Arctic Ocean Exchange

Arctic Ocean Exchange
Ecosystems in the approximate northern part of our planet are subject to profound changes, such as
amplified rise in air temperature following the rapid loss of millions of square kilometers in the
Arctic sea ice (Lawrence et al., 2008; Serreze and Barry, 2011; Screen et al., 2012; Bhatt et al.,
2014). This sea ice induced warming feedback extends from the marine to the terrestrial domain and
may consequently increase the emission of strenuous greenhouse gas methane from high latitude
wetland soils (Parmentier, 2013). An increase in terrestrial methane emissions possible therefore can
be accessible to the sea ice changes occurring easily off within the Arctic Ocean, when sea ice melts
and gives way to an unblocked ocean, an immense lowering ... Show more content on
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During the study there was a distinct negative correlation between the months of methane fluxes and
sea ice extent throughout the Arctic, indicating elevated methane emissions (Parmentier et al.,
2013). However there was a positive correlation that appeared in the Canadian Archipelago, which
indicated a decrease in methane emissions concurrent with sea ice regression. The difference
between regions is most recognizable from August to October, when it is seen there is an increase in
methane emissions. In absolute terms, emissions are the most elevated in midsummer and much
lower start of autumn, which may restrict the effect of sea ice induced warming (Parmentier et al.,
2013). The absolute rise in emissions was governed by extrapolating the difference in emission
trends, the team estimated that emissions were on average 1.7 Tg CH4 yr–1higher in sea ice affected
areas (Parmentier et al., 2013). This synergy complicates the explanation of a correlation with sea
ice during springtime when both sea ice regress and previous snowmelt could cause a temperature–
related rise
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Persuasive Essay On Endangered Animals
Endangered animals are species that are in danger of extinction. According to the International
Union for Conservation of Nature, they are 7 categories that gauge their status. These 7 are extinct,
extinct in wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concern.
Contrary to popular belief, these endangered species exist not only in Africa, but all around the
world. We all are affected by this catastrophe. Jennifer Bove puts it perfectly in her article titled
"Why It Matters When Species Go Extinct" by saying "Like pieces of yarn in a woven tapestry, the
removal of one can start unraveling the whole system." She is saying that if an animal is lost due to
endangerment, there is always going to be a repercussion that effects the whole ecosystem, or in her
words, tapestry. With De–extinction, the problem is nullified in general. By developing the species
through replacing the nucleus in the host's unfertilized animal egg with the nucleus of a somatic cell
of the species presented, we can produce a solution to the problem of endangered species. I am
applying to The Natural Conservancy grant to conduct research on the method of de–extinction and
the effect it will have on endangered animals and conservation efforts.
Many biologists and ecologists have been trying to find a solution to the problem of endangered
animals for some time now. Some say the best way to solve this problem is with drones that monitor
the movements of animals. Others

The Deep Oceanic Trenches Near Thermal Vents
Objective:
How to find evidence of life in deep oceanic trenches near thermal vents
Introduction:
Deep ocean trenches are environments that have historically been shrouded in mystery, their
inaccessibility rendering such limited explorations as net dragging and dredging for samples (Lee,
2012). While potential for chemosynthesis had been proposed as long ago as 1890, it was nearly a
century later before such systems were demonstrated to be active on the ocean floor (German,
2011). Further investigation has shown that ecosystems are surviving and thriving along the ocean
floor within these trenches. Studies have shown that deep ocean trenches contain ecosystems that
are biologically and geologically active, producing a high diversity of organisms that must withstand
a variety of environmental changes (Anderson et al., 2014). Recent explorations have confirmed
new forms of life in deep ocean trenches. Life discovered in such an extreme environment is call for
investigation.
We will analyze 5000 grab samples from the deep oceanic trench to determine if the samples are
dead, alive, or have never had life. We are attempting to create a picture of what life is like on the
bottom of the ocean. To figure this out, we will categorize these samples, determining what has/had
life and never has. In all cases, wherever there are chemically reduced compounds present,
microbial activity is enhanced (German, 2011). Deep sea trenches are underwater vents to the core
of the earth that

Sea Buckthorn ( Hippophae Rhamnoides )
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) belongs to a species of hardy shrub. It belongs to the
Elaeagnaceae family. It is broadly allocated all over the temperate region of Asia, Europe and
around the subtropical zones, chiefly at higher altitudes. Currently it's been cultivated in several
parts of the world (Bal et al., 2011). For years people have been using it as a drug in traditional
medicine. The polyphenols present in sea buckthorn fruits possesses antioxidant qualities and they
help fight human body against the detrimental repercussions of oxidizing radicals (Papuc a et al.,
2008). The ecotypes of sea buckthorn are of distinct genetic makeup with distinct biochemical and
nutritional expressions (Bal et al., 2011). It is resistant to drought and cold, useful for land
restoration and field conservation. Some of the attributes of sea buckthorn berries consist of anti–
inflammation, antimicrobial action, pain relief, promotion of tissue regeneration, ulcers, hepatic
disorders, boosting of immune system and safety against cancer and cardiovascular disease. In
ophthalmology, keratosis, trachoma, eyelid injuries and conjunctivitis are treated using berry
extracts. The plant is also known to kill tiny parasitic mites called Demodex (Bal et al., 2011).
Nutraceautical elements in Sea Buckthorn It constitutes more than 190 compounds in the seeds, pulp
and juice (Do et al., 2013). The berries are very acidic. They are rich in proteins and several
nutritious amino acids. Mineral

Magic Of The Piano: The Magic Of The Piano
The Magic Of The Piano
An evil Adina came in palace and put the prince into jail. Now evil Adina and magician old witch
started to rule over the kingertum kingdom. Kingertum kingdom's palace was not vacant with the
lover of the prince Charles. Many friend of the prince shown their courage against the evil Adina.
But they were assassinate brutally like the wild beast by her conspiracy. One of his friend hanged.
The other ran away in the forest but he was chased and he killed by an evil Adina's arrow. And the
last friend converted into live statue by the dark magic of an old witch. They killed many humans.
So this was all about the story of prince Charles and princess Adina, the sea god ... Show more
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Princess said nothing and she signs to the prince to run away from there. Prince understood the
princess sign But he did not want to run away without princess. At first he ignores. But it was not
possible to understand the all matter of prince and princess by an old witch. So she does the dark
magic again over princess. And she broken the magic of sea god. The magic was unceasing then also
it broke. Princess again changed in to evil princess. She again became the friend of an old witch. So
before the attack of an old witch and evil princess. Prince ran away from there. And an old witch
said to princess, I was knowing that this would happen with me. But she was confused and asked to
princess that how you changed in to good soul? Even i had arrested the sea god. And I had put him
in to a rock prison with his magical piano Ogaro. Then evil princess said, a magical song of the
singing bird had made her that. And in the other side of the story, prince Charles had arrived at the
prison of sea god. He releases the sea god. And he requested him to protect his princess and help
him to running see off an old witch. The sea god came at his sea and he called his guideline body
water mermaid. He

