SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 28
Download to read offline
News – New Metrohm Autolab instruments, new
Coulometer, and new Optrode sensor
Customer application – Hot chemistry:
quality control of radio pharmaceuticals using IC
Practical Tips – Determine hexavalent chromium
conforming to U.S. EPA method 218.7
ONE/12
INFORMATION
02
Editorial
It made ion chromatography affordable for many analytical sectors
where previously any thought of purchasing an IC had been totally
out of the question. Furthermore, as its name indicates, it is uniquely
compact. The 761 does away with unnecessary peripherals such as a
gas supply and relies on robust «MSM» suppressor technology that is
backed up by a 10-year warranty. With the outstanding quality of its
measurement results, the 761 Compact IC transformed the world of
ion chromatography.
Now that routine analysis is under control, the requirements
are increasing: trace analysis, concentrations at ppt and sub-ppt
levels, difficult matrices, large differences in concentration, high
­sample throughput, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance and client-server
­installations, to mention just a few. With the 800 series and today
with the «Metrohm Professional IC» line, Metrohm is always right
at the forefront in the further development of ion chromatography:
Eluent preparation is fully automatic, the times of manual sample
preparation are gone, calibrations over six orders of magnitude
can be performed easily with just one standard, .... A large range
of separation columns with different materials for each application,
various detectors (conductivity, amperometry, UV/Vis), and combi-
nation with other analytical methods (titration, pH and conductivity
measurement, MS, ICP-MS, digestion) underline Metrohm‘s position
as a leading innovator in ion chromatography. However, 25 years is
just a milestone, as development continues!
And this applies not only to ion chromatography, but also to
titration. You will find two new products in this issue of Metrohm
Information: the 899 Coulometer and the Optrode.
Dear Readers,
Today we have something to celebrate: 25 years of Metrohm IC
– a quarter century of ion chromatography! What was launched as a
single instrument in 1987 has now developed into a veritable group
of products that is second to none: state-of-the-art, groundbreaking
in sample preparation, unbeaten in ease of use, robust, cost-effective
and, at the same time, very precise and accurate.
Compared with pH measurement and titration, ion chromato-
graphy is quite a new technology. The first work on this topic was
published by Small, Stevens and Baumann in 1975. Ion chromato-
graphs were expensive and bulky. The development of separating
materials (ion exchange materials) was in its infancy. Initially, this
technology was the preserve of enthusiasts who either had lots of
money for instruments and suppressors or who were completely
tired of the wet chemical methods for determining anions and
cations – so much for the separation processes learnt in the basic
laboratory courses.
But development continued and crucial technological progress
was made with Metrohm’s 690 Ion Chromatograph. The 690 was
the first IC that was based on single-column technique and therefore
did not require chemical suppression. The key here was a highly
sensitive conductivity detector. And still today the Metrohm detector
is the best on the market.
With the 700 series, Metrohm continued to extend the product
range with more automation, sample preparation and electronic
data processing. But the most important step came in 1999 with the
introduction of the 761 Compact IC, and there were several reasons
for this: the 761 was the first really cost-effective ion chromatograph.
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
03
The 899 Coulometer is a very compact Karl Fischer titrator that is
offered to you by Metrohm. It can be operated easily and without a
computer, has an innovative autostart function and provides the pos-
sibility of data export via an Ethernet connection. If you would like to
perform measurements on the move far away from a 220 V power
supply, the optional power pack for the 899 Coulometer gives you
the independence you need for a large number of determinations!
If one visits our subsidiary Metroglas, where all Metrohm’s glass
electrodes are made exclusively, one enters a world where traditional
glassblowing skills are combined with high technology and state-of-
the-art production methods. Gold and silver are «fused» with glass
and highly integrated thick-film circuits to form electrodes. The latest
development is the Optrode: a sensor with an inert glass shaft for
photometric titration that has LEDs with eight different individual
wavelengths from 470 to 660 nm.
At this point, I would like to thank you for the numerous
re­sponses to our reader survey. You will find the results in this
­magazine. Despite e-mail, the Internet and new media, the tradi-
tional, conservatively printed Metrohm Information remains an
established component of our extensive documentation for you, as it
has for 41 years already.
Enjoy your reading.
Dr. Kai Henning Viehweger
Director and Head of Sales and Marketing in the Metrohm Group
04
InhaltInhaltsverzeichnis
Table of contents
Editorial
•	Metrohm celebrates 25 years of ion chromatography 	 02
Anniversary
•	A look back at 25 years of Metrohm ion chromatography	 05
News
•	899 Coulometer – affordable coulometric KF titrations also off grid	 09
•	Optrode – sensor for photometric equivalence point determinations	 10
•	New version of the Aquatrode plus & ionselective ammonia electrodes	 12
•	New electrochemical analyzers from Metrohm Autolab	 14
Results of the Metrohm Information Reader Survey 	16
Customer application report
•	Radio ion chromatography for quality control in PET diagnostics	 18
Practical tips
•	Determine hexavalent chromium conforming to U.S. EPA method 218.7	 24
Application literature
•	New Metrohm Application Notes and Application Bulletins	 26
New: further applications & electronic edition
The electronic edition of our customer magazine Metrohm
Information and the archive with all editions from 2005 to 2012
is available on www.metrohm.info. There you will also find our
newest literature references as well as further information on appli-
cations for downloading.
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
0525 years of Metrohm ion chromatography
Metrohm is a well-established company in the field of
ion analysis. Back in 1948, it manufactured the first pH
meter. Not quite so long ago, Metrohm also moved into
ion chromatography. The achievements of Metrohm in
its services to users are all the more important: thanks
to Metrohm, any user can perform ion chromatographic
analyses successfully! Below, you will find a brief history of
how things started and what has happened since then.
The first Metrohm ion chromatograph
Following the successful launch of its own electrochemical
HPLC detector in 1981, Metrohm started developing a conductivity
detector in 1983. Very soon the development team realized that this
task was achievable, but there was still a lot more to it: in order to
obtain a stable baseline and low detection limits, the entire analytical
system from the high-pressure pump and the capillaries through
The first Metrohm ion chromatograph: the 690 Ion Chromatograph
to the separation column had to be optimized. In 1987, Metrohm
­presented its first ion chromatograph, the «690 Ion Chromatograph».
This innovative instrument combined an injector (manual sample
injection), separation column, detector and control electronics in
a single housing and relied on single-column ion chromatography
with electronic suppression. In this way, Metrohm proved that
ion chromatography (IC) can be successful even without chemical
­suppression. For better or worse, a decision had to be made in favor
of electronic suppression, because chemical suppression was at that
time protected by patents and therefore not available. Although
originally a hurdle, this might be precisely the reason why Metrohm’s
conductivity detector is still today the best on the market: to be able
to detect the smallest changes in conductivity successfully on a high
background, one needs to go to the limits of what is possible and
make no compromises – this was achieved impressively.
6
Why use ion chromatography at all?
IC offered crucial advantages over photometry, which was
widely used at that time: with IC it was possible, for example, to
analyze a sample consisting of seven different anions within a few
minutes, whereas photometry took hours to determine just a single
anion! Metrohm grabbed the opportunity to open up new sectors of
the market and moved into IC, which from then on constituted its
second core activity alongside titration.
The first modular Metrohm ion chromatograph
In 1996, with the 700 series, Metrohm presented a modular
ion chromatograph that had a lasting effect on IC. The simplest
configuration consisted of a 709 IC Pump, 732 IC Detector (conduc-
tivity detector) and 733 IC Separation Center with permanently fitted
Metrohm Suppressor Module «MSM». In the meantime, Metrohm
had gained access to chemical suppression and now combined this
with its outstanding conductivity detector – thanks to an excellent
signal-to-noise ratio, the lowest detection limits were achievable.
As an optional two-channel instrument, the modular ion chro-
matograph could be used for simultaneous determination of cations
and anions. The integration of numerous extension modules opened
up new applications and made the user’s work easier: many of the
tasks that had previously been done manually were automated −
with positive effects also on reproducibility. With one of the first
extension modules, the 754 Dialysis Unit, it was possible to separate
matrix consisting of suspended matter and solids as well as extremely
fine particles, proteins and fats by means of dialysis. This made it
possible to analyze fruit juices, soil samples, slurries etc. with ion
chromatography without risking blockage of the separation column
or a shorter column life.
Compact, versatile and economical – the 761 Compact IC
In 1999, Metrohm brought a groundbreaking product on the
market in the form of the 761 Compact IC. The first compact ion
chromatograph combined a maximum amount of IC (injection valve,
double-piston pump, Metrohm Suppressor Module, high-perfor-
mance detector, peristaltic pump, electronics for data processing and
a variety of separation columns) in minimum space. It was as efficient
as the modular ion chromatograph and also produced top-quality
analytical results – at an extremely attractive price. The 761 Compact
IC was followed by other compact instruments, such as the 790
Personal IC and the 792 Basic IC. These, too, provided the user with
uncompromising data security and outstanding accuracy of results
with extremely low detection limits.
Metrohm’s first modular ion chromatography system with the 733 IC
­Separation Center.
With the 761 Compact IC, anyone can afford ion chromatography.
Anniversary
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
The modular Advanced Ion Chromatographs
For Metrohm, the focus in 2003 was on the modular «Advanced
Ion Chromatographs». Existing modules and the software were
modified for the Advanced series and upgraded with many optimiza-
tions and extensions, such as a permanently fitted column oven and
the CO2
suppressor. Liquid handling, sample preparation techniques
and also automation of analysis were developed further.
Intelligent Metrohm ion chromatography sets
new standards
New standards in IC were set by Metrohm in 2007 with intelli-
gent ion chromatography and the introduction of the ion chromato-
graph 850 Professional IC, iColumns (intelligent separation columns),
858 Professional Sample Processor (versatile sample changer), 872
Extension Modules and MagIC Net™ (new control and data acquisi-
tion software).
The outstanding features of Metrohm’s intelligent ion chroma-
tography are the intelligent and innovative components (iPump,
iColumn, iDetector, Dosino 800 and MagIC Net™) that are incorpora-
ted in the 850 Professional IC. They enable comprehensive, automatic
monitoring and optimization of all system parameters and complete
documentation in accordance with GLP and FDA regulations. The IC
system is able to make logical decisions independently (e.g. during
sample preparation) and offers very easy operation even of complex
procedures. This leads to a maximum level of reliability and excellent
analytical results. The intelligent Metrohm ion chromatographs offer
all possibilities of modern IC: comprehensive automation possibilities
including fully automatic sample preparation, a variety of detectors
(conductivity detector, 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector, 896 Profes-
sional Detector – Amperometry) and numerous extension modules
to choose from, hyphenated techniques, microbore technology, ….
The same properties are also to be found in the compact intelli-
gent ion chromatographs 881 Compact IC pro and 882 Compact IC
plus that appeared in 2008 – again with a further reduced footprint
and at a very attractive price.
What makes Metrohm ion chromatography so successful?
The success of Metrohm IC is based on the interplay of several
factors that ultimately make the user’s day-to-day work more effec-
tive and more enjoyable. Metrohm instruments are characterized by
their ease of use as well as multi-language user interfaces and opera-
ting instructions. A great deal of manual work is eliminated by using
«Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation» (MISP) − which includes Inline
Ultrafiltration, Inline Dilution, Inline Preconcentration, Inline Calibra-
tion, Inline Spiking etc. − and with the help of numerous automation
solutions. The combination of sample preconcentration/dilution and
matrix elimination (Metrohm intelligent Preconcentration Technique
with Matrix Elimination, MiPCT-ME) enables automatic ion chroma-
tographic analyses to be performed over six orders of magnitude. If
a sample is outside the calibration range, because, for example, its
concentration is too high, then it is diluted and reanalyzed automati-
cally without any action on the part of the user – uniquely practical!
The intelligent 850 Professional IC is extremely flexible and offers all the
conceivable possibilities of modern IC.
08
A worldwide network of distributors and subsidiaries provides
application support and offers seminars and training. Our application
literature (monographs, Application Bulletins, Application Notes,
posters and technical articles) is available free of charge and can for
the most part be downloaded directly from www.metrohm.com.
Metrohm stands for high-quality, robust instruments and soft-
ware that is «Made in Switzerland» and state of the art. Users of
our products are able to achieve extremely low detection limits and
obtain extremely accurate analytical results with guaranteed data
security. Numerous coupled techniques such as IC-MS and IC-ICP-MS
also make it possible to analyze samples that are difficult to separate.
Metrohm’s long experience in ion analysis enables ion chromato-
graphy, titration and direct measurements to be fused together in a
compact, tailor-made unit: the TitrIC systems for water analysis are
the best example of this.
Users trust Metrohm technology and they have good reason
to do so: we offer a three-year warranty on all our instruments.
The numerous Metrohm Suppressor Modules even carry a ten-year
warranty − much longer than the usual warranties available on the
market. Because we guarantee that spare parts will be available for
all instruments ten years after an instrument was last produced,
any investment will be well protected. Compared with competitors’
products, the operating and maintenance costs of Metrohm ion
chromatographs are extremely low! This is evident, for example,
in ultrafiltration, where Metrohm relies on membrane technology
instead of on expensive disposable filters.
A happy workforce as a guarantee of success
The workforce at Metrohm is also a very important success
factor – the Swiss manufacturer of analytical instruments offers its
employees a secure job and a good working environment. A happy
workforce provides an exceptional service that can be nothing other
than a benefit to our customers.
Another important element of work is that one enjoys doing it
and always remains good-humored. Many readers will be familiar
with Ricola, a brand of herb drops from Switzerland that is known
around the world with the unmistakable advertising slogan «Who
invented it? The Swiss, of course!» This does not apply to the origins
of ion chromatography – but what is much more important for the
user is the question of who made ion chromatography accessible to
everyone by providing innovative and economical instruments: «The
Swiss, of course!»
The various MISP sample preparation techniques also include Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Dialysis.
Anniversary
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
09
899 Coulometer – ideal for taking with you!
The new 899 Coulometer is the smallest and most compact
Metrohm coulometer to date. By using the optional battery
pack, you no longer have to depend on mains power. Take
with you your 899 Coulometer and do your water content
determinations wherever you want!
The 899 Coulometer is already equipped with a magnetic stirrer,
thus you no longer need to connect an external stirrer and have
more space free on your laboratory bench. However, if you wish to
connect another stirrer (e.g. the 803 Ti Stand with built-in pump),
you can do so at any time.
The integral titration cell holder fixes the titration cell securely on
the top of the 899 Coulometer, so there is no need for a support rod.
The new coulometer impresses not only with its compactness
and its small footprint, but also with its outstanding flexibility. If the
instrument is also to be used outside the laboratory, an optional
battery pack is available for the coulometer. This battery pack ­ensures
independence. Regardless of whether there is a connection to mains
power available or not, you can carry out your water content deter-
minations wherever you want with the coulometer.
The 899 Coulometer is also suitable for determining
trace amounts of water in plastics.
For analyzing difficult samples (poor solubility of samples,
secondary reactions with reagents, release of water only at higher
temperatures, etc.) the 899 Coulometer can also be operated in
combination with one of our KF ovens. Both with a manual oven
(860 KF Thermoprep) and with an automated oven system (885
Compact Oven Sample Changer), the Coulometer forms a perfectly
matched team that will determine the water content of your samples
reliably.
10 Optrode – the new photometric sensor
The new Optrode photometric sensor offers many
advantages for photometric titration like a completely
solvent-resistant glass shaft and enables you to always
choose the right wavelength for your measurements.
Another benefit of the new sensor is the easy integration
even into new and existing automated titration systems.
Titration with a photometric sensor is a widely used titration
technique. It is based on color changes at the equivalence point and
is especially helpful when
•	the potentiometric determination of the equivalence point
is not possible,
•	no suitable potentiometric electrodes are available,
•	an official method prescribes photometric indication,
•	the output signal of a potentiometric electrode is influenced
by matrix effects,
•	the price advantage of titration over more expensive techniques
(e.g., AAS or ICP-AES) is used,
•	easy and quick performance of the measurements is considered
important,
•	or the end point of a manual titration no longer should be
determined visually.
With the new Optrode, the advantages of photometric titration
can be used to optimum effect. Eight wavelengths (470, 502, 520,
574, 590, 610, 640, and 660 nm) are available, so the optimum
wavelength can always be selected for the particular application.
Because of the glass shaft, the Optrode is 100 % resistant to
solvents and therefore ideally suited for use in organic solvents.
Furthermore, the glass surface is easy to clean.
News
11
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
The Optrode is suitable for photometric equivalence point
determination in aqueous and nonaqueous acid-base titrations, pre-
cipitation titrations, complexometric titrations, and redox titrations.
Application examples:
•	photometric titrations according to USP and Ph. Eur. (nonaqueous)
•	determination of the carboxyl end groups (nonaqueous)
•	TAN/TBN according to ASTM D974 (nonaqueous)
•	chloride in silicone products (nonaqueous)
•	sulfate determination
•	Fe, Al, Ca in cement
•	water hardness (total hardness and Ca/Mg)
•	chondroitin sulfate according to USP 34
The very compact Optrode (article number 6.1115.000) is no
bigger than a pH sensor and can therefore be integrated without
problem in the titration head of a sample changer. It is easy to use
because it can be connected to the titrator like a potentiometric
