Melbourne Declaration

Melbourne Declaration
Within the umbrella of education and rise of federal government, the Ministerial Council for
Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA) developed a new shift
in name and introduced the Melbourne Declaration. The Melbourne Declaration (2008) fabricates
previous documents, the Hobart Declaration (1989) and the Adelaide Declaration (1999), embracing
a key national protocol for education and served as a statement of unified purpose (Bryne, 2008).
The new and earlier Declarations held considerable differences, as previous documents held brief
statements focussing on outcomes for learners while the Melbourne Declaration comprises
specifically detailed commitments on particular aspects of education, such as the curriculum, ...
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It fails to specify whether it indicates to the school outcomes or the provision of inputs to the
school's learning process. Equity in access to education can be understood as providing
opportunities to learn without reference to outcomes (Reid, 2010). Hence, that would mean that if
students fail to obtain school success they are assumed to have failed in acquiring opportunities and
is attributed to their lack of motivation or talent. Therefore, students who fail to achieve would be
judged as incapable of succeeding. Equity in access does not entail any level of achievement for
students or the removal of achievement gaps between poor and rich, or between Indigenous and
non–Indigenous learners. Stress on equity of access as an education commitment fails to challenge
the significant social and educational inequalities (Barr,
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Indigenous Peoples Are Distinct Groups With Their Own...
Indigenous peoples are distinct groups with their own unique cultures and have remarkable values in
societies. So like every peoples they also need to enjoy and go on to their kids their histories,
customs, languages, methods of internal authority, spiritual practices, beliefs and all else that makes
them who they are. They need to have the rights to pray on their hereditary lands without finding
that those areas have been uncovered to develop a gold mine, fenced off to make a safari stop, or
watered with sewage emanating pumped from an adjacent city. But unfortunately, colonisation and
misbehaviour suppressed their society. [1]As indicated by Australian Bureau of Statics (ABS)
information from 2006, the evaluated occupant indigenous population was 517004, or 2.4% of the
total Australian population, with approximately 25% living in remote or very remote areas. With
38% of the total Indigenous population aged 16 years or younger compared to 18% of non–
Indigenous Australians. At the other end of the age scale, only 3% of Indigenous Australians are
aged 66 years or older compared to 14% of the non–Indigenous population. [1] Indigenous
individuals are very less to be worked in professional, Technical and Specialized Administrations
than non–Indigenous individuals (around 1.9% contrasted with 8%).Because of they are not getting
enough role models are they are misdirected by alcohols.

Todd Braun: Ethical Issues In School And Society
Student's Name: Wendy Gilbertson
Question:#1
Course Name and Instructor's Name: Education 600 Section 006 –Todd Braun –Ethical Issues in
School and Society
"I believe that all reforms which rest simply upon the enactment of law, or the threatening of certain
penalties, or upon changes in the mechanical or outward arrangements are transitory and futile."
(Fishman and McCarthy, 1998, p.31). Even though John Dewey wrote these words in 1897 his
words sill ring true today. I believe that the Common Core Standards are an example of a reform
which is an "enactment of law". While I believe that holding students to high standards, the way
these standards were developed and adopted worries me.
When I read this article while taking Ethical Issues with Todd Braun, I wrote the following in the ...
They were developed by private corporations, institutions, and law makers created these without
background knowledge or research based initiatives.
Resources
Fishman, S.M. and McCarthy, L. (1998). John Dewey and the challenge of classroom practices.
New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Kern, D. (2014). Common core–less?: A critical review of the common core state standards
research. Review of Research in the Classroom, 50(1), 75–77.
Main, L. F. (2012). Too much too soon? Common core standards in the early years. Early Childhood
Education Journal, 40(2), 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10643–011–0484–7
National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School
Officers. (2010). Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. Washington, DC:
Authors.
Western Australian Minister for Education. (2009). First steps in mathematics volume 1:
Understand whole and decimal numbers, understand fractional numbers. Beverley, MA:
STEPS Professional

Nursing Is Defined As Moral And Medical
Nursing is defined as moral and medical answer to human wants, covering scientific duty and cure
along with material, mental, divine and community care of persons and sets of persons (Daly,
Speedy & Jackson, 2010). "It includes the raise of health, the prevention of illness and the care of
ill, disabled and dying people" (WHO, 2015). On the other hand, professional competence is the
capability to perform and demonstrate technical skills, abilities, knowledge, attitudes, values,
judgment, and different tasks and take responsibilities according to employment standards (Bowen,
Donkin & Sinclair, 2013). The excellence of care carried by nurses employed in Australian overall
exercises breaks on a solid basis of nursing teaching and guidance ... Show more content on
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Traditionally, nursing education in Australia began with apprentices from public hospital whereby
they were paid full board and accommodation (Department of Health, 2014). Slowly, regulatory
bodies for nursing were recognized in each state and territory, which resulted in the introduction of
minimum standards for both the theory and clinical components of nurse training and the
accreditation of schools for general nursing education (Department of Health, 2014). State–based
examinations were held at the end of the training period to qualify nurses (Department of Health,
2014). These agencies or authorities also had a register of those who had met the required standards
and were eligible to practice as registered nurses (Department of Health, 2014).
By the 1980s, many nursing education providers in the smaller, regional and rural hospitals had
closed, as they could not meet the stringent educational requirements of the state–based nursing
registration boards (Department of Health, 2014). In the 1980s the health sector had seen a lot of
changes related to increase of technology and this put a pressure on health professionals to upgrade
and expand their practicing skills with theory and nursing practice hours hours over the three years
of training period (Department of Health, 2014). Many education providers outside the big cities
were shut down due to incompetent standards (Department of Health, 2014).
In compare with Australia, the history of nursing education in

