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Malnutrition
Select a global health issue impacting the international health community. Briefly describe the global
health issue and its impact on the larger health care system (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states,
and health departments). How can health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address
global health concerns?
Malnutrition is a problem that is estimated to contribute to more than one third of death among
children (WHO, 2014). Under nutrition is a form of malnutrition; it occurs when nutritional reserves
are exhausted or nutritional intake is insufficient to satisfy daily needs or increased metabolic
demands (Jarvis, 2013, p. 175). Prolonged periods in this state can lead to stunted growth which is
associated with lower...show more content...
However within some of those countries, there still exist health disparities due to income levels and
people with lower earning power can have difficulty accessing healthcare services. Those people are
yet better off than the ones in poor nations with very limited resources that must rely on international
agencies and organizations such as the WHO and UNICEF among others, for some or most of their
healthcare (Maurer and Smith, 2013, pp 124–126).
The World Health Assembly expects efforts to achieve the "Health for All" goals of the WHO to be
collaboration between the country's leaders, health organizations, individual countryman,
communities and other countries (Maurer and Smith 2013, p. 115). There are many
intergovernmental organizations (The WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, the United
Nations Children's Fund, the World Bank, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention etc.) as
well as voluntary and philanthropic organizations (Catholic Relief Services, American Friends
Service Committee, Doctors without borders, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, etc.) that
focus on the health of populations around the world, providing expertise, technical support, funding
for economic and infrastructure development and for healthcare services (Maurer and Smith, 2013,
pp116–118). As for other countries education in how to raise your own crops can be beneficial. Food
and financial aid is currently supplied but perhaps that could be increased, with the introduction
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The Elderly and Malnutrition Essays
The Elderly and Malnutrition
At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life. However, achieving
good nutrition can be especially difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of America's
population. Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and
physical limitations, food–medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are
common causes of malnutrition in the elderly. This paper will explore factors affecting elderly
nutrition, provide suggestions for obtaining and maintaining good nutrition after age 65, and
describe the services available to help the elderly meet their nutritional needs....show more content...
The RDA for protein for seniors is 12–14% of the diet. Protein is needed to build and maintain body
tissues, and these needs increase for individuals during illness and after surgery (8). Although fat
digestion decreases with age, a small amount of fat is still necessary since it is a concentrated
energy source and transports vitamins. No more than 30% of total calories should be from fat.
Carbohydrates should make up 50% of daily calories, and 25–35 grams of fiber should be eaten to
prevent GI stress. Overall, caloric needs decrease with age, generally a 10% reduction between the
ages of 51–75 and up to a 15% reduction after age 75 (8). These needs are not exact; they are
dependent on both activity level and body composition.
Although calorie needs decrease, the elderly have an increased need for certain vitamins and
minerals. Therefore, it is especially important for the elderly to eat foods that are nutrient dense (6).
They should eat an array of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat, fish, poultry, low–fat milk,
and dairy products while reducing intake of sweets.
Physiological changes and changes in nutritional requirements are not the only cause of elderly
malnutrition. Illness and physical limitations often affect nutritional status, as 19.7% of people over
age 65 have at least one disability and 28.8% reported a limitation caused by a chronic condition (9).
For
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Child Malnutrition Essay
Long term impact of child malnutrition on adulthood
Introduction This is a proposal to undertake a study of the long–term impact of child malnutrition on
adulthood. Poor nutrition and health, whether in their mildest or severest forms, result in a reduction
in overall well–being and quality of life. The most vulnerable to malnutrition are children. At such an
early stage, children's immune systems are still developing and are not fully able to fight disease and
infection. The short–term effects of child malnutrition are well documented in medical as well as
economic literature. Majority of households in developing countries are characterised by poor health
environments, where it is easy for children and adults to fall prey to infectious...show more content...
Poor health results in absenteeism, whether from school or work, leading to reduced incomes and
quality of lives, thwarting the growth potential of the country and by extension, the development
potential of the entire continent.
Review of Literature Malnutrition is a large contributor to child mortality, especially in developing
countries. Literature that studies this relationship finds that there is a certain synergy between
malnutrition and morbidity. Pelletier et al (1993) provide a mathematic model to test this synergy
between child malnutrition and morbidity. They apply this model to published data of six studies
that confirm the relationship between child malnutrition and morbidity for populations from
Tanzania, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and India. Their results find that 45 to 80 per cent of
deaths among children under the age of five are due to some form of malnutrition. It is generally
accepted that children who are malnourished are at greater risk for poor physical and mental
development, inferior school performance and reduced adult size and capacity for work in addition
to morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition compromises the immune system and aggravates the
effects of infection and hence, malnourished children are more likely to fall prey to diarrhoea and
pneumonia (Gragnolati et al, 1995). It is also found that child malnutrition leads to delayed motor
development,
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Child Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is the cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children
have lowered resistance to infection; they are more likely to die from common childhood ailments
such as diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections. Although the share of children who are
malnourished has gradually been declining over the past 25 years, the actual number of
malnourished children is still rising in many underdeveloped and developing countries. For example,
in 1995,167 million children under the age of five years, nearly one–third of all children in
developing countries were either underweight or stunted. Malnutrition causes a great deal of physical
and emotional suffering and it is a violation of a child's...show more content...
With respect to status, a lower status of women relative to men restricts women's opportunities and
freedoms, thereby providing them with less interaction with others and less opportunity for
independent behavior. With a lack of social interaction, women will develop poor physical and
mental health, which will ultimately affect the quality of care she provides to her children after they
are born.
National Food Availability and Health Environment Quality
Food security is achieved when a person has access to enough food to lead an active and healthy
life; therefore it is thus a prime determinant of a child's nutritional status. In order to easily
understand and evaluate the concept of food security, we can examine a main determinant of food
security, a nation's food availability. Food availability is measured as per capita dietary energy
supply. As shown in Appendix A, it has been a very important factor in reducing child malnutrition
rates in the past, particularly from 1970–1995. It is important to note that the impact of food
availability highly depends on food supplies per person. For example, in countries with very low
food supplies, such as those in Sub–Saharan Africa and South Asia, national food availability is just
as important as improving women's education. On the other hand, in countries where food supplies
are relatively high, such as many
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What Is Malnutrition?
What is Desnutrition or Malnutrition?
Malnutrition is the disease caused by the insufficient supply of fuels
(carbohydrates – fats) and proteins, It means that a person's body is not getting enough nutrients.
This condition can result from eating an inadequate or poorly balanced diet, digestive disorders,
absorption problems or other medical conditions Malnutrition in its various forms is the most
common of diseases. Its causes are generally due to poor economic resources or diseases that
compromise good nutritional status. According to the international manual of classification of
diseases is a possible medical complication but that can be prevented and that has very important
impact on the result of the treatments.
Today, malnutrition is...show more content...
There are different methods for assessing nutritional status, such as questioning, subjective global
assessment, biochemical tests, body composition, immunological data, and prognostic indexes. Each
of them is described below:
Interrogation. An estimation is obtained about dietary habits, food intolerances, anorexia, vomiting,
diarrhea, sequelae of some surgical treatment, religious and cultural traditions that can influence the
nutrition of a patient. This method has as limitations the patient's age, the ability to remember
information, as well as the patient's state of consciousness. In addition to the possibility of sub or
over estimating the food ration, providing a significant calculation error in the nutritional
contribution.