sensor. Both new and existing titration systems can be equipped
with the Optrode. Power is supplied via the USB port of a Metrohm
instrument (Titrino plus, Ti-Touch, Titrando, USB sample changer). In
the case of older models, the power can also be supplied via an
optional USB power adapter.
12
News about Metrohm electrodes
Aquatrode plus with Pt1000 temperature sensor and
detachable cable
The proven Aquatrode plus is especially suitable for pH measure-
ments and titrations in low-ion and poorly buffered samples, such as
surface waters and deionized water.
The major benefits of the Aquatrode plus are:
•	Special membrane glass for measurements in low-ion solutions.
This guarantees very short response times even in these difficult
samples and makes a fast measurement or endpoint titration
possible.
•	Fixed ground-joint diaphragm with very low, clearly defined
electrolyte flow for very accurate and reproducible
pH measurements or titrations.
•	Clever double-junction design with maintenance-free inner
electrolyte (gel) and replaceable bridge electrolyte that enables
the Aquatrode plus to be adapted to the measurement
conditions.
The Aquatrode plus is available in a number of variants: with and
without Pt1000 temperature sensor, with different shaft lengths, and
as intelligent iAquatrode plus. The latest variant of the Aquatrode
plus (article number 6.0257.600) offers all the above benefits plus
an additional one: the detachable electrode cable. The electrode
with integrated temperature sensor can now be stored separately
from the cable and replaced independently, offering the user more
flexibility.
Ammonia electrode with replaceable modules/membranes
To determine the concentration of ammonium with the help
of an ion-selective electrode, the ammonium ions in the sample are
converted into ammonia through the addition of NaOH solution. The
ammonia then diffuses through the gas-permeable membrane of the
ion-selective NH3
electrode and is detected by means of an inner
combined pH electrode. The membrane is a consumable item that
can be replaced easily and conveniently. Depending on the appli-
cation, the following options are available:
News
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
No matter whether your samples have a high or low concentration of ammonium: with the two versions of the NH3
-ISE you can always
select the appropriate electrode. Because the inner pH part of the sensor is identical in the two versions, the nature of the sensor can be
changed easily at a later date with the relevant replacement kit.
NH3
-ISE (Low)
•	For cleaner samples (e.g., drinking water, boiler feed water,
mineral water)
•	Faster response time close to the detection limit
•	Lower detection limit
•	Easy, safe replacement of the complete module
•	Preassembled, individually tested and certified complete modules
•	Article numbers: NH3
-ISE (Low) (6.0506.100), Replacement Kit for
NH3
-ISE (6.1255.000)
NH3
-ISE (High)
•	For wastewater samples
•	Long-term measurements, monitoring
•	Faster regeneration time after high concentrations
•	Better signal stability at high concentrations
•	The best results at all times (e.g., even with wastewater
samples that contain oil) as only the membrane needs to
be replaced
•	Economical replacement of only the membrane
•	Article numbers: NH3
-ISE (High) (6.0506.150), NH3
Replacement Kit Membrane (6.1255.050)
13
14 New electrochemical analyzers from Metrohm Autolab
This year, Metrohm Autolab is again launching some
interesting new instruments in the form of the versatile
FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module,
the modular Multi Autolab multi-channel measuring
instrument, and the further-developed PGSTAT302F
potentiostat.
With its wide-ranging product portfolio, Metrohm Autolab,
Metrohm’s Dutch subsidiary, is one of the world’s leading manufac-
turers of electrochemical analyzers for research. In accordance with
the motto «Dedicated to Research» Metrohm Autolab not only sells
measuring instruments, but also fosters close contact with customers
and offers a comprehensive service, ranging from the construction of
customized instruments and maintenance work through to customer
training.
Electrochemical impedance analyzer module
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the
most important techniques for electrochemical analysis and is used
routinely in electrochemistry and materials research, wherever the
examination and evaluation of material or system properties are in-
volved; for example, in the characterization of batteries, biosensors,
fuel cells, and semiconductors. With EIS it is possible to make state-
ments about the dynamic behavior of an electrochemical system,
and EIS provides a unique insight into the processes that occur at
electrochemical interfaces (e.g., the electrode surface). Typical uses
include investigations into the mechanisms of coating processes
(electrodeposition and electrodissolution), diffusion of ions across
membranes, and also passivity and corrosion studies.
Metrohm Autolab’s state-of-the-art FRA32M electrochemical
impedance analyzer module can be used to complement and
­upgrade both existing and new modular instruments from Metrohm
Autolab and also instruments in the new Multi Autolab product line.
The FRA32M module for EIS can generate and process single-sine
and multi-sine excitation signals up to a maximum frequency of 32
MHz (up to a maximum of 1 MHz when used in combination with
a PGSTAT).
The Multi Autolab/M101 housing the M101 potentiostat/galvanostat moduls
can be adapted to customers’ requirements with a series of additional
modules.
FRA32M module for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
News
15
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
Metrohm Autolab is extending its portfolio with new products such as the modular Multi Autolab instrument.
Multi Autolab – the new modular multi-channel measuring
instrument
Following the extremely successful launch of the PGSTAT101
entry-level potentiostat/galvanostat, Metrohm Autolab is now
glad to present the Multi Autolab/M101, the further-developed
multi-channel version of the PGSTAT101 (10 V/100 mA). The Multi
Autolab can be fitted with up to twelve M101 potentiostat/galvano-
stat modules, each with completely independent software control.
Alternatively, a companion module (e.g., a FRA32M electrochemical
impedance analyzer module) can be installed alongside each M101
module, until the maximum number of 12 modules overall has been
reached. The possibility of combining the potentiostat/galvanostat
modules with other additional modules provides maximum flexibility
and the Multi Autolab can be customized to fit the experimental
requirements and customers’ wishes in the most effective way.
The following (additional) modules are available for fitting to a
Multi Autolab:
•	M101 potentiostat/galvanostat module
•	FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module
•	EQCM electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance module
•	BA dual-mode bipotentiostat module
•	pX1000 pH and temperature measurement module
•	MUX multiplexer module
PGSTAT302F – Potentiostat with optional floating capability
The new PGSTAT302F potentiostat completes Metrohm
Autolab’s PGSTAT product line. It is based on the PGSTAT302N and
therefore has very similar specifications, but offers more application
possibilities on account of its optional floating connections. The
PGSTAT302F can be switched between «floating» and «normal»
modes. The normal mode can be used with regular electrochemical
cells, while the floating mode can be used in combination with
electrochemical cells directly connected to ground or with working
electrodes connected to ground (e.g., pipelines or autoclaves).
Further details of the full range of Metrohm Autolab products
can be found on the website www.metrohm-autolab.com.
The new PGSTAT302F potentiostat with optional floating connections.
16 Results of the Reader Survey 2011
The very pleasing results of the Metrohm Information
Reader Survey 2011 are now available: our customer
magazine was judged to be very informative, useful and of
high quality. We would like to thank the many respondents
for filling out the online questionnaire. You have made an
important contribution to the ongoing task of making our
customer magazine even better.
Time is a valuable commodity. We are very appreciative of the
fact that a large number of readers took time out for us and provided
us with many replies to open questions. The survey shows a very
positive picture of Metrohm Information. We are pleased to report
that we received replies from all parts of the globe. Our readers are
mainly users, laboratory personnel, and laboratory managers from
sectors such as general chemistry, contract laboratories, water, air,
environment, pharmaceutical, education, foods, organic chemistry,
biofuels, and petrochemicals.
Exceptionally high level of satisfaction among our readers
The vast majority of respondents regard our magazine to be of
high quality. This applies both to the external (physical) appearance
and internal ratings (ease of reading, high information content,
practical value, etc.). More than 85 % are satisfied or very satisfied
with Metrohm Information; a mere 4 % would not recommend it to
others. All topics from new products through to new publications
were well received or very well received. There was special interest
in reports on analytical methods and applications and on practical
tips. Titration, pH and conductivity measurements, and ion chroma-
tography were at the forefront. The length of the individual articles
and the overall size of Metrohm Information were judged by a large
majority to be ideal. We endeavor to convey information to you
briefly and succinctly, though from time to time we provide a more
in-depth insight into, for example, an analytical method. For us it is
always a special challenge to present you with a good mix of topics
with information from all our areas of ion analysis – 80 % are pleased
or very pleased with the mixture of topics.
Great need for well-founded information
Our readers would like to be supplied with news at least two
or even three times a year. Do you already know the web page of
Metrohm Information www.metrohm.info or our newsletters regar-
ding titration and ion chromatography? You can sign up for the latter
directly on our homepage www.metrohm.com. The newsletters will
be sent to you by e-mail approximately once a month.
13 %
74 %
13 %
0 % 0 %
Very satisfied Satisfied
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Dissatisfied
Very dissatisfied
Overall satisfaction with
Metrohm Information
46 %
36 %
18 %
Paper version
Electronic version
Both, paper version and electronic version
Preferred type of
publication
Reader Survey
17
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
Print is still far from «dead»
Do our readers still want a printed Metrohm Information? The
answer is a clear «yes» (46 % of responses). Just under half of readers
circulate Metrohm Information and a very large number archive it.
All these factors certainly justify the admittedly high cost of a printed
version. However, it must not be forgotten that 36 % want an elec-
tronic version and 18 % both. PDF files (either sent by e-mail or for
downloading) are more popular that an e-magazine. We editors see
the two forms of publication coexisting and we are endeavoring to
link them together in an ideal way – furthermore, we would like to
make even better use of their respective strengths. Interaction and an
exchange of opinions with our customers is the focus of attention at
present and we will be taking steps to achieve this very shortly. Many
predominantly positive comments and suggestions (including some
concerning Metrohm in general) from our readers reinforce our plan.
Congratulations to the winners
Alongside the customer survey, we also ran a competition with
high-quality bags, a notebook and purses from the Swiss company
Freitag as prizes. The lucky winners were chosen at random early in
December: Matthias Leidig, David Swanson, Andreas Boehm, ­Beniken
Brahim, Doris Kellner, Susanne Grimm, Urs Waldburger, ­Fabiano
Teixeira de Oliveria, Ping Ling, and Willi Feyrer. Congratu­lations! Dr.
Kai Viehweger and the editorial team of Metrohm ­Information are
pleased that these people came from several different countries
around the world: Brazil, Australia, Morocco, Malaysia, Austria,
Germany, and Switzerland.
Where do we go from here?
Our customer magazine and our style are liked very much by
the readers. This is a comfortable position to be in and requires no
drastic measures. However, it does not mean that we can take things
easy. In order to be able to meet your wishes and needs even more
effectively, we will examine individual requests and then incorporate
them in our production process. No doubt, we will develop our
contact with you, our readers, even further. We are pleased that you
are still reading our magazine and hope that, through it, we can give
you some useful ideas and make your day-to-day work easier.
Dr. Benedikt Galliker
Editor of Metrohm Information
One of the many comments from our readers:
Most companies seem to be switching to a social networking approach and yet I work for a company that blocks sites such as Facebook,
MySpace (although LinkedIn is fine), and video sites such as YouTube. At this stage, your information is quite accessible, well written, and
easily understood. Congratulations, I associate your brand with excellent quality and functionality also when compared to competitors
(e.g., Mettler, Dionex, etc.).
Radio IC for quality control in PET diagnostics
The PET Technological Institute ITP – cutting edge
technology in Spain
The Madrid-based PET Technological Institute (Instituto
­Tecnológico PET, ITP) was created in 1994 in close cooperation with
Madrid`s Complutense University. The cyclotron was installed in
the same year and was the first in Spain. Since then, ITP has been
the ­pioneer in the development of PET technology, both regarding
production of radiopharmaceuticals and diagnostics. ITP is currently
the only radiopharmaceutical laboratory in Spain which vertically
inte­grates production, marketing, and distribution of radiopharma-
ceuticals for human use and research. To meet the increasing
radiotracer demand, a second laboratory with another cyclotron was
inaugurated in June 2009. Since its foundation, the company has
made about 25,000 PET studies and since the last quarter of 2009,
ITP has brought five new radiotracers to the market.
The IC specialists of the Spanish Metrohm distributor Gomensoro
have installed a custom-tailored, multichannel ion chromatography
system that has taken over the quality control for three radiotracer
production lines.
One of the two ITP cyclotrons for
the production of PET radionuclides.
Customer application report
18
19
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
Principles of positron emission tomography (PET)
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive substances used in ­nuclear
medicine to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease. They contain a
­radioactive isotope, a so-called radionuclide, attached to a biologi-
cally inert or active molecule.
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that have an excess of ­either
neutrons or protons and therefore radioactively decay, resulting in
the emission of gamma rays or subatomic particles. In proton-rich
nuclides, a proton (p+
) changes to a neutron, whereby a positron
(antiparticle of the electron or an electron with a positive charge, also
called β+
particle) is emitted together with a neutrino (ν) according to
(p+
) g (n) + (β+
) + (ν)
While travelling in the surrounding media, the released positron
loses its kinetic energy and then combines with an electron. The
encounter annihilates both positron and electron and their masses
are directly converted into energy. Two photons (gamma rays) each
with an energy of 0.511 MeV are emitted in opposite directions
(annihilation radiation).
me
+
+ me
–
g 2γ
Sophisticated scanners can detect such pairs of photons
by means of coincidence detection. From the data collected,
three-dimensional images of tissue structures are then calculated.
The ­positron-emitting radionuclide is also called tracer. The most
commonly used short-lived cyclotron-produced radionuclides in
radiopharmacy are 11
C, 13
N, 15
O, and 18
F. The respective half-lives are
20.38, 9.96, 2.03, and 109.7 min.
Radiopharmaceuticals
To administer the radionuclide to a living human or animal, it is
either incorporated in a biologically inert molecule (e.g., the blood
flow tracers [15
O]water or [15
O]butanol or in a biologically active
molecule that is absorbed by the organ of interest.
After the radiopharmaceutical is concentrated in the tissue of
interest, the patient is placed in the PET scanner. By tracking the
photons, computers with sophisticated software generate three-
dimensional images of the source of the photons. This allows to
study physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological functions at
a molecular level. Illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
even neurological disorders can be detected long before symptoms
appear.
Principle of positron emission tomography
Dr. Jesús Chesa-Jiménez, quality control department supervisor at ITP using Metrohm‘s ion chromatography system.
t
20
Production of PET radiopharmaceuticals
Radionuclides used in PET experiments such as 11
C, 13
N, 15
O,
and 18
F are artificially produced in a cyclotron, where a beam of ac­
celerated charged particles irradiates a prepared target. Subsequently,
the resulting radionuclides are isolated and synthetically incorporated
into the radiotracer.
As the fluorine atom is similar in size to the hydrogen atom, it
acts as a pseudohydrogen and is therefore ideally suited for replacing
hydrogen atoms in organic molecules. The positron emitter 18
F is
thus one of the most important imaging ­radionuclides in diagnostic
nuclear medicine. It is produced by ­proton bombardment of an 18
O-
enriched water target. In a 18
O(p, n)18
F reaction, highly accelerated
protons (p) react with the 18
O atomic nucleus to emit a neutron (n)
and 18
F, which immediately decays by positron emission with a half-
life of 109.7 min. The product of the 18
F decay is the stable isotope
18
O. After isolation of 18
F from the target water, the radionuclide is
incorporated into the chemical compound required in a radiosynthe-
sis. After isolation and purification, the obtained 18
F radiotracer has
to comply with a variety of quality control tests before administration
to the patient.
[18
F]Fluorodeoxyglucose
[18
F]Fluorodeoxyglucose, commonly abbreviated [18
F]FDG, or
simply FDG, is a glucose analog in which the hydroxyl group at the
2‘ position of the glucose molecule is substituted by [18
F]fluorine.
It throws light on use and metabolism of glucose in heart, lungs,
and brain. Additionally, it is used in oncology to determine abnormal
glucose metabolism to characterize different tumor types. After
administering [18
F]FDG to the patient, it is incorporated into the cells
by the same transport mechanism as the normal glucose, but unlike
this, it is not metabolized and thus remains in the cell allowing PET
tomographic imaging. Not least due to its many diagnostic uses, the
high number of existing labeling procedures and its advantageous
half-life of approximately two hours, which allows the transport to
sites that have no cyclotron, [18
F]FDG is actually the most frequently
used organic PET radiopharmaceutical.
[18
F]Fluorocholine
In cells, choline is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of
phospholipids. As the latter are essential cell membrane compo-
nents and because tumors reveal increased metabolism of cell
membrane constituents and increased choline uptake, radiolabeled
choline tracers are invaluable diagnostic tools for cancer detection.
[18
F]Fluorocholine is a recently developed PET radiotracer that allows
to image choline metabolism in vivo. It is based on the tumor-
detecting radiotracer [11
C]choline. Driving force of the production of
the 18
F-labeled derivative was the substantially longer half-life, which
allows the distribution of this tracer to PET institutions without on-
site cyclotron.
Metrohm`s radio ion chromatography
Currently, two different Metrohm ion chromatography systems
have been installed in the quality control labs of ITP in Madrid.
The first one is a customized ion chromatography system that was
installed at the beginning of 2010. It was designed for the quality
control of the radionuclide [18
F]fluoride and the two radiotracers
[18
F]FDG and [18
F]fluorocholine synthesized from this precursor.
­Besides the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical results, high
throughput is a must. One and the same multichannel radio IC takes
over the quality control of three production lines. The analytical unit
provides the following benefits:
(
v
t
Customer application report
Chromatographic conditions for the quality control of [18
F]fluoride, [18
F]FDG, and [18
F]fluorocholine.
[18
F]fluoride [18
F]FDG [18
F]fluorocholine