A Brave New World Cloning Analysis
The idea of cloning has been around for decades, and some scientist have even utilized this process.
In the story Brave New World by Aldous Huxley the author presents the process of cloning by using
hatcheries instead of natural reproduction, which no longer exists, to create individuals. Individuals
in society are given different doses of lethal drugs to alter development so that they meet the
standards based on their pre–determined social classes. The concept of cloning is used to propagate
another organism or cell to create an exact copy of its original without the use of natural
reproduction. This process has been very successful with the cloning of animals, cells, and even a
recent human experiment. In the case of cloning, the power of

Turritopsis Dohrnii
People in western culture fear death. Which when you start to think about it is kind of odd. But
throughout history there have been many ways to improve our life spans from medicine to surgery,
But so far there have only been legends of ways to make yourself live for ever. How ever one really
real way of doing this is in the Mediterranean sea and it's a blob of jelly. The Turritopsis Dohrnii is a
jellyfish that can live forever. Other than the ability to live for ever it's really not that special. Having
up to 90 tentacles only 4.5mm in width it's smaller than your fingernail. It was discovered in the
Mediterranean Sea, but has been in areas as far away as japan. It's mostly transparent, except for it's
red stomach. Which they fill with small mollusks, fish eggs and planton. Which they catch like any
other jellyfish, with a stinging cell. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now how it does this is through a process called transdifferentiation. Which is where one type of
cell changes its task without going through a middle stage. Newts do this when they lose an eye.
Some of their other cells turn into lens cells. Now how the Immortal jellyfish does this is quite
different because it changes its entire body structure. What it does is when it's injured, hungry or
stressed it brings its tentacle up into itself and turns its cells to that of a sexualy imature polyp.
Whose DNA is identical to the adults, because of this scientist have found nearly genetically
identical jellies across the world from each

Ocean Pressure Lab Report
Sharks aren't the scariest things in the ocean for scientists who dive to work. Powerful currents,
created where the ocean floor drops away, can be just as deadly. "You can get sucked down and
crushed by the pressure within minutes," notes Marcel Jaspars. He's a chemist who once saved
himself from such a current. He encountered it while taking photos of a sea sponge near Indonesia,
in Southeast Asia. Luckily, he inflated his dive vest in time. He was able to float to the surface and
escape the potentially deadly current. Polynesia sharks David Gruber and his team meet sharks
while diving in French Polynesia. Rodolphe Holler Diving has risks. But the scientists who work
underwater train to deal with these dangers. For Jaspars, the rewards ... Show more content on
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Pomponi Unlike Jaspars, Shirley Pomponi never dreamed of becoming a deep–sea diver. She
planned to be a nurse. But after her first dive, she knew there was no way she was going to spend
the whole rest of her life on land. "The freedom was amazing," Pomponi says, recalling her early
dives in the Caribbean Sea. "You're breathing underwater – almost weightless – and looking at all
these amazing things." Sponges fascinated her the most. These simple animals live everywhere,
from shallow waters to deep seas. Because they're always anchored to the seafloor, they can't move
if another sponge tries to overtake them. So sponges make chemicals to protect themselves against
hostile invaders. Some of those defense chemicals might lead to new drugs. For example, some sea–
sponge chemicals poison an invading sponge by stopping its cells from dividing. Halting cell growth
is also a key way to stop cancers, Pomponi notes. Cancers are basically cells that invade healthy
tissue, where they endlessly divide, or grow. Shirley Pomponi, Mir submersible Pomponi stands
beside Mir, a Russian submersible, just before a dive into Lake Baikal. At 1,642 meters (5,387 feet),
this freshwater lake in southeastern Siberia is thought to be the world's

Pycnopodia's Nervous System
Despite its apparent lack of a central coordinating nervous system (no brain), Pycnopodia has a
repertoire of sensory systems to locate and capture its prey. Its simple nervous system takes the form
of a central ring, with radial nerves extending into each of its rays. Each ray is covered with
thousands of tiny tubed feet that provide tactile information such as touch, temperature and body
position. At the end of each ray are specialized tube feet filled with sensory cells that detect
chemical cues and trigger sensations of taste and smell. Light sensory organs (red spots or eye spots)
at the tip of each ray detect light and dark (direction, presence of large objects).
Sea cucumbers and pearl fish have a commensal symbiotic relationship in

Sea Level Training Essay
When it comes to gaining an advantage, athletes will do everything in their power to make sure that
they are able to outperform their competition. One currently legal method of accomplishing this is
by going to a high altitude location, which increases the amount of oxygen getting to the tissues.
This supposedly increases the amount of red blood cells in your body, and gives you an advantage if
you were to perform back at sea level. However, should this be considered a reliable training
technique or is it not worth the effort? Regardless of the elevation you are at on earth, the percentage
of oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide (.03%), and nitrogen (79%) remain the same. Though, as you
increase your elevation the pressure of the air decreases. This is because there is less pressure
pushing down on the air as you move up through the levels of the atmosphere. As a result, the partial
pressures decrease. At sea level the pressure of air is 760 mmHg, while at the peak of Mount Everest
(extreme example) it is about 230 mmHg, showing that oxygen will have a lower partial pressure as
you increase in altitude. This also affects the pressure gradient from the lungs to ... Show more
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This is because peripheral chemoreceptors are able to detect changes in arterial oxygen levels within
the blood. When levels become low enough, the receptors become excited and send the information
to an area of the central nervous system that is responsible for respiration rate and depth of
breathing. This is why most people hyperventilate when they increase their altitude, to try and make
up for the oxygen that their body is lacking. The pressure gradient is also affected at the tissues.
Arterial blood has a partial pressure of 100 mmHg normally, while the partial pressure in the tissues
is about 40 mmHg. However, as you increase in altitude the arterial blood pressure decreases,
causing the pressure gradient to decrease and less oxygen to enter the

