Supernova Persuasive Essay

Supernova Persuasive Essay
A possible external threat from space that could result in the extinction of human life on Earth is a
supernova. A supernova is an explosion of a star in the universe. There are more than a hundred
billion stars in our milky way galaxy (226). Most of the star explosions happen fairly far away from
our solar system. However, because our sun orbits the galaxy we will be neighbouring different sets
of stars at different points in time. Sometimes we are even just tens of light years away from a
supernova (226). The closer you are to a supernova the most damage will be done. When
supernovae happen there are large amounts of very–high–energy particles called cosmic rays that
can cause lethal mutations which lead to mass extinctions (226). Apart from
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The Importance Of Type Ia
In the article, the author explains how astronomers have discovered a star system that have possibly
left behind a white dwarf after a weak supernova explosion. For instance, Type Ia are mini
supernovas and are important because they are used to measure the distance and the expansion of
the universe. Therefore, the Type Ia demonstrates supernova, they noticed they were viewing the
light of the star that lost its outer hydrogen cover, which caused it to reveal its helium core. In
addition, astronomers predicted that the Type lax supernovea were developed by a white dwarf and a
helium binary star system. Astronomers explained a possible reason for SN 2012Z became a weak
supernova, since it is one of the most powerful Type lax supernovae. For

Termar Neebula Made Out Of Stars Essay
Stellar Nebula made out of stars.Which are made of huge clouds,dust of gases,and plasma swirls
areound.In photographs they are not moving,but in space they actually are moving all the
time.When the dust,hydrogen,helium,and plasma swirls around they begin to stick together and form
into a large blobs.When they big they start to heat up. The dust of another particles of the cloud are
pulled into a hot center,and it will happen over and over again,and when it gets to the hot center it
eventually becomes a star.
Red Super Giant:
A Red Supergiant is aning giant star that has consumed its core's supply of hydrogen fuel.Helium
has something in its core. Hydrogen is a undergoing nuclear fusion in other shells. Shells
expand.The phases are diverse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The life cycle of an Average Star is roughly about a few billion to 10 or 15 billion years.
Planetary Nebula:
5 billion years ago the sun's shuck off one of it's layers,which created a beautiful shell gas known as
Planetary Nebula.The glowing part are estimate to the Milky Way.About 1,500 have been
unseen,they have been rest hide behind interstar dust.When it ends it ends it life cycle the sun will
swell up into a Red Giant,also expanding out the beyond with orbit around Venus.
Massive Star:
The massive star begins its life with a giant molecular. Molecular cloud are made from mega
collections of gay and dust. While going through it's awkward stages of adolescence it spends a
great doing of nuclear fusion, its fusing hydrogen into helium for a long time. For millions of years
the star has so much fuel, hydrogen atoms that it does so much smashing a creating new elements
and energy of all day and every minute.
Supernova:
Supernova are difficult to see in the milky way galaxy because of the dust blocks the view. It
happens in the core or the center. There are two different ways that change can occur within a
supernova. First one is binary star system that two stars orbit at the point. The second occur at the
end of it's single star's lifetime, When the it runs out of nuclear fuel. The sun is a single star but it
does not have enough mass to become a supernova.
Black Hole:
The black hole is a region that is pulling a strong force of gravity

Science Astronomy Nebula Essay
Science– Astronomy
Nebulas
What are nebulas? How did they come about? Nebulas are made up of dust, hydrogen helium and
plasma. Nebulas, essentially gaseous clouds, are formed. A supernova is a star that collapses under
its own gravity after it dramatically increases in its brightness. The first nebula, Dumbbell Nebula
M27, was discovered by Charles Messier on July 12 1764. In 1784 William Herschel invented the
name Planetary nebula after he had started comprehensively scanning the deep sky and discovered a
famous planetary nebula, the Saturn Nebula NGC 7009 in 1782. The nebula theory, states that this
theory is the most accepted evolutionary theory for the formation of the solar system from a cloud of
gas and dust particles known as a nebula. The process starts with a rotating cloud of gas and dust
that contracts and flattens to form a disk around a star forming at its centre. Planets grow from the
dust and gas in the disk and are left behind when the disk clears. The process of a nebula forming is
linked to the creation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people question how the solar system was made and a theory was developed by Emanuel
Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre–Simon Laplace. This theory provides more evidence for
society to believe. The solar system is thought to be created from enormous spinning cloud. This
cloud was made up of gas and dust. The core of a cloud grew under the influence of gravity and as a
result it became denser and hotter. Material was collected into the core and the cloud increased in
speed and became flat, almost like a disk shape. As the cloud became increasingly hotter the cloud
generated enough energy to create a nuclear fusion. The light gas was distributed far out in the solar
system. This light gas left rocky materials and metallic that had high melting points were left
behind. These materials clumped together caused by mutual gravity and formed

Supernova Research Paper
A supernova is a stellar explosion that happens in the galaxy. This can have as much energy as our
Sun or any regular star. These can be seen throughout the entire galaxy, but it is hard for us to see
because of the amount of dust that covers it blocks our view. Johannes Kepler was the last person to
observe the last Supernova in our Milky Way galaxy. He discovered that phenomenon in the year
1604. A supernova is created when there is a change in a core or center of a star. There are only two
ways that a change can happen in a star. The first way it can change happens in binary star systems.
Those are two stars that orbit at the same point. A carbon–oxygen white dwarf takes away matter
from another star. Subsequently the white dwarf will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the star actually starts to run out of nuclear fuel some of the mass flows into the star's core.
When the core becomes too heavy it cannot take its own gravitational force. Which causes the core
to collapse, and as it collapses it results in a giant supernova. Many people worry that the sun will
become into a supernova. That has no chance of happening because the sun does not have enough
mass to become a supernova. Supernovas are very interesting things that happen in our universe.
Even though they can only burn for a short period of time, it has the potential to tell scientists a lot
about what is going on. There is a specific form of supernovas that has shown scientists that we all
live in a universe that keeps expanding. Which means the universe is growing at an increasing rate.
Many scientists however believe that supernovas have a huge role in distributing elements
throughout the entire universe. As the star begins to explode it shoots debris and elements all over
space. The elements that we find here on Earth are created in the core of the star. As these elements
move onto different parts of the universe it helps form new planets and