Subjective global assessment. It is a clinical technique that quickly assesses nutritional status
according to the characteristics of the physical examination and examination. Here patients are
classified as normal, moderately malnourished and severely malnourished. This technique has not
been formally evaluated in the critical patient; it is lacking in quantification and therefore its
sensitivity is limited in assessing changes in nutritional status after or
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Malnutrition Of Older Adults : Malnutrition
Malnutrition in Older Adults
Malnutrition is defined as the under or over nutrition in older people.(Aging & Health,2012) Under
nutrition occurs when one does not eat enough which can lead to weight loss and other health issues
such as poor wound healing and exacerbate more chronic health conditions such as wasting away
from HIV.(Aging & Health,2012) Overnutrition can lead to weight gain leading to morbid obesity
with can cause a host of other issues such as developing diabetes and also exacerbate other chronic
health conditions such as hypertension and heart disease.(Aging & Health,2012)
This article concentrates on an interview with my neighbors Sharon and Bill West. Sharon and
Bill state they are in their "golden 70's and enjoy every day at being lazy retirees." I don't see
Sharon and Bill being very lazy as Sharon and Bill both are outside a lot gardening and doing
work around the house. Their only son Brad comes by weekly to visit and do any "heavy lifting"
that Bill may need. Brad lives in the city and has a city job and isn't out here in the country often. I
often hear Brad say that he knew he was cut out to live in the city and that's where he stays. Brad is
not married so Sharon and Bill have no grandchildren and they spend their summer months in
Florida as "snow birds".
Sharon both state in their opinion as being relatively healthy. Sharon states she tries to eat a variety
of foods such as fruits and vegetables every day and tries to get Bill to eat them as much
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Essay about Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition
Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition
Every morning when I wake up the first thought in my mind is usually: FOOD! I often lie in bed
for a few extra minutes, planning out what I am going to eat for breakfast. Seldom as I go through
this routine do I stop to think about those who are less fortunate than me. I often take for granted
that everyone wakes up and eats breakfast. But this is far from true, not everyone shares the luxuries
that we have in the United States. Some people wake up and wonder if they will eat at all that day,
let alone eat breakfast. Why? Because food, like many other things, is unequally distributed
throughout the world.
The struggle for enough food has gone on for centuries. Back in primitive days, the first task...show
more content...
By altering the genetic composition of farm animals (through selective breeding techniques) they
made animals more "efficient." An example of this is the hen. Years ago hens produced an average
of fifteen eggs per year. Now thanks to genetic interference they can produce over five hundred
eggs. This technique also works with plants and crops, one example being IR8 Rice (or "Miracle
Rice"). Other advancements include: the use of animals as a source of energy, the use of agricultural
chemicals (such as pesticides), and the invention of the steam engine.
But despite the vast number of agricultural improvements, one important question is left
unanswered. Why do two–thirds of the people in the world today suffer from malnutrition? Part of
the answer lies in the fact that the demand for food has and will continue to increase. This demand is
primarily influenced by two factors: an increasing population, and increasing income.
Obviously as our population grows, the need for more food will grow also. But today more food
is produced then is needed. If our food were to be divided equally, everyone in the world would
receive the proper nutrition. Yet our food is divided highly unequally, most of it is concentrated in
the rich countries while the population continues to expand in the areas with the least amount of
food. If the United States and other industrial nations made efforts to control the population growth
(like in China) perhaps part of the problem could be
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Malnutrition Literature Review
Review of Related Literature
I.Malnutrition Problem in the Philippines
Micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent not just in the developing regions of the world but also in
the industrialized nations which can affect all age groups, however children and pregnant women
are those of most at risk (Allen, de Benoist, Hurrell, & Dary, 2006).
Although vitamin and mineral deficiencies may not be visible to the naked eye, these deficiencies
have a huge impact on the well–being and are prevalent in the Philippines. The Philippines loses
billions of US dollars in Gross Domestic Product to vitamin and mineral deficiencies which is mainly
due to economic costs of undernutrition such as the direct costs on the increased burden on the
health care system,...show more content...
(2004). VITAMIN & MINERAL DEFICIENCY A GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT. Retrieved 17
April 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/media/files/vmd.pdf
Aquino, A., Correa, A., & Ani, P. (2014). Republic Act No. 10611: Strengthening the PhilippineFood
Safety Regulatory System. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/files/ap_policy/214
/214_1.pdf
Cannon, R. (2014). Fighting Malnutrition in the Philippines – The Borgen Project. The Borgen
Project. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://borgenproject.org/fighting–malnutrition–philippines/
Chan, S., Scott, B., & Sen, S. (2010). An Asian viewpoint on the use ofvitamin D and calcium in
osteoporosis treatment: Physician and patient attitudes and beliefs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.
Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987973/pdf
/1471–2474–11–248.pdf
Darnton–Hill, I., & Mkparu, U. (2015). Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low– and Middle–Income
Countries. Nutrients. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications
/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf
Durst, P., & Bayasgalanbat, N. (2014). PROMOTION OF UNDERUTILIZED INDIGENOUS
FOOD RESOURCES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC.
FAO. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from
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Malnutrition And Malnutrition
Redina and her family are refugees fleeing from ongoing conflict in their settlements. Unable to
receive an adequate diet, they remain in a state of constant hunger, and prone to diseases. These are
only a two of the effects malnutrition has on the human body. Malnutrition has been a lingering issue
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) causing several issues to the economy, health and
wellbeing of the country. In spite of modern technology and conveniences, there are still populations
in the world that are affected by malnutrition, therefore more worldwide collaborative efforts should
be made, not only between the local groups, but the cooperative effort of international communities.
Everywhere around the world, different...show more content...
It is estimated that two billion people worldwide suffer from malnutrition. Out of those people,
"52 million children under 5 years of age are wasted, 17 million are severely wasted and 155
million are stunted" (Malnutrition). 3 million of those children are from the Democratic
Republic of Congo. EE: There are several reasons for the concentration of malnutrition in the
DRC. E: First of all, The Democratic Republic of Congo has been in the middle of a civil war for
nearly 10 years. So the question is, how does this affect the dietary needs of citizens? Displaced
settlements have trouble receiving healthcare and they also face "alarming shortages of food,
water, and shelter". Overall, there have been 2.7 million displaced people and those rates are still
going up. In addition, there are 120,000 refugees fleeing to these provinces, and in 5 of the eastern
provinces alone, there are 6.7 million hungry people. (10 Facts). Settlements, such as Tanganyika,
have seen nearly half a million citizens displaced within a year (Democratic Republic of Congo).
These provinces will soon see these numbers climb if something is not done to stop this growing
issue.