Column Metrohm A Supp 5 - 150/4.0 Metrosep Carb 1 - 150/4.0 Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0
Column temperature 45 °C 25 °C 40 °C
Sample volume 10 μL 10 μL 10 μL
Eluent
3.2 mmol/L sodium carbonate
1.0 mmol/L sodium hydrogen
carbonate
0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide 1.7 mmol/L nitric acid
0.7 mmol/L dipicolinic acid
Flow rate 0.7 mL/min 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min
Detection
Conductivity detection after
chemical suppression
Pulsed amperometric detection Conductivity detection
Analysis time 8 min 18 min 14 min
21
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
Flexibility of the system
The ion chromatography system installed at ITP combines three
quality control systems for PET pharmaceuticals in one. From the very
same injection system, the flow can be automatically directed to the
three channels. By selecting between an array of different columns,
mobile phases, and detectors, [18
F]fluoride, [18
F]FDG, and [18
F]fluoro-
choline can be separately determined. All aspects of system operation
and data acquisition are controlled by MagIC Net™ software.
Safety
The automated sample injection with Metrohm`s Dosino techno-
logy allows the aspiration of very low sample volumes with accuracy
and precision. By using the MagIC Net™ software, liquid handling as
well as dosing and rinsing tasks are completely automated without
any carryover. The modular design of the Metrohm IC supports the
installation of the required lead shielding and thus guarantees user
safety. The injection valve is placed inside a 5 cm thick tailor-made
lead housing, while radiation from the radiotracers in the separation
columns is attenuated to a safe level by a suffi­ciently thick lead
shielding. Additionally, a lead sample holder avoids user exposure to
gamma radiation.
Comprehensive quality control made easy
Radiopharmaceuticals have unique characteristics and require
special tests (described in numerous pharmacopoeias) before the
radiotracer can be administered to the patient. The quality control
includes testing the chemical and radiochemical purity of the radio-
tracer. The radiochemical purity of a radiotracer – the ratio of the
radionuclide in bound form (e.g., [18
F]FDG) to the radionuclide in
unbound form (e.g., [18
F]fluoride) – guarantees the image quality of
the PET scan and protects the patient from unnecessary radiation.
In the first place, the concentration of the cyclotron-produced
radionuclide, which is used as a precursor in the subsequent radio-
synthesis, has to be determined.
Subsequently, the appropriate chemical purity – as for any
other pharmaceutical preparation – and the concentration of the
synthesized radiopharmaceutical, which mostly is in the nanomolar
range, has to be determined. In doing so, also excessive precursors
and radiolabeling-derived impurities have to be quantified. The
chromatogram shows the peaks of the glucose precursor, the carrier-
free [18
F]FDG, and the chlorodeoxyglucose impurity. The analysis is
completed in less than 10 minutes.
Chemical structures of two PET radiopharmaceuticals. (a) In [18
F]FDG, the
hydroxyl group at the 2‘ position of normal glucose is substituted by 18
F. (b)
In [18
F]fluorocholine, a [18
F]fluoroalkyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom
of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE).
OH
HO
O
HO
F
18
OH
N
+
F
18
OH
Br–
(a) (b)
OH
HO
O
HO
F
18
OH
N
+
F
18
OH
Br–
(a) (b)
(a) Conductivity and (b) radioactivity chromatogram of cyclotron-produced [18
F]fluoride. In the subsequent radiosynthesis (nucleophilic fluorination), trace (i.e.,
very low) quantities of [18
F]fluoride ions are used to form carbon-fluorine bonds. The IC software converts the radiation units, counts per second (cps),
to mV. Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table.
t
(a) (b)
22
Chromatograms for the radiopharmaceutical [18
F]FDG. (a) IC-PAD chromatogram with the glucose precursor, the carrier-free [18
F]FDG, and the ­impurity
chlorodeoxyglucose. (b) Radioactivity chromatogram of the [18
F]FDG. The IC software converts the radiation units, counts per second (cps), to mV.
­Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table.
Chromatograms for the radiopharmaceutical [18
F]fluorocholine. (a) Conductivity and (b) radioactivity chromatogram of the [18
F]fluorocholine reaction mixture.
[18
F]Fluorocholine is synthesized by 18
F-fluoroalkylation of ­N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) using gaseous 18
F-fluorobromomethane. This labeling reaction
results in high levels of residual DMAE. Other ­potential byproducts such as bromocholine (not detected here) can additionally be determined. The IC software
converts the ­radiation units, counts per second (cps), to mV. ­Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table.
The chromatogram of the reaction mixture of the [18
F]fluo-
rocholine synthesis shows, besides nanomole quantities of the
[18
F]fluorocholine radiotracer, considerable amounts of the reactant
N,N-dimethylaminoethanol and trace levels of ­calcium impurities.
Customer application report
Analysis time
As most positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are characte-
rized by short half-lives, there is a constant drive to reduce the time
spent on quality control. Fast and precise analyses are guaranteed by
optimally harmonized and computer-controlled determination and
rinsing sequences for detector pathways and the sample injection
circuit.
23
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
The IC specialists of Gomensoro adapted the Metrohm IC system to the needs of ITP (left to right): Javier Espuelas (Applications Laboratory Manager),
­Cristobal Hidalgo (Calibration Manager), Vicente Ubeda (Sales Manager), Juan Lopez (Metrohm Sales Manager), Miguel Espinosa (Ion Chromatography
­Product Manager), Andoni Epalza (IC Application Specialist), and Tomas Sanz (IC Application Specialist).
t
Conclusion
Metrohm`s highly customizable chromatography system copes
with the tough requirements of the radiopharmaceutical industry
and pharmacopoeial regulations. One single multichannel radio IC
meets the quality control requirements of various production lines.
Besides the high quality, the Metrohm IC presented ensures user
safety, low maintenance costs, and outstanding ruggedness.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Jesús Chesa-Jiménez from ITP for his
support and fruitful discussions during this project.
Further reading
(1)
	D. Slaets, S. De Bruyne, C. Dumolyn, L. Moerman, K. Mertens,
and F. De Vos, Reduced dimethylaminoethanol in [18
F]fluoro­
methylcholine: an important step towards enhanced tumour
visualization, Europ J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37(11), 2136–2145
(2010).
(2)
	Cyclotron-produced radionuclides: physical characteristics
and production methods, Technical Report Series No. 468,
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 266 p. (2009).
(3)
	D. Kryza, V. Tadino, M. Azuzurra Filannino, G. Villeret, and L.
Lemoucheux, Fully automated [18
F]fluorocholine synthesis in the
TracerLab MXFDG Coincidence synthesizer, Nucl Med Biol 35,
255–260 (2008).
(4)
	J. Passchier, Fast high-performance liquid chromatography in
PET quality control and metabolite analysis, Q J Nucl Med Mol
Imaging 53, 411–416 (2009).
24 Determine hexavalent chromium according to EPA Method 218.7
Hexavalent chromium released into nature ends up in
drinking water, causing significant contamination:
even minute doses are harmful to the environment and to
health. This article reveals how hexavalent chromium can
enter the environment and how it can be analyzed.
Metrohm USA, working closely with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), has developed a highly sensitive ion chro-
matographic method for determining hexavalent chromium that is
now part of the latest EPA Method 218.7. The analysis is explained
in detail on the web page info.metrohmusa.com/hexachrome/latest-
news.html, where you can also download the latest EPA Method
218.7 free of charge.
Uses and properties of chromium and its salts
In the environment, chromium is encountered primarily in the
two forms Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Whereas Cr(III) compounds pose no
major risk (and are essential for humans), hexavalent chromium (also
called hexachrome, chrome-6, and Cr(VI)) is harmful. The strong
oxidizing agent Cr(VI) is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and
damaging to the DNA. Acute chromium(VI) poisoning leads to
renal damage. Chronic Cr(VI) exposure can lead to changes in the
gastrointestinal tract. If inhaled, it can cause lung cancer. Because
hexavalent chromium dissolves very readily in water, the result is high
bioavailability and mobility.
Chromium is used in the production of steel (added to give
greater hardness and resistance to corrosion), in the electroplating
industry (surface treatment by means of chromium plating; passive
films by means of chromatization), in leather production (chrome
tanning), and as a pigment in dyes and coatings. Chromium was
also used as an impregnating agent for wood. Limestone and clay,
the starting materials for cement, also contain chromium in the form
of Cr(III), some of which oxidizes to Cr(VI) during the production of
cement.
Examples of the release of hexavalent chromium into the
environment
A study by the «Environmental Working Group» (EWG), an
­American environmental organization, in 2010 revealed that more
than 74 million Americans in 42 U.S. states consume drinking water
that is contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Cr(VI) was detected
in 31 of 35 drinking water samples from throughout America; 25
samples even contained a worryingly high dose. In the mid-1990s
there was a hexachrome scandal, when legal assistant Erin ­Brockovich
discovered that the company «Pacific Gas and Electric» in Hinkley,
­California, had discharged hexavalent chromium into the ground­
water over a period of several years. Numerous people became ill at
that time and some even died.
In China, too, there are problems with hexavalent chromium in
drinking water. A chemical plant in Qujing, a city in Yunnan province,
had to be shut down by the authorities in 2011 after it was revealed
that it had dumped more than 5,000 metric tons of toxic chromium
waste into a nearby river and the surrounding area and deposited
140,000 metric tons of chromium waste in its own dump close to
the river.
Worldwide, the leather industry uses chrome tanning with
Cr(III) salts (e.g., chromium sulfate) as the most common tanning
process. Cr(VI) can result from improper tanning conditions, or even
be contained already as an impurity in the tanning chemicals. Even
the smallest quantities of Cr(VI) in the leather trigger inflammatory
skin reactions when they come into contact with the skin (contact
allergen). This chromate allergy (“bricklayer’s itch”) can, inciden-
tally, also be brought on by cement-containing building materials.
­Conventional leather tanning requires a very large quantity of water;
the wastewater contains readily water-soluble hexavalent chromium.
Inadequate wastewater purification and illegal dumping (e.g., of
­leather waste) lead to pollution of the groundwater. This can be
seen, for example, in the Indian city of Kanpur on the Ganges. In
2006, the «Blacksmith Institute», an environmental organization,
included Kanpur among the ten most polluted places on earth.
Hexavalent chromium is also an issue in Europe. In Switzerland,
it is estimated that up to ten metric tons of chromium(VI) pigments
were used for decades after 1970 in the form of coatings with a
heavy-metal content to protect bridges, vertical tanks, pressurized
pipelines etc. As a result of (improper) remediation work, it is
reckoned that up to 300 kilograms of Cr(VI) enters the environment
annually across Switzerland. This is evident from a report of Empa,
the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.
Practical tips
25.7
The purpose of this article is not to point the finger at individual
countries. Hexavalent chromium and its release into the environment
is a global problem that affects millions of people, especially through
the consumption of drinking water. Access to clean drinking water
has been a human right since 2010 according to a UN declaration!
Regulations on the use of hexavalent chromium in the EU
The RoHS Directive severely restricts the use of Cr(VI) compounds
in Europe: from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment
that is put on the market is no longer allowed to contain any Cr(VI),
mercury, cadmium, lead, or brominated flame retardants. The EU
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive prohibits (with a few exceptions) the
use of lead, Cr(VI), cadmium, and mercury in the automotive sector.
Limits for hexavalent chromium
The drinking water standard of the U.S. EPA provides for a
maximum concentration of total chromium in drinking water (inclu-
ding Cr(III), Cr(VI), and other forms) of 100 µg/L or 100 ppb. The
state of California applies stricter limits: since 31 December 2010,
the public health goal for hexavalent chromium has been 0.02 µg/L.
The EU limit for total chromium, which is the same as that of the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the German Drinking Water
Ordinance (Trinkwasserverordnung), is 50 µg/L. The Swiss limit for
hexavalent chromium is 20 µg/L.
Metrohm method is used by EPA to monitor limits
Extremely sensitive measuring methods are required to moni-
tor compliance with the limits. Working closely with the U.S. EPA,
­Metrohm developed an extremely sensitive ion chromatographic
method for detecting Cr(VI) that is now part of the most recent EPA
Method 218.7. The achievable detection limit with this method is
lower than the very strict Californian limit of 0.02 µg/L for hexavalent
chromium.
Here you can find out all you need to know about Cr(VI)
determination according to EPA 218.7: info.metrohmusa.com/
hexachrome/latestnews.html
Are you interested in other Metrohm applications? On the
web page www.metrohm.info you will find information on
further applications for downloading.
Valuable tips on how hexavalent chromium can be determined
using ion chromatography are revealed by Metrohm USA on the web
page info.metrohmusa.com/hexachrome/latestnews.html.
There you can download the Application Work AW IC US6-0152-
012011 «Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in drinking water,
ground water and surface water by Ion Chromatography followed
by Post Column Reaction (PCR) and UV/Vis detection (conforming
to USEPA method 218.7)» and the EPA Method 218.7 that is based
on it. In addition to further background information, the web page
also shows you how you can determine Cr(VI) voltammetrically. It’s
worth a look!
26
For our customers and all other interested parties there are
more than 1500 applications, covering a wide variety of
application fields and analytical methods, available free of
charge in the Metrohm application database
http://www.metrohm.com/com/Applications.
The following new Application Bulletins and Application
Notes have been published recently:
Application Bulletins
•	AB-344	 Automated analysis of etch acid mixtures using the
859 Titrotherm and the 814 USB Sample Processor
•	AB-345	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 6 – Anion»
•	AB-346	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 6 – Cation»
•	AB-347	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 12 – Anion»
•	AB-348	 Installation Instruction for an Anion Low Pressure
Gradient
•	AB-349	 Installation instruction for an Anion Dosino Gradient
•	AB-350	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 8 – Anion»
•	AB-351	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 8 – Cation»
•	AB-352	 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 10 – Anion»
Application Notes
Thermometric titration
•	AN-H-102	 Determination of hypochlorite by titration with
ammonium ion
•	AN-H-103	 Determination of calcium and magnesium in milk
•	AN-H-104	 Determination of free acid content of
hydrometallurgical leach liquors
•	AN-H-105	 Determination of nickel in hydrometallurgical leach
liquors
•	AN-H-106	 Determination of magnesium content in
hydrometallurgical leach liquors
•	AN-H-107	 Determination of ferrous ion content in
hydrometallurgical leach liquors
•	AN-H-108	 Determination of ferric ion in hydrometallurgical
leach liquors
•	AN-H-109	 Determination of sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid,
and ammonium bifluoride in acid mixtures
•	AN-H-110	 Determination of sulfate in drinking water by
barium chromate displacement
•	AN-H-111	 Determination of sulfate in harvested salt
•	AN-H-112	 Determination of total sodium in commercial
cheeses by thermometric titration
•	AN-H-113	 Determination of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and
iron in acid etching baths
•	AN-H-114	 Determination of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and
hydrofluoric acid in etch solutions
•	AN-H-115	 Determination of hydrofluoric acid, ammonium
fluoride, and maleic acid in acid cleaning solutions
•	AN-H-116	 Determination of rhodium and ruthenium as
well as the acid content of plating solutions by
thermometric titration
Potentiometric titration
•	AN-T-073	 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH
value, and alkalinity in tap water including sample
preparation
•	AN-T-074	 Fully automated determination of conductivity,
pH value, alkalinity, and hardness in tap water
including sample preparation
New Metrohm application literature
Application literature
27
INFORMATION | 1 | 2012
•	AN-T-075	 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH
value, alkalinity, and chloride in tap water including
sample preparation
•	AN-T-076	 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH,
alkalinity, hardness, and chloride in tap water with
sample preparation
Ion chromatography
•	AN-C-133	 Tap water analysis for anions and cations using
Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT)
•	AN-P-044	 Glucose, fructose, and sucrose in banana applying
pulsed amperometric detection
•	AN-S-286	 Sulfate and sulfamate analysis in Topiramate as per
USP 33 - NF 28 Suppl. 1
•	AN-S-287	 Tap water analysis for anions and cations using
Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT)
•	AN-S-288	 Determination of anions in tap water within five
minutes on Metrosep A Supp 16 - 100/2.0 column
•	AN-S-289	 Determination of eight organic acids besides the
standard anions on the Metrosep A Supp 16 -
250/2.0 column
•	AN-S-290	 Chlorine, bromine, and sulfur in low density
polyethylene (ERM®
- EC680k) applying Combustion
Ion Chromatography (CIC)
•	AN-S-291	 Reproducibility of the Metrohm Suppressor Module
(MSM)
•	AN-U-051	 Bromate with 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector and
886 Professional Thermostat / Reactor according to
draft ISO/DIS 11206
•	AN-U-052	 Transition metal cations applying UV/VIS detection
after post-column reaction with PAR (4-(2-pyridylazo)
resorcinol)
•	AN-U-053	 Chromate with 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector
and 886 Professional Thermostat / Reactor
•	AN-U-054	 Amino acids applying UV/VIS detection after post-
column reaction with ninhydrin at 120 °C
•	AN-U-055	 Amino acids in cell culture growth medium applying
UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction with
ninhydrin at 120 °C
•	AN-U-056	 Nitrite, bromide, and nitrate in artificial sea water
applying direct UV/VIS detection
Voltammetry/amperometry
•	AN-V-194	 Copper in ethanol and fuel ethanol (E85) for car
engines
•	AN-V-195	 Iodate in electroless nickel baths
•	AN-V-196	 Antimony and bismuth in electroless nickel baths
•	AN-V-197	 Iodide in NaCl brine electrolytes of chlor-alkali
electrolysis plants
•	AN-V-198	 Aluminum in drinking water by adsorptive stripping
voltammetry using alizarin red S (DASA) as
complexing agent
•	AN-V-199	 Determination of gold(I) in gold plating baths
•	AN-V-200	 Thiourea in copper electrolytes in copper
electrorefining plants
Stability measurements
•	AN-R-011	 Oxidative stability of instant noodles
•	AN-R-012	 Oxidative stability of different solid foodstuffs
Imprint
Volume 41, Issue 1
ISSN 1424-0904
Metrohm Information is the customer magazine of Metrohm
International Headquarters and is published twice a year in English
and German.
Please contact us if you wish to receive your own copy regularly.
Published by:
Metrohm International Headquarters
Metrohm Information
CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland
Chief editor:
Dr. Kai H. Viehweger
khv@metrohm.com
Editors:
Dr. Benedikt Galliker
bg@metrohm.com
Roman Moser
rmo@metrohm.com
Layout:
Ecknauer + Schoch, Werbeagentur ASW
Printed by:
Metrohm International Headquarters
New: further applications & electronic edition
The electronic edition of our customer magazine Metrohm
­Information and the archive with all editions from 2005 to 2012
is available on www.metrohm.info. There you will also find
our newest literature references as well as further information on
­applications for downloading.
CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland
info@metrohm.com
www.metrohm.com