Thesis Statement For Supernovas Essay
Supernovas Ebaad Usmani P1 Thesis Statement: Supernovas are big explosions of light that occur
when a star has a lot of fuel inside it which causes the star to explode. Supernovas are when stars
die, they turn into brilliant points of light and explode. Supernovas are considered the largest
explosion to take place in space, and in galaxies, they usually appear in other galaxies, but it's really
hard to find one in our own galaxy because there is always dust that blocks our way, so it can be
tough to find a supernova. There are 2 ways a supernova can occur. The first way a supernova can
happen is when a star gathers up a lot of matter from nearby stars until the star has a nuclear reaction
and explodes which causes a supernova. The second way a supernova can occur is when a star is
much bigger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One type of supernova has shown scientists that according to the solar system, there are other
universes out there, we just don't know what they look like. According to scientists, supernovae play
a key role in distributing elements throughout the universe. Ordinarily when something explodes,
there are always random scraps of thing flying everywhere, so when a star explodes, it does the
same and it shoots elements and debris everywhere around space. Most of the elements are the core
of stars, these elements form to create new stars, and small planets in the solar system and in many
other solar systems. Scientists look for supernovas by using advanced telescopes, and items. Some
of these telescopes are used to look at other explosions in space beside supernovas. Others are used
to study x–rays and gamma rays. Either way, they are all used to study

A Star: The Process Of Death Of A Star
Every atom in everyone and everything in the universe was created by the death of a star, or from
the Big Bang itself. How stars burn and eventually die out is part of a process known as stellar
evolution. A star will begin its life as a cloud of gas, and with the help of gravity, the cloud will
condense to form a star, which burns happily most of its long life. However, when the star's fuel
begins to run out, the star will change once again. The change a star undergoes is directly affected
by the its mass, so therefore a star with low mass will go through a different change than a star with
a larger mass. The birth of a star begins as a nebula, an enormous cloud made up of the interstellar
medium. The interstellar medium is all of the matter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After stars with a low to average mass, such as our Sun, have burned all of the hydrogen atoms into
helium, the core of the star will condense, releasing heat. This will cause the outer core of the star to
expand, making it a red giant. Moreover, approximately 5 billion years in the future, our Sun will
become a red giant, and will grow so large, the outer core will almost reach Earth, which is about 92
million miles away from where the Sun is now. When the temperature of the star is high enough, the
helium will then begin to burn into carbon. At this stage, the star will expand and cool down, and
begin releasing materials which become the planetary nebula. A planetary nebula is a nebula that is
shaped like a ring around a dying star. The star will finally collapse to form a white dwarf, which is
a very dense and small star that has the same mass as the Sun, but the volume of Earth. After stars
with a greater mass have burned all of the hydrogen atoms into helium, they will burn the helium
into carbon. However, unlike stars with a lower mass, these stars have enough mass to continue the
process of nucleosynthesis, and burn the carbon into heavier elements like oxygen, silicon, and
more. The process ends when the core finally becomes iron, and can't burn any longer. The star
rapidly collapses under its own gravity, as the iron core rises in temperature. The outer layer
eventually collapses on the tiny core,

The Process of The Life Cycle of A Star Essay
Professor Lawrence Krauss claims that, "In our galaxy, there are over 100 billion stars alone."
("Extreme"). Each one of those stars is a factory which slowly builds the materials for the
foundations of the universe ("Stars"). Stars are as varied as people. While they are all born the same
way, they do not all die the same way. Some stars live fast and die young; others die slowly and
quietly ("Extreme"). The life cycle of a star is violent, they churn, pulsate, and sometimes explode,
but the products of its life are invaluable building blocks for the Universe. There is a process to the
life cycle of a star. The birth of a star is a process completely fueled by gravity ("Life"). All stars are
born in something called a nebula, which is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evolution of a star's birth is a slow process. It can take up to fifty million years for a star the size
of our sun to fully mature (Redd). Many stars then go on to live long and brilliant lives, although not
always ("Stars").
{Two new paragraphs: Main Sequence, and Post–Main Sequence evolution) The deaths of stars
come in two varieties. The first variety is that of a slow fading into oblivion. After a long period of
time, all of the hydrogen inside the core of a star will be drained, and the hydrogen fusion process
within the core will cease. This cessation causes the core to begin to fall on itself, generating heat.
Within other stellar layers, there is still sufficient hydrogen to continue fusing hydrogen into helium.
The higher location in which the fusion occurs causes the other layers of the star to increase in size.
The star is now referred to as a red giant ("Stars"). After this stage occurs and the star reaches the
proper density, the helium in the star will begin to be fused into carbon. This helium burning phase
usually lasts about 100 million years ("Life"). Once the helium fuel source is exhausted, the star will
become a red supergiant, which will only live for a few tens of thousands of years ("Life").
However, as the star expands, it becomes increasingly unstable. Sudden energy surges rip through
the star and start to blow away its

Physics of Stars Essay examples
Stars are phenomenal glowing spheres that everyone has noticed in the night sky. Long ago they
were poorly understood. Today, with the help from astronomers, physicists, and other space
scientists, we have discovered a large amount of information about stars.
These huge balls of flaming gas have many different ranges of characteristics. We can observe the
many fascinating colors that may be displayed from stars. Some of them are not stars themselves,
but the trillions of fragments left behind after they explode into supernova (Moreau, 2000).
There is a huge variation in sizes of stars as well. They range from super giants to small dwarfs.
Most often their sizes correlate to their age or the particular cycle they are beginning to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two diagrams show the action of subatomic particles smashing into each other creating other
elements and energy as a byproduct. Both of these pictures demonstrate the occurrence between the
most common elements, hydrogen and helium, undergoing fusion.
Sometimes when dealing with mathematical descriptions of specific phenomenon concerning stars
the complexity may become intense. However, we will explore common occurrences and changes of
stars that can be described by simple mathematical relationships.
One primary occurrence between stars that are approaching their later stages is a reduction in their
radius. This occurs when elements such as hydrogen and helium in the center of the star change into
gaseous iron from electron exchanges and other processes. Eventually the star becomes very dense
and the radius of the star is reduced. By the conservation of angular momentum in this case, the
velocity must increase due to the decreased radius (Kippenhahn, 194–95). Lets do a calculation to
show this.
By the conservation of angular momentum we get this equation: Ii wi = If wf, where "Ii" is the
initial moment of inertia, "wi" is the initial angular speed, and "If" and "wf" are the final products of
what I just listed. The moment of inertia of a sphere is (2/5)mR^2, where "m" is the mass and "R" is
the radius. Plugging these into the equation Ii wi = If wf, we get, (2/5)mRi^2 wi = (2/5)mRf^2 wf.