The Pros And Cons Of Human Cloning
From merely shaking two–celled embryos of a sea urchin to human embryonic stem cells being
created by somatic cell nuclear transfer, genetic modifications continue to improve. In 1885, Hans
Adolf Edward Dreisch, found that he could get two sea urchins by shaking the two–celled embryos.
After this discovery the progression of genetic modifications led to the conflictions concerning the
ethics of this process. Too much time and money has already been wasted on cloning. Human
cloning, and those practicing it, would cause the controversy to go worldwide and continue to be a
debate even today. Human cloning should not be up for debate, it should in fact be banned
worldwide. Cloning is said to have begun in 1885, when Dreisch separated an embryo of a sea
urchin and made two complete sea urchins. Genetic modifications continued to grow. In 1952,
Robert Briggs and Thomas King shifted the nucleus from a tadpole embryo into a frog egg in which
the nucleus had been removed. This was the first noted successful nuclear transfer. In 1987, three
people, Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone, cloned cows using nuclear transfer from
embryonic cell. As time went on, scientist figured out how to use nuclear transfer from laboratory
cells to clone sheep in 1996. That same year the first mammal, a sheep they named Dolly, was
created by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell tried 277 times to produce
an embryo, Dolly was the only one that was carried

Altitude Training Essay
The study of altitude training was found during and after the 1968 Olympics, which took place in
Mexico City, which has an elevation 2,240 metres (7,349 ft) above sea level. It was during these
Olympic Games that endurance events saw significant record finishes and anaerobic, sprint events
broke all types of records. (http://www.olympic.org/mexico–1968–summer–olympics)
Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude,
Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable
altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9%
oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)
In most tissues of the body, ATP production primarily occurs through mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation of reduced intermediates, which are in turn derived from substrates such as glucose
and fatty acids. In order to maintain ATP homeostasis, and cellular function, the mitochondria
requires a constant supply of fuels and oxygen. In many individuals at altitude, tissue oxygen levels
fall and the cell must meet this hypoxic challenge to maintain energetic and limit oxidative stress.
Varying on protocols, the body can adapt to the lack of oxygen which can be increasing the mass of
red blood cells and haemoglobin or changes in muscle metabolism. Depending very much on the
protocols used, the body may adapt to the relative lack of oxygen in one

The World Of The New Country
The city would have theatres, churches, restaurants, schools, a football stadium and a Marine zoo.
The outer massive concrete wall was curved to deflect the wind above it. All around the city, except
for a gap to let ships through, would be a line of sausage shaped canisters. These would be
positioned at some distance from the wall, and being part filled with water, would float low in the
sea. These were designed to break the large waves coming towards the sea. Oceania: The Atlantis
Project Appropriately named Oceania, this new country is expected to be built off the coast of
Panama, 50 miles due east. Oceania will utilize ocean pontoon floating technology, similar to that
used by the Saigon Floating Hotel, off the coast of Saigon, Vietnam, which was designed by Sten
Sjostrand. This country will be devoted to the value of freedom, and will first exist as a sea city in
the Caribbean. Mike Oliver and Eric Klein were the founders of the Alantis Project. They visualized
a country where there would be no taxes. It would be a haven for free thought and free enterprise.
They imagined a place where one could invest or run his business without the interference of
government bureaucrats and tax extortionists. The only people one needed to answer to would be
ones customers and contractors. The architect of the project, Sten Sjostrand designed the city taking
the hexagon as a module. His structure was feasible for very large structures, but inefficient for
small communities. An

Earths Dynammic Ocean and Atmosphere
University of Phoenix Material
Earth's Dynamic Ocean and Atmosphere I Worksheet
From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission.
Part 1
Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean's seawater.
What is the current theory on the evolution of the world ocean?
Discuss the origin of the salinity of seawater and how the ocean maintains salinity.
A: The current theory on the evolution of the worlds ocean is that, it was possibly formed between
four, and four and a half billion years ago. The oldest grain found was a grain called zircon. It was
found in Australia. That element shows to have made contact ... Show more content on
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While tides are most commonly associated with oceans, gravity creates tides in the atmosphere and
even the lithosphere. Gravity is one of the major forces responsible for creating tides. Another is
inertia, which is the force that acts to counterbalance gravity. Together, gravity and inertia are
responsible for the creation of two major tidal bulges on the earth. The gravitational effects of the
moon and the sun affect the Earth's tides on a monthly basis.
Part 4
Oceanfront land is considered prime real estate. Private owners and government projects take a
number of different steps to protect land and property. Discuss some of the techniques and structures
used to prevent loss of property due to erosion. Are these methods successful?
A: Some methods to prevent soil erosion are, planting vegetation because it lessens the impact of
rainfall to soil. Another method is to build retaining walls because The retaining wall will act as a
shield for the soil and prevent soil erosion from occurring. Yet another method that I have seen used
regularly is tarpping and sand bagging. This is where you take large plastic sheets, or tarps and lay
them down on the area in which you wish to prevent erosion. Then the sand bags are placed along

the edges to keep the tarp from blowing away. These methods do not completely stop erosion all
together, but they do lessen the time it would originally take without any protection.
Part 5

The Mystery Of The Rare Male Sea Monkey By Nadia Drake
Article Report The article that we read was called The Mystery of the Rare Male Sea Monkey by
Nadia Drake. The rough idea of this article was how the female Sea Monkeys(brine shrimp)
reproduced asexually and how the male Sea Monkeys couldn't breed with their own kind. So, as a
result, the male shrimp breed with different species resulting in hybrid offspring. It also compared
shrimp that breed asexually and another that bred sexually. The vocabulary words found in the
article were asexual, chromosome, and DNA. Asexual was used when explaining how the female
sea monkeys reproduce. Chromosome was used when they explained that when an asexual lineage
emerges, it gains an extra set of chromosomes. Finally, DNA was used when it said that for asexual
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the Sea Monkey females don't breed with males, making the males go and breed with
other species, creating hybrids. Also, it gave an example, involving both asexual and sexual
reproductive shrimp. The results of that were only that half of the sexual population can produce
eggs, while every individual in the asexual one can. This basically means that it won't be too soon
before the asexual population dominates over the other. This article related to current unit topics
because right now we are talking about cell reproduction and something that is involved in that is
Mitosis. In the article it mentioned how more DNA is needed to be built with double the amount of
chromosomes from the asexual reproduction. Currently, we are learning about how in order for the
cells to split, they need to copy the DNA to the chromosomes. Well, with double the amount of
chromosomes, copying all that DNA to each is a very difficult task. Another example is with
chromosomes, now with sexual reproduction a set of chromosomes is needed from both the mother
and father, but in the case of asexual reproduction and the Sea Monkeys, the females just combine
two of the eggs, making it have enough chromosomes to