More Related Content

What's hot

Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...
Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...
Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...Xylem Inc.
 
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...Xylem Inc.
 
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...bengreenman
 
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheet
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheetUV300 online water analyser tethys datasheet
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheetENVIMART
 
Aavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisAavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisEuropean Tech Serv
 
Cems brochure 2013
Cems brochure 2013Cems brochure 2013
Cems brochure 2013a1-cbiss
 
Aavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisAavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisEuropean Tech Serv
 
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheet
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheetGCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheet
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheetENVIMART
 
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products information
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products informationABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products information
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products informationENVIMART
 
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyser
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyserStamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyser
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyserENVIMART
 
Online continuous monitoring system
Online continuous monitoring systemOnline continuous monitoring system
Online continuous monitoring systemSaber Ebeid
 
MG 2030 CEM Datasheet
MG 2030 CEM DatasheetMG 2030 CEM Datasheet
MG 2030 CEM Datasheetjimbelanger33
 
Анализатор LGA 4000
Анализатор LGA 4000Анализатор LGA 4000
Анализатор LGA 4000СокТрейд
 
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...Mudasir Gulzar
 
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer Ugo Baggi
 
21st Century Water Testing
21st Century Water Testing21st Century Water Testing
21st Century Water TestingITS (Sensafe)
 
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas Analysis
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas AnalysisChanging Best Practices in Flue Gas Analysis
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas AnalysisYokogawa1
 

What's hot (20)

Preview NOx_analysers
Preview NOx_analysersPreview NOx_analysers
Preview NOx_analysers
 
Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...
Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...
Process Monitoring and Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities | IQ ...
 
LC-MS
LC-MSLC-MS
LC-MS
 
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...
Case Study: Enhanced WWTP Performance & Reduced Operating Costs with Online M...
 
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...
Near Infrared Spectroscopy In Off Line Biomass Monitoring Of Candida Utilis C...
 
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheet
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheetUV300 online water analyser tethys datasheet
UV300 online water analyser tethys datasheet
 
Aavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisAavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysis
 
Cems brochure 2013
Cems brochure 2013Cems brochure 2013
Cems brochure 2013
 
Aavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysisAavos international - process analysis
Aavos international - process analysis
 
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheet
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheetGCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheet
GCEM4100 extractive gas analyser codel datasheet
 
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products information
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products informationABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products information
ABB CEMS Datasheet ABB cems solution and products information
 
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyser
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyserStamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyser
Stamolys ca71 al endress+hauser datasheet-aluminium analyser
 
Online continuous monitoring system
Online continuous monitoring systemOnline continuous monitoring system
Online continuous monitoring system
 
MG 2030 CEM Datasheet
MG 2030 CEM DatasheetMG 2030 CEM Datasheet
MG 2030 CEM Datasheet
 
Анализатор LGA 4000
Анализатор LGA 4000Анализатор LGA 4000
Анализатор LGA 4000
 
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...
 
Chromatography: Complete Inorganic Elemental Speciation Analysis Solutions fo...
Chromatography: Complete Inorganic Elemental Speciation Analysis Solutions fo...Chromatography: Complete Inorganic Elemental Speciation Analysis Solutions fo...
Chromatography: Complete Inorganic Elemental Speciation Analysis Solutions fo...
 