Neutron Stars Research Paper
We know of many stars that exist, but the main stars are White dwarfs, Pulsars, Neutron stars,
Magnetars, Brown dwarfs, Black Holes, Cepheid Variable stars, Supergiants, Red Giants, Novas,
and Quasars. Starting with White Dwarf, this star is usually the size of a planet and is last stage of a
stars life, when it loses all its layers from the planetary nebula. This star is very dense and especially
hot after it disables its nuclear fuel. It starts to cool done over the next billions of years. Pulsars, this
star is practically a white dwarf star, but has electromagic ration beaming out of it. There are two
steady lights (electromagic ration) that point in two opposite directions. It always seems to be
blinking, but this is just from the motion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This star is formed after a large star has had a supernova explosion. These stars are usually very
dense and will eventually produce a black hole. Magnetar is a neutron star with an extremely strong
magnetic field. Magnetar stars are highly magnetic objects, they are even stronger than Earth. It is
also 100 to 1,000 times stronger than radio pulsar. Because we are unsure how this star can be as
strong as it is, theorist say it would have to rotate between 100 to 1,000 times per second. Brown
Dwarfs is the in between size of a giant planet and a large star. This star is also a very dense star, but
not as dense as the white dwarf. When a star is dying it squeezes all its matter into a tiny space, this
is called a Black Hole. Their gravity is so strong from all the matter in a tiny space that nothing, not
even light can escape. You can't detect a Black Hole with the naked eye because it's actually
invisible, you need a science telescope to identify them. The Cepheid Variable stars light brightens
and dims many times. It's like when the sun is out then goes behind a cloud then comes back out

Supernova In The Milky Way
Have you ever seen a supernova in person, if not not it was probably because Supernovas are
difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because of dust blocking our view. Supernovas are 33
light years away. A website called eartsky.org stated "there might be one dangerous supernova event
in Earth's vicinity every 15 million years" . Another says, "that, on average, a supernova explosion
occurs within 10 parsecs (33 light–years) of the Earth every 240 million years."
Only three Milky Way naked–eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand
years, though many have been telescopically seen in other galaxies. The most recent directly
observed supernova in the Milky Way was Kepler's Star of 1604 (SN 1604), but remnants of two
more recent supernovae have been found retrospectively. Statistical observations of supernovae in
other galaxies suggest they should occur on average about three times every century in the Milky
Way, and that any galactic supernova would almost certainly be observable in modern astronomical
equipment.Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies. A supernova is an Astronomical event that
happens when a star explodes. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The colors of violet, rose, blue, orange, mint green, yellow and many more, make it look like a
painting. This nebula with a giant star at its center is known as SBW2007, located in the Carina
Nebula. A supernova burns for only a short period of time, but it can tell scientists a lot about the
universe. One kind of supernova has shown scientists that we live in an expanding universe, one that
is growing at an ever increasing rate. Scientists also have determined that supernovae play a key role
in distributing elements throughout the universe. When the star explodes, it shoots elements and
debris into space. Many of the elements we find here on Earth are made in the core of stars. These
elements travel on to form new stars, planets and everything else in the

How Does Fusion Affect The Creation Of A Star
Way out there in space, there are huge clouds of dust and gas and if one of those clouds of dust and
gas is massive enough it's own gravity can causes it to start to collapse. When it collapses, it folds
itself towards the center of the cloud, then it get denser and denser and hotter and hotter; eventually
the particles of that gas and the dust are made up and brought so close together that they start to
stick together. Then they start to fuse, thats the energy source of a star. The star switches and begins
to shine. Inside every newborn star, hydrogen atoms are fused together to make helium. This process
is called fusion and it creates the energy of every star. A star is a luminous sphere of gas producing
its own heat and light by nuclear reactions (nuclear fusion).
What happens to a star during the rest of its life depends of how massive ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At some point in the future when the hydrogen runs out, at that point the star will start to collapse
itself under its own weight. It get denser, hotter until the point where it starts to use the helium
atoms themselves as the fuel for the fusion. As the star begins to fuse helium, it creates more energy
and that causes the outer layers of the star to start to expand. One day our sun will grow so large that
it will swallow up the inner planets of our solar system. It will become a red giant, for the sun this
will be the beginning of the end. Then they explode and become a supernova or for some
biggggggggggeeeeerrr stars it would be a hypernova, which is waaaayyy stronger than a supernova;
supernovas are some of the most beautiful sights in the universe. Lucky for us, our sun is too small
to even explode and become a supernova. These explosion of stars are so powerful that it can
outshine the whole galaxy during its explosion. For the

Most Powerful Explosion Events In Space
One of the most powerful explosion events in space is known as a supernova. These occur at the end
of a star's lifetime when a star runs out of nuclear fuel and it is no longer supported by the nuclear
energy. When a star explodes star start the births of new stars and the formation of solar systems like
our own. Stars live 10 million years burning hydrogen into helium and helium into oxygen. The
energy of the explosion is equal to all the energy the Sun gives out in a 10 billion year lifetime
time's 100 and put out in 1 second. Supernova release as much light and energy as our star will in 10
billion years, but there are hardly any supernovas events in our galaxy.
Scientists stated yellow ring around a supernova is gas and dust warmed by