The effects that malnutrition has on the Democratic Republic of Congo are fairly severe. Not only
is malnutrition affecting the countrywide health, but it also heavily impacts the economy. Because
citizens are undernourished, they are at a higher risk of infections and diseases. This is due to a
lack of a balanced diet which
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Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Essay
This assignment will discuss a trust adapted version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool
(MUST). It will demonstrate an understanding of theoretical knowledge used to develop the
assessment tool. The assignment will focus on three components within the tool; discussing the
reliability and validity when used in a clinical environment. A reflection of my own experience
using the tool will be included and linked to aspects of reliability. Any issues with reliability will
be identified and suggestions given on how they can be corrected to aid future use. MUST is a
five–step screening tool designed for healthcare professionals to identify adult patients who at risk
of, or are malnourished. It includes guidelines on how to develop an...show more content...
(Jeukendrup & Gleeson 2005). BMI provides some indication as to the patient's nutritional status. A
low BMI is associated with inadequate nutritional intake; this occurs when there is a deficiency or
imbalance in the nutrients consumed, which can lead to malnutrition. (Lennard–Jones,1992).
However some patients may have a normal or high BMI and be classed as malnourished. This can
be because they have a low intake of nutrients such as vitamins and protein, or because they may be
consuming the wrong type of foods (Ward and Rollins, 1999). There are three main ways that
malnutrition can occur, either through impaired absorption, impaired nutritional intake or an
increased metabolic demand. (Cartwright & Williams, 2002). BMI cannot differentiate between
body fat and muscle mass. This often results in misleading information with regard to the amount of
fat in the individual, as muscle is denser than fat. (British Heart Foundation 2009). Meaning there is
a potential risk of overestimating BMI in individuals with a high muscle mass, such as athletes. The
reliability of the BMI depends on the individual's abilities to accurately measure, calculate and
record the BMI. The tools used to measure the patients height and weight should also be checked to
ensure they read accurately, for example calibrating
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Malnutrition Informative Speech
Cassidy Burkholder
Informative Paper
English Comp. 1
Mr. Broadfoot 20th of November 2012
Malnutrition Around the World For most us Americans, knowing when we're going to eat next is
something we very rarely think of, and when we do think about being hungry we still know
where our food is coming from. Three big meals a day, and a few snacks in between, is how most
of us live. It's hard for us to imagine what its like for those who go days eating very little or nothing
at all. But unfortunately that's how it is for most of the world and surprisingly it happens in the
United Sates as well. There are many reasons malnutrition can happen, and it happens to every age
group. Even though there are many ways to treat it, in the...show more content...
The ten states who felt it the most were Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, South Carolina, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, Utah, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Arizona. (Haerens 36) While there are malnourished
people in America, it is much worse all around the world, mostly in third world countries. There are
three predominate reasons why third world countries are hit hard with malnutrition, 1) poor families
aren't given government help, 2) difficulties with economy and 3) higher food prices. ("2012 World
Hunger...") As stated in the website "2012 World Hunger andPoverty Facts and Statistics," in the
world there are 925 million hungry people, most of them in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. These
people live on $1.25 or less a day. Minimum wage is $7.25 in the U.S., and most people work 8
hours a day, so that means they would be getting fifty–eight dollars a day. It would take someone in a
third world country about forty–seven days to make what someone makes in America in 8 hours.
And most of them spend that money on food and medical needs, but $1.25 is not enough. In the
United States if a family doesn't have enough money for medical help, they can still go see a
doctor, but in other countries it's very different. More than 30,000 children die per year from
preventable sickness because they can't go see a doctor. And as for food, Americans have access to
food every hour of the day. The wealthiest 5th of the world consumes 86% of all goods, as stated in
"Child Welfare League of
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Malnutrition Associated With Chronic Disease
Alexis Aaron
Case Study #3 Malnutrition Associated with Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are characterized as a
condition lasting longer than three months and an acute illness is of a shorter duration. Malnutrition
associated with chronic diseases can be due to the fact that many patients with chronic diseases are
physically handicapped and unable to perform activities of daily living such as eating and driving
themselves to the store. Chronic diseases that could physically cause malnutrition like this include
rheumatoid arthritis or neuromuscular diseases such as stroke. Another way that malnutrition
associated with chronic disease can happen is through inflammation of the organs that can occur
during organ failure or pancreatic cancer and cause certain nutrients to not be absorbed at all.
Malnutrition associated with acute illness and inflammation can be caused by traumatic injuries
such as severe burns and major infections of the body. The inflammatory response is a defense
mechanism triggered by invading bacteria or severe injury. People who have been victims of these
types of injuries can sustain pretty severe damage to their metabolism caused by the inflammatory
response and can interfere with the nutrition therapy the RD is attempting to provide this can lead to
unwanted weight loss and malnutrition.
A mechanical soft diet is used for patients who may not have the energy or the ability to chew all
kinds of food. The mechanical soft diet is meant to have easy to
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Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Undernutrition is an outcome of insufficient quantity and quality of food and frequent episodes of
infectious diseases.
Globally, 162 million under–five year olds are stunted and 56 percent of all stunted children live in
Asia and 36% in Africa while 99 million under–five year olds are underweight and 67 percent of all
underweight children live in Asia and 29% in Africa. Wasting stands at 51 million under–five year
olds are wasted and 17 million were severely wasted and approximately 71 percent of all severely
wasted children lived in Asia and 28 percent in Africa (WHO, 2006).
Malnutrition is still a problem in many developing countries particularly in Africa. It is estimated that
47 million under five children...show more content...
This research intend to establish the association between dietary diversification of complementary
foods and the nutrition status of children. It will highlight the importance of a diversified diet of
complementary foods to improve the nutrition status of infants aged 6–23 months within a crucial
window of opportunity to prevent irreversible physical and cognitive damage caused by
undernutrition. Inappropriate feeding practices which include poor quality complementary foods
and their consequences are serious hindrances to sustained socioeconomic development and poverty
reduction (WHO,
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Case Study On Malnutrition
Stephanie Lim Jia Ai (22) 409
Explain how malnutrition is a cause of child mortality in the DRC. [5]
Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough
of the right things and child mortality, also known as under–five mortality, refers to the death of
infants and children under the age of five. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition,
therefore malnutrition is known to be one of the main causes of child mortality worldwide. As
mentioned in the case study, malnutrition is widespread in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a
child who is suffering from malnutrition often has a diet lacking of vitamin A, zinc or iron. A diet
lacking in vitamin A, which affects nearly two–thirds...show more content...
Conflict can be defined as a disagreement between two or more parties where parties involved
receive a threat to their concerns, needs and interest. In the case of the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, there was a threat towards people's health due to the conflict in the DRC and thus resulted in
malnutrition. Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not
eating enough of the right things.
As mentioned in the case study, the history of Democratic Republic of Congo has been one of civil
war and corruption. After independence in 1960, the country immediately faced an army mutiny and
an attempt at secession by its mineral–rich province of Katanga. In 1965 Mobutu seized power and
renamed the country Zaire and himself Mobutu Sese Seko. He turned Zaire into a springboard for
operations against Soviet–backed Angola and thereby ensured US backing. But he also made Zaire
synonymous with corruption.The First Congo Warthat lasted from 1996 to 1997 was a foreign
invasion of Zaire led by Rwanda that replaced a decade–long dictator, Mobutu SГ©sГ© Seko with
the rebel leader Laurent–DГ©sirГ© Kabila. The Second Congo War also known as the Great War
of Africa or the Great African War, began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First
Congo War and involving some of the same issues, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and
officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic
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Malnutrition Paper
Malnutrition associated with children under the age of 5 in Texas will be examined in an effort to
address and promote health and disease prevention by targeting the root of the problem in
conjunction with a decrease in the global burden of disease which results in morbidity and mortality.