Positive Effects Of Radiation On Plants
According to the Health Physics Society radiations have a positive effect on plant growth at lower
radiation levels and harmful effects at high levels. Plants need some types of non–ionizing radiation
like sun–light for photosynthesis. Though these solar radiations are vital for the survival of plants
but some other forms of non–ionizing and ionizing radiations are deleterious for plants. Ultraviolet
radiation affects plant growth and sprouting and the amount of damage is proportional to the
radiation received. Due to radiation exposure soil can become compact and lose the nutrients needed
for plants to grow. The experiments conducted in laboratories by supplying ultraviolet radiation
through filtered lamps proved that higher doses of radiation administered to the plants were highly
damaging. Radiations disrupt the stomatal resistance. The stomata are a small air hole within the
plant leaf that also controls water levels. If there is too much evaporation due to intense radiation the
stomata close to reserve water. If the stomata are unable to open for a long period of time, the
growth of the plant is stunted. Prolonged exposure to radiation can completely damage the stomata
and ultimately the plant is destroyed. ADVERTISEMENTS: Plant cells, contain chromosomes i.e.
the genetic material responsible for plant reproduction if the ceil is much damaged by radiation then
reproduction is hindered. As UV radiations destroy cells, the chances of mutation are increased.

Driesch's Therapeutic Analysis
There is a typical pattern to embryological development: the egg is fertilized, cleaves, and after
many such cleavetures the blastula develops. A part of the blastula is pulled inside, and the gastrula
originates. The process continues until a typical organism develops, each cell becoming whatever it
is supposed to become (its prospective value). Thus is the normal development. But truly
astonishing things arise when we alter the typical process. Experiments done on embryos have
shown that if we destroy various parts of the developing embryo, normal embryos still develop
(though they are smaller). Cells become something different than they would usually become in
order to create a typical organism. To this subsistence Driesch gives the name ... Show more content
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Driesch illustrates this well with his reductio ad absurdum proofs for entelechy. His first refutation is
the purely chemical theory of morphogenesis. This is the theory that morphogenesis is just a product
of various chemical reactions in cells. The fundamental problem is twofold: in regeneration
chemicals would have to be lost and regained without any outside goal governing the change and
that there aren't an abundance of chemicals correlating to the various types of differentiation, just a
few rearranged in various ways. Thus, biology must at least go beyond simple chemistry. His next
refutation is that of a mechanical view of biology. This is the idea that morphogenesis occurs due to
a structure in cells which is set off by various interactions between the cells. Driesch's problem with
this is that every cell would then have to contain the machine, which seems absurd, and if the
embryo was just a machine it would perform the exact same way as normal embryos when we cut of
various parts. These two refutations lead to entelechy, a patently philosophical idea. The refutations
also require biology to inquire more deeply than chemistry and other natural sciences, which seems
only to lead to philosophy. Philosophy then is part of science. We deduce some philosophical claims
from our observations of natural phenomena that allow us to continue forth with our investigations
and guide our work. We can see this in the layout of Driesch's book itself. He states, "All our
biology will not be for its own sake, but for the sake of philosophy" (72). This statement doesn't
seem to be contained only to his book. Instead, his book seems to be a paradigm for future science,
where we utilize philosophy and allow ourselves to not reduce every natural phenomena to
chemistry and physics. This is what Driesch himself has done: he has used science, performing

Evolutionary Concepts Activity 6 Essay
Evolutionary Concepts Activity 6 1. Evolutionary theory describes how populations change over
time due to changes in the gene pool. There are several mechanisms that can change a gene pool and
allow evolution to occur. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow and genetic drift are some of the
driving forces behind evolutionary change. Natural selection and genetic drift are the mechanisms
that decrease genetic variation, whereas gene flow and mutation are the driving mechanism to
increase genetic variation. Natural selection is basically the understanding that the environment can
not support unlimited population growth, and not all organisms are able to reproduce to their full
potential due to trait variation. For example, a black fly may ... Show more content on
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2. Allopatric speciation occurs due to a geographic isolation process such as when a pond might dry
up and create two ponds, a flood, a river is re–routed, or a bird carries seeds in its feathers and drops
the seeds in new location during the birds migration. The species of the previous geographic
location also become reproductively isolated. The population then becomes two separate
populations and begins to change over time due to changes in the gene pool, environments, natural
selection and mutations. With this understanding it is possible to see that plate tectonics theory and
continental drift theory possibly resulted in allopatric speciation.
Continental drift was a theory offered by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that hypothesized that all the
continents at one time fit together as one land mass. Wegener, explained that the ends of each
continent could fit together like a puzzle and that over time the continents drifted apart. "The model
explained why the same types of fossils occur in sedimentary rock on both sides of the vast Atlantic
Ocean" (Star, 2008, pg. 250), in other words allopatric speciation. Wegener's theory did not have a
supporting geological mechanism. Many years later and advances in technology brought about the
plate tectonics theory. Essentially it says: the earth surface is covered by a series of crustal plates the
ocean floors are continually moving, spreading from the

Human Cloning Is Not Your Twin
Imagine walking down the street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. Sam hair, same
eyes same everything. So now you start to question yourself, Is that my brother or is that my sister
am I twin. That would be cool right. Now you are planning out all the fun things you guys are going
to do. But sorry to burst your bubble but no you do not have an identical twin. So the question is
what is it, because this thing that is standing in front of me looks exactly like me. By now you are all
saying am crazy because if am going to say that someone who looks exactly like you is not your
twin then am crazy. But yes it is not your twin. So my topic today is not about identical twin my
topic today is Human cloning.
Now I know that all of you know and have seen identical twins. And at some point you all wonder
what would it be like to have a twin, what would it be like to have someone look exactly like you?
Now with scientist experiment and finding new results in cloning how long will it be before they
clone a human. I want to ask you guy will there be another you?
I have been fascinated with human biology for as long as I can remember. Being in the nursing field
is so interesting. Learning about the human body is just amazing. Scientists have been
experimenting on human cloning for a while now. I have read articles on the topic for example the
article Human cloning and the myth of disenchantment by Laurentiu Staicu discusses the arguments
the came about from the birth of