A Star's Life: How Does Life Of A Star Work?
How Does The Life Of A Star Work?
Matthew. M. Whittemore
Stratford. Ontario. Canada
Introduction
A star has 5 definite stages and 3 stages which can vary between stars. The 5 definite stages are a
Nebula, a Star, a Red Giant, a White Dwarf and a Red Dwarf. The stages that can vary are a
Supernova, a Neutron Star and a Black hole. As the star goes through each stage, it can change size
dramastically. An example of this is a Red Giant, which is 100 time the size of the Sun, compared to
a Red dwarf, only 1 tenth the size of the sun (Life cycle). An interesting fact is "The closest star to
Earth is Proxima Centauri, located 4.2 light–years away. In other words, it takes light itself more
than 4 years to complete the journey from Earth. If you tried to hitch a ride on the fastest spacecraft
ever launched from Earth, it would still take you more than 70 000 years to get there from here."
(Interesting facts)
When is the Nebula stage taking place?
The Nebula is the first stage which the star is born. The Nebula is actually a cloud of hydrogen gas
and dust in space. There are a couple different types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a large bright star with a cool surface. Just like the Sun, it eventually runs out of hydrogen fuel
at its center. Red Giants have a diameter of about 10 to 100 times the size of the Sun. The reason for
why the Red Giants are so bright is because of its size, although there surface temperature is less hot
than the Sun's. If you were to measure the temperature, it would be about 2000 to 3000oC. Red
Giants, very large stars, are also often called SuperGiants. These stars sometimes have diameter of
up to 1000 times the size of the Sun, also having more than 1 000 000 times the luminosities of the
Sun (Life cycle). These stars live for only a few thousand years to 1 billion years. Eventually the
helium in the core runs out and fusion stops. The star shrinks until a new helium shell reaches the

The Universe and It’s Phenomena
The Universe and It's Phenomena The universe is an unknown place. Most of it has not been
explored. Some things are known, however. Scientists know a lot about things like the Big Bang and
our Asteroid Belt. Some of the universe's natural phenomenons are yet to be discovered. This article
will explain some of them and why they happen. In the year 1929, Edwin Hubble made a
revolutionary discovery. He learned that the universe is expanding. He saw that the galaxies were
each moving away from us. Edwin knew that for one instance of time, almost 14 billion years ago,
all of the mass of the universe was contained in a single spot. There had to have been a huge
explosion that pushed all the matter away. This explosion is known as the Big Bang Theory.
(www.science.nasa.gov) NASA is now monitoring the expansion of the universe in spacecraft such
as the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope. A goal of these telescopes is to decide
if the universe will expand forever, or if it will go backwards and return to the original spot of the
universe. (www.science.nasa.gov) What did the universe look like when it was born? To certain
theories, if we went back and watched the Big Bang, we would see "... a sea of neutrons, protons,
electrons, anti–electrons (positrons), photons, and neutrons" (www.science.nasa.gov.) With time, the
universe would cool and neutrons would either decay or combine with other things. The universe
would look opaque. This is because

Black Hole Research Papers
Black Holes This paper will introduce you to the incredible topic which is black holes. A black hole
is a region of space time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing can escape from
inside it. (NASA) No human has ever entered a black hole and there is still a large mystery about
them; we have very little idea of where the matter that enters them goes. A black hole cannot be
looked into either, as it sucks all the light into the middle of it. Space programs use special satellites
with certain features that allow them to see these black holes. A black hole can be big or small,
sometimes forming when a star is dying. Some scientists speculate that there can be black holes just
1 centimeter large. There are multiple types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scary right? Well what about a black hole sucking in the earth, is it possible? Thankfully, black
holes do not go around eating stars, moons, and planets. There is no black hole close enough to the
earth for it to be able to be sucked into. If a black hole the same mass as the sun were to replace the
sun, earth would still not be able to fall into it. The black hole would have the same gravity as the
sun and the planets would orbit it, just as they do the sun. Also, the sun will never turn into a black
hole, as it is not a big enough star to create one.

How Does It Contradict The Law Of Conservation Of Mass And...
"The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple
pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars. We are made of starstuff." – Carl Sagan
confidently announced on an episode of Cosmos in 1980. This theory that everything is made up of
the ancient elements that were forged in the death of a star, is what scientists in the modern age base
the entirety of their knowledge on. This theory also directly contradicts Julius Robert Mayers' Law
of Conservation of Energy and Antoine Lavoisier's Law of Conservation of Mass. It provides a
history to where the elements of our periodic table came from, and possibly a date to when the
universe began.
P1 – How does it contradict the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Conservation of
Energy?
Carl Sagan quoted that "we are made of starstuff", but what does this really mean? Sagan is talking
about the effects of a supernova. A supernova is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the
last stellar evolutionary stages of a massive star's lifetime, whose catastrophic destruction is marked
with a titanic explosion (May, 2017). This explosion is so enormous that the heat and energy emitted
from the dying star forms heavy elements that are scattered into the universe, such as gold. These
particles and elements fuse with other elements from other supernovas and begin to form planets
and solar systems. Hence, when Sagan states "we are made of starstuff", he is

Protostar Nuclear Fusion
Just like humans, everything in the universe has a purpose. From the beginning of the moment
anything is created into existence it grows and fulfills its purpose. Stars are no different. Every day,
stars are created by gravity which pulls the star together, the star builds up heat and pressure, and
then fusion begins. The process in which a star goes through is known as a star's life cycle. All stars
start at the basic nebula phase, change to a protostar, and go on to the main sequence star phase.
After the main sequence star phase, there are two different divisions that are determined by the mass
of the star. If a star is known as a low–mass star it will have different life changes than a high–mass
star. A low–mass star will become a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A white dwarf is the leftover core of a planetary nebula. A white dwarf is a low–mass star that is
virtually dead. Since it is a leftover core it is extremely dense. Inside of a white dwarf, no fusion
takes place. The white dwarf will continue to give off light for about 20 million years and is
theorized that it will then become a black dwarf. As of now, no black dwarfs have been discovered,
simply because the universe is too young. A black dwarf gives off no light and is also cold,
compared to the other stars in their life cycles. These black and white dwarfs burn through their fuel
very slowly, which would be why they last for millions of

Rigel Star Research Paper
Surprisingly, our sun isn't as big as it seems. There are many other stars that have more mass than
our sun, and one example is the Rigel star. The Rigel star is a blue supergiant that is one of the
brightest star found in the orion constellation. Its color is blue because it has 18 times the mass of
the Sun, and is around 773 light years away from Earth/us. The Rigel star is also 117,000 times
brighter than the sun. How did the Rigel star exactly form though? Well, it started as a protostar.
Clouds of gas and dust mix and becomes dense, which attracts more and this begins to heat up. The
cloud gets hot enough that it forms a newly born star, which lead us to the main sequence. Only 10
million years– which is young for a star, the Rigel had