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer
tail gas H2S/SO2 analyzer
 
21st Century Water Testing
21st Century Water Testing21st Century Water Testing
21st Century Water Testing
 
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas Analysis
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas AnalysisChanging Best Practices in Flue Gas Analysis
Changing Best Practices in Flue Gas Analysis
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Diagnosis of testicular torsion using near infrared spectroscopy
Diagnosis of testicular torsion using near infrared spectroscopyDiagnosis of testicular torsion using near infrared spectroscopy
Diagnosis of testicular torsion using near infrared spectroscopy
 
Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...
Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...
Evaluation of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for determination of...
 
clanmo berger
clanmo bergerclanmo berger
clanmo berger
 
RIVIERA DEL CONERO-GUIDA UFFICIALE 2013
RIVIERA DEL CONERO-GUIDA UFFICIALE 2013RIVIERA DEL CONERO-GUIDA UFFICIALE 2013
RIVIERA DEL CONERO-GUIDA UFFICIALE 2013
 
email etiquette by rohit sharma
email etiquette by rohit sharmaemail etiquette by rohit sharma
email etiquette by rohit sharma
 
Beijin 2008
Beijin  2008Beijin  2008
Beijin 2008
 
The five niyamas of pathanjali
The five niyamas of pathanjaliThe five niyamas of pathanjali
The five niyamas of pathanjali
 
YFG Pre Budget Submission 2016
YFG Pre Budget Submission 2016 YFG Pre Budget Submission 2016
YFG Pre Budget Submission 2016
 
Kingdom Security Case Study
Kingdom Security Case StudyKingdom Security Case Study
Kingdom Security Case Study
 
3. DñA. Pilar Sanz V.2
3. DñA. Pilar Sanz V.23. DñA. Pilar Sanz V.2
3. DñA. Pilar Sanz V.2
 
Rumania
RumaniaRumania
Rumania
 
Reporte proyecto formativo
Reporte proyecto formativo Reporte proyecto formativo
Reporte proyecto formativo
 
Presentación1
Presentación1Presentación1
Presentación1
 
Presentacion ingles
Presentacion inglesPresentacion ingles
Presentacion ingles
 
Thunder Tiger 51
Thunder Tiger 51Thunder Tiger 51
Thunder Tiger 51
 
Empoderamiento familiar.
Empoderamiento familiar.Empoderamiento familiar.
Empoderamiento familiar.
 
Swati nir
Swati nirSwati nir
Swati nir
 
Html francisco hurtado
Html francisco hurtadoHtml francisco hurtado
Html francisco hurtado
 
Indicede calidaddelairemexico
Indicede calidaddelairemexicoIndicede calidaddelairemexico
Indicede calidaddelairemexico
 
E 3p t2 exams
E 3p t2 examsE 3p t2 exams
E 3p t2 exams
 

Similar to Book

Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohm
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: MetrohmElectrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohm
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohmmani thakur
 
Pst 9 may 09 compressed
Pst  9 may 09   compressedPst  9 may 09   compressed
Pst 9 may 09 compressedDanilo Mascolo
 
Report on Lab on a chip
Report on Lab on a chip Report on Lab on a chip
Report on Lab on a chip Sanjib Pashi
 
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014Laser Science
 
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnologyJan Eite Bullema
 
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...Metrohm India Limited
 
2015 CurrentCV English
2015 CurrentCV English2015 CurrentCV English
2015 CurrentCV EnglishPeter Wright
 
Full details about Nano technology
Full details about Nano technology Full details about Nano technology
Full details about Nano technology ManishKumar861258
 
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas Detection
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas DetectionZinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas Detection
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas DetectionAnn Johnson
 
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...Allan Melvin Andrew
 
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industry
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industryWTW catalog process instrumentation in water industry
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industryENVIMART
 
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical Electronics
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical ElectronicsImplementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical Electronics
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical ElectronicsHarold Joseph
 
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...Pompilia Sopco
 
optical_fiber_sensor_system
optical_fiber_sensor_systemoptical_fiber_sensor_system
optical_fiber_sensor_systemRemco Nieuwland
 
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing Limits
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing LimitsUltrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing Limits
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing LimitsNDT Global
 
Microwave and Radio Frequency Drying
Microwave and Radio Frequency DryingMicrowave and Radio Frequency Drying
Microwave and Radio Frequency DryingGerard B. Hawkins
 
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...Caroline Charumathy
 

Similar to Book (20)

Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohm
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: MetrohmElectrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohm
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohm
 
Pst 9 may 09 compressed
Pst  9 may 09   compressedPst  9 may 09   compressed
Pst 9 may 09 compressed
 
Report on Lab on a chip
Report on Lab on a chip Report on Lab on a chip
Report on Lab on a chip
 
Spectrolytic Corporate
Spectrolytic CorporateSpectrolytic Corporate
Spectrolytic Corporate
 
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014
Tomorrow Today - a Laser Science Newsletter, March 2014
 
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology
2011 Introduction micro and nanotechnology
 
Surface finishing
Surface finishingSurface finishing
Surface finishing
 
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...
Metrohm – customized analysis for surface finishing, Process control in elect...
 
2015 CurrentCV English
2015 CurrentCV English2015 CurrentCV English
2015 CurrentCV English
 
Full details about Nano technology
Full details about Nano technology Full details about Nano technology
Full details about Nano technology
 
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas Detection
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas DetectionZinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas Detection
Zinc Oxide Semiconductors Nanowires ( The ) For Gas Detection
 
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...
Development of-an-electronic-nose-for-fire-detection 2006-sensors-and-actuato...
 
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industry
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industryWTW catalog process instrumentation in water industry
WTW catalog process instrumentation in water industry
 
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical Electronics
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical ElectronicsImplementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical Electronics
Implementing MEMS Technology in Todays Medical Electronics
 
Itma corporate 2017
Itma corporate 2017Itma corporate 2017
Itma corporate 2017
 
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...
How has industry 1.0 to 4.0 influenced particulate emissions and monitoring p...
 
optical_fiber_sensor_system
optical_fiber_sensor_systemoptical_fiber_sensor_system
optical_fiber_sensor_system
 
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing Limits
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing LimitsUltrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing Limits
Ultrasonic ILI Removes Crack Depth-Sizing Limits
 
Microwave and Radio Frequency Drying
Microwave and Radio Frequency DryingMicrowave and Radio Frequency Drying
Microwave and Radio Frequency Drying
 
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...
Patent & Technology Landscape Report on “Organic Photo Diodes - Applicable To...
 

Recently uploaded

Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsSafe Software
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration WorkflowsIgniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
Igniting Next Level Productivity with AI-Infused Data Integration Workflows
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 