Egg Observation Paper
Samples preparation and observation of egg activation and cell division The gametes used are from
the species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Sea water containing unfertilized eggs was collected and
four experimental conditions were applied. Before applying the treatments to the eggs, sea water
was incubated in 16ºC water for 10 minutes. In the first experimental condition, 1mL of seawater
was collected as a negative control. In the second experimental condition, 1µL of sperm was added
to 1mL of sea water, as a positive control. The third condition contains 1mL sea water and 5µL of
Ca2+ ionophore (A23187) prepared as a 1mM stock in DMSO. A23187 is a hydrophobic compound
responsible to facilitate the diffusion of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. DMSO
is a substance used to add hydrophobic compounds to cells, since it is miscible in hydrophilic and
hydrophobic solutions. The last condition contained 1mL of sea water and 5µL of DMSO, which
works as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, the samples were incubated for 35 minutes in 16ºC water bath, the eggs were analyzed under
low magnification microscope and scored for egg activation. 1mL of each sample was used to
prepare western blot samples, which were centrifuged for 30 seconds at full speed at a micro–
centrifuge. MAPK lysis buffer (1% NP–40, 20mM HEPES pH 7, 15mM EGTA and 150mM NaCl)
combined with 10x inhibitor cocktail (2mM Pefablock, 10µg/mL Pepstatin, 100mM ß–
glycerophosphate, 4mM NaF and 2mM Na3VO4) was prepared, and 48µL of this solution was
added to the egg pellets to homogenize them. The samples were centrifuged in a cold–room
centrifuge at full speed for 10 minutes. The supernatant was retrieved from each tube and 5X SDS–
PAGE buffer was added. The samples were heated at 95ºC for 2 minutes and stored in the

Mung Beans
Abstract
The Seeds of Mung bean, wheat, and silver beet were tested in environments of differing salinities
to note down if high salinity environments were worse for the seeds. It was found that generally
lower concentrations were better for germination then higher concentrations. Despite this, the
hypothesis was not completely supported as in wheat and silver beet the second concentration had a
higher rate of germination than the control and in all instances the highest concentration had a
higher germination rate than the second highest concentration.
Introduction
Salinity refers to salt dissolved in a substance such as water or soil. Different plants have differing
levels of salt tolerance, due to certain adoptions to specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Because less water is taken up, more water remains, and when the water evaporates from the soil,
salt which has been low below ground for millions of years is brought to the surface, surrounding
these new plants and depriving them of further water (DENR SA, 2010). This process can be made
worse by the irrigation of crops, which result in more water soaking into the soil and thus more
water to evaporate and carry salt to the soil's surface (DENR SA, 2010).
An example of a plant adapted to high salinity environments is the mangrove. The mangrove is a
halophilous plant, meaning that it is a plant that grows in saline soils and waters (Conservancy
Association, 2010). This gives it an advantage as not many plants can live in these conditions. The
mangrove handles these high salinity conditions in a number of methods. The first method is
through salt exclusion, which is the process the mangrove uses to prevent salt from entering its roots
and therefore stopping it being transported to the plant cells (Conservancy Association, 2010).
Despite this, some salt still gets through to the cells, and there are more methods to deal with it.
With mangroves such as the Black Mangrove, salt can be excreted through its tissues, through
specific salt glands (Conservancy Association, 2010). Another method is the storage of this salt on
the leaves of the plant, in the form of crystals. These leaves then drop to the ground, taking this salt
with them (Conservancy

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Engineering
Lya Tran
Mr. Young
Zoology
4 December 2017
Genetic Engineering Altering with the DNA sequences that codes the body and functions of an
living organism. Cloning is procedure of obtaining organisms with the same or identical genetic
information. In the process of cloning the experiment, scientists create the animal by transferring the
nucleus from an adult animal cell and placed into an enucleated egg. When the embryonic cells is
ready to active, it differentiated the adult cells by shutting down the specific gene functions that they
did not want in the animal. The embryonic cell must reset to the embryonic state for the embryo to
be able to develop with the genetic information. Genetic engineering can be a potentially menacing
implement, that can be fatally ill or if working can bring great benefits in the future, until we begin
to clone the human race.
Firstly, is the history of how animal cloning began. Cloning was one of the most fascinating topics,
the first ever animal to be cloned over 100 years ago up to the most recent development in genetic
engineering. Dolly the Sheep, who was born in 1996, is the most popular cloned animal, but Dolly
wasn't as close as the first cloned animal. Many scientists have been cloning many other animals for
more than 100 years before Dolly was even born. Based on facts that Dolly isn't even the first ever
cloned mammal, and she isn't even the first cloned sheep but she is one of the most popular sheeps
to be cloned. Defining what a

Blue Glaucus Facts
6 Fun Facts About the Blue Glaucus The long finger–like appendages attached to its body hold its
only defense. They can grow up to 3 centimeters. They are called many things like a sea swallow,
blue glaucus, blue dragon, blue sea slug. The blue glaucus is a species of sea slugs. Although it is 3
centimeters big, it can really do some damage. Most people do not know what the blue glaucus is, so
here are some fun facts about them. 1. Although they can swim, they aren't fish. Blue dragons or
blue glaucus aren't fish. Although they look like an alien fish, they aren't fish. They can "swim" but
don't have gills. So what are they? The blue glaucus comes from the Glaucidae family and is a
marine gastropod. So, they don't necessarily swim. Blue glaucus floats upside down. Blue glaucus
have a stomach that holds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason that, the blue glaucus steals the sting cells from the man–o–war. The blue glaucus feeds
on the man–o–war's tentacles because the tentacles are where the sting cells are. Usually, the
tentacles would sting any fish or creature that comes near. Blue glaucus doesn't get stung; because
its mucus prevents the blue glaucus from getting stung. If the mucus doesn't prevent the sting, then
the hard disc in its gums absorb the sting. They use the stings cells as their own. The blue glaucus
uses the sting cells against predators. 5. Blue Glaucus are Hermaphroditic. Blue glaucus like to lay
eggs on floating objects or they can float around. The eggs are sticky, so sometimes they stick to
surfaces. Other times they lay eggs on their prey's carcasses. They do this because the baby blue
glaucus needs to grow their stomachs. Otherwise, the babies can't swim or float. The babies stay on
the object until their stomachs build up. They usually lay eggs on drifting wood. Their eggs are in a
spiral shape. Both male and female lay eggs. This is because the blue glaucus is hermaphroditic. 6.
Small, But