Low Mass Stars: Stellar Evolution
Stellar Evolution Did you know that stars don't stay as stars, they change over the course of time.
Stellar Evolution is the star's life cycle. It includes the birth, life, and death of a star. Stars die out
due to their mass because their fate depends on it. Stars have two main masses so, each mass results
a different ending for each star. The two main masses are Low Mass and High Mass. These two
masses of stars have different endings, so let us begin on each of their life cycles.
Low mass stars are like the Sun. The Sun is a perfect example of this mass. All stars start out from a
place called the Stellar Nebula. The Stellar Nebula is a cloud of gas, (hydrogen, helium and other
elements) with dust. When the nebula contracts, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Low Mass and High Mass stars start out from the same place and both evolve into Red giants.
Although after that, Low Mass stars end up as white dwarfs. Big mass stars end up as Black Holes
or Neutron Stars. Each phase of a star is a result of the star changing it's

The Deaths Of Normal Stars
Neutron Stars
Guadalupe Zamudio
SMT 314–03
Professor Dawdy
October 26, 2016 The deaths of normal stars give birth to neutron stars. Neutron Stars are products
of the so called supernova. Supernovae transpire during the death of a highly developed star which
occurs when there is not enough nuclear fuel to keep the pressure intact inside the core of a star
(Gursky 1975). The aftermath of a supernova is crucial because it frees iron, carbon, copper, and
oxygen along with other elements found in a star. This explosion completely demolishes the star and
has the ability to transform into either a black hole or neutron star (Freddy 2006). These supernovae
are extremely bright and every 200 years there is an explosion that happens to be big enough and
bright enough to be seen from earth. Neutron stars are very significant within the universe. It is said
that the neutron star was discovered before the before the neutron. It was Lev Landau who first
wrote about and studied dense stars. He focused his research on the idea there were objects in the
universe that were denser than but as small as white dwarfs and regular stars (Haensel 2007). This
focus leads to the discovery of the fascinating and complicated neutron star. The end is only the
beginning for neutron stars.
The neutron star is composed of the combination of both electron and protons that will develop into
purely neutrons, which make up the core (Astronomy 2016). The density of neutron stars is so

Life Cycle Of Supernova Stars
Our sun is halfway through its life cycle and based on the studies of the stars, when it reaches the
last stages of its life it will go supernova destroying Earth, but that won't happen in about 5 billion
years.
Supernovas are the explosion of a star when it reaches the end of its life. There are two ways a star
can go supernova. The first way or a Type I supernova occurs in the Binary system which is when
two stars orbit the same point. The two stars are a white dwarf and a red giant. A white dwarf is a
small dense star that is around the size of a planet and a red giant is a star at its last stages of life. If
these two stars are close enough, matter will be transferred to the white dwarf from the red giant.
When the star's core reaches its limit of matter, a thermonuclear detonation will occur leaving
nothing behind unless there were leftover elements in the white dwarf or there were elements made
in the supernova explosion. One of the elements made in the explosion is radioactive nickel. ...
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Nuclear fusion is an atomic reaction where atoms combine to form a bigger atom with less mass.
The most common nuclear fusion is when hydrogen nuclei forms helium nuclei. This occurs in stars
that are small such as our sun. When there is low amount in nuclear fuel a star then turns into a red
giant as its core grows smaller, denser, and hotter. Our sun will eventually turn into a red giant,
theoretically vaporizing Earth. Once the core has nothing to fuse but iron, it will immediately begin
the final phase. The temperature in the core rises over 100 billion degrees and then the star explodes.
After a supernova, all that's left of the star is a small, dense core called a neutron star. Also after the
explosion, a black hole

Life Cycle Of Stars: The Life Cycle Of A Star
The Life Cycle of Stars Stars go through tremendous things in the course of their life. In a star's life
they go through eight different phases. These phases can take many years to go through. When a star
is made up it starts needing. Gas and dust in space to form what is called a nebula. Nebulae are the
birthplace of stars. There are different types of nebulas one being an emission nebula. For example
the Orion Nebula grows very brightly because of the gas that is in it which is energized by the stars
that have formed inside of it ("Life of a Star"). Another type of nebula is a reflection nebula this is
when starlight reflects off the greens of dust that are in a nebula. The last type of nebula is a dark
nebula, these are very dense clouds of molecular hydrogen that can either partially or completely
absorbed light from stars.
So by definition a star is a globe of gas that produces its heat and light by nuclear fusion. They are
born from a nebulae and are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium gas. Surface temperature on a
star can range from 2000°C all the way up to 30,000°C ("Life of a Star."). The colors of a star can
range from blue to red depending on the brightness of the star. The brighter star is the higher the ...
When a star explodes it obtains the brightness of 100 million suns for a very short period of time. It
is like a massive firework, it is apparently very pretty to see. There are two types of supernovas one
being a type one and the other being a type two. A type one supernova occurs when gas from one
star falls into a white dwarf which causes it to explode. Type ii supernova is when a star that is 10
times as big as the sun suffers internal reaction which ultimately results in the loss of its life. When a
type ii supernova explodes can turn into neutron stars and black holes. Supernova is thought to have
elements are heavier than hydrogen and helium in

Helium Synthesis
The first process every star goes through before its end is the process of their core shrinking. When
stars of at least .4 M begin to exhaust their hydrogen supply, the hydrogen starts to fuse in a shell
that is outside the helium core. As the shell burns more hydrogen it is also producing more helium,
this allows the core to increase in its mass and temperature. When the temperature increases greatly,
helium fusion begins to start in what is called a helium flash, causing the star to rapidly decrease in
its size and increase its temperature. Once the star has fused all of the helium out of its core, the
product of the carbon will fuse which produces a hot core along with the outer shell made up of
fusing helium. The more massive a star is,

