SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 46
Digital Library Cloud
Services
Focus Group
13th March 2015
Robert Kiley (Wellcome Trust)
John Baker (Digirati)
Tom Crane (Digirati)
Agenda
13.00 – 13.30 Lunch
13.30 – 14.45
Session 1: Service Overview
 How will it work? What will the service be able to
provide your institution?
 Why is this service needed? What are the benefits
over the current options?
 What are the costs likely to be?
14.45 – 15.00 Tea/coffee
15.00 – 16.15 Session 2: Platform Overview
 How IIIF (http://iiif.io/) gives us an image delivery
standard to conform to
 Commodity services for image serving, OCR and
searching
 Integration scenarios
 Discussion around specific use case scenarios
16.15-16.30 Wrap Up & Next steps
The Wellcome story
• Imaging significant volumes of content
• Developing software to render this content and
integrate it with our existing systems
•DAM, Library Catalogues, Discovery platform
Imaging – over 2.5m pages imaged last year
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
2011 2012 2103 2014
Ingests to SDB
Ingests to SDB
…volume of digital content continues to grow
Need infrastructure to support this scale
• There are standards-based
commodity services that could
be developed and presented as
cloud platform services
• Wellcome will need this
infrastructure….but with input
from community we can ensure
that others can use these
services too
• Suggestion – we establish a
new corporate entity to deliver
these shared services to the
cultural heritage sector
Vision
• To provide a set of highly
available and affordable
cloud-based, managed
services to support
organisations who wish to
make their digitised content
available in rich and
engaging ways, but without
incurring the cost of
developing and maintaining
their own systems
infrastructure
Motivation
• Selfish…
We will need a DLCS for our own purposes – to
support the scale of activity and the development
of new services (annotations, Linked Data etc.)
• Open
Building on our principles of openness we want
others to be able make use of such services
and will release all code under open source
licence
• Access
The use of common standards (IIIF, ALTO, Open
Annotation) will facilitate research across
collections & public engagement
• Collaboration
We are better working together than apart
Digirati
Who are Digirati and what is
their involvement in this project?
Who is the DLCS for?
• Anyone interested in presenting large images or structured
sequences of images on the web;
• Anyone interested in presenting whole collections on the web;
• Anyone interested in annotation of images (both curated and user-
generated) and handling those annotations at scale - searching,
moderating, other processing;
• Anyone interested in searching text of digitised books, rendering
PDF or HTML versions of digitised books, etc;
• Anyone interested in building ad hoc web applications - discovery,
experience, education - on top of your own image resources, and
interoperating with the image resources of others;
• Anyone (including funding agencies) concerned about the long
term viability and maintenance of digitised collections beyond
digitisation programme funding.
National Libraries
• British Library
• France
• Denmark
• Israel
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Poland
• Serbia
• Wales
Research Institutons
•C2RMF (France)
•Cornell University
•Johns Hopkins Univ.
•Harvard University
•Oxford University
•Princeton University
•Stanford University
•Wellcome Library
•Yale University
Projects
• Biblissima
• e-codices
• TPEN
• TextGrid
Aggregators
• Artstor
• DPLA
• Europeana
Museums
• YCBA
• British Museum
Just enough metadata to drive
a remote viewing experience.
(e.g. sequence, labels,
attribution, license)
Image API Presentation API
Summary
• A critical mass of images –
exposed as IIIF endpoints,
with open annotations, and
full-text searching – would
facilitate research (as well
as provide a dazzling user
experience)
• The DLCS seeks to provide
this platform to make this
happen – and do so in a
way which allows interested
parties to pick and choose
the services they require http://wellcomelibrary.org/player/b19584088
How will this be charged?
• On-going charges
• Based on storage and data
transfer (like the AWS model)
• Based on service(s) you use –
full text search, discovery layer,
generating IIIF end-points
•Other charges
• New services/enhancements
• Other agency services
• Bottom line: Will be more
affordable than a DIY
approach and priced within
the reach of the target
audience
Questions
1. Is there a need for a shared
service to support the
delivery of digital assets?
2. If yes, how useful would this
be for your organisation and
what services would we need
to provide to make it
invaluable?
3. What organisational structure
would be most appropriate to
deliver these services?