Book

  • 1. News – New Metrohm Autolab instruments, new Coulometer, and new Optrode sensor Customer application – Hot chemistry: quality control of radio pharmaceuticals using IC Practical Tips – Determine hexavalent chromium conforming to U.S. EPA method 218.7 ONE/12 INFORMATION
  • 2. 02 Editorial It made ion chromatography affordable for many analytical sectors where previously any thought of purchasing an IC had been totally out of the question. Furthermore, as its name indicates, it is uniquely compact. The 761 does away with unnecessary peripherals such as a gas supply and relies on robust «MSM» suppressor technology that is backed up by a 10-year warranty. With the outstanding quality of its measurement results, the 761 Compact IC transformed the world of ion chromatography. Now that routine analysis is under control, the requirements are increasing: trace analysis, concentrations at ppt and sub-ppt levels, difficult matrices, large differences in concentration, high ­sample throughput, FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance and client-server ­installations, to mention just a few. With the 800 series and today with the «Metrohm Professional IC» line, Metrohm is always right at the forefront in the further development of ion chromatography: Eluent preparation is fully automatic, the times of manual sample preparation are gone, calibrations over six orders of magnitude can be performed easily with just one standard, .... A large range of separation columns with different materials for each application, various detectors (conductivity, amperometry, UV/Vis), and combi- nation with other analytical methods (titration, pH and conductivity measurement, MS, ICP-MS, digestion) underline Metrohm‘s position as a leading innovator in ion chromatography. However, 25 years is just a milestone, as development continues! And this applies not only to ion chromatography, but also to titration. You will find two new products in this issue of Metrohm Information: the 899 Coulometer and the Optrode. Dear Readers, Today we have something to celebrate: 25 years of Metrohm IC – a quarter century of ion chromatography! What was launched as a single instrument in 1987 has now developed into a veritable group of products that is second to none: state-of-the-art, groundbreaking in sample preparation, unbeaten in ease of use, robust, cost-effective and, at the same time, very precise and accurate. Compared with pH measurement and titration, ion chromato- graphy is quite a new technology. The first work on this topic was published by Small, Stevens and Baumann in 1975. Ion chromato- graphs were expensive and bulky. The development of separating materials (ion exchange materials) was in its infancy. Initially, this technology was the preserve of enthusiasts who either had lots of money for instruments and suppressors or who were completely tired of the wet chemical methods for determining anions and cations – so much for the separation processes learnt in the basic laboratory courses. But development continued and crucial technological progress was made with Metrohm’s 690 Ion Chromatograph. The 690 was the first IC that was based on single-column technique and therefore did not require chemical suppression. The key here was a highly sensitive conductivity detector. And still today the Metrohm detector is the best on the market. With the 700 series, Metrohm continued to extend the product range with more automation, sample preparation and electronic data processing. But the most important step came in 1999 with the introduction of the 761 Compact IC, and there were several reasons for this: the 761 was the first really cost-effective ion chromatograph.
  • 3. INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 03 The 899 Coulometer is a very compact Karl Fischer titrator that is offered to you by Metrohm. It can be operated easily and without a computer, has an innovative autostart function and provides the pos- sibility of data export via an Ethernet connection. If you would like to perform measurements on the move far away from a 220 V power supply, the optional power pack for the 899 Coulometer gives you the independence you need for a large number of determinations! If one visits our subsidiary Metroglas, where all Metrohm’s glass electrodes are made exclusively, one enters a world where traditional glassblowing skills are combined with high technology and state-of- the-art production methods. Gold and silver are «fused» with glass and highly integrated thick-film circuits to form electrodes. The latest development is the Optrode: a sensor with an inert glass shaft for photometric titration that has LEDs with eight different individual wavelengths from 470 to 660 nm. At this point, I would like to thank you for the numerous re­sponses to our reader survey. You will find the results in this ­magazine. Despite e-mail, the Internet and new media, the tradi- tional, conservatively printed Metrohm Information remains an established component of our extensive documentation for you, as it has for 41 years already. Enjoy your reading. Dr. Kai Henning Viehweger Director and Head of Sales and Marketing in the Metrohm Group
  • 4. 04 InhaltInhaltsverzeichnis Table of contents Editorial • Metrohm celebrates 25 years of ion chromatography 02 Anniversary • A look back at 25 years of Metrohm ion chromatography 05 News • 899 Coulometer – affordable coulometric KF titrations also off grid 09 • Optrode – sensor for photometric equivalence point determinations 10 • New version of the Aquatrode plus & ionselective ammonia electrodes 12 • New electrochemical analyzers from Metrohm Autolab 14 Results of the Metrohm Information Reader Survey 16 Customer application report • Radio ion chromatography for quality control in PET diagnostics 18 Practical tips • Determine hexavalent chromium conforming to U.S. EPA method 218.7 24 Application literature • New Metrohm Application Notes and Application Bulletins 26 New: further applications & electronic edition The electronic edition of our customer magazine Metrohm Information and the archive with all editions from 2005 to 2012 is available on www.metrohm.info. There you will also find our newest literature references as well as further information on appli- cations for downloading.
  • 5. INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 0525 years of Metrohm ion chromatography Metrohm is a well-established company in the field of ion analysis. Back in 1948, it manufactured the first pH meter. Not quite so long ago, Metrohm also moved into ion chromatography. The achievements of Metrohm in its services to users are all the more important: thanks to Metrohm, any user can perform ion chromatographic analyses successfully! Below, you will find a brief history of how things started and what has happened since then. The first Metrohm ion chromatograph Following the successful launch of its own electrochemical HPLC detector in 1981, Metrohm started developing a conductivity detector in 1983. Very soon the development team realized that this task was achievable, but there was still a lot more to it: in order to obtain a stable baseline and low detection limits, the entire analytical system from the high-pressure pump and the capillaries through The first Metrohm ion chromatograph: the 690 Ion Chromatograph to the separation column had to be optimized. In 1987, Metrohm ­presented its first ion chromatograph, the «690 Ion Chromatograph». This innovative instrument combined an injector (manual sample injection), separation column, detector and control electronics in a single housing and relied on single-column ion chromatography with electronic suppression. In this way, Metrohm proved that ion chromatography (IC) can be successful even without chemical ­suppression. For better or worse, a decision had to be made in favor of electronic suppression, because chemical suppression was at that time protected by patents and therefore not available. Although originally a hurdle, this might be precisely the reason why Metrohm’s conductivity detector is still today the best on the market: to be able to detect the smallest changes in conductivity successfully on a high background, one needs to go to the limits of what is possible and make no compromises – this was achieved impressively.
  • 6. 6 Why use ion chromatography at all? IC offered crucial advantages over photometry, which was widely used at that time: with IC it was possible, for example, to analyze a sample consisting of seven different anions within a few minutes, whereas photometry took hours to determine just a single anion! Metrohm grabbed the opportunity to open up new sectors of the market and moved into IC, which from then on constituted its second core activity alongside titration. The first modular Metrohm ion chromatograph In 1996, with the 700 series, Metrohm presented a modular ion chromatograph that had a lasting effect on IC. The simplest configuration consisted of a 709 IC Pump, 732 IC Detector (conduc- tivity detector) and 733 IC Separation Center with permanently fitted Metrohm Suppressor Module «MSM». In the meantime, Metrohm had gained access to chemical suppression and now combined this with its outstanding conductivity detector – thanks to an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, the lowest detection limits were achievable. As an optional two-channel instrument, the modular ion chro- matograph could be used for simultaneous determination of cations and anions. The integration of numerous extension modules opened up new applications and made the user’s work easier: many of the tasks that had previously been done manually were automated − with positive effects also on reproducibility. With one of the first extension modules, the 754 Dialysis Unit, it was possible to separate matrix consisting of suspended matter and solids as well as extremely fine particles, proteins and fats by means of dialysis. This made it possible to analyze fruit juices, soil samples, slurries etc. with ion chromatography without risking blockage of the separation column or a shorter column life. Compact, versatile and economical – the 761 Compact IC In 1999, Metrohm brought a groundbreaking product on the market in the form of the 761 Compact IC. The first compact ion chromatograph combined a maximum amount of IC (injection valve, double-piston pump, Metrohm Suppressor Module, high-perfor- mance detector, peristaltic pump, electronics for data processing and a variety of separation columns) in minimum space. It was as efficient as the modular ion chromatograph and also produced top-quality analytical results – at an extremely attractive price. The 761 Compact IC was followed by other compact instruments, such as the 790 Personal IC and the 792 Basic IC. These, too, provided the user with uncompromising data security and outstanding accuracy of results with extremely low detection limits. Metrohm’s first modular ion chromatography system with the 733 IC ­Separation Center. With the 761 Compact IC, anyone can afford ion chromatography. Anniversary
  • 7. INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 The modular Advanced Ion Chromatographs For Metrohm, the focus in 2003 was on the modular «Advanced Ion Chromatographs». Existing modules and the software were modified for the Advanced series and upgraded with many optimiza- tions and extensions, such as a permanently fitted column oven and the CO2 suppressor. Liquid handling, sample preparation techniques and also automation of analysis were developed further. Intelligent Metrohm ion chromatography sets new standards New standards in IC were set by Metrohm in 2007 with intelli- gent ion chromatography and the introduction of the ion chromato- graph 850 Professional IC, iColumns (intelligent separation columns), 858 Professional Sample Processor (versatile sample changer), 872 Extension Modules and MagIC Net™ (new control and data acquisi- tion software). The outstanding features of Metrohm’s intelligent ion chroma- tography are the intelligent and innovative components (iPump, iColumn, iDetector, Dosino 800 and MagIC Net™) that are incorpora- ted in the 850 Professional IC. They enable comprehensive, automatic monitoring and optimization of all system parameters and complete documentation in accordance with GLP and FDA regulations. The IC system is able to make logical decisions independently (e.g. during sample preparation) and offers very easy operation even of complex procedures. This leads to a maximum level of reliability and excellent analytical results. The intelligent Metrohm ion chromatographs offer all possibilities of modern IC: comprehensive automation possibilities including fully automatic sample preparation, a variety of detectors (conductivity detector, 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector, 896 Profes- sional Detector – Amperometry) and numerous extension modules to choose from, hyphenated techniques, microbore technology, …. The same properties are also to be found in the compact intelli- gent ion chromatographs 881 Compact IC pro and 882 Compact IC plus that appeared in 2008 – again with a further reduced footprint and at a very attractive price. What makes Metrohm ion chromatography so successful? The success of Metrohm IC is based on the interplay of several factors that ultimately make the user’s day-to-day work more effec- tive and more enjoyable. Metrohm instruments are characterized by their ease of use as well as multi-language user interfaces and opera- ting instructions. A great deal of manual work is eliminated by using «Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation» (MISP) − which includes Inline Ultrafiltration, Inline Dilution, Inline Preconcentration, Inline Calibra- tion, Inline Spiking etc. − and with the help of numerous automation solutions. The combination of sample preconcentration/dilution and matrix elimination (Metrohm intelligent Preconcentration Technique with Matrix Elimination, MiPCT-ME) enables automatic ion chroma- tographic analyses to be performed over six orders of magnitude. If a sample is outside the calibration range, because, for example, its concentration is too high, then it is diluted and reanalyzed automati- cally without any action on the part of the user – uniquely practical! The intelligent 850 Professional IC is extremely flexible and offers all the conceivable possibilities of modern IC.
  • 8. 08 A worldwide network of distributors and subsidiaries provides application support and offers seminars and training. Our application literature (monographs, Application Bulletins, Application Notes, posters and technical articles) is available free of charge and can for the most part be downloaded directly from www.metrohm.com. Metrohm stands for high-quality, robust instruments and soft- ware that is «Made in Switzerland» and state of the art. Users of our products are able to achieve extremely low detection limits and obtain extremely accurate analytical results with guaranteed data security. Numerous coupled techniques such as IC-MS and IC-ICP-MS also make it possible to analyze samples that are difficult to separate. Metrohm’s long experience in ion analysis enables ion chromato- graphy, titration and direct measurements to be fused together in a compact, tailor-made unit: the TitrIC systems for water analysis are the best example of this. Users trust Metrohm technology and they have good reason to do so: we offer a three-year warranty on all our instruments. The numerous Metrohm Suppressor Modules even carry a ten-year warranty − much longer than the usual warranties available on the market. Because we guarantee that spare parts will be available for all instruments ten years after an instrument was last produced, any investment will be well protected. Compared with competitors’ products, the operating and maintenance costs of Metrohm ion chromatographs are extremely low! This is evident, for example, in ultrafiltration, where Metrohm relies on membrane technology instead of on expensive disposable filters. A happy workforce as a guarantee of success The workforce at Metrohm is also a very important success factor – the Swiss manufacturer of analytical instruments offers its employees a secure job and a good working environment. A happy workforce provides an exceptional service that can be nothing other than a benefit to our customers. Another important element of work is that one enjoys doing it and always remains good-humored. Many readers will be familiar with Ricola, a brand of herb drops from Switzerland that is known around the world with the unmistakable advertising slogan «Who invented it? The Swiss, of course!» This does not apply to the origins of ion chromatography – but what is much more important for the user is the question of who made ion chromatography accessible to everyone by providing innovative and economical instruments: «The Swiss, of course!» The various MISP sample preparation techniques also include Inline Ultrafiltration and Inline Dialysis. Anniversary
  • 9. INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 09 899 Coulometer – ideal for taking with you! The new 899 Coulometer is the smallest and most compact Metrohm coulometer to date. By using the optional battery pack, you no longer have to depend on mains power. Take with you your 899 Coulometer and do your water content determinations wherever you want! The 899 Coulometer is already equipped with a magnetic stirrer, thus you no longer need to connect an external stirrer and have more space free on your laboratory bench. However, if you wish to connect another stirrer (e.g. the 803 Ti Stand with built-in pump), you can do so at any time. The integral titration cell holder fixes the titration cell securely on the top of the 899 Coulometer, so there is no need for a support rod. The new coulometer impresses not only with its compactness and its small footprint, but also with its outstanding flexibility. If the instrument is also to be used outside the laboratory, an optional battery pack is available for the coulometer. This battery pack ­ensures independence. Regardless of whether there is a connection to mains power available or not, you can carry out your water content deter- minations wherever you want with the coulometer. The 899 Coulometer is also suitable for determining trace amounts of water in plastics. For analyzing difficult samples (poor solubility of samples, secondary reactions with reagents, release of water only at higher temperatures, etc.) the 899 Coulometer can also be operated in combination with one of our KF ovens. Both with a manual oven (860 KF Thermoprep) and with an automated oven system (885 Compact Oven Sample Changer), the Coulometer forms a perfectly matched team that will determine the water content of your samples reliably.
  • 10. 10 Optrode – the new photometric sensor The new Optrode photometric sensor offers many advantages for photometric titration like a completely solvent-resistant glass shaft and enables you to always choose the right wavelength for your measurements. Another benefit of the new sensor is the easy integration even into new and existing automated titration systems. Titration with a photometric sensor is a widely used titration technique. It is based on color changes at the equivalence point and is especially helpful when • the potentiometric determination of the equivalence point is not possible, • no suitable potentiometric electrodes are available, • an official method prescribes photometric indication, • the output signal of a potentiometric electrode is influenced by matrix effects, • the price advantage of titration over more expensive techniques (e.g., AAS or ICP-AES) is used, • easy and quick performance of the measurements is considered important, • or the end point of a manual titration no longer should be determined visually. With the new Optrode, the advantages of photometric titration can be used to optimum effect. Eight wavelengths (470, 502, 520, 574, 590, 610, 640, and 660 nm) are available, so the optimum wavelength can always be selected for the particular application. Because of the glass shaft, the Optrode is 100 % resistant to solvents and therefore ideally suited for use in organic solvents. Furthermore, the glass surface is easy to clean. News
  • 11. 11 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 The Optrode is suitable for photometric equivalence point determination in aqueous and nonaqueous acid-base titrations, pre- cipitation titrations, complexometric titrations, and redox titrations. Application examples: • photometric titrations according to USP and Ph. Eur. (nonaqueous) • determination of the carboxyl end groups (nonaqueous) • TAN/TBN according to ASTM D974 (nonaqueous) • chloride in silicone products (nonaqueous) • sulfate determination • Fe, Al, Ca in cement • water hardness (total hardness and Ca/Mg) • chondroitin sulfate according to USP 34 The very compact Optrode (article number 6.1115.000) is no bigger than a pH sensor and can therefore be integrated without problem in the titration head of a sample changer. It is easy to use because it can be connected to the titrator like a potentiometric sensor. Both new and existing titration systems can be equipped with the Optrode. Power is supplied via the USB port of a Metrohm instrument (Titrino plus, Ti-Touch, Titrando, USB sample changer). In the case of older models, the power can also be supplied via an optional USB power adapter.