The long term objective is to eradicate malnutrition. In order to do so it is essential to give special
attention to the trends and percentiles of low birth weight babies and low weight preschoolers.
Body mass index and growth stun will be taken into consideration as well. Within the city of
Chicago there are target neighborhoods that are in desperate need of assistance. It is important to
follow the resources that are available for the children and stay...show more content...
The program monitoring process will be reviewed and the participant expectations from the use of
the meal programs as well. The actual outcomes will be tracked and future evaluations will be
provided by the volunteer nurses. It is crucial to provide support and guidance to the children and
parents throughout the process; it will show vocation and commitment to the nourishment of the
community especially the children who cannot do it for themselves. Most children between the age
of 3 and 5 comprehend that some foods are good for them and others are
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Essay On Malnutrition
Available published data regarding the performance of the two aforementioned screening tools show
that NRS2002 was found to be better in predicting clinical outcome in hospitalized patients
compared to MUST [20] and the performance of the tools was increased when it was combined with
Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), a more complex tool that includes data from nutritional
assessment [21].
In another study by Velasco et al., acomparison of four tools, namely NRS2002, SGA, MUST and
Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), was performed using SGA as the gold standard, in an era that
diagnostic criteria for malnutrition did not exist [22]. In particular, NRS2002 was originally
designed to screen patients who would benefit from receiving...show more content...
MUST is an easy–to–use tool with more straight forward, objective questions [14].
1.2.22. Immunosenescence:–
Aging affects both innate and adaptive immunity, although innate immune mechanisms are better
preserved overall.1As a result of thymic involution, the number of T cells exiting the thymus
progressively decreases with age.2
1.2.23. Effect of malnutrition:–
Malnutrition is very common in older adults and is associated with increased morbidity and
mortality.6 In a Swedish study, malnutrition was present in 60% to 80% of patients aged older than
60 years admitted to the hospital.7
Malnutrition should not be considered a normal part of the aging process, but many of the expected
changes seen in older adults are known to increase their risk for global malnutrition (reduced intake
or increased demand for nutrients), the most common type of malnutrition in this age group.8
Deficiencies of vitamins A and E, vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate, vitamin B6, vitamin D, as well
as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been noted in older adults, although the precise
effects of these deficiencies on immune function are not well defined.9–11
1.2.24. Vaccine boosters also can be effective:–
The inactivated vaccines, postimmunization titers were significantly higher in patients with higher
preimmunization titers, indicating that routine booster programs for these vaccines could help achieve
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Essay on Malnutrition
Introduction
Malnutrition is a global challenge in low–income and middle–income countries particularly in
sub–Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black, et al., 2008). More than ten million
children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in
sub–Saharan Africa is approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was
estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed to the potentiating effects of
malnutrition in infectious disease such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, and other
infections (Rice, et al., 2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004).
As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet as well as the impact of...show more
content...
Nutritional deficiencies with its two constituents of macronutrient deficiencies leading to protein
energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies particularly in vitamin A, iron, iodine and zinc
deficiencies are the main manifestations of malnutrition in undernourished societies (Muller &
Krawinkel, 2005). The mechanisms of protein energy malnutrition include decreased nutrient intake
and absorption, direct nutrient losses and increased metabolic requirements (Manary & Solomons,
2004). Globally, FAO (2004) estimated that 852 million of people are undernourished and most of
them were living in developing countries. Protein energy malnutrition in children is based on
underweight, stunting and wasting and the clinical syndromes of severe malnutrition are marasmus
and kwashiorkor (Muller & Krawinkel, 2005, Manary & Solomons, 2004).
Micronutrient deficiencies affect a significant part and at least 2 billion people all over the world
(FAO, 2004). Among young children vitamin A deficiencies (VAD) is a third suffer nutritional
disease and continues to be one of the major public health
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Malnutrition in the Philippines Essay
For years, the people of the Philippines have been in grave danger of a horrible condition. They are
suffering from malnutrition, an unhealthy imbalance in an individual's diet which may result from a
lack of certain nutrients being consumed or starvation (Board). Malnutrition has been an issue there
for many years as a result of the country's overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the
populace) depriving its people of food, and raging typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have
only exasperated the problem (Calderon). In addition, when the country's people do have access to
food, they rarely have the necessary fruits or vegetables for a balanced diet. Through poverty, a lack
of produce, and regular typhoons, malnutrition in the...show more content...
When they do get a chance to eat though, they mention that their typical meal of the day consists
of "... five small pieces of dried fish and rice to share" (Delfin). This is troubling to hear, since this
diet has a disturbing lack of fruits or vegetables which contain necessary nutrients for the body. Due
to this average diet among poor families, many Filipinos are not just suffering from starvation, but
also severe amounts of Vitamin A deficiencies, Iron deficiencies, and many other handicaps (
Nutrition Country Profiles). This plethora of medical conditions is attributed directly to the fact that
these people hardly get enough nutrients to eat. If these issues are not addressed, malnutrition
could lead to an even wider variety of health endangerments. While people of the Philippines may
be in an unenviable position, the problem of malnutrition has escalated even further largely as a
result of the country's unforgiving environment. It is estimated that around "6 to 9 tropical
cyclones hit land [in the Philippines] in a typical year" and this can be very dangerous to those
suffering from poverty (Member Report). When a natural disaster strikes anywhere in the world, it
becomes much more difficult for the people affected by it to obtain the necessary resources to
survive, including food. Even worse, the damage done by typhoons is often massive. In 2010,
Typhoon Juang alone "... hurt approximately 87,000 families, inducing a spike in [the] country's
poverty
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Research Question: What factors contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition in elderly?