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Open Data Masterclass - Europeana and LOD
Open Data Masterclass - Europeana and LODOpen Data Masterclass - Europeana and LOD
Open Data Masterclass - Europeana and LOD
 
LoCloud: Local Cultural Heritage Online and in the Cloud
LoCloud: Local Cultural Heritage Online and in the CloudLoCloud: Local Cultural Heritage Online and in the Cloud
LoCloud: Local Cultural Heritage Online and in the Cloud
 
Bl labs roadshow aab_open_university.2016
Bl labs roadshow aab_open_university.2016Bl labs roadshow aab_open_university.2016
Bl labs roadshow aab_open_university.2016
 
BL Labs Roadshow 2016 - Digital Research Team
BL Labs Roadshow 2016 - Digital Research TeamBL Labs Roadshow 2016 - Digital Research Team
BL Labs Roadshow 2016 - Digital Research Team
 
‘Development of a MODS-RDF Cataloguing Tool for the Digital Resources and Ima...
‘Development of a MODS-RDF Cataloguing Tool for the Digital Resources and Ima...‘Development of a MODS-RDF Cataloguing Tool for the Digital Resources and Ima...
‘Development of a MODS-RDF Cataloguing Tool for the Digital Resources and Ima...
 
Local content in a Europeana cloud for small & medium content providers
Local content in a Europeana cloud for small & medium content providersLocal content in a Europeana cloud for small & medium content providers
Local content in a Europeana cloud for small & medium content providers
 
Developing a research data centre for Germany: IANUS and its IT-guidelines
Developing a research data centre for Germany: IANUS and its IT-guidelinesDeveloping a research data centre for Germany: IANUS and its IT-guidelines
Developing a research data centre for Germany: IANUS and its IT-guidelines
 
Digital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework Programme
Digital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework ProgrammeDigital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework Programme
Digital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework Programme
 
IIIF at europeana, IIIF conference, Vatican, 2017
IIIF at europeana, IIIF conference, Vatican, 2017IIIF at europeana, IIIF conference, Vatican, 2017
IIIF at europeana, IIIF conference, Vatican, 2017
 
Europeana Network Association Members Council Meeting, Copenhagen by Max Kaiser
Europeana Network Association Members Council Meeting, Copenhagen by Max KaiserEuropeana Network Association Members Council Meeting, Copenhagen by Max Kaiser
Europeana Network Association Members Council Meeting, Copenhagen by Max Kaiser
 
The Europeana Community: Semantics and Cultural Heritage Data
The Europeana Community: Semantics and Cultural Heritage DataThe Europeana Community: Semantics and Cultural Heritage Data
The Europeana Community: Semantics and Cultural Heritage Data
 
‘How the partnership between the Library of Trinity College Dublin Digital Re...
‘How the partnership between the Library of Trinity College Dublin Digital Re...‘How the partnership between the Library of Trinity College Dublin Digital Re...
‘How the partnership between the Library of Trinity College Dublin Digital Re...
 
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
 
Cpd25 29 may_2015
Cpd25 29 may_2015Cpd25 29 may_2015
Cpd25 29 may_2015
 
Rebecca Grant - DRI Training Series: 1. Organising Your Collection
Rebecca Grant - DRI Training Series: 1. Organising Your Collection Rebecca Grant - DRI Training Series: 1. Organising Your Collection
Rebecca Grant - DRI Training Series: 1. Organising Your Collection
 
Online resources for data management planning
Online resources for data management planning Online resources for data management planning
Online resources for data management planning
 
4th OpenAIRE Workshop Ingrida Vosyliute
4th OpenAIRE Workshop Ingrida Vosyliute4th OpenAIRE Workshop Ingrida Vosyliute
4th OpenAIRE Workshop Ingrida Vosyliute
 
‘Online exhibit tools: Google Cultural Institute vs Omeka and other open sour...
‘Online exhibit tools: Google Cultural Institute vs Omeka and other open sour...‘Online exhibit tools: Google Cultural Institute vs Omeka and other open sour...
‘Online exhibit tools: Google Cultural Institute vs Omeka and other open sour...
 
