.com. Book: www.processmediainc.com tenure and how he turned the farm into a valued com- Urban Soil Primer for Homeowners and Renters, munity asset. www.chroniclebooks.com/index/main,book- Local Planning Boards, Property Managers, Students, info/store,books/products_id,814/title,On-Good-Land and Educators. J.M. Scheyer and K.W. Hipple, 2005. On Guerilla Gardening: A Handbook for Gardening USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Impor- without Boundaries. Richard Reynolds, 2008. Blooms- tant information on how to prevent sedimentation, con- tamination and runoff. Free at www.soils.usda.gov/use bury USA. Started in London by gardeners who had no land to plant, this movement has spread around the Vitalizing the Vacant. Annie Meyers, 2008. Describes world. Participants grow plants in street medians, parks six urban farms that each have different arrangements and other private and public lands where they do not with the city where they are located. www.thoughtsonthe have permission to do so. www.guerrillagardening.org table.wordpress.com/2008/05/07/vitalizing-the-vacant www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 19
  • 20. Social Justice and Urban Agriculture By Kristin Reynolds, University of California, Davis Urban agriculture can create ownership and leadership in food production among low-income urban residents, many of whom are people of color. Members of social justice movements may have different views of food sys- tem problems, but urban agriculture projects that are motivated by community food security, food justice, and food sovereignty have at least one common goal. They are working to make it possible for city people to grow, harvest, and consume culturally appropriate, fresh, healthy foods. Three Food System Movements Photo courtesy of Kansas City Center for Urban Agriculture, www.kccua.org Community food security (CFS) refers to a condition in which all community residents obtain a safe, cultur- Members of each of these movements who grow food ally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a in urban areas also cultivate leadership and community sustainable food system that maximizes community self- connections. While urban agriculture may not always reliance and social justice. (Community Food Security be the central focus of food-system social justice move- Coalition: www.foodsecurity.org) ments, there is a possibility for urban food production Food justice reframes CFS and considers the social and to be a part of each movement’s vision. Urban agricul- economic inequities that give rise to food insecurity, ture programs are diverse— ranging from youth devel- emphasizing democracy and local community control. opment to food production and marketing—but they (Peoples’ Grocery: www.peoplesgrocery.org) convey a common message that speaks to the relation- ship between agriculture and nutrition, food access, and Food sovereignty considers it a human right for people community empowerment. to be able to define their own food and agriculture sys- tems and have access to healthy and culturally appro- To learn more, contact Kristin Reynolds, karfireynolds@gmail. priate food produced through ecologically sound and com. She would like to thank members of the Growing Food sustainable methods. (Food First Institute for Food and and Justice for All Initiative for providing comments on social Development Policy: www.foodfirst.org) justice and urban agriculture. GFJI is a national network aimed at dismantling racism and empowering low-income and communities of color through sustainable local agriculture: www.growingfoodandjustice.org Start a Farm in the City: Photo courtesy of Seattle Urban Farm Company Change Your Community by Growing What You Eat By Rex Dufour, NCAT Agriculture Specialist E-mail rexd@ncat.org © 2009 NCAT—National Center for Appropriate Technology www.seattleurbanfarmco.com Illustrations: Robert Armstrong Resources: Marisa Alcorta, Lee Rinehart, Kristin Reynolds Production: Karen Van Epen This publication is available on the Web at: www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/farmcity.pdf IP 350 Slot 349 Version 072309 Page 20 ATTRA