Water Temperature And Salinity
What is Temperature and Salinity, what even is Seawater. Well you came to the right spot.
Temperature is a measurement of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance.1
Seawater is water that of course comes from an ocean or sea. Now Salinity is the total number of
salt dissolved in water.2 Temperature is a major determining factor of global climate patterns. It
affects the life cycles of plants and animals, influences weather and tides, and controls the freeze
and thaw of the polar ice caps. A small change in average temperature can have powerful effects on
the environment worldwide. Salinity helps us understand the health of a water body, and what
animal and plant species we expect to find (or not find) there.3 Some animals tolerate changes in
salinity well, and are found in both freshwater and salt water (eels, alewives, invasive Chinese
Mitten Crabs). Others are healthy only when living within a certain range of salinity (oysters).
Oceans are4 the lifeblood of planet Earth and humankind. They flow over nearly three–quarters of
our planet, and hold 97% of the planet's water. They produce more than half of the oxygen in the
atmosphere, and absorb the most carbon from it. The temperature of seawater varies with the
amount of sun that hits that area. This includes the angles of the sun rays. Depending on how much
sunlight hits a certain spot the temperature changes because the more sunlight a spot might get, the
more the temperature will increase due

Characteristics That Make Leatherback Sea Turtles
Have you ever seen or heard of sea turtles? There are 7 different species of sea turtles that we know
of today. Today I will be discussing the species known as leatherback sea turtles. I will be discussing
the different characteristics that make leatherback sea turtles animals. The characteristics of life are
cells, levels of cellular organization, use energy, responding to their environment, growing,
reproduction, and adapting to their environment. The first and second characteristics are cells and
levels of cellular organization. Leatherback sea turtles are multi–celled. They also have eukaryotic
cells. The leatherback sea turtles have a shell that is unique from other sea turtles. The shell is
somewhat flexible and rubbery to the touch,

Osmolarity Lab Report
To osmo– regulate properly in a marine habitat, physiological mechanisms intended to conserve
fresh water and thus avoid dehydration are required. Marine mammals are well adapted to their
hyper–osmotic environment. Their cells need to maintain both a water balance and an ion balance
and life depends on the maintenance of the transmembrane potential. The concentration of
potassium ions is higher in cells than on the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the concentration of
sodium ions is higher in the extracellular fluid.
Osmolarity is describes the total solute concentration. A condition in which the total number of
solutes (i.e. permeable and impermeable) in a solution is the same or equal to the total solutes in
another solution. If two solutions of similar osmolarity are separated by a semi–permeable
membrane, there is no tendency for the solvent to move from one compartment to another. Hypo
osmotic and hyper osmotic solutions have a lower and higher osmolalities, respectively. Isotonicity,
hypotonicity and hypertonicity describe the effects of osmolality across a semipermeable membrane
(Brooker, 2008). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osmoconformers use diffusion to help regulate the concentration of water internally and externally.
Their cell walls are quite permeable, so when exposed to fresh water, they are exposed to a dilution
of their body fluids and this results in a loss of salts. Some have adapted to be able to withstand
temporary or even permanent dilution of the blood (McCarthy,

Essay about Hmartocrit Lab
Hematocrit Determination
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the terms hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, buffy coat, anemia, and
polycythemia.
2. Understand how the hematocrit (packed red blood cell volume) is determined.
3. Understand the implications of elevated or decreased hematocrit.
4. Understand the importance of proper disposal of laboratory material that comes into contact with
blood.
Data
|Total height of blood column (mm)|Height of red blood cell layer (mm)|Height of buffy coat
(mm)|Hematocrit|% WBC|
Sample 1 (healthy male living in Boston)|100mm|48mm|1mm|48|1%|
Sample 2 (healthy female living in Boston)|100mm|44mm|1mm|44|1%|
Sample 3 (healthy male living in Denver)|100mm|55mm|1mm|55|1%|
Sample 4 (healthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given this information, explain how a female could have a consistent hematocrit of 48, large, well–
defined skeletal muscles, and an abnormally deep voice.
The female that is being described could live in a high altitude location and engage in a lot of
strenuous athletic training.
· List the hematocrits for the healthy male (sample 1) and female (sample 2) living in Boston (at sea
level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia.
Healthy male living in Boston– 48
Healthy female living in Boston– 44
Both of these indicate that they are normal hematocrit values.
· Describe the difference between the hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston. Why
does this difference between the sexes exist?
Males have higher hematocrit levels than females because males have more testosterone.
Testosterone levels stimulate the kidneys to release erythropoietin. Erythropoietin then stimulates
the synthesis of red blood cells.
· List the hematocrits for the healthy male and female living in Denver (approximately one mile
above sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or
polycythemia.
Healthy male living in Denver– 55
Healthy female living in Denver– 53

Both of these levels indicate polycythemia.
· How did the hematocrit levels of the Denver residents differ from those of the Boston residents?
Why? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
The

Yeti Crab Adaptations
There's an adaptation for everything. Mammals, reptiles, and these deep–sea creatures as well. For
some animals to live functionally in the environments in which they were placed, they develop some
rather unusual traits and features to help them to survive in their habitat. The giant squid, zombie
worms, large jellyfish and even the yeti crab serve as excellent examples of animals which
developed certain adaptations to help them live in their extreme deep–sea environment. Living in
the deep–sea part of the waters, these animals may need certain features to help them survive there.
The giant squid, for example, has ¨the largest eyes of any animal on earth.¨ Living, on average,
around 500 – 1000 meters below the the ocean's surface, where it

The Superhero Of Aqua Man
The superhero that I have chosen is Aqua man I have chosen this superhero as it is something
different, unique and at the same time challenging. Aqua man has been an icon for over seventy
years. He is the king of seven seas and the reluctant ruler of Atlantis. Atlantis is the name of a
continent located in the North Atlantic Ocean and represents one of the earliest and most highly
advanced cultural societies on Earth. Aqua man holds his own against heroes like Superman and
Wonder Woman. Aqua man cast out from Atlantis as a baby, he grew up on land thinking that he was
a normal human being. However, after he started getting older and older and started becoming
mature, Atlantis returned clamming aqua man as their rightful king. Caught ... Show more content
The reason we cannot breathe liquid water is because the oxygen we use to make the water is
guaranteed to two hydrogen atoms, and we cannot breathe the resultant liquid. The oxygen is
unusable to our lungs in this form. Humans cannot breathe because our lungs do not have enough
surface area to absorb enough oxygen form water, and the coating in our lungs is modified to handle
air rather than water. There have been experiments with humans breathing other liquids like
fluorocarbons. A fluorocarbon is a compound formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen
atoms in a hydrocarbon with fluorine atoms. Fluorocarbons can dissolve enough oxygen and our
lungs can draw the oxygen out. Fish breathe oxygen dissolved in water with the help of their gills.
Fish have gills and why this works is because fishes are cold blooded and this reduces oxygen loads.
Warm–blooded animals like whales breathe air just as we humans do, as it is hard to extract enough
oxygen using their gills.
The organelles that have been put into Aqua man from the human cell are Nucleus, Nucleolus,
Ribosome, Mitochondria, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Cytoplasm, Lysosome, and Cell Membrane. Each of these have their own function and are part of
different sections of the cell. The Nucleus is Master control of the cell. It contains genes, collections
of DNA, which determines every aspect of human anatomy and physiology. This