The Issue Of Asylum Seekers Has Been Considered As One
The issue of Asylum seekers has been considered as one of the controversial issues in Australia due
to the implementation of the Federal governments' harsh and stringent policy against boat refugees,
who flee from their countries because of violence or persecution. It is stated that this hard line
approach aims to curb the influx of illegal immigrants thereby making Australian Immigration
System credible and strong (Anderson & Iggulden 2016). According to Refugee Convention 1954,
Australia, a signatory under United Nation(UN) Refugee Agency, is regarded as one of the generous
country in dealing with the protection and rights of refugees and has created a meritorious history of
accepting asylum seekers from all over the world (Refugee ... Show more content on
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Besides this, it also meant to analyze and scrutinize people whether they are following an orderly
queue or not (Cox 2015).
However, it is argued that that as one of the signatories of the Refugee Convention to the United
Nation (UN), Australia has a moral obligation to protect the human rights of all asylum seekers,
despite the reasons for their arrival and whether they arrive with or without a valid visa (Australian
Human Rights Commission 2015). Hence it is clear that being a signatory of Refugee Convention
Laws, the opposition has a legal commitment to guarantee the safety of asylum seekers. Another
point worth noting is that when compared to the resettlement of refugees in Australia (57,362) to
other countries, the top10 countries hosting refugees were in third world countries ; Turkey (2.5
million), Pakistan(1.6 million) ,Lebanon(1.1 million)and the remaining countries were in Africa. It
is noticeable that, the resettled refugees accounted for about.99% of the global total of 14 million
people and Australia has ranked 26th overall and 46th in terms of GDP (ABC News 2016).
Some people believe that asylum seekers are jumping out of the queue to come to Australia to seek
asylum. However, it is truly a misconception that the people seeking asylum are queue jumpers. It is
necessary to point that there is no orderly 'queue' to the resettlement of refugees. Only a

What Does Culture And Diversity Mean?
We live in a universe of complexity and uncertainty. The global connectedness of the twenty first
century means that everything in this world is interrelated and connected. Within the Australian
context, due to globalisation and mass migration, Australia is ethnically and culturally diverse.
Australia is also enriched with Indigenous Australian culture. A unique and multicultural
community, Australia is therefore dynamic, diverse and constantly growing. This means that our
schools are also dynamic, complex and culturally diverse. Students attending schools in Australia
will come from diverse cultural backgrounds and will consequently have diverse needs. Using
critical theory and post–colonialism, this paper will focus upon how teachers' intercultural
sensitivities about difference and diversity (more specifically, cultural diversity) might impact upon
students learning.
What does culture and diversity mean? Culture is what, why and how we do things. The Cultural
Competence: Guidelines and Protocols document describes culture as 'the interplay of many
elements which include behaviors, customs, beliefs, values and institutions'. Culture can also be
seen as 'a lens through which we view the world' (Ethnic Communities' Council of Victoria, 2006).
Therefore, culture is dynamic and relates to the contexts and places to which a person experiences
and lives their every day life. It is important for teachers, students and their families to have an
understanding and appreciation for

Analysis Of The Lost Art Of Discipline Danelly
"The Lost art of Discipline" – by Kevin Donnelly
Classroom management and discipline is crucial in creating an environment that is both productive
and meaningful in the learning experience for students. In his article; "The Lost art of Discipline",
Kevin Donnelly explores the importance of changing the current nature of Australian classrooms in
order to improve the present educational standards attained by Australian school students, quite
regularly he refers to two major sources – the OECD's study and the 1997 report produced by the
Australian Council for Educational Research to strengthen his argument. The article explores three
significant areas; the lack of discipline within the Australian schooling system, the effect this is
having on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In continuing with the idea that the main issues is that of discipline, it become obvious how
elements such as family and the educational system all play a role in contributing

Supply And Demand Of A Good Or Service
Supply and demand is a fundamental factor in shaping the character of the marketplace. A demand
refers to the specific quantity of a product /good or service that people are willing and able to buy at
given price level, where supply of a good or service represents how much quantity people are
willing and able to offer for sale at given price–level. There are various factors that demand and
supply of a good or service depend on. Demand of a product depends on the price of the product,
number of buyers in the market, tastes and preferences of consumer, consumer's income, consumer
expectations and prices of related commodities. Supply of a product depends on the price of that
product, number of sellers in the market, technology, input ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Demand is determined by many factors other than price. The shift in demand curve occurs when
there is a change in factors other than price, results in the shift of demand curve. For example, if
level of income of an individual or a community rises, then demand will increase at the same price
level leading demand curve to shift to the right. Similarly, if there is a fall in the disposable income
of the consumers or rise in the prices of close substitute of a good or decline in consumer taste or
goods are unavailable, etc., at the same price level, there is a fall or decrease in demand leading
demand curve to shift to the left as shown in Figure 2
http://economicsconcepts.com/movement_vs_shift_of_demand_curve.htm In case of supply, if other
factor changes except its own price, the supply curve will shift towards left or right at same price
level. For example, For example, if production cost of a product increases, then the supply will
decrease and the supply curve will shift towards right and if the production cost decreases, then
supply will increase and the supply curve will shift towards left, as shown in figure: 3 With the help
of above analysis of demand and supply, the analysis of demand and supply of certain resources in
Australia can be done. Australia is famous for many resources such as mineral resource, agricultural
resource, human resources and many more. Even though demand supply analysis of Australian
resources