Introduction/Background: Malnutrition is defined as an "imbalance of nutrients caused by either an
excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit" (Furman, 2006, p.76). Malnutrition is increasingly
common issue among the elderly population, this is a basis for better understanding considering
malnutrition negatively affects the health of the older adult (Furman, 2006, p.77). It impacts
morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of a multitude of physical conditions. Ultimately,
longer and more intensive care periods is required for elderly admitted to hospital who are
malnourished. An estimated 5–10% of elderly people living in the community setting are
malnourished (Furman, 2006, p.79). Approximately 60% of hospitalised older adults (age 65 or
older) and 35–85% are in residential care (Furman, 2006, p.79). It has been observed that there are
both social and physical factors involved in increasing the risk of malnutrition in an elderly person
(Visvanathan & Chapman, 2009, p.6). This includes but is not limited to, living alone, recent major
health event, cognitive and physical decline or generalised frailty and financial issues (Visvanathan
& Chapman, 2009, p.6). Studies have attributed the need for improved detection and treatment of
malnutrition in elderly (Maher & Eliadi, 2015, para.3). These articles also demonstrate that
malnutrition in the elderly is poorly recognized
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Malnutrition In The United States
Malnutrition When people think about malnutrition, many think of the children who don't have food
to eat. Which is a huge problem, and a problem that can be prevented. "Malnutrition afflicts an
estimated 34 million children worldwide, and results in the loss of 1 million children under five
every year." However, in the US, malnutrition as a result of inadequate food intake is rare, although
it may occur if a child is neglected, living in poverty or being abused. Moreover, a lot of children
become malnourished because they are picky about what they eat, or refuse to eat due to issues with
body image. Social situations can also contribute to malnutrition. The elderly, abused, alcohol and/or
drug dependent, low income, and socially isolated
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Malnutrition Essay

  • 1. Malnutrition Select a global health issue impacting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger health care system (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). How can health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns? Malnutrition is a problem that is estimated to contribute to more than one third of death among children (WHO, 2014). Under nutrition is a form of malnutrition; it occurs when nutritional reserves are exhausted or nutritional intake is insufficient to satisfy daily needs or increased metabolic demands (Jarvis, 2013, p. 175). Prolonged periods in this state can lead to stunted growth which is associated with lower...show more content... However within some of those countries, there still exist health disparities due to income levels and people with lower earning power can have difficulty accessing healthcare services. Those people are yet better off than the ones in poor nations with very limited resources that must rely on international agencies and organizations such as the WHO and UNICEF among others, for some or most of their healthcare (Maurer and Smith, 2013, pp 124–126). The World Health Assembly expects efforts to achieve the "Health for All" goals of the WHO to be collaboration between the country's leaders, health organizations, individual countryman, communities and other countries (Maurer and Smith 2013, p. 115). There are many intergovernmental organizations (The WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Bank, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention etc.) as well as voluntary and philanthropic organizations (Catholic Relief Services, American Friends Service Committee, Doctors without borders, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, etc.) that focus on the health of populations around the world, providing expertise, technical support, funding for economic and infrastructure development and for healthcare services (Maurer and Smith, 2013, pp116–118). As for other countries education in how to raise your own crops can be beneficial. Food and financial aid is currently supplied but perhaps that could be increased, with the introduction Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. The Elderly and Malnutrition Essays The Elderly and Malnutrition At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life. However, achieving good nutrition can be especially difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of America's population. Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and physical limitations, food–medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are common causes of malnutrition in the elderly. This paper will explore factors affecting elderly nutrition, provide suggestions for obtaining and maintaining good nutrition after age 65, and describe the services available to help the elderly meet their nutritional needs....show more content... The RDA for protein for seniors is 12–14% of the diet. Protein is needed to build and maintain body tissues, and these needs increase for individuals during illness and after surgery (8). Although fat digestion decreases with age, a small amount of fat is still necessary since it is a concentrated energy source and transports vitamins. No more than 30% of total calories should be from fat. Carbohydrates should make up 50% of daily calories, and 25–35 grams of fiber should be eaten to prevent GI stress. Overall, caloric needs decrease with age, generally a 10% reduction between the ages of 51–75 and up to a 15% reduction after age 75 (8). These needs are not exact; they are dependent on both activity level and body composition. Although calorie needs decrease, the elderly have an increased need for certain vitamins and minerals. Therefore, it is especially important for the elderly to eat foods that are nutrient dense (6). They should eat an array of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meat, fish, poultry, low–fat milk, and dairy products while reducing intake of sweets. Physiological changes and changes in nutritional requirements are not the only cause of elderly malnutrition. Illness and physical limitations often affect nutritional status, as 19.7% of people over age 65 have at least one disability and 28.8% reported a limitation caused by a chronic condition (9). For Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Child Malnutrition Essay Long term impact of child malnutrition on adulthood Introduction This is a proposal to undertake a study of the long–term impact of child malnutrition on adulthood. Poor nutrition and health, whether in their mildest or severest forms, result in a reduction in overall well–being and quality of life. The most vulnerable to malnutrition are children. At such an early stage, children's immune systems are still developing and are not fully able to fight disease and infection. The short–term effects of child malnutrition are well documented in medical as well as economic literature. Majority of households in developing countries are characterised by poor health environments, where it is easy for children and adults to fall prey to infectious...show more content... Poor health results in absenteeism, whether from school or work, leading to reduced incomes and quality of lives, thwarting the growth potential of the country and by extension, the development potential of the entire continent. Review of Literature Malnutrition is a large contributor to child mortality, especially in developing countries. Literature that studies this relationship finds that there is a certain synergy between malnutrition and morbidity. Pelletier et al (1993) provide a mathematic model to test this synergy between child malnutrition and morbidity. They apply this model to published data of six studies that confirm the relationship between child malnutrition and morbidity for populations from Tanzania, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea and India. Their results find that 45 to 80 per cent of deaths among children under the age of five are due to some form of malnutrition. It is generally accepted that children who are malnourished are at greater risk for poor physical and mental development, inferior school performance and reduced adult size and capacity for work in addition to morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition compromises the immune system and aggravates the effects of infection and hence, malnourished children are more likely to fall prey to diarrhoea and pneumonia (Gragnolati et al, 1995). It is also found that child malnutrition leads to delayed motor development, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Child Malnutrition Introduction Malnutrition is the cause of more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more likely to die from common childhood ailments such as diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections. Although the share of children who are malnourished has gradually been declining over the past 25 years, the actual number of malnourished children is still rising in many underdeveloped and developing countries. For example, in 1995,167 million children under the age of five years, nearly one–third of all children in developing countries were either underweight or stunted. Malnutrition causes a great deal of physical and emotional suffering and it is a violation of a child's...show more content... With respect to status, a lower status of women relative to men restricts women's opportunities and freedoms, thereby providing them with less interaction with others and less opportunity for independent behavior. With a lack of social interaction, women will develop poor physical and mental health, which will ultimately affect the quality of care she provides to her children after they are born. National Food Availability and Health Environment Quality Food security is achieved when a person has access to enough food to lead an active and healthy life; therefore it is thus a prime determinant of a child's