Marine Invertebrate Essay
Corals, sea anemones, sea urchins, molluscs, crustaceans and worms are all included in the large,
diverse group we call marine invertebrates. They are classed as an invertebrate as they all share one
common key feature; they do not have a backbone. Invertebrates seem like a simple life form but
they are truly beautiful, interesting and complex creatures that roam our oceans. But which is the
most interesting invertebrate? Would it be Porifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoans, Vermiforms, Mollusca,
Crustacea, Echinodermata or Chordata? With marine invertebrates making up around 97% of the
worlds described species it is open for a large debate (Arkive n.d).
I believe the most interesting marine invertebrate would the cnidarians. There are approximately
9,000 living species worldwide within the Cnidaria phylum (Bird 2007). The cnidarians are
classified into four main classes; Scyphozoa (purple jelly and moon jelly), Cubozoa (box jelly),
Hydrozoa (Portuguese man of war and hydra) and Anthozoa (anemones and coral). Cnidarians are
entirely aquatic – mainly marine, have a radical body plan with no head end, the coelenteron only
has one opening that serves as its mouth and anus and they are also diploblastic. These are just a few
of their interesting key features. According to fossil records, the cnidarians made their earliest
appearance around 600 million years ago (Shape of Life n.d). There are no immediate animals that
have been discovered, the earliest cnidarians could have formed from

Peter The Great: The Cause Of Gangrene's Disease
When peter the great died was on February 8 or January 28 in Julian calendar the year 1725 in
st.petersburg, russia at the age 53. How Peter died is that when he was at war in the sea he saw one
of his ships sinking and jumped into the sea to help the men who were drowning. Later Peter got the
flu after jumping into the cold water then developed Gangrene a disease when dead blood cells clogs
your bladder. It wasn't long until peter died of the disease. How people knew that he died of
Gangrene was through a autopsy that revealed the disease. We remember Peter the Great for the
accomplishments he made during his rule. He made russia bigger and contributed many good things
to his country. He made the first newspaper for russia, made russia grew

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis
All of these hypotheses are similar and different in many ways. They were all similar in the way that
they revealed many possible ways of how the world started. They were all different, because they
were all different theories of how biomolecules came to be. As technology continues to evolve along
with the world many new ideas of how biomolecules came to be are sure to come up. This helps
increase out knowledge of the world and how it came to be.
The first of the biomolecule hypotheses was the Primordial Soup Hypothesis. The theory of the
Primordial Soup Hypothesis was that, life began in a body of water due to a mix of chemicals in the
atmosphere and a type of energy from amino acids. The scientists ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1977, scientists found biological life forms surviving around the sea floor. This suggested the
possibility that the vents provided biological life with the things they needed in order to survive.
They that suggested methanethiol (sulfur containing carbon compound) was the "starter dough"
from which all life emerged. The first people to test this hypothesis was geochemists, Eoghan
Reeves, Jeff Seewald, and Jill McDermott. They went to the hydrothermal vent sites, there they
predicted that they would find abundant methanethiol, their results had surprised them. Reeves said
that their claim from before was false, "What we essentially found in our survey is that we don't
think methanethiol is forming by purely chemical means without the involvement of life." However,
the scientists still believe that hydrothermal vents are a great environment for new life to emerge.
The fourth of the biomolecule hypotheses was the RNA World Hypothesis. The RNA World
Hypothesis was proposed by Francis Crick in 1967. The hypothesis was that life begins with self
replicating RNA molecules. According to Crick's hypothesis genetic information is stored by RNA
and the RNA catalyzed the chemical reactions in primitive cells. However, later in time DNA took
over as genetic material and proteins became the structural components of cells. RNA still catalyzes
several reactions in modern–day cells, which can be viewed as molecular fossils of an entire

Box Jellyfish Research Paper
Nolan Hall
GW 140
20 February 2012
Box Jellyfish: Nothing Square About It For many people, water is a source of relaxation and
comfort, while others believe that it can be dangerous and deceiving, but often times people do not
look at what lives among it. Whether it is a body of fresh water, or a body of salt water, many
creatures lurk among the depths of seas, oceans, lakes, and rivers without gaining the attention of
human beings. With this, a plethora of sea creatures that tend to remain hidden can harm human
beings. People believe that sharks are the deadliest sea creature on the planet, however, this is a false
statement. Sharks are most known for their terrifying attacks on humans, but they lack the qualities
of a deadly creature. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the blue–ringed octopus, this animal can somewhat compare to a sea wasp when it comes to
staying hidden. The blue–ringed octopus can control its dermal cells, allowing it to camouflage itself
in the rocks and reefs throughout their respective oceans. Also, the size of the octopus helps its case
against box jellies, being that the blue–ringed octopus is no bigger than a golf ball (Barnett). But this
could hurt the octopus if it is looked at from another viewpoint; the size of the box jellyfish and its
tentacles are the reason that it is above the blue–ringed octopus in lethality. The length of the box
jellyfish allows it to inflict more damage, and release more venom than a blue–ringed octopus. By
looking at box jellies from this perspective, they are clearly more deadly than their fellow dangerous
sea creatures. With the possibilities of dying by way of cardiac arrest, heart failure, drowning, and
Irukandji Syndrome, box jellies have many ways to kill a human being. These aquatic devils have
been on record for killing people around the Australian area since 1884. In 2003, a seven year–old
boy swimming on an unprotected beach near Cairns, Australia, was stung by a sea wasp. The boy
immediately screamed in pain while his grandfather pulled him out of the water. But before the boy
could be administered the anti–venom, he went into cardiac arrest and died. This boy became the
sixty–eighth person since 1884

