Perception has been derived from the Latin word “Perceptio”, means receiving or act of perceiving. It is the systematic process by which individuals organize, select & interpret things, people & situation. Perception is a psychological process by which we view the world around us. It adds meaning to information gathered through our senses of touch, smell, hear, vision & taste. It is the primary vehicle through which we come to understand our surroundings & ourselves. Perception activity is based upon 3 important aspects – perceiver, target & situation. Perceiver – is a person who perceives & puts idea on the basis of perception. Personal characteristics ( attitude, mood, motive, interest, self concept etc. ) of the perceiver influences the perception process. Target – can be a person or object whom / which perceiver has to perceive. Situation – back-ground where the perceiver perceives the target. The same situation influences differently to different persons. INTERNAL FACTORS – need & desire, personality, experience & expectation. EXTERNAL FACTORS - Contrast, size, repetition, intensity, & status Barriers to Perception Selective perception Stereotype Halo effect First impression error Projection Self fulfilling. Pre-occupied

1. Meaning
Definition
Factors influencing
Theories
Perceptual Errors

2. ORIGIN OF PERCEPTION
BY. Dr. Debajani Palai, Faculty IMIT
 Perception has been derived from the Latin word
“Perceptio”, means receiving or act of perceiving.
 It is the systematic process by which individuals
organize, select & interpret things, people & situation.

3. MEANING
 Perception is a psychological process by which we view
the world around us.
 It adds meaning to information gathered through our
senses of touch, smell, hear, vision & taste.
 It is the primary vehicle through which we come to
understand our surroundings & ourselves.

5. People differ in their perception &
therefore, different people view
the same world differently.

7. DEFINITION
 According to Robbins perception can be defined as a
process by which individuals select, organize &
interpret their sensory impression in order to give
meaning to their environment.
 In simple sense it can be defined as the way by
which an individual view the reality.
 so people’s behavior is influenced by their
perception of reality rather than the actual reality.

8. PARTICIPANTS OF PERCEPTION
 Perception activity is based upon 3 important aspects –
perceiver, target & situation.
 Perceiver – is a person who perceives & puts idea on
the basis of perception. Personal characteristics
( attitude, mood, motive, interest, self concept etc. ) of
the perceiver influences the perception process.
 Target – can be a person or object whom / which
perceiver has to perceive.
 Situation – back-ground where the perceiver perceives
the target. The same situation influences differently to
different persons.

9. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
INPUT PERCEPTUAL
MECHANISM
OUTPUT BEHAVIOR
Information
Objects
Events
People
Over all
environment
Received inputs are
processed through the
sub-processes of –
Selection
Organization &
Interpretation .
Drawing meaning from
the organized objects or
events.
Feelings
Attitudes
Opinions
Beliefs etc.
The perceiver’s
behavior generates
responses depending
upon the situation &
these responses in
turn give rise to a
new set of inputs.

10. FACTORS INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION
INTERNAL FACTORS –
need & desire, personality, experience & expectation.
EXTERNAL FACTORS -
Contrast, size, repetition, intensity, & status.

11. INTERNAL FACTORS
 NEED & DESIRE – On the basis of different levels of
needs & desires people perceive the same situation
differently.
 Example – People with a strong need for security often
find faults with others.
 Similarly, a sociable person tends to see others as warm
& friendly.

12. PERSONALITY
 TT

13. EXPERIENCE
 Experience & knowledge have great influence on
perception.
 Successful experiences enhance perceptual ability &
lead to accuracy in perception.
 Example – Hard effort never goes unrewarded.

14. EXPECTATION
 It affects what a person perceives.
 Expectations are related with the state of anticipation
of a particular behavior from a person .
 For example – All lawyers are layers.

15. EXTERNAL FACTORS
CONTRAST STIMULUS
 It demands attention of all. Because it is always eye-
catching.
 It states that external stimuli which stand against the
background, or which is unique or different from
others.
 For example – A bold letter in a sentence, a dark color
among light colors etc.

16. SIZE
 Size is a characteristic which may affect the perceptual
selectivity by affecting the attraction of the perceiver.
 Generally, bigger is the size of perceived stimulus,
higher is the probability that it attracts the attention of
the perceiver.
 For example – elephant, circle, tree etc.
For example

17. REPETITION
 A repeated stimulus is more attention – getting than
the single.
 It increases people’s sensitivity or alertness to the
stimulus.
 For example – advertisements.

18. INTENSITY
 It tends to increase the chances of perpetual
(continuous ) select.
 For example – strong smell, loud noise etc.

19. STATUS
 The status of the perceiver influences perception.
 For example – people sometimes give value to luxury.

20. BARRIERS TO PERCEPTION
 Selective perception
 Stereotype
 Halo effect
 First impression error
 Projection
 Self fulfilling.
 Pre-occupied

21. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
 It is the tendency to choose information that supports
our view point & ignore information that makes us feel
uncomfortable.
 For example – excuses, explanation,
protective/defensive statements etc.

22. STEREOTYPE PERCEPTION
 It is a generalization about a group of people.
 Here perceiver perceives the target on the basis of the
group from which he/she belongs.
 For example, boys are hard workers.
 Girls do not prefer to take risk.
 Attractiveness is a powerful stereotype. We assume that
they are very kind, humble, sensitive & sociable.

23. Cont.

25. HALO EFFECT
 Here the perceiver perceives the person on the basis of
a single trait such as – intelligence, smart, sociable
etc.
 For example, a boy is very smart, but it does not mean
that he is intelligent, hard worker & good in receive
information.

26. FIRST IMPRESSION ERROR
 First impression lasts a lot.
 First impression error refers to the tendency to form
opinion on the basis of initial perception.
 This is also known as primacy effect.
 For example, in an interview an interviewee puts
his/her first impression very smartly & intelligently, so
that the interviewer may be biased.

27. PROJECTION
 This type of error comes when one judges others on
the basis of his/her own characteristics.
 For example, a honest person easily behave others &
expect honesty from others.

28. SELF FULFILLING ERROR
 It refers to our expectations & their responses.
 For example a manager’s expectation on an employee
affects manager’s behavior & that employee’s behavior.