nutritional status. In order to easily understand and evaluate the concept of food security, we can examine a main determinant of food security, a nation's food availability. Food availability is measured as per capita dietary energy supply. As shown in Appendix A, it has been a very important factor in reducing child malnutrition rates in the past, particularly from 1970–1995. It is important to note that the impact of food availability highly depends on food supplies per person. For example, in countries with very low food supplies, such as those in Sub–Saharan Africa and South Asia, national food availability is just as important as improving women's education. On the other hand, in countries where food supplies are relatively high, such as many Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. What Is Malnutrition? What is Desnutrition or Malnutrition? Malnutrition is the disease caused by the insufficient supply of fuels (carbohydrates – fats) and proteins, It means that a person's body is not getting enough nutrients. This condition can result from eating an inadequate or poorly balanced diet, digestive disorders, absorption problems or other medical conditions Malnutrition in its various forms is the most common of diseases. Its causes are generally due to poor economic resources or diseases that compromise good nutritional status. According to the international manual of classification of diseases is a possible medical complication but that can be prevented and that has very important impact on the result of the treatments. Today, malnutrition is...show more content... There are different methods for assessing nutritional status, such as questioning, subjective global assessment, biochemical tests, body composition, immunological data, and prognostic indexes. Each of them is described below: Interrogation. An estimation is obtained about dietary habits, food intolerances, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, sequelae of some surgical treatment, religious and cultural traditions that can influence the nutrition of a patient. This method has as limitations the patient's age, the ability to remember information, as well as the patient's state of consciousness. In addition to the possibility of sub or over estimating the food ration, providing a significant calculation error in the nutritional contribution. Subjective global assessment. It is a clinical technique that quickly assesses nutritional status according to the characteristics of the physical examination and examination. Here patients are classified as normal, moderately malnourished and severely malnourished. This technique has not been formally evaluated in the critical patient; it is lacking in quantification and therefore its sensitivity is limited in assessing changes in nutritional status after or Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Malnutrition Of Older Adults : Malnutrition Malnutrition in Older Adults Malnutrition is defined as the under or over nutrition in older people.(Aging & Health,2012) Under nutrition occurs when one does not eat enough which can lead to weight loss and other health issues such as poor wound healing and exacerbate more chronic health conditions such as wasting away from HIV.(Aging & Health,2012) Overnutrition can lead to weight gain leading to morbid obesity with can cause a host of other issues such as developing diabetes and also exacerbate other chronic health conditions such as hypertension and heart disease.(Aging & Health,2012) This article concentrates on an interview with my neighbors Sharon and Bill West. Sharon and Bill state they are in their "golden 70's and enjoy every day at being lazy retirees." I don't see Sharon and Bill being very lazy as Sharon and Bill both are outside a lot gardening and doing work around the house. Their only son Brad comes by weekly to visit and do any "heavy lifting" that Bill may need. Brad lives in the city and has a city job and isn't out here in the country often. I often hear Brad say that he knew he was cut out to live in the city and that's where he stays. Brad is not married so Sharon and Bill have no grandchildren and they spend their summer months in Florida as "snow birds". Sharon both state in their opinion as being relatively healthy. Sharon states she tries to eat a variety of foods such as fruits and vegetables every day and tries to get Bill to eat them as much Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Essay about Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition Every morning when I wake up the first thought in my mind is usually: FOOD! I often lie in bed for a few extra minutes, planning out what I am going to eat for breakfast. Seldom as I go through this routine do I stop to think about those who are less fortunate than me. I often take for granted that everyone wakes up and eats breakfast. But this is far from true, not everyone shares the luxuries that we have in the United States. Some people wake up and wonder if they will eat at all that day, let alone eat breakfast. Why? Because food, like many other things, is unequally distributed throughout the world. The struggle for enough food has gone on for centuries. Back in primitive days, the first task...show more content... By altering the genetic composition of farm animals (through selective breeding techniques) they made animals more "efficient." An example of this is the hen. Years ago hens produced an average of fifteen eggs per year. Now thanks to genetic interference they can produce over five hundred eggs. This technique also works with plants and crops, one example being IR8 Rice (or "Miracle Rice"). Other advancements include: the use of animals as a source of energy, the use of agricultural chemicals (such as pesticides), and the invention of the steam engine. But despite the vast number of agricultural improvements, one important question is left unanswered. Why do two–thirds of the people in the world today suffer from malnutrition? Part of the answer lies in the fact that the demand for food has and will continue to increase. This demand is primarily influenced by two factors: an increasing population, and increasing income. Obviously as our population grows, the need for more food will grow also. But today more food is produced then is needed. If our food were to be divided equally, everyone in the world would receive the proper nutrition. Yet our food is divided highly unequally, most of it is concentrated in the rich countries while the population continues to expand in the areas with the least amount of food. If the United States and other industrial nations made efforts to control the population growth (like in China) perhaps part of the problem could be Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Malnutrition Literature Review Review of Related Literature I.Malnutrition Problem in the Philippines Micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent not just in the developing regions of the world but also in the industrialized nations which can affect all age groups, however children and pregnant women are those of most at risk (Allen, de Benoist, Hurrell, & Dary, 2006). Although vitamin and mineral deficiencies may not be visible to the naked eye, these deficiencies have a huge impact on the well–being and are prevalent in the Philippines. The Philippines loses billions of US dollars in Gross Domestic Product to vitamin and mineral deficiencies which is mainly due to economic costs of undernutrition such as the direct costs on the increased burden on the health care system,...show more content... (2004). VITAMIN & MINERAL DEFICIENCY A GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/media/files/vmd.pdf Aquino, A., Correa, A., & Ani, P. (2014). Republic Act No. 10611: Strengthening the PhilippineFood Safety Regulatory System. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/files/ap_policy/214 /214_1.pdf Cannon, R. (2014). Fighting Malnutrition in the Philippines – The Borgen Project. The Borgen Project. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://borgenproject.org/fighting–malnutrition–philippines/ Chan, S., Scott, B., & Sen, S. (2010). An Asian viewpoint on the use ofvitamin D and calcium in osteoporosis treatment: Physician and patient attitudes and beliefs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987973/pdf /1471–2474–11–248.pdf Darnton–Hill, I., & Mkparu, U. (2015). Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low– and Middle–Income Countries. Nutrients. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications /guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf Durst, P., & Bayasgalanbat, N. (2014). PROMOTION OF UNDERUTILIZED INDIGENOUS FOOD RESOURCES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC. FAO. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Malnutrition And Malnutrition Redina and her family are refugees fleeing from ongoing conflict in their settlements. Unable to receive an adequate diet, they remain in a state of constant hunger, and prone to diseases. These are only a two of the effects malnutrition has on the human body. Malnutrition has been a lingering issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) causing several issues to the economy, health and wellbeing of the country. In spite of modern technology and conveniences, there are still populations in the world that are affected by malnutrition, therefore more worldwide collaborative efforts should be made, not only between the local groups, but the cooperative effort of international communities. Everywhere around the world, different...show more content... It is estimated that two billion people worldwide suffer from malnutrition. Out of those people, "52 million children under 5 years of age are wasted, 17 million are severely wasted and 155 million are stunted" (Malnutrition). 