Austrailian School Curriculum Essay
Structure and Development of Curriculum
Education needs to address the knowledge and skills that young Australians require to become
competent citizens in the 21st century. In 2008, a nation–wide curriculum was announced by then–
Minister for Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Minister for Social Inclusion and
Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard under the power of the Rudd Labour Government (Brady,
2010). Based on the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians
(Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs [MCEETYA], 2008),
The Australian Curriculum, developed by the Australian Curriculum and Assessment Authority
[ACARA], proposes to be a more homogenous approach to education ... Show more content on
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Seven areas of general capabilities are identified that students develop through successful
application to the subject content, with some capabilities developed in specific learning areas,
whereas others can be developed in any learning area as the teacher sees fit (ACARA, 2009b), and
provides students with skills in literacy, numeracy, information and communication technology
(ICT), critical and creative thinking, ethical behaviour, personal and social competence, and
intercultural understanding (ACARA, 2009b). Also identified are three cross–curriculum priorities
that aim to "be both relevant to the lives of students and address the contemporary issues they face"
(ACARA, 2009c), and include studies in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures,
Asia and Australia's engagement with Asia, and the sustainability of our planet (ACARA, 2009c).
The Australian Curriculum builds upon the knowledge and skills students develop as learning
progresses with the learning achieved in one year forming the foundation for learning in subsequent
years. It contains specific achievement standards in each learning area that are comprised of
outcomes

Indigenous Health
The facts speak for themselves: Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples continue to
have much poorer health and much shorter life spans than the population as a whole (Australian
journal of rural health, 2002). Indigenous Australians in general are the least healthy of all
Indigenous populations within comparable industrialised nation. Indigenous Australians experience
nearly twice the rates of chronic disease and hospitalisation compared to non–Indigenous
Australians (Green, Minchin 2014). There are many influences that impact their poorer health, some
being the 'social determinants of the health', which we might define as those non–health indicators
of life outcomes which influence an individual's health status across their ... Show more content on
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These are some nursing interventions that may be implemented to increase the overall health status
of the Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander population. Some include programs to allow them
access to primary health care, building a repor to create a sense of trust, providing specific
knowledge for Indigenous health and understanding their culture. The rural nurse generalist role
requires advanced skills most new graduates do not possess. Rural nurses perform crisis assessment
and management skills for populations across the lifespan and for all health conditions. A rural nurse
may manage traumas, calm the mentally ill, stabilize the critically ill, deliver emergency births, care
for children and comfort the dying within the same shift (Molinari, Monserud 2008). General
nursing courses don't prepare nurses for this amount of workload or intense situations. Lea et al
(2008) study shows that introducing remote placements during nursing degrees can help prepare
nurses for the full on experience of working in the outer region hospitals instead on the
metropolitan's areas. Also dealing with limited resources and equipment, ability to multitask and
overcome the language barriers they might have to face, as majority of the remote population is
indigenous

2.1 Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur And Enterprise Skills.
2.1 Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur and Enterprise Skills
Deﬁning the very essence of entrepreneurship is part of a longstanding theoretical debate (Henry,
Hill & Leitch, 2005, p. 99). Deﬁnitions are particularly important in the field because many of the
terms associated with the discipline, such as entrepreneurship, entrepreneur and enterprise, are often
used interchangeably. For the purpose of this review, the definition of entrepreneurship is
synonymous with Gibb (2007), who describes entrepreneurship as "sets of behaviours, attributes and
skills that allow individuals and groups to create change and innovation, cope with and even enjoy
higher levels of uncertainty and complexity" (Gibb, 2007, p. 1). Meanwhile, the term 'entrepreneur'
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2.2 Importance of Entrepreneurship Education
The importance of the role of EE and enterprise skills is highlighted in both European and global
development views (Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD), 2015).
While a strong emphasis on economic success and job creation has propelled EE at tertiary level,
there has not been an integrated approach in the secondary education sector (OECD, 2015).
However, development is underway, with international education institutions facing policy pressure
to explicitly embed EE in the curriculum (Mwasalwiba, 2012).
A crucial reason for teaching entrepreneurial skills to youth is to help prepare them for employment
and, in some cases, influence self–employment and choosing entrepreneurship as a career path.
However, EE is not about simply creating entrepreneurs and businesses. It is about teaching students
enterprise skills, transferable to the real world. Taking part in incubator–style programs teaches
students that failure is acceptable; they learn resilience which is key in the competitive 21st Century
employment landscape. This is reflected in the following textbook quote: "Businesses fail, but
entrepreneurs do not. Failure is often the fire that tempers the steel of an entrepreneur's learning and
street savvy" (Timmons, 1999, p. 47). Resilience, along with skills such as problem solving and
creativity, are highly desired by Australian employers, as demonstrated in recent