Star And The Neutron Stars
Stella nebula–The nebula part of the name actually means cloud,an its actually spelled like"nebulae"
its a latin term and nebulae is a bunch of massive clouds or just a massive cloud filled with
dust,hydrogen,helium gas and plasma.Stella nebula is located about 10,000 light years from earth.
People say stella nurseries is where the stars was born.
Red Super Giant–The Red Super Giant color is form by its undergoing nuclear fusion in the
outershell,the shell form up and they like expand and the expantation causes the color to form.Red
Super Giant is one of the largest known stars.It consumes its own core supply of hydrogen fuel.The
Red Super Giant star is about 88 light years from earth.The star can be a variable because its ...
The more this star has less mass is the more the color will be a dark or close to dark
color(ex.orange,red).
Super Nova–A super nova is an explosion of a star.Super novas arent really found in our galaxy
people mostly find supernovas in other galaxies.The reason people dont find supernovas in our
galaxies as much as they do others is because of our dust,it blocks the view.Nasa scientist uses
different telescopes to find supernovas.When a supernova burns even if it is for a short amount of
time it gives off feed back and tells scientist a lot about our universe.
Black hole–A place in space that sucks up so many gravity that even light cant get out,the gravity is
so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny hole with out any space.This mostly tends to
happend when a star is dying.The largest black holes are called "supermassive".These type of black
holes have masses that are more then 1million suns together.Proof has been found that every large
galaxy has a supermassive.Scientist think that the small black holes were form whenever the
universe began.
Red Giant–A Red Giant star is a dying star in the last stages of steller evoultion.In a few
years(billions) our own sun the thing that gives us light,that helps us survive on this dang earth will
turn into a Red Giant Star.A red giant star reaches to about 100million to 1 billion kilometers.100 to
1000 times the size of the sun today.The energy is spread across a larger

Type I Supernova
Maggie Barnard
8/25/15
Literary Analysis and Comp. II
Mrs. Mikowski
Supernovae
A supernova is a stellar explosion that occurs at the end of a star's lifetime. It is one of the largest
and most energetic explosions in space (S1). A supernova can briefly outshine an entire galaxy and
radiate more energy than our sun will in its lifetime. That is about same brightness of 10 million
suns (S2). Supernovae happen about every 50 years in a galaxy about the size of the Milky Way,
which could be about every second in our universe (S3). Supernovae can happen in two ways
depending on the mass of the star; Type I or Type II.
A Type I supernova happens when the star "steals" matter from a neighbor until a nuclear reaction
ignites. Type I supernovae are generally thought to come from white dwarf stars only in binary star
systems (S1). A white dwarf star is what stars like our sun become after they have used up their
nuclear fuel. As the gas of the neighboring star grows onto the white dwarf, the white dwarf is
progressively and constantly compressed, and after a while, sets off a nuclear reaction inside the star
that eventually leads to an energetic supernova outburst (S3). ... Show more content on
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Like our sun, it will eventually run out of hydrogen and helium fuel at the star's core. However, it
will have enough mass and pressure to fuse carbon (S2). Next, over time, heavier elements build up
at the center and it becomes layered like an onion (S2). The elements will become lighter and move
towards the outside of the star. The core will heat up and become dense. The core will become
extremely heavy; so heavy that its gravitational force will not be able withstand it; causing it to
explode. The explosion spews out stellar material throughout space

Taking a Look at the Carina Nebula
The Carina Nebula Since the beginning of time, man has looked up to the stars and reveled in its
beauty, believing that only gods can be responsible for creating such a beautiful night time sky. For
centuries humans have grappled with questions relating to the sky and our place as humans in the
cosmos. In today's modern age, it seems that most of us (myself included) forget to look up and
appreciate nature's mysterious beauty. For this reason, I chose the most beautiful and mysterious
place in the sky to do my research on, the Carina Nebula. The Carina Nebula takes up a vast amount
of space and is home to thousands of stars that are both young and old that can offer new
information to us about stars. This nebula not only holds secrets that still puzzle astronomers to this
day, but also offers us answers that we thought we might have never gotten. The first thing you
might be wondering is, what exactly is a nebula? Well according to Franknoi, a nebula is "A cloud
of interstellar gas and dust that can be seen to glow with visible light or invisible light" (Franknoi
532). The Carina Nebula was formed approximately 3 million years ago in the Southern region of
the Milky Way in the Carina constellation. It is located roughly 7,500 light years away from earth,
which is relatively close in special terms, and even bright enough to be seen from south of the
earth's equator. It was discovered by French astronomer, Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, in 1751 from the
Cape of Good Hope in

Red Giants Research Paper
Nolan Harris
Red Giants
Red giants are dying stars that are in their last part of stellar evolution. Every star will eventually
turn into a red giant over some point in time. Stars turn into red giants when there is no more
hydrogen fuel for the star. Inside of a star, hydrogen goes through a process called nuclear fusion
where hydrogen is getting converted into helium. Nuclear fusion helps create energy for the star so
that the force of gravity isn't crushing the star together. This is also the reason why stars are bright.
When the star runs out of hydrogen to convert into helium, the energy that kept the star from
collapsing is now gone. Gravity then takes over and compresses the star. From this point, the helium
atoms are able to combine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are very luminous stars that have a relatively cool surface temperature compared to the stars in
the main sequence that have about the same luminosity. Red giants typically have low to
intermediate mass than a regular star, even though they are about 1000 times larger in the red giant
phase of stellar evolution. Red supergiants are known as the biggest stars by radius. The biggest red
supergiant is mentioned as VY Canis Majoris. This star is about 1800 times bigger than our sun.
Although there are plenty of red giants in space, none of them are that close to us. The closest red
giant is Gamma Crucis (88 light years away).3
We do not have to worry about the world ending due to the sun becoming a red giant anytime in our
lifetime, but plenty of them are out there. Red giants are a very interesting part in stellar evolution as
we have gained lots of knowledge about them over history. Our knowledge of these stars helps us
understand stars and their stellar evolution that much more.