3 million of those children are from the Democratic Republic of Congo. EE: There are several reasons for the concentration of malnutrition in the DRC. E: First of all, The Democratic Republic of Congo has been in the middle of a civil war for nearly 10 years. So the question is, how does this affect the dietary needs of citizens? Displaced settlements have trouble receiving healthcare and they also face "alarming shortages of food, water, and shelter". Overall, there have been 2.7 million displaced people and those rates are still going up. In addition, there are 120,000 refugees fleeing to these provinces, and in 5 of the eastern provinces alone, there are 6.7 million hungry people. (10 Facts). Settlements, such as Tanganyika, have seen nearly half a million citizens displaced within a year (Democratic Republic of Congo). These provinces will soon see these numbers climb if something is not done to stop this growing issue. The effects that malnutrition has on the Democratic Republic of Congo are fairly severe. Not only is malnutrition affecting the countrywide health, but it also heavily impacts the economy. Because citizens are undernourished, they are at a higher risk of infections and diseases. This is due to a lack of a balanced diet which Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Essay This assignment will discuss a trust adapted version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). It will demonstrate an understanding of theoretical knowledge used to develop the assessment tool. The assignment will focus on three components within the tool; discussing the reliability and validity when used in a clinical environment. A reflection of my own experience using the tool will be included and linked to aspects of reliability. Any issues with reliability will be identified and suggestions given on how they can be corrected to aid future use. MUST is a five–step screening tool designed for healthcare professionals to identify adult patients who at risk of, or are malnourished. It includes guidelines on how to develop an...show more content... (Jeukendrup & Gleeson 2005). BMI provides some indication as to the patient's nutritional status. A low BMI is associated with inadequate nutritional intake; this occurs when there is a deficiency or imbalance in the nutrients consumed, which can lead to malnutrition. (Lennard–Jones,1992). However some patients may have a normal or high BMI and be classed as malnourished. This can be because they have a low intake of nutrients such as vitamins and protein, or because they may be consuming the wrong type of foods (Ward and Rollins, 1999). There are three main ways that malnutrition can occur, either through impaired absorption, impaired nutritional intake or an increased metabolic demand. (Cartwright & Williams, 2002). BMI cannot differentiate between body fat and muscle mass. This often results in misleading information with regard to the amount of fat in the individual, as muscle is denser than fat. (British Heart Foundation 2009). Meaning there is a potential risk of overestimating BMI in individuals with a high muscle mass, such as athletes. The reliability of the BMI depends on the individual's abilities to accurately measure, calculate and record the BMI. The tools used to measure the patients height and weight should also be checked to ensure they read accurately, for example calibrating Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Malnutrition Informative Speech Cassidy Burkholder Informative Paper English Comp. 1 Mr. Broadfoot 20th of November 2012 Malnutrition Around the World For most us Americans, knowing when we're going to eat next is something we very rarely think of, and when we do think about being hungry we still know where our food is coming from. Three big meals a day, and a few snacks in between, is how most of us live. It's hard for us to imagine what its like for those who go days eating very little or nothing at all. But unfortunately that's how it is for most of the world and surprisingly it happens in the United Sates as well. There are many reasons malnutrition can happen, and it happens to every age group. Even though there are many ways to treat it, in the...show more content... The ten states who felt it the most were Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, South Carolina, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Arizona. (Haerens 36) While there are malnourished people in America, it is much worse all around the world, mostly in third world countries. There are three predominate reasons why third world countries are hit hard with malnutrition, 1) poor families aren't given government help, 2) difficulties with economy and 3) higher food prices. ("2012 World Hunger...") As stated in the website "2012 World Hunger andPoverty Facts and Statistics," in the world there are 925 million hungry people, most of them in Asia, the Pacific and Africa. These people live on $1.25 or less a day. Minimum wage is $7.25 in the U.S., and most people work 8 hours a day, so that means they would be getting fifty–eight dollars a day. It would take someone in a third world country about forty–seven days to make what someone makes in America in 8 hours. And most of them spend that money on food and medical needs, but $1.25 is not enough. In the United States if a family doesn't have enough money for medical help, they can still go see a doctor, but in other countries it's very different. More than 30,000 children die per year from preventable sickness because they can't go see a doctor. And as for food, Americans have access to food every hour of the day. The wealthiest 5th of the world consumes 86% of all goods, as stated in "Child Welfare League of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Malnutrition Associated With Chronic Disease Alexis Aaron Case Study #3 Malnutrition Associated with Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are characterized as a condition lasting longer than three months and an acute illness is of a shorter duration. Malnutrition associated with chronic diseases can be due to the fact that many patients with chronic diseases are physically handicapped and unable to perform activities of daily living such as eating and driving themselves to the store. Chronic diseases that could physically cause malnutrition like this include rheumatoid arthritis or neuromuscular diseases such as stroke. Another way that malnutrition associated with chronic disease can happen is through inflammation of the organs that can occur during organ failure or pancreatic cancer and cause certain nutrients to not be absorbed at all. Malnutrition associated with acute illness and inflammation can be caused by traumatic injuries such as severe burns and major infections of the body. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism triggered by invading bacteria or severe injury. People who have been victims of these types of injuries can sustain pretty severe damage to their metabolism caused by the inflammatory response and can interfere with the nutrition therapy the RD is attempting to provide this can lead to unwanted weight loss and malnutrition. A mechanical soft diet is used for patients who may not have the energy or the ability to chew all kinds of food. The mechanical soft diet is meant to have easy to Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Undernutrition is an outcome of insufficient quantity and quality of food and frequent episodes of infectious diseases. Globally, 162 million under–five year olds are stunted and 56 percent of all stunted children live in Asia and 36% in Africa while 99 million under–five year olds are underweight and 67 percent of all underweight children live in Asia and 29% in Africa. Wasting stands at 51 million under–five year olds are wasted and 17 million were severely wasted and approximately 71 percent of all severely wasted children lived in Asia and 28 percent in Africa (WHO, 2006). Malnutrition is still a problem in many developing countries particularly in Africa. It is estimated that 47 million under five children...show more content... This research intend to establish the association between dietary diversification of complementary foods and the nutrition status of children. It will highlight the importance of a diversified diet of complementary foods to improve the nutrition status of infants aged 6–23 months within a crucial window of opportunity to prevent irreversible physical and cognitive damage caused by undernutrition. Inappropriate feeding practices which include poor quality complementary foods and their consequences are serious hindrances to sustained socioeconomic development and poverty reduction (WHO, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Case Study On Malnutrition Stephanie Lim Jia Ai (22) 409 Explain how malnutrition is a cause of child mortality in the DRC. [5] Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things and child mortality, also known as under–five mortality, refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition, therefore malnutrition is known to be one of the main causes of child mortality worldwide. As mentioned in the case study, malnutrition is widespread in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a child who is suffering from malnutrition often has a diet lacking of vitamin A, zinc or iron. A diet lacking in vitamin A, which affects nearly two–thirds...show more content... Conflict can be defined as a disagreement between two or more parties where parties involved receive a threat to their concerns, needs and interest. In the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there was a threat towards people's health due to the conflict in the DRC and thus resulted in malnutrition. Malnutrition is the lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things. As mentioned in the case study, the history of Democratic Republic of Congo has been one of civil war and corruption. After independence in 1960, the country immediately faced an army mutiny and an attempt at secession by its mineral–rich province of Katanga. In 1965 Mobutu seized power and renamed the country Zaire and himself Mobutu Sese Seko. He turned Zaire into a springboard for operations against Soviet–backed Angola and thereby ensured US backing. But he also made Zaire synonymous with corruption.The First Congo Warthat lasted from 1996 to 1997 was a foreign invasion of Zaire led by Rwanda that replaced a decade–long dictator, Mobutu SГ©sГ© Seko with the rebel leader Laurent–DГ©sirГ© Kabila. The Second Congo War also known as the Great War of Africa or the Great African War, began in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War and involving some of the same issues, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Malnutrition Paper