Poverty Is The Problem Of Poverty
Poverty is the issue that many countries are facing and try to figure out a method for managing
poverty in order to ensure the wellbeing of their citizens, Developed countries like Australia is also
confronting a destitution issue in their citizen. Poverty can be characterized from various
perspectives, which depend on each country's standard. Here, poverty can be defined as an
economic condition of lacking both money and basic necessities needed to successful in life,
particularly for those who are socioeconomically and educationally disadvantaged. As a matter of
fact, all around the world, indigenous people are the underprivileged groups in terms of economy,
society and education compared to their counterparts on the range of social indicators. International
research has been discovered that one of the most disadvantaged groups in the world is Indigenous
Australians (Cooke, Mitrou, Lawrences, Guimond, & Bravoing, 2007; Hill, Barker, & Vos, 2007;
Ring & Brown, 2003). For this situation, Australian governments are finding the solution to poverty
by establishing many policies and programs. this essay will demonstrate that education is considered
to be a long–term solution for poverty and current policies and programs for disadvantaged groups
in Australia will be evaluated.
In Australia, despite the fact that there is the presence of the welfare system, poverty still continues
in the society. Destitution in Australia is measured by considering the number, or ratio, of

The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health...
INTRODUCTION
The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, (NACCHO) is an existing
representation of the hope of Aboriginal communities and their fight for self–rule. NACCHO is the
nationwide climax organization representative. It controls over 150 Aboriginal Community Health
Services (ACCHSs) across the country on Aboriginal health and issues.
BACKGROUND
The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO) was established in
1992, as the new national ACCHS umbrella organisation replaced the NAIHO. Many Indigenous
communities have recognized their own independent since the 1970's. In 1975, The Community–
controlled health services (ACCHs) and an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Local Aboriginal community control in health is important as this classifies the Aboriginal entire
health. Thus, it allows Aboriginal communities to find out their own relationships, protocols and
procedures. NACCHO represents local Aboriginal community control at a national level. By making
sure that Aboriginal people have a greater right of entry to valuable health care within Australia. A
coordinated holistic response is provided by NACCHO from the community sector. Therefore, it is
promoting for culturally respectful and approaches to needs requirement. This shows the
improvement in health and wellbeing through ACCHSs with better outcome.
AIM
NACCHO is focused on:
Promoting, increasing and growing the state of health and wellbeing services through local
ACCHSs.
Cooperating with organisations and governments within both the Aboriginal and non–Aboriginal
community on health and wellbeing guidelines and planning difficulties.
Representing and promoting health service delivery, health information, research, public health and
health financing and health programs.
VISION AND VALUES
Controlling Aboriginal Community
Approach to an holistic and full Primary Health Care
A ground–up approach to planning, policy development and performance
Aboriginal cultural honesty
Co–ordinated and

This Essay Will Address the Role of Health Screening and...
Diabetes is a disease that 'currently affects 346 million people worldwide' (WHO 2011, Diabetes
Program, p. 1). The National Health Priority Action Council (NHPAC) highlighted that 'the direct
health care expenditure on diabetes in 2000–01 was $812 million'(NHPAC 2006, p.7). This essay
will address the role of health screening and health promotion in regards to diabetes mellitus. It will
discuss the topics of morbidity, mortality, and aetiology as well as strategies to reduce incidence and
prevalence, current strategies for health promotion, the role of health screening, future planning, and
the effectiveness of such strategies. There are a variety of classifications of diabetes, which include
Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1), as the varying classifications of the disease occur from varying origins.
Type 2 diabetes, which is the most common, is caused by mostly modifiable health factors, which
include 'obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diets' (WHO 2011, p. 2), although it is also
related to increasing age, strong family history of diabetes, and ethnicity (Zimmet & Magliano
2011). This type of diabetes is most likely to decrease if there is an increase in health promotion.
Type 1 diabetes 'usually develops in childhood or adolescence' (WHO 2011, p. 2), and will result in
death if the disease is not treated by consistent insulin injection. This type of diabetes is slightly
more complex as it is substantially caused by gene mutation (WHO 2011, p. 2). The World Health
Organization (2011, p. 2), describes the aetiology of the disease as the 'autoimmune destruction of
the beta cells of the pancreas.'
Gestational diabetes, which is much less common, only occurs during pregnancy and is caused by a
resistance to the actions of insulin brought on by the hormones a woman's body releases during
pregnancy (WHO 2011, p. 2). Once diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus you are at a greater
risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life (Zimmet & Magliano 2011). For this reason it is
particularly important to use preventative measures and consistent health checks.
Health screening is an important

Part Indigenous Speeches Essay
Assignment 2 – Part A: Indigenous speeches – research essay
The Apology – Prime Minister Kevin Rudd
On the 13th February 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, offered an Apology to the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander People by way of a speech that he presented to the 42nd parliament of the
Commonwealth. His speech outlined the past oppression of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people who had to endure pain and suffering. Children were forcibly removed from their families.
Mr Rudd opened his speech in parliament with the words "We honour the Indigenous peoples of this
land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history" (2012). It is true that Mr Rudd took the first
step in reconciliation however he has not progressed as far as hoped. There has been little
compensation made to the stolen generation. Was the apology a sincere one? Perhaps? His intentions
were clear and precise. Rudd had said he would apologize and he did. He did not say he would
compensate the Indigenous Australians in any form which would have gone a long way to begin the
healing process. Especially due to the inconceivable horrors that were enacted against the Stolen
Generations.
Kevin Rudd's speech was eloquent and lengthy (2012). He continued to make promises to the
Indigenous Australians saying they, the government, were determined to close the gap, embrace new
solutions to old issues and form a partnership between Indigenous and non–Indigenous Australians.
Mr Rudd further explains the