Essay On Famous Stars
The universe contains many galaxies and the galaxies have millions and billions of stars, here are 10
well known stars from the universe. First one is a stellar nebula , a stellar nebula is is a cloud of
superheated gases and other elements formed by the explosive death of a massive star. A stellar
nebula is not only massive clouds of dust , it's also the place where stars are born. A nebula is latin
for "fog". A stellar nebula is also really big,it's a huge interstellar cloud of dust and hydrogen and
helium that range in size from 1 AU to 10 AU. It also appears in many different colors and shapes.
Stellar nebula is really bright and is actually visible with a naked eye!. Even tho a stellar nebula
might look like they're standing still in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a star explodes as a supernova,most of its matter is blown away into space to form a nebula.
The ultra–dense remnants of the imploding core which are lefts behinds are known as a neutron star,
as it's electrons and protons are crushed together in the huge gravity to form neutrons. The
temperature inside a newly formed neutron star is from around 1011 to 1012 kelvin. However, the
huge number of neutrinos it emits carry away so much energy that the temperature of an isolated
neutron star falls within a few years to around 106 kelvin. Then we have the average star , The
average star or intermediate–mass star, is a star with an initial mass of 0.5 to 8 times that of Earth's
sun . Its spends most of its time on the main sequence as an orange, yellow , or blue white dwarf
star. An average star is a massive ball of hot gas/plasma .An average star is held together by gravity.
The sun is an example of an average star . Next, is planetary nebula , planetary nebula is a growing
and glowing cloud of hot gas/plasma that occurs near the end of a low mass star's life. Actually it
has nothing to do with planets . Planetary nebula's occur in the last stage of a dying star. Though our
own star , the sun , may not die for another 5 billion year about 10,000 of these nebula's are
estimated to exist in the Milky Way. It's actually a large cloud of gas and dust in

Big Bang Light Elements
Elements are substances that cannot be separated into smaller substances and are made up entirely
of one type of atom. Naturally existing elements can be categorized as either light elements or heavy
elements. During the Big Bang light elements were formed such as hydrogen, lithium, lithium and
deuterium. The heavy elements originated from Stellar Nucleosynthesis. Heavy elements, however,
are formed such as uranium and iron are formed through Stellar Nucleosynthesis while materials
heavier than this are formed through a supernova.
Soon after the big bang the cosmic dust as well as gases combined and cooled off together to form
stars. The nuclear fusion in stars converts hydrogen into helium and is a continuous process in the
stars until hydrogen runs out at the core of the star. When hydrogen runs out, helium atoms fuse to
form carbon atoms. Massive stars can synthesize heavier elements such as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ionic bonds, on the other hand, occur when two metals completely transfer electrons between them.
Hydrogen has only one electron that goes to the lowest energy orbital hence its electronic structure
is 1s1. Carbon, on the other hand, has six electrons hence the electronic structure is
1s22s22px12py1. Alkanes are formed through atomic bonds formed between carbon and hydrogen.
For example, methane, CH4 has a tetrahedral shape based on the four atoms bonding with the
central carbon atom. Each hydrogen atom contributes one electron equivalent to one C–H bond but
still, there are still 2p orbitals in the carbon atom with unpaired electrons. Four equivalent bonds are
needed so the atomic wave functions for the 2s and three 2porbitals come together to form new
molecular wave functions and new molecular orbitals. These molecular orbitals produce hybrid
orbitals called sp3

What Makes A White Dwarf?
1. What is it called when a star like the Sun sheds most of its mass?
When a sun like star like the sun sheds most of it's mass it is called a planetary nebula.
2. Which is the fate of our Sun? c. white dwarf
a. Blackhole
b. Supernova type Ia
c. White Dwarf
d. Red Dwarf
e. Supernova type II
3. Using http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/dwarfs1.html, what is the composition of a
white dwarf?
According to NASA the composition of the white dwarf is apparently hardly noticeable and the
attempt at those being the brightest was just as much as an ordinary 100 watt light bulb from the
moon. The planetary nebula is the change from a medium mass star that's a red giant to a white
dwarf that's very close to the power of the sun eventually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Astronomers think they are related to neutron stars because they are the leftovers in a way of
massive stars, the remains even though they are highly magnetic and can move and orbit at very
high speeds. With a pulsars life, birth, and death being very similar to how a neutron star is, we can
begin to see why.
7. What is the difference between Type Ia and Type II supernova.
The difference between a type Ia and Type II supernova is that a type II is caused by a big star
collapsing and a Ia supernova is a white dwarf that emits enough mass and power to overcome the
chandraskhar limit and collapses under the weight of it's overly increased power.
8. Use http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/modules.html to find Blackhole in M33.
What type of telescopes can see it? How far away is the blackhole? Where is it located? (2 pts)
According to Hubblesite, the type of telescopes that can see it X–ray, Visible Light, and radio
waves. There is quite a few blackholes, A supermassive one that is 2.5 million lightyears. Another
supermassive that is 730 million light years away, One that is 28,000 light years away that is super
massive and another one that is 2.5 billion light years away and is another supermassive.
9. According to http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k–4/stories/nasa–knows/what–is–a–
black–hole–k4.html, could a blackhole destroy Earth? The Moon? The Sun?
According to NASA: What is a black hole – A black hole could not really destroy the earth because

Red Star Research Paper
When gazing upon the night sky, there are many small shining lights. Though these "small" lights
are actually large balls of gas. These star's small appearance are simply due to the fact that they are
extremely far away from earth which makes us wonder what happens to them. As technology
progresses so does the discovery of science. Being able to observe the stars more efficiently, it is
discovered that stars goes through their own cycle of life, starting from birth to death.
Before a star is born, massive clouds of dust and gas are pulled together by gravity in space, called a
stellar nebula. These massive clouds are pulled to the center of the collapse into a number of points,
or course within them. In the middle of the core, several events ... Show more content on
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In most cases a star will move into the planetary nebula phase, as an expanding, glowing shell of hot
gas also known as plasma. This happens from a low–mass star in the end of their red giant phase,
becoming unstable. The exterior layer drifts away from it's core, which is now consider a white
dwarf star, due to stellar winds. If the dying star have a mass of over 8 suns, it will become a
supernova. Just like a planetary nebula, the cause of it is when a star runs out of nuclear fuel. From
the massive star's lack of outward pressure to balance its inward gravity, the star collapses into the
core expelling a nuclear explosion. Also like the nebula, gas and dusts are scattered around space
that will be used for the birth of future stars. At this point, the former supergiant is either a neutron
star or a black

Before a neutron star is created it is a supernova. Supernova's are difficult to see in our galaxy
because dust is blocking our view.When there's a change in the core in a star a supernova occurs.
When giant stars die in supernova and their core collapse that is when a neutron star is created.This
neutron star is several times bigger than the sun.Because the neutrons are tightly put together into a
super dense object the supernova is very heavy it weighs about 100 million tons.
Neutron stars typically have a surface temperature around 600,000 K.The magnetic fields are
between 10 to the 8th power and 10 to the 15 power as strong as that of the sun.A neutron star is part
of the binary system the survived the deadly blast from it's supernova.