  • 12. 12 News about Metrohm electrodes Aquatrode plus with Pt1000 temperature sensor and detachable cable The proven Aquatrode plus is especially suitable for pH measure- ments and titrations in low-ion and poorly buffered samples, such as surface waters and deionized water. The major benefits of the Aquatrode plus are: • Special membrane glass for measurements in low-ion solutions. This guarantees very short response times even in these difficult samples and makes a fast measurement or endpoint titration possible. • Fixed ground-joint diaphragm with very low, clearly defined electrolyte flow for very accurate and reproducible pH measurements or titrations. • Clever double-junction design with maintenance-free inner electrolyte (gel) and replaceable bridge electrolyte that enables the Aquatrode plus to be adapted to the measurement conditions. The Aquatrode plus is available in a number of variants: with and without Pt1000 temperature sensor, with different shaft lengths, and as intelligent iAquatrode plus. The latest variant of the Aquatrode plus (article number 6.0257.600) offers all the above benefits plus an additional one: the detachable electrode cable. The electrode with integrated temperature sensor can now be stored separately from the cable and replaced independently, offering the user more flexibility. Ammonia electrode with replaceable modules/membranes To determine the concentration of ammonium with the help of an ion-selective electrode, the ammonium ions in the sample are converted into ammonia through the addition of NaOH solution. The ammonia then diffuses through the gas-permeable membrane of the ion-selective NH3 electrode and is detected by means of an inner combined pH electrode. The membrane is a consumable item that can be replaced easily and conveniently. Depending on the appli- cation, the following options are available: News
  • 13. INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 No matter whether your samples have a high or low concentration of ammonium: with the two versions of the NH3 -ISE you can always select the appropriate electrode. Because the inner pH part of the sensor is identical in the two versions, the nature of the sensor can be changed easily at a later date with the relevant replacement kit. NH3 -ISE (Low) • For cleaner samples (e.g., drinking water, boiler feed water, mineral water) • Faster response time close to the detection limit • Lower detection limit • Easy, safe replacement of the complete module • Preassembled, individually tested and certified complete modules • Article numbers: NH3 -ISE (Low) (6.0506.100), Replacement Kit for NH3 -ISE (6.1255.000) NH3 -ISE (High) • For wastewater samples • Long-term measurements, monitoring • Faster regeneration time after high concentrations • Better signal stability at high concentrations • The best results at all times (e.g., even with wastewater samples that contain oil) as only the membrane needs to be replaced • Economical replacement of only the membrane • Article numbers: NH3 -ISE (High) (6.0506.150), NH3 Replacement Kit Membrane (6.1255.050) 13
  • 14. 14 New electrochemical analyzers from Metrohm Autolab This year, Metrohm Autolab is again launching some interesting new instruments in the form of the versatile FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module, the modular Multi Autolab multi-channel measuring instrument, and the further-developed PGSTAT302F potentiostat. With its wide-ranging product portfolio, Metrohm Autolab, Metrohm’s Dutch subsidiary, is one of the world’s leading manufac- turers of electrochemical analyzers for research. In accordance with the motto «Dedicated to Research» Metrohm Autolab not only sells measuring instruments, but also fosters close contact with customers and offers a comprehensive service, ranging from the construction of customized instruments and maintenance work through to customer training. Electrochemical impedance analyzer module Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is one of the most important techniques for electrochemical analysis and is used routinely in electrochemistry and materials research, wherever the examination and evaluation of material or system properties are in- volved; for example, in the characterization of batteries, biosensors, fuel cells, and semiconductors. With EIS it is possible to make state- ments about the dynamic behavior of an electrochemical system, and EIS provides a unique insight into the processes that occur at electrochemical interfaces (e.g., the electrode surface). Typical uses include investigations into the mechanisms of coating processes (electrodeposition and electrodissolution), diffusion of ions across membranes, and also passivity and corrosion studies. Metrohm Autolab’s state-of-the-art FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module can be used to complement and ­upgrade both existing and new modular instruments from Metrohm Autolab and also instruments in the new Multi Autolab product line. The FRA32M module for EIS can generate and process single-sine and multi-sine excitation signals up to a maximum frequency of 32 MHz (up to a maximum of 1 MHz when used in combination with a PGSTAT). The Multi Autolab/M101 housing the M101 potentiostat/galvanostat moduls can be adapted to customers’ requirements with a series of additional modules. FRA32M module for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). News
  • 15. 15 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 Metrohm Autolab is extending its portfolio with new products such as the modular Multi Autolab instrument. Multi Autolab – the new modular multi-channel measuring instrument Following the extremely successful launch of the PGSTAT101 entry-level potentiostat/galvanostat, Metrohm Autolab is now glad to present the Multi Autolab/M101, the further-developed multi-channel version of the PGSTAT101 (10 V/100 mA). The Multi Autolab can be fitted with up to twelve M101 potentiostat/galvano- stat modules, each with completely independent software control. Alternatively, a companion module (e.g., a FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module) can be installed alongside each M101 module, until the maximum number of 12 modules overall has been reached. The possibility of combining the potentiostat/galvanostat modules with other additional modules provides maximum flexibility and the Multi Autolab can be customized to fit the experimental requirements and customers’ wishes in the most effective way. The following (additional) modules are available for fitting to a Multi Autolab: • M101 potentiostat/galvanostat module • FRA32M electrochemical impedance analyzer module • EQCM electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance module • BA dual-mode bipotentiostat module • pX1000 pH and temperature measurement module • MUX multiplexer module PGSTAT302F – Potentiostat with optional floating capability The new PGSTAT302F potentiostat completes Metrohm Autolab’s PGSTAT product line. It is based on the PGSTAT302N and therefore has very similar specifications, but offers more application possibilities on account of its optional floating connections. The PGSTAT302F can be switched between «floating» and «normal» modes. The normal mode can be used with regular electrochemical cells, while the floating mode can be used in combination with electrochemical cells directly connected to ground or with working electrodes connected to ground (e.g., pipelines or autoclaves). Further details of the full range of Metrohm Autolab products can be found on the website www.metrohm-autolab.com. The new PGSTAT302F potentiostat with optional floating connections.
  • 16. 16 Results of the Reader Survey 2011 The very pleasing results of the Metrohm Information Reader Survey 2011 are now available: our customer magazine was judged to be very informative, useful and of high quality. We would like to thank the many respondents for filling out the online questionnaire. You have made an important contribution to the ongoing task of making our customer magazine even better. Time is a valuable commodity. We are very appreciative of the fact that a large number of readers took time out for us and provided us with many replies to open questions. The survey shows a very positive picture of Metrohm Information. We are pleased to report that we received replies from all parts of the globe. Our readers are mainly users, laboratory personnel, and laboratory managers from sectors such as general chemistry, contract laboratories, water, air, environment, pharmaceutical, education, foods, organic chemistry, biofuels, and petrochemicals. Exceptionally high level of satisfaction among our readers The vast majority of respondents regard our magazine to be of high quality. This applies both to the external (physical) appearance and internal ratings (ease of reading, high information content, practical value, etc.). More than 85 % are satisfied or very satisfied with Metrohm Information; a mere 4 % would not recommend it to others. All topics from new products through to new publications were well received or very well received. There was special interest in reports on analytical methods and applications and on practical tips. Titration, pH and conductivity measurements, and ion chroma- tography were at the forefront. The length of the individual articles and the overall size of Metrohm Information were judged by a large majority to be ideal. We endeavor to convey information to you briefly and succinctly, though from time to time we provide a more in-depth insight into, for example, an analytical method. For us it is always a special challenge to present you with a good mix of topics with information from all our areas of ion analysis – 80 % are pleased or very pleased with the mixture of topics. Great need for well-founded information Our readers would like to be supplied with news at least two or even three times a year. Do you already know the web page of Metrohm Information www.metrohm.info or our newsletters regar- ding titration and ion chromatography? You can sign up for the latter directly on our homepage www.metrohm.com. The newsletters will be sent to you by e-mail approximately once a month. 13 % 74 % 13 % 0 % 0 % Very satisfied Satisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Overall satisfaction with Metrohm Information 46 % 36 % 18 % Paper version Electronic version Both, paper version and electronic version Preferred type of publication Reader Survey
  • 17. 17 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 Print is still far from «dead» Do our readers still want a printed Metrohm Information? The answer is a clear «yes» (46 % of responses). Just under half of readers circulate Metrohm Information and a very large number archive it. All these factors certainly justify the admittedly high cost of a printed version. However, it must not be forgotten that 36 % want an elec- tronic version and 18 % both. PDF files (either sent by e-mail or for downloading) are more popular that an e-magazine. We editors see the two forms of publication coexisting and we are endeavoring to link them together in an ideal way – furthermore, we would like to make even better use of their respective strengths. Interaction and an exchange of opinions with our customers is the focus of attention at present and we will be taking steps to achieve this very shortly. Many predominantly positive comments and suggestions (including some concerning Metrohm in general) from our readers reinforce our plan. Congratulations to the winners Alongside the customer survey, we also ran a competition with high-quality bags, a notebook and purses from the Swiss company Freitag as prizes. The lucky winners were chosen at random early in December: Matthias Leidig, David Swanson, Andreas Boehm, ­Beniken Brahim, Doris Kellner, Susanne Grimm, Urs Waldburger, ­Fabiano Teixeira de Oliveria, Ping Ling, and Willi Feyrer. Congratu­lations! Dr. Kai Viehweger and the editorial team of Metrohm ­Information are pleased that these people came from several different countries around the world: Brazil, Australia, Morocco, Malaysia, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Where do we go from here? Our customer magazine and our style are liked very much by the readers. This is a comfortable position to be in and requires no drastic measures. However, it does not mean that we can take things easy. In order to be able to meet your wishes and needs even more effectively, we will examine individual requests and then incorporate them in our production process. No doubt, we will develop our contact with you, our readers, even further. We are pleased that you are still reading our magazine and hope that, through it, we can give you some useful ideas and make your day-to-day work easier. Dr. Benedikt Galliker Editor of Metrohm Information One of the many comments from our readers: Most companies seem to be switching to a social networking approach and yet I work for a company that blocks sites such as Facebook, MySpace (although LinkedIn is fine), and video sites such as YouTube. At this stage, your information is quite accessible, well written, and easily understood. Congratulations, I associate your brand with excellent quality and functionality also when compared to competitors (e.g., Mettler, Dionex, etc.).
  • 18. Radio IC for quality control in PET diagnostics The PET Technological Institute ITP – cutting edge technology in Spain The Madrid-based PET Technological Institute (Instituto ­Tecnológico PET, ITP) was created in 1994 in close cooperation with Madrid`s Complutense University. The cyclotron was installed in the same year and was the first in Spain. Since then, ITP has been the ­pioneer in the development of PET technology, both regarding production of radiopharmaceuticals and diagnostics. ITP is currently the only radiopharmaceutical laboratory in Spain which vertically inte­grates production, marketing, and distribution of radiopharma- ceuticals for human use and research. To meet the increasing radiotracer demand, a second laboratory with another cyclotron was inaugurated in June 2009. Since its foundation, the company has made about 25,000 PET studies and since the last quarter of 2009, ITP has brought five new radiotracers to the market. The IC specialists of the Spanish Metrohm distributor Gomensoro have installed a custom-tailored, multichannel ion chromatography system that has taken over the quality control for three radiotracer production lines. One of the two ITP cyclotrons for the production of PET radionuclides. Customer application report 18
  • 19. 19 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 Principles of positron emission tomography (PET) Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive substances used in ­nuclear medicine to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease. They contain a ­radioactive isotope, a so-called radionuclide, attached to a biologi- cally inert or active molecule. Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that have an excess of ­either neutrons or protons and therefore radioactively decay, resulting in the emission of gamma rays or subatomic particles. In proton-rich nuclides, a proton (p+ ) changes to a neutron, whereby a positron (antiparticle of the electron or an electron with a positive charge, also called β+ particle) is emitted together with a neutrino (ν) according to (p+ ) g (n) + (β+ ) + (ν) While travelling in the surrounding media, the released positron loses its kinetic energy and then combines with an electron. The encounter annihilates both positron and electron and their masses are directly converted into energy. Two photons (gamma rays) each with an energy of 0.511 MeV are emitted in opposite directions (annihilation radiation). me + + me – g 2γ Sophisticated scanners can detect such pairs of photons by means of coincidence detection. From the data collected, three-dimensional images of tissue structures are then calculated. The ­positron-emitting radionuclide is also called tracer. The most commonly used short-lived cyclotron-produced radionuclides in radiopharmacy are 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, and 18 F. The respective half-lives are 20.38, 9.96, 2.03, and 109.7 min. Radiopharmaceuticals To administer the radionuclide to a living human or animal, it is either incorporated in a biologically inert molecule (e.g., the blood flow tracers [15 O]water or [15 O]butanol or in a biologically active molecule that is absorbed by the organ of interest. After the radiopharmaceutical is concentrated in the tissue of interest, the patient is placed in the PET scanner. By tracking the photons, computers with sophisticated software generate three- dimensional images of the source of the photons. This allows to study physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological functions at a molecular level. Illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and even neurological disorders can be detected long before symptoms appear. Principle of positron emission tomography Dr. Jesús Chesa-Jiménez, quality control department supervisor at ITP using Metrohm‘s ion chromatography system. t
  • 20. 20 Production of PET radiopharmaceuticals Radionuclides used in PET experiments such as 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, and 18 F are artificially produced in a cyclotron, where a beam of ac­ celerated charged particles irradiates a prepared target. Subsequently, the resulting radionuclides are isolated and synthetically incorporated into the radiotracer. As the fluorine atom is similar in size to the hydrogen atom, it acts as a pseudohydrogen and is therefore ideally suited for replacing hydrogen atoms in organic molecules. The positron emitter 18 F is thus one of the most important imaging ­radionuclides in diagnostic nuclear medicine. It is produced by ­proton bombardment of an 18 O- enriched water target. In a 18 O(p, n)18 F reaction, highly accelerated protons (p) react with the 18 O atomic nucleus to emit a neutron (n) and 18 F, which immediately decays by positron emission with a half- life of 109.7 min. The product of the 18 F decay is the stable isotope 18 O. After isolation of 18 F from the target water, the radionuclide is incorporated into the chemical compound required in a radiosynthe- sis. After isolation and purification, the obtained 18 F radiotracer has to comply with a variety of quality control tests before administration to the patient. [18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose [18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose, commonly abbreviated [18 F]FDG, or simply FDG, is a glucose analog in which the hydroxyl group at the 2‘ position of the glucose molecule is substituted by [18 F]fluorine. It throws light on use and metabolism of glucose in heart, lungs, and brain. Additionally, it is used in oncology to determine abnormal glucose metabolism to characterize different tumor types. After administering [18 F]FDG to the patient, it is incorporated into the cells by the same transport mechanism as the normal glucose, but unlike this, it is not metabolized and thus remains in the cell allowing PET tomographic imaging. Not least due to its many diagnostic uses, the high number of existing labeling procedures and its advantageous half-life of approximately two hours, which allows the transport to sites that have no cyclotron, [18 F]FDG is actually the most frequently used organic PET radiopharmaceutical. [18 F]Fluorocholine In cells, choline is used as a precursor for the biosynthesis of phospholipids. As the latter are essential cell membrane compo- nents and because tumors reveal increased metabolism of cell membrane constituents and increased choline uptake, radiolabeled choline tracers are invaluable diagnostic tools for cancer detection. [18 F]Fluorocholine is a recently developed PET radiotracer that allows to image choline metabolism in vivo. It is based on the tumor- detecting radiotracer [11 C]choline. Driving force of the production of the 18 F-labeled derivative was the substantially longer half-life, which allows the distribution of this tracer to PET institutions without on- site cyclotron. Metrohm`s radio ion chromatography Currently, two different Metrohm ion chromatography systems have been installed in the quality control labs of ITP in Madrid. The first one is a customized ion chromatography system that was installed at the beginning of 2010. It was designed for the quality control of the radionuclide [18 F]fluoride and the two radiotracers [18 F]FDG and [18 F]fluorocholine synthesized from this precursor. ­Besides the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical results, high throughput is a must. One and the same multichannel radio IC takes over the quality control of three production lines. The analytical unit provides the following benefits: ( v t Customer application report Chromatographic conditions for the quality control of [18 F]fluoride, [18 F]FDG, and [18 F]fluorocholine. [18 F]fluoride [18 F]FDG [18 F]fluorocholine Column Metrohm A Supp 5 - 150/4.0 Metrosep Carb 1 - 150/4.0 Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 Column temperature 45 °C 25 °C 40 °C Sample volume 10 μL 10 μL 10 μL Eluent 3.2 mmol/L sodium carbonate 1.0 mmol/L sodium hydrogen carbonate 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide 1.7 mmol/L nitric acid 0.7 mmol/L dipicolinic acid Flow rate 0.7 mL/min 1.0 mL/min 1.5 mL/min Detection Conductivity detection after chemical suppression Pulsed amperometric detection Conductivity detection Analysis time 8 min 18 min 14 min