LoCloud: Local Content in a Europeana Cloud
LoCloud: Local Content in a Europeana CloudLoCloud: Local Content in a Europeana Cloud
LoCloud: Local Content in a Europeana Cloud
 
Sharing 3D Cultural Heritage: Standards and metadata
Sharing 3D Cultural Heritage: Standards and metadataSharing 3D Cultural Heritage: Standards and metadata
Sharing 3D Cultural Heritage: Standards and metadata
 

Similar to DLCS

Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
Nuno Freire
 
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
H Anil Kumar
 

Similar to DLCS (20)

INNOVATION AND ‎RESEARCH (Digital Library ‎Information Access)‎
INNOVATION AND ‎RESEARCH (Digital Library ‎Information Access)‎INNOVATION AND ‎RESEARCH (Digital Library ‎Information Access)‎
INNOVATION AND ‎RESEARCH (Digital Library ‎Information Access)‎
 
IIIF Introduction and Opportunities at Cornell
IIIF Introduction and Opportunities at CornellIIIF Introduction and Opportunities at Cornell
IIIF Introduction and Opportunities at Cornell
 
"Filling the digital preservation gap" with Archivematica
"Filling the digital preservation gap" with Archivematica"Filling the digital preservation gap" with Archivematica
"Filling the digital preservation gap" with Archivematica
 
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)
 
Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
Metadata Aggregation: Assessing the Application of IIIF and Sitemaps within C...
 
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
Emerging Trends in Librarianship (2008)
 
Emerging Trends Library Science.ppt
Emerging Trends Library Science.pptEmerging Trends Library Science.ppt
Emerging Trends Library Science.ppt
 
Ict uses in libraries
Ict uses in librariesIct uses in libraries
Ict uses in libraries
 
"Filling the Digital Preservation Gap" with Archivematica
"Filling the Digital Preservation Gap" with Archivematica"Filling the Digital Preservation Gap" with Archivematica
"Filling the Digital Preservation Gap" with Archivematica
 
New ICT Trends and Issues of Librarianship
New ICT Trends and Issues of LibrarianshipNew ICT Trends and Issues of Librarianship
New ICT Trends and Issues of Librarianship
 
A collaborative approach to "filling the digital preservation gap" for Resear...
A collaborative approach to "filling the digital preservation gap" for Resear...A collaborative approach to "filling the digital preservation gap" for Resear...
A collaborative approach to "filling the digital preservation gap" for Resear...
 
Project management report-on Digital Libraries
Project management report-on Digital LibrariesProject management report-on Digital Libraries
Project management report-on Digital Libraries
 
08 chapter 03
08 chapter 0308 chapter 03
08 chapter 03
 
Digital Library
 Digital Library Digital Library
Digital Library
 
Using Archivemedia to preserve research data
Using Archivemedia to preserve research dataUsing Archivemedia to preserve research data
Using Archivemedia to preserve research data
 
Repositories for OA, RDM and Beyond - Rory McNicholl
Repositories for OA, RDM and Beyond - Rory McNichollRepositories for OA, RDM and Beyond - Rory McNicholl
Repositories for OA, RDM and Beyond - Rory McNicholl
 
3D content in Europeana: the challenges of providing access
3D content in Europeana: the challenges of providing access3D content in Europeana: the challenges of providing access
3D content in Europeana: the challenges of providing access
 
SirsiDynix
SirsiDynixSirsiDynix
SirsiDynix
 
A Manifesto for the Digital Shift in Research Libraries
A Manifesto for the Digital Shift in Research LibrariesA Manifesto for the Digital Shift in Research Libraries
A Manifesto for the Digital Shift in Research Libraries
 
Seeing Connecticut Now and Then: Repository Services that Support Your Best M...
Seeing Connecticut Now and Then: Repository Services that Support Your Best M...Seeing Connecticut Now and Then: Repository Services that Support Your Best M...
Seeing Connecticut Now and Then: Repository Services that Support Your Best M...
 