Normal stars (like the Sun) shine because there is nuclear fusion inside them, hydrogen nuclei fuse
together to form helium nuclei, helium nuclei fuse together to form carbon nuclei, and so on.
Nuclear fusion generates heat and light which make the stars shine. Also, this heat provides
outwards pressure which balances the inward gravitational pull, making the star stable. This inward
gravitational pull exist for every object – you, me, the earth, the sun, other stars, etc. Every atom of
an object experiences gravitational pull towards its centre due to its own mass. But for small objects
like the earth, this inward gravitational pull is negligibly small, but not for the stars. Remember the
Sun is 333054 times heavier than the earth, and it is one of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When such a massive star consumes all its nuclear fuel, it undergoes a 'supernova' explosion and
most of the matter is expelled. The extreme heat generated during such explosions can form
elements heavier than iron through nuclear fusion.
The central part (the 'core') of the star undergoing 'supernova' explosion, collapses into a neutron
star of mass in the range of 1.1 – 2 solar masses. During the collapse, atoms of the progenitor stars
break, and subatomic particles become free and then positively charged protons convert to charge
neutral neutrons (in addition to already existing neutrons) by adsorbing negatively charged
electrons. Neutron stars are very dense objects. Their density can be as high as 1014 gm per cubic
centimetre. They are also highly magnetised, their magnetic fields are usually in the range of 108 to
1016 Gauss (the strength of refrigerator magnets is around 50 Gauss). Neutron stars also spin very
fast, rotating up to a few hundred times in a

Questions On The Novel 'An Anthropologist On Mars'
Ethan Koland
Hour 6
Bill Bryson Reading Ch. 2
Question 1
Light is not instant it takes time to travel to be more exact 600,616,629 miles per an hour. This
means whatever you are looking at an object you are seeing the light from that moment when it
reflected of that object. An example of this is our sun. It can take light 8 minutes and 20 seconds for
light to travel from are beloved sun to Earth.
Question 2
Robert Evans, a semiretired minister of a Uniting Church in Australia by day and a Supernova
hunter by night. Evans is armed with his trusty telescope and his steel trap memory. To be more
exact the memorization of star field otherwise he has a normal memory he has a hard time
remembering names and according to his wife,Elaine, "Or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The only stars that are within the ten light year radius are Proxima Centauri,Proxima
Centauri,Luhman 16,WISE 0855−0714,Wolf 359,Lalande 21185,Sirius,Luyten 726–8, and Ross 154
with are all way too small to create a supernova. In fact the closest star that could create a supernova
is Betelgeuse which is 430 light years away all it will do is shine a little brighter for a couple weeks.
Question 9
In order to create the element necessary to life like Carbon, Oxygen and nitrogen from Helium and
Hydrogen you need the heat and energy from the big bang, the only problem was that their was only
one big bang. This question stumped scientists for a long time until they learned about supernovas.
They learned that in the center of a supernova there is similar condition to the big bang. This heat
allowed protons, neutrons, and electrons to bond in ways never seen before the first supernova
forming heavier elements that are so vital to life.
Question

Black Hole Research Paper
The mysteries of black holes are always unknown as to where they're from, who discovered them
and why are they so mysterious. Black holes have been around for centuries. They have been in the
galaxy for over millions of years. Black holes are known as one of the strangest mysteries that's
existed. A black hole is a part of space that pulls so much gravity into it that not even light can
escape from it. So where did black holes come to the existence in our lifetime? Mysteries of black
holes always unknown as in where they come from. "Black holes form when the center of a massive
star collapses in on itself." When this occurs, it causes a supernova. A supernova is a star that
increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass. The
parts left over from the supernova collapse in onto itself forming a black hole. This well–known
black hole is called a stellar mass black hole. "Scientists believe supermassive black holes have
formed at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity." "The first
to ever name black holes was American astronomer John Wheeler and the first one was discovered
in 1971." John Wheeler was a theoretical physicist. Sadly, he died April 13, 2008. It's believed to be
very hard to see the extraordinary event the only way to see them is by gravity waves. Firstly, Black
holes are made up into three main parts the first part is the Outer Event Horizon which in this part of
the black hole the gravity is not as strong. Secondly, the Inner Event Horizon in this part of the black
hole it is too strong for an object to escape. Thirdly, the Singularity is the center of the black hole
which is a crushed star about the size of an atom, the smaller the atom gets the stronger the
gravitational pull is. This part is the strongest of all three. Researchers today still study the mystery
of black

Type 1 Vs Type 2 Supernova
A supernova is a marvelous thing that happens in space, and scientists are trying to use these
explosions of stars to learn more about our expanding galaxy with the debris and elements that
explode from the supernova, the largest explosion in space which can outshine many galaxies. Since
the stars is a large distance away, when the supernova does happen, it would have actually happened
a couple hundred years ago, because the light takes many years to reach our eyes. A supernova can
happen in two different ways, known by a Type 1 supernova and a Type 2 supernova.
The first way a supernova happens is in a binary solar system, meaning that there're two stars
orbiting around the same point. One of the stars, which is a carbon–oxygen white dwarf,

Minor Mass Deprivation
A new study proposes the possibility that the minor mass extinction event on Earth about 2.59
million years ago could have been a result from a supernova explosion. It is believed that cosmic
rays from a supernova could have potentially altered the climate and led to the minor mass
extinction towards the end of the Pliocene epoch and at the beginning of the Pleistocene.
Researchers ran computer simulations of supernovas and focused on how the affects could have
changed Earth's climate and biosphere. Supernovas are either created from a star that runs out of
fuel or a white dwarf that steals matter from a neighboring star and crosses a mass threshold.
Researchers believe that for a supernova to change the climate conditions of Earth and cause

Supernova Persuasive Essay

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