  • 21. 21 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 Flexibility of the system The ion chromatography system installed at ITP combines three quality control systems for PET pharmaceuticals in one. From the very same injection system, the flow can be automatically directed to the three channels. By selecting between an array of different columns, mobile phases, and detectors, [18 F]fluoride, [18 F]FDG, and [18 F]fluoro- choline can be separately determined. All aspects of system operation and data acquisition are controlled by MagIC Net™ software. Safety The automated sample injection with Metrohm`s Dosino techno- logy allows the aspiration of very low sample volumes with accuracy and precision. By using the MagIC Net™ software, liquid handling as well as dosing and rinsing tasks are completely automated without any carryover. The modular design of the Metrohm IC supports the installation of the required lead shielding and thus guarantees user safety. The injection valve is placed inside a 5 cm thick tailor-made lead housing, while radiation from the radiotracers in the separation columns is attenuated to a safe level by a suffi­ciently thick lead shielding. Additionally, a lead sample holder avoids user exposure to gamma radiation. Comprehensive quality control made easy Radiopharmaceuticals have unique characteristics and require special tests (described in numerous pharmacopoeias) before the radiotracer can be administered to the patient. The quality control includes testing the chemical and radiochemical purity of the radio- tracer. The radiochemical purity of a radiotracer – the ratio of the radionuclide in bound form (e.g., [18 F]FDG) to the radionuclide in unbound form (e.g., [18 F]fluoride) – guarantees the image quality of the PET scan and protects the patient from unnecessary radiation. In the first place, the concentration of the cyclotron-produced radionuclide, which is used as a precursor in the subsequent radio- synthesis, has to be determined. Subsequently, the appropriate chemical purity – as for any other pharmaceutical preparation – and the concentration of the synthesized radiopharmaceutical, which mostly is in the nanomolar range, has to be determined. In doing so, also excessive precursors and radiolabeling-derived impurities have to be quantified. The chromatogram shows the peaks of the glucose precursor, the carrier- free [18 F]FDG, and the chlorodeoxyglucose impurity. The analysis is completed in less than 10 minutes. Chemical structures of two PET radiopharmaceuticals. (a) In [18 F]FDG, the hydroxyl group at the 2‘ position of normal glucose is substituted by 18 F. (b) In [18 F]fluorocholine, a [18 F]fluoroalkyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom of N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE). OH HO O HO F 18 OH N + F 18 OH Br– (a) (b) OH HO O HO F 18 OH N + F 18 OH Br– (a) (b) (a) Conductivity and (b) radioactivity chromatogram of cyclotron-produced [18 F]fluoride. In the subsequent radiosynthesis (nucleophilic fluorination), trace (i.e., very low) quantities of [18 F]fluoride ions are used to form carbon-fluorine bonds. The IC software converts the radiation units, counts per second (cps), to mV. Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table. t (a) (b)
  • 22. 22 Chromatograms for the radiopharmaceutical [18 F]FDG. (a) IC-PAD chromatogram with the glucose precursor, the carrier-free [18 F]FDG, and the ­impurity chlorodeoxyglucose. (b) Radioactivity chromatogram of the [18 F]FDG. The IC software converts the radiation units, counts per second (cps), to mV. ­Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table. Chromatograms for the radiopharmaceutical [18 F]fluorocholine. (a) Conductivity and (b) radioactivity chromatogram of the [18 F]fluorocholine reaction mixture. [18 F]Fluorocholine is synthesized by 18 F-fluoroalkylation of ­N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) using gaseous 18 F-fluorobromomethane. This labeling reaction results in high levels of residual DMAE. Other ­potential byproducts such as bromocholine (not detected here) can additionally be determined. The IC software converts the ­radiation units, counts per second (cps), to mV. ­Chromatographic conditions are shown in the table. The chromatogram of the reaction mixture of the [18 F]fluo- rocholine synthesis shows, besides nanomole quantities of the [18 F]fluorocholine radiotracer, considerable amounts of the reactant N,N-dimethylaminoethanol and trace levels of ­calcium impurities. Customer application report Analysis time As most positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are characte- rized by short half-lives, there is a constant drive to reduce the time spent on quality control. Fast and precise analyses are guaranteed by optimally harmonized and computer-controlled determination and rinsing sequences for detector pathways and the sample injection circuit.
  • 23. 23 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 The IC specialists of Gomensoro adapted the Metrohm IC system to the needs of ITP (left to right): Javier Espuelas (Applications Laboratory Manager), ­Cristobal Hidalgo (Calibration Manager), Vicente Ubeda (Sales Manager), Juan Lopez (Metrohm Sales Manager), Miguel Espinosa (Ion Chromatography ­Product Manager), Andoni Epalza (IC Application Specialist), and Tomas Sanz (IC Application Specialist). t Conclusion Metrohm`s highly customizable chromatography system copes with the tough requirements of the radiopharmaceutical industry and pharmacopoeial regulations. One single multichannel radio IC meets the quality control requirements of various production lines. Besides the high quality, the Metrohm IC presented ensures user safety, low maintenance costs, and outstanding ruggedness. Acknowledgements The authors thank Dr. Jesús Chesa-Jiménez from ITP for his support and fruitful discussions during this project. Further reading (1) D. Slaets, S. De Bruyne, C. Dumolyn, L. Moerman, K. Mertens, and F. De Vos, Reduced dimethylaminoethanol in [18 F]fluoro­ methylcholine: an important step towards enhanced tumour visualization, Europ J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37(11), 2136–2145 (2010). (2) Cyclotron-produced radionuclides: physical characteristics and production methods, Technical Report Series No. 468, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 266 p. (2009). (3) D. Kryza, V. Tadino, M. Azuzurra Filannino, G. Villeret, and L. Lemoucheux, Fully automated [18 F]fluorocholine synthesis in the TracerLab MXFDG Coincidence synthesizer, Nucl Med Biol 35, 255–260 (2008). (4) J. Passchier, Fast high-performance liquid chromatography in PET quality control and metabolite analysis, Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53, 411–416 (2009).
  • 24. 24 Determine hexavalent chromium according to EPA Method 218.7 Hexavalent chromium released into nature ends up in drinking water, causing significant contamination: even minute doses are harmful to the environment and to health. This article reveals how hexavalent chromium can enter the environment and how it can be analyzed. Metrohm USA, working closely with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has developed a highly sensitive ion chro- matographic method for determining hexavalent chromium that is now part of the latest EPA Method 218.7. The analysis is explained in detail on the web page info.metrohmusa.com/hexachrome/latest- news.html, where you can also download the latest EPA Method 218.7 free of charge. Uses and properties of chromium and its salts In the environment, chromium is encountered primarily in the two forms Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Whereas Cr(III) compounds pose no major risk (and are essential for humans), hexavalent chromium (also called hexachrome, chrome-6, and Cr(VI)) is harmful. The strong oxidizing agent Cr(VI) is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and damaging to the DNA. Acute chromium(VI) poisoning leads to renal damage. Chronic Cr(VI) exposure can lead to changes in the gastrointestinal tract. If inhaled, it can cause lung cancer. Because hexavalent chromium dissolves very readily in water, the result is high bioavailability and mobility. Chromium is used in the production of steel (added to give greater hardness and resistance to corrosion), in the electroplating industry (surface treatment by means of chromium plating; passive films by means of chromatization), in leather production (chrome tanning), and as a pigment in dyes and coatings. Chromium was also used as an impregnating agent for wood. Limestone and clay, the starting materials for cement, also contain chromium in the form of Cr(III), some of which oxidizes to Cr(VI) during the production of cement. Examples of the release of hexavalent chromium into the environment A study by the «Environmental Working Group» (EWG), an ­American environmental organization, in 2010 revealed that more than 74 million Americans in 42 U.S. states consume drinking water that is contaminated with hexavalent chromium. Cr(VI) was detected in 31 of 35 drinking water samples from throughout America; 25 samples even contained a worryingly high dose. In the mid-1990s there was a hexachrome scandal, when legal assistant Erin ­Brockovich discovered that the company «Pacific Gas and Electric» in Hinkley, ­California, had discharged hexavalent chromium into the ground­ water over a period of several years. Numerous people became ill at that time and some even died. In China, too, there are problems with hexavalent chromium in drinking water. A chemical plant in Qujing, a city in Yunnan province, had to be shut down by the authorities in 2011 after it was revealed that it had dumped more than 5,000 metric tons of toxic chromium waste into a nearby river and the surrounding area and deposited 140,000 metric tons of chromium waste in its own dump close to the river. Worldwide, the leather industry uses chrome tanning with Cr(III) salts (e.g., chromium sulfate) as the most common tanning process. Cr(VI) can result from improper tanning conditions, or even be contained already as an impurity in the tanning chemicals. Even the smallest quantities of Cr(VI) in the leather trigger inflammatory skin reactions when they come into contact with the skin (contact allergen). This chromate allergy (“bricklayer’s itch”) can, inciden- tally, also be brought on by cement-containing building materials. ­Conventional leather tanning requires a very large quantity of water; the wastewater contains readily water-soluble hexavalent chromium. Inadequate wastewater purification and illegal dumping (e.g., of ­leather waste) lead to pollution of the groundwater. This can be seen, for example, in the Indian city of Kanpur on the Ganges. In 2006, the «Blacksmith Institute», an environmental organization, included Kanpur among the ten most polluted places on earth. Hexavalent chromium is also an issue in Europe. In Switzerland, it is estimated that up to ten metric tons of chromium(VI) pigments were used for decades after 1970 in the form of coatings with a heavy-metal content to protect bridges, vertical tanks, pressurized pipelines etc. As a result of (improper) remediation work, it is reckoned that up to 300 kilograms of Cr(VI) enters the environment annually across Switzerland. This is evident from a report of Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology. Practical tips
  • 25. 25.7 The purpose of this article is not to point the finger at individual countries. Hexavalent chromium and its release into the environment is a global problem that affects millions of people, especially through the consumption of drinking water. Access to clean drinking water has been a human right since 2010 according to a UN declaration! Regulations on the use of hexavalent chromium in the EU The RoHS Directive severely restricts the use of Cr(VI) compounds in Europe: from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment that is put on the market is no longer allowed to contain any Cr(VI), mercury, cadmium, lead, or brominated flame retardants. The EU End-of-Life Vehicles Directive prohibits (with a few exceptions) the use of lead, Cr(VI), cadmium, and mercury in the automotive sector. Limits for hexavalent chromium The drinking water standard of the U.S. EPA provides for a maximum concentration of total chromium in drinking water (inclu- ding Cr(III), Cr(VI), and other forms) of 100 µg/L or 100 ppb. The state of California applies stricter limits: since 31 December 2010, the public health goal for hexavalent chromium has been 0.02 µg/L. The EU limit for total chromium, which is the same as that of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the German Drinking Water Ordinance (Trinkwasserverordnung), is 50 µg/L. The Swiss limit for hexavalent chromium is 20 µg/L. Metrohm method is used by EPA to monitor limits Extremely sensitive measuring methods are required to moni- tor compliance with the limits. Working closely with the U.S. EPA, ­Metrohm developed an extremely sensitive ion chromatographic method for detecting Cr(VI) that is now part of the most recent EPA Method 218.7. The achievable detection limit with this method is lower than the very strict Californian limit of 0.02 µg/L for hexavalent chromium. Here you can find out all you need to know about Cr(VI) determination according to EPA 218.7: info.metrohmusa.com/ hexachrome/latestnews.html Are you interested in other Metrohm applications? On the web page www.metrohm.info you will find information on further applications for downloading. Valuable tips on how hexavalent chromium can be determined using ion chromatography are revealed by Metrohm USA on the web page info.metrohmusa.com/hexachrome/latestnews.html. There you can download the Application Work AW IC US6-0152- 012011 «Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in drinking water, ground water and surface water by Ion Chromatography followed by Post Column Reaction (PCR) and UV/Vis detection (conforming to USEPA method 218.7)» and the EPA Method 218.7 that is based on it. In addition to further background information, the web page also shows you how you can determine Cr(VI) voltammetrically. It’s worth a look!
  • 26. 26 For our customers and all other interested parties there are more than 1500 applications, covering a wide variety of application fields and analytical methods, available free of charge in the Metrohm application database http://www.metrohm.com/com/Applications. The following new Application Bulletins and Application Notes have been published recently: Application Bulletins • AB-344 Automated analysis of etch acid mixtures using the 859 Titrotherm and the 814 USB Sample Processor • AB-345 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 6 – Anion» • AB-346 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 6 – Cation» • AB-347 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 12 – Anion» • AB-348 Installation Instruction for an Anion Low Pressure Gradient • AB-349 Installation instruction for an Anion Dosino Gradient • AB-350 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 8 – Anion» • AB-351 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 8 – Cation» • AB-352 Installation instruction for «ProfIC 10 – Anion» Application Notes Thermometric titration • AN-H-102 Determination of hypochlorite by titration with ammonium ion • AN-H-103 Determination of calcium and magnesium in milk • AN-H-104 Determination of free acid content of hydrometallurgical leach liquors • AN-H-105 Determination of nickel in hydrometallurgical leach liquors • AN-H-106 Determination of magnesium content in hydrometallurgical leach liquors • AN-H-107 Determination of ferrous ion content in hydrometallurgical leach liquors • AN-H-108 Determination of ferric ion in hydrometallurgical leach liquors • AN-H-109 Determination of sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and ammonium bifluoride in acid mixtures • AN-H-110 Determination of sulfate in drinking water by barium chromate displacement • AN-H-111 Determination of sulfate in harvested salt • AN-H-112 Determination of total sodium in commercial cheeses by thermometric titration • AN-H-113 Determination of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and iron in acid etching baths • AN-H-114 Determination of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrofluoric acid in etch solutions • AN-H-115 Determination of hydrofluoric acid, ammonium fluoride, and maleic acid in acid cleaning solutions • AN-H-116 Determination of rhodium and ruthenium as well as the acid content of plating solutions by thermometric titration Potentiometric titration • AN-T-073 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH value, and alkalinity in tap water including sample preparation • AN-T-074 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and hardness in tap water including sample preparation New Metrohm application literature Application literature
  • 27. 27 INFORMATION | 1 | 2012 • AN-T-075 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH value, alkalinity, and chloride in tap water including sample preparation • AN-T-076 Fully automated determination of conductivity, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and chloride in tap water with sample preparation Ion chromatography • AN-C-133 Tap water analysis for anions and cations using Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) • AN-P-044 Glucose, fructose, and sucrose in banana applying pulsed amperometric detection • AN-S-286 Sulfate and sulfamate analysis in Topiramate as per USP 33 - NF 28 Suppl. 1 • AN-S-287 Tap water analysis for anions and cations using Metrohm intelligent Partial Loop Technique (MiPT) • AN-S-288 Determination of anions in tap water within five minutes on Metrosep A Supp 16 - 100/2.0 column • AN-S-289 Determination of eight organic acids besides the standard anions on the Metrosep A Supp 16 - 250/2.0 column • AN-S-290 Chlorine, bromine, and sulfur in low density polyethylene (ERM® - EC680k) applying Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC) • AN-S-291 Reproducibility of the Metrohm Suppressor Module (MSM) • AN-U-051 Bromate with 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector and 886 Professional Thermostat / Reactor according to draft ISO/DIS 11206 • AN-U-052 Transition metal cations applying UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction with PAR (4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol) • AN-U-053 Chromate with 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector and 886 Professional Thermostat / Reactor • AN-U-054 Amino acids applying UV/VIS detection after post- column reaction with ninhydrin at 120 °C • AN-U-055 Amino acids in cell culture growth medium applying UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction with ninhydrin at 120 °C • AN-U-056 Nitrite, bromide, and nitrate in artificial sea water applying direct UV/VIS detection Voltammetry/amperometry • AN-V-194 Copper in ethanol and fuel ethanol (E85) for car engines • AN-V-195 Iodate in electroless nickel baths • AN-V-196 Antimony and bismuth in electroless nickel baths • AN-V-197 Iodide in NaCl brine electrolytes of chlor-alkali electrolysis plants • AN-V-198 Aluminum in drinking water by adsorptive stripping voltammetry using alizarin red S (DASA) as complexing agent • AN-V-199 Determination of gold(I) in gold plating baths • AN-V-200 Thiourea in copper electrolytes in copper electrorefining plants Stability measurements • AN-R-011 Oxidative stability of instant noodles • AN-R-012 Oxidative stability of different solid foodstuffs
  • 28. Imprint Volume 41, Issue 1 ISSN 1424-0904 Metrohm Information is the customer magazine of Metrohm International Headquarters and is published twice a year in English and German. Please contact us if you wish to receive your own copy regularly. Published by: Metrohm International Headquarters Metrohm Information CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland Chief editor: Dr. Kai H. Viehweger khv@metrohm.com Editors: Dr. Benedikt Galliker bg@metrohm.com Roman Moser rmo@metrohm.com Layout: Ecknauer + Schoch, Werbeagentur ASW Printed by: Metrohm International Headquarters New: further applications & electronic edition The electronic edition of our customer magazine Metrohm ­Information and the archive with all editions from 2005 to 2012 is available on www.metrohm.info. There you will also find our newest literature references as well as further information on ­applications for downloading. CH-9101 Herisau/Switzerland info@metrohm.com www.metrohm.com