Education And Vocational Achievements Of A School Cohort
Introduction
People vary greatly in their educational and vocational achievements. While educational
achievement has been examined in schools and tertiary settings, it is not always the case that the
original educational and vocational achievements of a school cohort have been followed because
there are certainly many other factors that affect people's result of achievement. According to
Holland (1997, p.13), there are many characteristics of a person and an environment that influence
educational and vocational development such as the age, gender, ethnicity, geography, social class,
physical assets or liabilities, educational level attained, intelligence and influence. By comparing
and contrasting males and females, this essay will focus on gender, in terms of schooling and
vocation, and how culture and social stereotypes affect male and female educational and
occupational pathways in Australia.
Gender as a function of society and culture
Gender is a cultural and social phenomenon that refers to constructed differences between men and
women. "With western feminism – which encompassed Marxist, radical and liberal feminist
frameworks – gender was seen to operate both as a set of cultural understandings that represents
what it means to be a man or woman, and as a social variable that structures the opportunities and
pathways that men and women are expected to follow" (Vickers, 2013, p.161). This phenomenon
appears both educationally and vocationally.
Gender stereotype

The Importance Of Indigenous People In Australia
The role and place of Indigenous Australians in perceptions of national identity is generally
neglected. Contemporary issues among Indigenous people in Australia include racial discrimination,
poor health and access to health services, levels of employment and education (Hampton & Toombs,
2013). The traumatic diaspora of the Stolen Generations and the negative impacts of racial and
economic disadvantage such as segregation and displacement have contributed to Indigenous
peoples feeling of mistrust (Queensland Health, 2015). According to Kelly (2013), a fundamental
challenge faced by educators today is planning and teaching for a future where the tragedies of the
past are overcome for Indigenous students. This essay views these topics as interrelated and
discusses them in reference to whole school best practice to support teaching Indigenous students.
In Australia, educational policies at the Commonwealth level have had set expectations for the
inclusion of Indigenous themes in school curricula for more than two decades (Kelly, 2013).
ACARA has a stated intention of ensuring "that all young Australians will be given the opportunity
to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories
and cultures", (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, 2011), yet Lowe &
Yunkaporta (n.d.), describe the Australian Curriculum as privileged content that ignores the realities
faced by twenty–first century learners. It fosters a

Social Inequality And Stereotyping Cultures From Political...
EDUC1708 Research Essay Due: 25 August 2014
By: Kody Williamson (s4350274)
Tutor: Dr Joy Kennedy
Youdell (2012) argues that the singular and "one–off" multicultural events reproduce
majority/minority, Same/Other relations in their 'display ' of minoritises cultures for the appreciation
of or consumption by the majority. (p 153) This essay will look into the argument of how the one off
multicultural events can be seen as racist, fostering social–inequality and stereotyping cultures from
political power. It will also outline how educators with the right strategies and planning can foster
valuable cultural experiences and cultivate socio–equality with their students and their school
communities.
Multicultural education is the term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Reynolds, 2012) The schools that are hosting these singular multicultural days do have intent to
inform students of diverse cultures, yet instead are accentuating the already existing social and
cultural hierarchies. (Gorski, 2008)
The way and how to teach multiculturalism in the classroom is a sensitive topic between the many
parties involved. Since multicultural education is primarily a set of beliefs and philosophies (Neito,
1994), it is a very powerful issue especially from socio–political perspectives. Wright (2007) argues
that multiculturalism has no pre–given destiny nationally or globally, but is continually being
renewed and re–contested by political policy actors from their dominating point of view. The power
of the corporate elite demonstrates their need for social in–equality through globalization, for the
cheap labor from the poorest countries that accelerate their economic growth. This cycle is what
Chosudovsky (2003) calls the 'Globalisation of Poverty".
The educational policies in place illustrate this globalisation of poverty when we look at the
legislations and those who write them. In the US, the educational policy is firmly under the thumbs
of these corporate elites in the form of the Business Roundtable, the public education system itself is
becoming a vehicle for socialising citizens into good compliance and complicity. (Chomsky, 2003;
Gabbard, 2003)

Research Critique Research Paper
Part B: Research Critique (60 marks)
Article: Tuckett A & Turner C 2016, 'Do you use social media? A study into new nursing and
midwifery graduates ' uptake of social media', International Journal of Nursing Practice, no. 22, pp.
197–204, doi:10.1111/ijn.12411
Specific critique area Answer
Explain the purpose of the study. Use the PICO or PICo format to identify the research question.
(150 words) This study does not pose a clear research question, but makes a declarative question
that identifies the purpose of the research as follows: 'Do you use social media? A study into new
nursing and midwifery graduates' uptake of social media' (Tuckett & Turner 2016). The method/aim
section of the study sets out concisely, in broad terms, what ... Show more content on
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Quantitative data were collected from 112 (93%) survey respondents from a 2014 sample of 121
nurses and midwives. Findings from each method are integrated into the interpretation phase of the
study (Richardson–Tench et al 2014). It is, however, important to note that quantitised qualitative
data is vulnerable to collinearity and statistical measurement limitations, as small sample sizes can
fail to support the research.
Identify and explain sampling and recruitment procedures were in the research.
(200 words) The study sample comprised of 112 Australian and New Zealand newly graduate
nursing and midwifery respondents in a 2014 sample of 121 participants. The sample participants
were mainly women (96%) reported as mostly registered nurses (93%) who had graduated in 2009
(60%) and 2008 (40%) (Tuckett & Turner 2016). The small sample size is not a representative of all
graduates in Australia and New Zealand, and participants are geographically confined to these
countries, which limits global generalizability of findings (Tuckett & Turner 2016). However, table
1 within the study does provide clear information on the demographics for the study participants.
The response rate of the participants is also clearly stated. The type of sampling used within the
study appears to be non–probability sampling. In purposive non–probability sampling, participants
are selected based on the study purpose with the