Recently uploaded

+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
Health
 
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service providerTECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
mohitmore19
 
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdfintroduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
VishalKumarJha10
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Optimizing AI for immediate response in Smart CCTV
Optimizing AI for immediate response in Smart CCTVOptimizing AI for immediate response in Smart CCTV
Optimizing AI for immediate response in Smart CCTV
 
Introducing Microsoft’s new Enterprise Work Management (EWM) Solution
Introducing Microsoft’s new Enterprise Work Management (EWM) SolutionIntroducing Microsoft’s new Enterprise Work Management (EWM) Solution
Introducing Microsoft’s new Enterprise Work Management (EWM) Solution
 
Direct Style Effect Systems - The Print[A] Example - A Comprehension Aid
Direct Style Effect Systems -The Print[A] Example- A Comprehension AidDirect Style Effect Systems -The Print[A] Example- A Comprehension Aid
Direct Style Effect Systems - The Print[A] Example - A Comprehension Aid
 
Azure_Native_Qumulo_High_Performance_Compute_Benchmarks.pdf
Azure_Native_Qumulo_High_Performance_Compute_Benchmarks.pdfAzure_Native_Qumulo_High_Performance_Compute_Benchmarks.pdf
Azure_Native_Qumulo_High_Performance_Compute_Benchmarks.pdf
 
Microsoft AI Transformation Partner Playbook.pdf
Microsoft AI Transformation Partner Playbook.pdfMicrosoft AI Transformation Partner Playbook.pdf
Microsoft AI Transformation Partner Playbook.pdf
 
Right Money Management App For Your Financial Goals
Right Money Management App For Your Financial GoalsRight Money Management App For Your Financial Goals
Right Money Management App For Your Financial Goals
 
+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
+971565801893>>SAFE AND ORIGINAL ABORTION PILLS FOR SALE IN DUBAI AND ABUDHAB...
 
Unlocking the Future of AI Agents with Large Language Models
Unlocking the Future of AI Agents with Large Language ModelsUnlocking the Future of AI Agents with Large Language Models
Unlocking the Future of AI Agents with Large Language Models
 
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service providerTECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
TECUNIQUE: Success Stories: IT Service provider
 
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
 
Shapes for Sharing between Graph Data Spaces - and Epistemic Querying of RDF-...
Shapes for Sharing between Graph Data Spaces - and Epistemic Querying of RDF-...Shapes for Sharing between Graph Data Spaces - and Epistemic Querying of RDF-...
Shapes for Sharing between Graph Data Spaces - and Epistemic Querying of RDF-...
 
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdfintroduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
introduction-to-automotive Andoid os-csimmonds-ndctechtown-2021.pdf
 
How to Choose the Right Laravel Development Partner in New York City_compress...
How to Choose the Right Laravel Development Partner in New York City_compress...How to Choose the Right Laravel Development Partner in New York City_compress...
How to Choose the Right Laravel Development Partner in New York City_compress...
 
5 Signs You Need a Fashion PLM Software.pdf
5 Signs You Need a Fashion PLM Software.pdf5 Signs You Need a Fashion PLM Software.pdf
5 Signs You Need a Fashion PLM Software.pdf
 
10 Trends Likely to Shape Enterprise Technology in 2024
10 Trends Likely to Shape Enterprise Technology in 202410 Trends Likely to Shape Enterprise Technology in 2024
10 Trends Likely to Shape Enterprise Technology in 2024
 
Tech Tuesday-Harness the Power of Effective Resource Planning with OnePlan’s ...
Tech Tuesday-Harness the Power of Effective Resource Planning with OnePlan’s ...Tech Tuesday-Harness the Power of Effective Resource Planning with OnePlan’s ...
Tech Tuesday-Harness the Power of Effective Resource Planning with OnePlan’s ...
 
AI & Machine Learning Presentation Template
AI & Machine Learning Presentation TemplateAI & Machine Learning Presentation Template
AI & Machine Learning Presentation Template
 
8257 interfacing 2 in microprocessor for btech students
8257 interfacing 2 in microprocessor for btech students8257 interfacing 2 in microprocessor for btech students
8257 interfacing 2 in microprocessor for btech students
 
Unveiling the Tech Salsa of LAMs with Janus in Real-Time Applications
Unveiling the Tech Salsa of LAMs with Janus in Real-Time ApplicationsUnveiling the Tech Salsa of LAMs with Janus in Real-Time Applications
Unveiling the Tech Salsa of LAMs with Janus in Real-Time Applications
 