Malnutrition associated with children under the age of 5 in Texas will be examined in an effort to address and promote health and disease prevention by targeting the root of the problem in conjunction with a decrease in the global burden of disease which results in morbidity and mortality. The long term objective is to eradicate malnutrition. In order to do so it is essential to give special attention to the trends and percentiles of low birth weight babies and low weight preschoolers. Body mass index and growth stun will be taken into consideration as well. Within the city of Chicago there are target neighborhoods that are in desperate need of assistance. It is important to follow the resources that are available for the children and stay...show more content... The program monitoring process will be reviewed and the participant expectations from the use of the meal programs as well. The actual outcomes will be tracked and future evaluations will be provided by the volunteer nurses. It is crucial to provide support and guidance to the children and parents throughout the process; it will show vocation and commitment to the nourishment of the community especially the children who cannot do it for themselves. Most children between the age of 3 and 5 comprehend that some foods are good for them and others are Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Essay On Malnutrition Available published data regarding the performance of the two aforementioned screening tools show that NRS2002 was found to be better in predicting clinical outcome in hospitalized patients compared to MUST [20] and the performance of the tools was increased when it was combined with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), a more complex tool that includes data from nutritional assessment [21]. In another study by Velasco et al., acomparison of four tools, namely NRS2002, SGA, MUST and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), was performed using SGA as the gold standard, in an era that diagnostic criteria for malnutrition did not exist [22]. In particular, NRS2002 was originally designed to screen patients who would benefit from receiving...show more content... MUST is an easy–to–use tool with more straight forward, objective questions [14]. 1.2.22. Immunosenescence:– Aging affects both innate and adaptive immunity, although innate immune mechanisms are better preserved overall.1As a result of thymic involution, the number of T cells exiting the thymus progressively decreases with age.2 1.2.23. Effect of malnutrition:– Malnutrition is very common in older adults and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.6 In a Swedish study, malnutrition was present in 60% to 80% of patients aged older than 60 years admitted to the hospital.7 Malnutrition should not be considered a normal part of the aging process, but many of the expected changes seen in older adults are known to increase their risk for global malnutrition (reduced intake or increased demand for nutrients), the most common type of malnutrition in this age group.8 Deficiencies of vitamins A and E, vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate, vitamin B6, vitamin D, as well as zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been noted in older adults, although the precise effects of these deficiencies on immune function are not well defined.9–11 1.2.24. Vaccine boosters also can be effective:– The inactivated vaccines, postimmunization titers were significantly higher in patients with higher preimmunization titers, indicating that routine booster programs for these vaccines could help achieve Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Essay on Malnutrition Introduction Malnutrition is a global challenge in low–income and middle–income countries particularly in sub–Saharan Africa and south Asia (Shetty, 2002, Black, et al., 2008). More than ten million children under five years of age die annually worldwide and percentage of child deaths in sub–Saharan Africa is approximately 41% and another 34% in south Asia (Black, et al., 2003). It was estimated that more than 50% of these child deaths could be attributed to the potentiating effects of malnutrition in infectious disease such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections (Rice, et al., 2000, Caulfield, et al., 2004). As a result of essential nutrient deficiencies in the daily diet as well as the impact of...show more content... Nutritional deficiencies with its two constituents of macronutrient deficiencies leading to protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies particularly in vitamin A, iron, iodine and zinc deficiencies are the main manifestations of malnutrition in undernourished societies (Muller & Krawinkel, 2005). The mechanisms of protein energy malnutrition include decreased nutrient intake and absorption, direct nutrient losses and increased metabolic requirements (Manary & Solomons, 2004). Globally, FAO (2004) estimated that 852 million of people are undernourished and most of them were living in developing countries. Protein energy malnutrition in children is based on underweight, stunting and wasting and the clinical syndromes of severe malnutrition are marasmus and kwashiorkor (Muller & Krawinkel, 2005, Manary & Solomons, 2004). Micronutrient deficiencies affect a significant part and at least 2 billion people all over the world (FAO, 2004). Among young children vitamin A deficiencies (VAD) is a third suffer nutritional disease and continues to be one of the major public health Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Malnutrition in the Philippines Essay For years, the people of the Philippines have been in grave danger of a horrible condition. They are suffering from malnutrition, an unhealthy imbalance in an individual's diet which may result from a lack of certain nutrients being consumed or starvation (Board). Malnutrition has been an issue there for many years as a result of the country's overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the populace) depriving its people of food, and raging typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have only exasperated the problem (Calderon). In addition, when the country's people do have access to food, they rarely have the necessary fruits or vegetables for a balanced diet. Through poverty, a lack of produce, and regular typhoons, malnutrition in the...show more content... When they do get a chance to eat though, they mention that their typical meal of the day consists of "... five small pieces of dried fish and rice to share" (Delfin). This is troubling to hear, since this diet has a disturbing lack of fruits or vegetables which contain necessary nutrients for the body. Due to this average diet among poor families, many Filipinos are not just suffering from starvation, but also severe amounts of Vitamin A deficiencies, Iron deficiencies, and many other handicaps ( Nutrition Country Profiles). This plethora of medical conditions is attributed directly to the fact that these people hardly get enough nutrients to eat. If these issues are not addressed, malnutrition could lead to an even wider variety of health endangerments. While people of the Philippines may be in an unenviable position, the problem of malnutrition has escalated even further largely as a result of the country's unforgiving environment. It is estimated that around "6 to 9 tropical cyclones hit land [in the Philippines] in a typical year" and this can be very dangerous to those suffering from poverty (Member Report). When a natural disaster strikes anywhere in the world, it becomes much more difficult for the people affected by it to obtain the necessary resources to survive, including food. Even worse, the damage done by typhoons is often massive. In 2010, Typhoon Juang alone "... hurt approximately 87,000 families, inducing a spike in [the] country's poverty Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Research Question: What factors contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition in elderly? Introduction/Background: Malnutrition is defined as an "imbalance of nutrients caused by either an excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit" (Furman, 2006, p.76). Malnutrition is increasingly common issue among the elderly population, this is a basis for better understanding considering malnutrition negatively affects the health of the older adult (Furman, 2006, p.77). It impacts morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of a multitude of physical conditions. Ultimately, longer and more intensive care periods is required for elderly admitted to hospital who are malnourished. An estimated 5–10% of elderly people living in the community setting are malnourished (Furman, 2006, p.79). Approximately 60% of hospitalised older adults (age 65 or older) and 35–85% are in residential care (Furman, 2006, p.79). It has been observed that there are both social and physical factors involved in increasing the risk of malnutrition in an elderly person (Visvanathan & Chapman, 2009, p.6). This includes but is not limited to, living alone, recent major health event, cognitive and physical decline or generalised frailty and financial issues (Visvanathan & Chapman, 2009, p.6). Studies have attributed the need for improved detection and treatment of malnutrition in elderly (Maher & Eliadi, 2015, para.3). These articles also demonstrate that malnutrition in the elderly is poorly recognized Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. Malnutrition In The United States Malnutrition When people think about malnutrition, many think of the children who don't have food to eat. Which is a huge problem, and a problem that can be prevented. "Malnutrition afflicts an estimated 34 million children worldwide, and results in the loss of 1 million children under five every year." However, in the US, malnutrition as a result of inadequate food intake is rare, although it may occur if a child is neglected, living in poverty or being abused. Moreover, a lot of children become malnourished because they are picky about what they eat, or refuse to eat due to issues with body image. Social situations can also contribute to malnutrition. The elderly, abused, alcohol and/or drug dependent, low income, and socially isolated Get more content on HelpWriting.net