National Curriculum Paper
Introduction:
Undeniably, the implementation of a national curriculum will have a significant impact on the
Australian education system. Therefore, my understanding of this educational reform and the
contention arising from this national curriculum will form the basis of this paper. The paper will also
discuss how I will navigate the implemented policies while remaining authentic in my teaching
values and practices. Moreover, this will be done by establishing my understanding of the
curriculum in the educational context before responding to two literary quotes.
In the broadest sense curriculum refers to all courses offered at a school; however, this definition is
ineffective without consideration beyond statements about the content or the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The mathematics curriculum is organised around the interaction of three content strands and four
proficiency strands. The content strands form framework of the intended curriculum (number and
algebra, measurement and geometry, and statistics and probability). Whereas the proficiency strands
form the basis of the enacted curriculum (understanding, fluency, problem solving and reasoning).
My intent is to create an effective learning environment where students develop solid mathematical
content knowledge and skills that are relevant to their specific needs. I believe mathematical
discussion is paramount in the development of understanding and will actively encourage open
discussion of mathematical

UMAT Assessment Essay
As a current student striving to be accepted into medicine I will be required to undertake the UMAT
examination. I have always been interested in the relevance of the examination, how it is perceived
by people and whether students are the key people it 'serves'. To gain a basic understanding of the
purpose of the UMAT I conducted preliminary research, utilising the ACER (Australian Council for
Educational Research) website, who were the developers and write the examination every year. I
obtained sources through the use of google scholar to locate relevant and highly reliable sources.
The majority of my sources were secondary obtained from websites, journals and articles. I had
emailed multiple professionals to conduct interviews but received no responses, hence, I was unable
to obtain primary data on my topic. However, sources from the Medical Journal of Australia
provided sufficient information on my topic, providing me with facts and statistics which I utilised
throughout my report. I was assured that information obtained from this journal was highly reliable
as the articles are all peer reviewed and also by the reputation of the journal. Other information was
sourced from either the Adelaide University or the ACER website, which I believe ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I organised my information and report in informative language. Informative in the informational
genre, I did not want a balanced point of view but one which describes my findings. Due to the fact
that I was writing an investigation I utilised objective language, ensuring that I elaborated my points
out clearly. This will assist in presenting findings in a clear, concise and professional manner, it was
also vital that I structured my report in a manner that was easy to follow and logical. This will
ensure that readers will be able to understand information and examples utilised, and easily
comprehend the

Why Is Education Important?
Why does society consider education such an important quest? Should there be a purpose for
education or should education simply be an intrinsic pursuit (Marples, 2010), where individuals just
want to learn and become more knowledgeable. Education should be accessible for all young people
to obtain skills required to become meaningful members of society, whether it is simply to acquire
knowledge or to acquire more purposeful skills for a meaningful profession. How that occurs is
determined by stakeholders commissioned to realise the aims for education devised by governments,
who ultimately decide what is best for society. Education can be applied to any number of
programmes that teach and encourage learning (Hand, 2010). The argument ... Show more content
The purpose of this view of education is to prepare individuals for the real world, where
employment enables them to earn a living which in turn benefits society. The vocational view
requires a curriculum that has theoretical inquiry as its base. Students undertake practical activities
(Hand, 2010) specific for their chosen career path. Richard Pring (2004) argues that the liberal and
vocational views can be combined – resolved view, where theory and practice can be blended into
meaningful activities that have a holistic approach to student's education. An integrated curriculum
that shifts learning from knowledge–oriented to virtue–oriented and moves away from discrete
subject (Hand, 2010) areas. Integrated curriculums teach values based ideals that will educate
students into the type of people society want children to be (Hand, 2010).
Everyone has an equal right to an education (Warnock, 1975), what each individual chooses to do
with their education is up to them. Education should be liberating, having the capacity to involve
students in the pure joy of learning and increasing their capacity to think. Why get educated if
education does not serve any instrumental purpose (Marples, 2010). Society would suffer without
individuals trained in the required skills to undertake work that maintains humanity. The most
obvious function of

The Importance Of Effective Education
Recently, an research article caught my attention in how teachers in promoting inclusive education
for children experience disability and with additional educational needs. In the article, the child
diagnosed with Down Syndrome participates in the classroom experiences with the other children in
the mainstream school, but with supports and adaptations as needed. The teacher creates the
opportunity for the child to share his knowledge with the other children and support their learning,
while also catering his individual needs in supporting him in communication and social skills. The
article illustrates the key elements of inclusion practices in practice. What inclusion actually means
for us as early childhood educators? The following essay is designed to examine those contributing
factors involved in the inclusive education.
Inclusion is strongly supported by international, national, and state policy, legislation. "The right to
an inclusive education is addressed in both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with a Disability. Additionally, the Australian Government
expresses its commitment to inclusive education in an array of documents and policies, including
the National Disability Strategy, the Australian Curriculum, the Australian Professional Standards
for Teachers, the National Quality Framework and the Early Years Learning Framework for
Australia". (Kathy, 2013). Each of these documents, recognizes and acknowledged the