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
call girls in Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 🔝 >༒8448380779 🔝 genuine Escort Service 🔝✔️✔️
 

DLCS

  • 1. Digital Library Cloud Services Focus Group 13th March 2015 Robert Kiley (Wellcome Trust) John Baker (Digirati) Tom Crane (Digirati)
  • 2. Agenda 13.00 – 13.30 Lunch 13.30 – 14.45 Session 1: Service Overview  How will it work? What will the service be able to provide your institution?  Why is this service needed? What are the benefits over the current options?  What are the costs likely to be? 14.45 – 15.00 Tea/coffee 15.00 – 16.15 Session 2: Platform Overview  How IIIF (http://iiif.io/) gives us an image delivery standard to conform to  Commodity services for image serving, OCR and searching  Integration scenarios  Discussion around specific use case scenarios 16.15-16.30 Wrap Up & Next steps
  • 3. The Wellcome story • Imaging significant volumes of content • Developing software to render this content and integrate it with our existing systems •DAM, Library Catalogues, Discovery platform
  • 4. Imaging – over 2.5m pages imaged last year 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 2011 2012 2103 2014 Ingests to SDB Ingests to SDB …volume of digital content continues to grow
  • 5. Need infrastructure to support this scale • There are standards-based commodity services that could be developed and presented as cloud platform services • Wellcome will need this infrastructure….but with input from community we can ensure that others can use these services too • Suggestion – we establish a new corporate entity to deliver these shared services to the cultural heritage sector
  • 6. Vision • To provide a set of highly available and affordable cloud-based, managed services to support organisations who wish to make their digitised content available in rich and engaging ways, but without incurring the cost of developing and maintaining their own systems infrastructure
  • 7. Motivation • Selfish… We will need a DLCS for our own purposes – to support the scale of activity and the development of new services (annotations, Linked Data etc.) • Open Building on our principles of openness we want others to be able make use of such services and will release all code under open source licence • Access The use of common standards (IIIF, ALTO, Open Annotation) will facilitate research across collections & public engagement • Collaboration We are better working together than apart
  • 8. Digirati Who are Digirati and what is their involvement in this project?
  • 9. Who is the DLCS for? • Anyone interested in presenting large images or structured sequences of images on the web; • Anyone interested in presenting whole collections on the web; • Anyone interested in annotation of images (both curated and user- generated) and handling those annotations at scale - searching, moderating, other processing; • Anyone interested in searching text of digitised books, rendering PDF or HTML versions of digitised books, etc; • Anyone interested in building ad hoc web applications - discovery, experience, education - on top of your own image resources, and interoperating with the image resources of others; • Anyone (including funding agencies) concerned about the long term viability and maintenance of digitised collections beyond digitisation programme funding.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. National Libraries • British Library • France • Denmark • Israel • New Zealand • Norway • Poland • Serbia • Wales Research Institutons •C2RMF (France) •Cornell University •Johns Hopkins Univ. •Harvard University •Oxford University •Princeton University •Stanford University •Wellcome Library •Yale University Projects • Biblissima • e-codices • TPEN • TextGrid Aggregators • Artstor • DPLA • Europeana Museums • YCBA • British Museum
  • 24. Just enough metadata to drive a remote viewing experience. (e.g. sequence, labels, attribution, license) Image API Presentation API
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44. Summary • A critical mass of images – exposed as IIIF endpoints, with open annotations, and full-text searching – would facilitate research (as well as provide a dazzling user experience) • The DLCS seeks to provide this platform to make this happen – and do so in a way which allows interested parties to pick and choose the services they require http://wellcomelibrary.org/player/b19584088
  • 45. How will this be charged? • On-going charges • Based on storage and data transfer (like the AWS model) • Based on service(s) you use – full text search, discovery layer, generating IIIF end-points •Other charges • New services/enhancements • Other agency services • Bottom line: Will be more affordable than a DIY approach and priced within the reach of the target audience
  • 46. Questions 1. Is there a need for a shared service to support the delivery of digital assets? 2. If yes, how useful would this be for your organisation and what services would we need to provide to make it invaluable? 3. What organisational structure would be most appropriate to deliver these services?