Physio Ex 9 Experiment 11 Activity 1 Essay
Exercise 11: Blood Analysis: Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination Lab Report Pre–lab Quiz
Results You scored 75% by answering 3 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Hematocrit Your answer : a.
refers to the percentage of white blood cells (WBCs) in a sample of whole blood. Correct answer: b.
of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs. 2. A buffy coat layer You correctly
answered: d. is all of the above. 3. The diagnosis of anemia indicates You correctly answered: a. a
lower–than–normal hematocrit. 4. Polycythemia refers to You correctly answered: c. a significant
increase in RBCs.
010/11/12
page 1
Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: Predict how the hematocrits of the
patients living in Denver, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Possible causes of polycythemia include Your answer: d. an increase in RBCs, resulting in a higher–
than–normal hematocrit. Correct answer: b. living at high altitudes. 4. You would expect anemia to
develop in a person You correctly answered: c. who has abnormally shaped hemoglobin in their
RBCs.
010/11/12
page 3
Review Sheet Results 1. List the hematocrits for the healthy male (sample 1) and female (sample
2) living in Boston (at sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate
anemia or polycythemia. Your answer: Healthy Male (Sample 1) = 48 and Healthy Female = 44.
Both are normal as the average hematocrit for males is 42–52%, and the average for females is 37–
47% 2. Describe the difference between the hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston.
Why does this difference between the sexes exist? Your answer: The difference is that men have a
higher hematocrit due to being larger in size than women and having more muscle mass and it has
been shown that testosterone affects the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys. EPO is
responsible for the formation of red blood cells. Higher testosterone in males means more red blood
cell formation and hence a higher hematocrit. 3. List the hematocrits for the healthy male and female
living in Denver (approximately one mile above sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or

whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. Your answer: Male=55, Female=53 ; Both are
elevated

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis
This essay is a compilation of numerous hypothesis' of how life on Earth began. The six hypotheses'
are: Primordial Soup, Iron Sulfur, Deep Sea Vent, RNA World, Community Clay, Panspermia.
Primordial Soup was suggested by two scientist Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Iron Sulfur was
proposed by Gunter Wachtershauser. Deep Sea Vent was proposed by scientists Nick Lane and Bill
Martin. RNA World was brought forth by scientists Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech. Community
Clay was discovered by a Greek Philosopher by the name of Anaxagoras. There are six hypothesis'
that I researched each one has a somewhat different approach to how they think life on Earth began.
Primordial Soup Hypothesis The Primordial Soup Hypothesis was proposed by the Russian ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smith's claim was that the original substance that helped transfer information between cells was a
clay like inorganic substance as opposed to a natural compound.There is not an abundance of well
documented evidence but Smith's reasoning was that clay, according to researchers, was discovered
to be around the same time biomolecules were in their beginning stages. Bart Kahr conducted an
experiment once before on testing the theory of crystals being used as catalyst to create cells.Kahr
and colleagues have designed the first experiment to examine the idea that crystals can act as a
source of interchangeable information, using crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate. Kahr and his
team discovered that the crystal molecules were not strong enough to transfer

Food From The Sea Chapter 1 Summary
Australia has small crystals that enables scientist map out earths existence; they are called Zircons.
The earth began as dust. The planet was extremely hot at first and without a certain collusion it
would not be what it is today. A planet with four seasons and with tides in the ocean from the moon.
At first, there were no continents they would come along later, so it was mostly water. Next, single
cell organisms and photosynthesis would start creating oxygen. In fact, oxygen was so abundant it
froze most the planet. Eventually, oxygen would lead the planet to multicellularity. Life would come
and go many times over the course of time. This would be causes by catastrophic events, but life
would always be resilient. All life evolved from the sea.
This chapter tells us how the earth formed and all of the different cycles it went through to get where
it is today. It goes on to illustrate the beginning of life from single cell to multi–cell. How life would
end and then come back with different creatures each time.
Chapter Two: Food from the Sea
Homo erectus have always thought to have been big game hunters, but most likely they evolved at
the water's edge. There is proof that suggest this over hundred thousand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A one way trip taking two weeks longer than the other. This was explained with the global ocean
conveyor current loops. Global temperatures are rising because of gases like carbon dioxide,
methane, and others. Penguin and polar bear population are suffering because of these changes.
These changes potentially could stop the ocean currents causing an ice age. Ultimately, this will
have an effect on upwelling creating a problem for fish populations. Furthermore, anoxia and sulfide
eruptions can have a big toll on the ocean food chain. Mass die off of sea life is becoming more
common and unless climate change is stopped they will become more

The Advantages Of Asexual And Sexual Devices
Both asexual and sexual reproduction results in offspring with [think of good topic sentence. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .]. Asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information, and
sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that creates uniform offspring. Asexual reproduction
occurs mainly in single–celled organisms (organisms with one cell), and in a few multicellular
organisms (an organism with more than one cell). Two examples of single–celled organisms are
bacteria and amoeba. Bacteria is a single–celled organism forming one of the three domains of life.
Amoeba is a single–celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike
projections of protoplasm. Asexual reproduction requires one parent, and the ... Show more content
One advantage of sexual reproduction is that it creates offspring with a high genetic variability. This
will increase the diversity of species and the ecosystem since the offspring is diverse. For example,
female lions give birth to about one to five cubs, and all the cubs are genetically different. This will
increase the diversity of lions. Whereas asexual reproduction produces offspring that has the same
genetics as its parent, which lowers the diversity rate of organisms. Another advantage of sexual
reproduction is better agriculture. This is because selective breeding can apply to sexually produced
organisms. Selective breeding when parent organisms are chosen to mate, which produces more
desirable and better plants and animals. An example of selective breeding is corn. Corn used to be
much smaller, and had fewer rows of kernels, however, farmers saved kernels from good plants and
planted them to create more desirable plants like corn, leading better agriculture. Asexual organisms
don't reproduce sexually, so they can't go through selective

The Intertropical Convergence Zone Plays a Large Role in...
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a permanent low–pressure feature that lies on the
meteorological equator. It is characterisied by lots of cloud cover and precipitation (Andrews et al.,
2003). The ITCZ plays a significant role in the climate and weather events in the tropics. The clouds
created by the ITCZ also provide an important form of albedo in the tropics (Waliser and Gautier,
1993),which has an effect on global climate. Tropical events such as monsoon and cyclones occur in
the ITCZ and are products of the unique convection system found around the ITCZ (Yancheva et al.,
2007, Ferreira and Schubert, 1997).The ITCZ is a product of humid trade winds from the northern
and southern hemisphere converging and then rising. This rising of humid air usually results in
precipitation over the tropics(Waliser and Somerville, 1994). This rising of the humid air acts as the
driving force in the Hadley Cell (Waliser and Somerville, 1994). The ITCZ is a product of high
levels of solar radiation and high amounts of latent heat released from the ocean (Andrews et al.,
2003). It is important to realize that the ITCZ moves throughout the year depending on the seasons,
it is likely to be found in the southern hemisphere in the southern hemisphere summer and in the
northern hemisphere during the northern hemispheres summer. However the ITCZ is more likely to
be found in the Northern hemisphere (Waliser and Somerville, 1994). The ITCZ plays a large role in
many of the climatic

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