Tobacco Consumption in Adolescents: A Health Promotion...
This essay will discuss the issue of smoking in adolescents from the Australian society. The
discussion will include a recent campaign that has been created to cut the morbidity rates of
smoking in adolescents from the Western Australian (WA) region. The campaign "Smarter than
Smoking" provided an effective health promotion strategies to reduce tobacco enhancement for
adolescents aged 10–15 years old. The essay will provide a better analysis on tobacco consumption
in adolescents. Thus, portraying the potential impacts of smoking at a young age in the Western
Australian society. As well as, a discussion about the implementation of the program "Smarter than
Smoking" and its effectiveness in society will be further analyzed.
Background on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the rate for adolescent's tobacco usage should be limited to prevent further deaths.
Consequently, according to the report by the Cancer Council (2009) the majority of adult smokers
has smoked cigarettes in their early adolescence. In the year 1999 the rates for smokers within the
ages of 10–15 were 20% and the ages of 16–17 were 40% (STS, 2009). However, the article by
Woods (2009) stipulates that in the year 1995, a survey was conducted on Western Australians
residing across the Perth metropolitan area. The results showed that the proportion of 14–year–old
smoker males decreased from 28.6% to a 16.8% in 2005 (Woods, 2009). Additionally, the article
further specifies that these numbers have decreased over time because of the "Smarter than
Smoking" campaign that influenced a greater decrease in the numbers of smokers, which targeted
the Western Australian adolescent population (Woods, 2009).
Although, the campaign had a significant decrease in the rates of smoking in adolescents, a survey
conducted haphazardly in 2005 illustrated that smokers in secondary schools were 19% boys and
17% girls (which smoked prior to the week of conducting the survey) (Woods, 2009). Therefore, the
"Smarter than Smoking" campaign has performed various interventions from the year 2005
onwards, to further decrease the numbers of smokers in the adolescent population (STS, 2009).
About the program:
The program "Smarter than Smoking" or STS is a multi–strategic long–standing

Problems Associated With Chinese Australian And Homeless...
Culture is a common ground of group of people sharing ideas, beliefs, values and behaviour which
is not restricted to ethnicity (Fanany, 2012). Australia is one of the most culturally diverse countries
across the world who have their own cultural and social aspects of life. There exist various factors
that influences the health of different cultural groups which includes social gradient, social
exclusion, unemployment and addiction (Wilkinson & Mormot, 2003). Among the various cultural
and ethnic groups, this case study highlights the aspects determining the health and its risks in
Chinese–Australian and Homeless–Australian youths' community and the strategies overcoming
those risks. It reviews the literature on the social determinants causing health risks in the specific
cultural groups and suggests the best possible approaches dealing with the health problems
associated with them.
Chinese–Australian groups Chinese population forms a major part of non–English speaking
population in Australia. The Australian population comprises of 2% of the total population of
Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). With the increasing population of Chinese–
Australian there exists various factors that affect the general health condition of the population
which includes their health beliefs, dietary consideration and low knowledge about diseases.
Culturally based values and beliefs are considered to have the most

Single Sex School Essay
Does your child's education matter to you? I believe single sex schools are better than co–education
schools. My reasons behind this opinion are single sex schooling has less distraction in class, single
sex schools have better learning results and lastly boys and girls in a same sex environment are more
likely to pursue subjects they usually would not try.
Single sex schools have less distractions in class. I believe this because in a single sex environment
boys do not feel the need to impress girls and girls would not have to downplay their strengths to
impress boys. The first example to backup my point is a study by the Australian Council for
Educational Research where they said "research indicates that single sex schools improve ... Show
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A second example to help argue my point is when United Kingdom educator Graham Able
compared student performance in 30 single–sex and co–educational schools, he found the academic
advantage of single–sex schooling even greater for boys. This evidence shows that single sex is the
better school option for learning and getter better academic results, especially if your child is a boy.
Single sex schooling is the better choice when selecting your child's future school specially when
you are looking for the best possible education.
In single sex schools boys and girls excel in subjects they usually would not. Single sex schools help
children do well in subjects they usually would not be good at or subjects they would not usually try.
For example girls do better at maths and science in all–girl schools; boys do better in languages and
the arts in all boy schools. My first example to backup my point is a study by Cambridge University
in 2006 where their research showed "boys improved in english and foreign languages in single sex
classes, and girls improved in maths and physics. This proves girls and boys do better in subjects
they usually would not do because they are more comfortable in a single sex school rather than a
co–educational school. A second piece of evidence to help argue my point is a United States study
that found boys at single sex

Bullying in Schools
School bullying is a distinct form of aggressive behaviour, usually involving a power imbalance. It
can be physically, verbally and, more recently, electronically threatening, and can cause emotional,
physical and psychological harm. Bullying in schools historically has been seen as a fundamental
part of childhood. (Campbell, 2005 p68) It was seen as a social, educational and racial issue that
needed little research and attention, until in the 1970's and 80's researchers began pioneering studies
into bullying in our schools. (Rigby, 2007, p1) Bullying is now seen as a serious problem that begins
in the classroom and often continues into the workplace. (Campbell, 2005 p68) There is now
widespread support that schools should be involved in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010) The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. October
2010
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009) Part VII, How Safe and Secure are Australia's
Children. Publication. p7–8
Boystown. (2009) Inquiry into Bullying of Children and Young people, Submission to the General
Purpose Standing Commitee No 2 of the New South Wales Legislative Council p11–12
Campbell, Marilyn A. (2005) Cyber Bullying: An Old Problem in a New Guise? Australian Journal
of Guidance and Counselling Vol 15 No 1 p68–76
Kids Helpline (2004) Factsheet Bullying http://www.kidshelp.com.au/upload/4038.pdf
Kim, Young Shin, MD,MS,MPH,PhD; Leventhal, Bennet l. MD; Koh, Yun–Joo, PhD; Hubbard,
Alan, PhD; Boyce, W. Thomas, MD. (2006) School Bullying and Youth Violence. General
Psychiatry Vol 63 No 9 p1
Lodge, Jodie. (2008) Working with Families Concerned with School–based Bullying AFRC Briefing
No 11, Australian Institute of Family studies. p1–4
Minister for Education, the Hon Peter Garrett MP. (2011) Safer schools set to take action against
bullying. Media Release 18th March 2011
http://www.ayac.org.au/uploads/Bullying%20Media%20Release.pdf
Office of the Minister of Education, The Hon Julia Gillard MP, (2010) New study shows negotiation
can reduce school bullying. Media release 17th January 2010
http://www.deewr.gov.au/Ministers/Gillard/Media/Releases/Pages/Article_100118_085945.aspx
Rigby, Ken. (2003)

Understand The Importance Of Nutrition In Schools
This report has been created to inform educators and families of the importance nutrition plays in
young students lives, in particular how nutrition can affect school outcomes. The report draws on
statistics, provides a brief overview of resources available to educators and recommendations in
relation to improving students nutritional intake and understanding of the importance nutrition.
Research and statistics discussed in this report are retrieved from Government bodies and peer
reviewed journals published within 10 years, due to limited information in research of Australian
students aged between five and eight the age range may show wider gaps. The recommendations
made in the report in relation to improving nutritional outcomes for students ... Show more content
The Australian Government developed a national nutrition policy in 2012–2013 to encourage
citizens to lead healthy lives and reduce nutrition related diseases (National Health and Medical
Research Council [NHMRC], 2013) such as obesity, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Good
nutrition equates to a healthy life, a study into the global burden of disease reported that 15% of
global disease was caused by lack of nutrition, in Australia in 2003, 2.1% of the burden of disease
was attributed to lack of consumption of fruit and vegetable (NHMRC, 2013). The Australian
dietary guidelines states, evidence shows that a diet high in nutritional quality consistent with
national dietary guidelines reduces the risk of death and disease (NHMRC, 2013). Nutrition is such
an important aspect of our lives that it is now taught in our schools and forms part of most
educational policies such as the Melbourne Declaration, National Quality Standards and also in the
Australian Curriculum. The Melbourne Declaration states that it is important all students develop a
sense of self awareness and self worth that allows them to make decisions in relation to their
physical well–being and are provided with knowledge and understanding that allows them to
establish and maintain healthy lives (MEECYA, 2009), providing students with information in
relation to the importance of nutrition will ensure these goals are met. Vince–Whitman (2001, cited
in Sorhaindo & Feinstein 2006 ) stated at the 1990 World Conference on Education for All: Meeting
Basic Learning Needs, that in order "to learn effectively children need good health". Nutrition is an
important factor in the development both physically mentally and behaviourally for school aged
children, figure 1 below outlines the relationship between nutrition and

Immigration Patterns In Australia Essay
Background
To provide a context for this study, it is necessary to understand Australia's changing immigration
patterns. From its earliest occupation, Australia has attracted immigrants globally, 'Australia has had
a long history of immigration since the first European settlement in the 1700s. People from all parts
of the world have brought with them, their cultures, customs and languages' (Creswell, 2004).
Western Australia is the fastest growing state in Australia and the dynamics of this population
change now corroborates that the number of immigrants have excelled the number of natural births.
Current census data (Australian Bureau of Statistics) for 2013–2014 shows that even though the net
overseas migration for Australia (212,700 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2004) Immigrant Status and Home Language Background: Implications for Australian Student
Performance in PISA 2000. Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd.
De Klerk, V. & Barkhuizen, G. (2009) Pre–emigration reflections: Afrikaans–speakers Moving to
New Zealand. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 22:3–4, 99–109.
Philipp, A. & Ho, E. (2010) Migration, Home and Belonging: South African Migrant Women in
Hamilton, New Zealand. New Zealand Population Review, 36: 81– 101.
Smith, P. (November, 2001) Long walk to Kiwidom. Metro 58–64.
Statistics Australia (2015) On WWW at http://www.stats.govt.au/census.htm. Accessed 11.02.2015.
Tannenbaum, M & Howie, P. (2002) The association between language maintenance and family
relations: Chinese immigrant children in Asutralia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development 23, 408–424.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978) Mind In Society: The development of higher psychological processes.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Zelinsky, W. & Lee, Barrett A. (1998) Heterolocalism: An Alternative Model of the Sociospatial
Behaviour of Immigrant Ethnic Communities. International Journal of Population Geography 4,

“I Wanted to Go to School but My Parents Told Me, 'No Essays
"I wanted to go to school but my parents told me, 'No they might take you away for good.' And they
ran away in the bush. Bonny Tucker, Punjima woman, Western Australia". (She refers to the Native
Welfare taking away Aboriginal children of mixed descent. www.creativespirits.info) These mini
essays will discuss Aboriginal Australian history and it's connections to official education policies
both past and present. What is the connection between official education policies and key events in
Aboriginal Australian history? How have Aboriginal people responded to these policies? Key events
in Aboriginal Australian history stem from the time Australia was first discovered in 1788. For
instance, when Federation came into existence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hollinsworth (2006:122) adds that not only was the indifference and low regard for Indigenous
culture 'immoral' but also foolish and doomed to fail. Examples of Aborigines response to these
policies included rejection and mistrust of the education provided (Nichol, 2005:256), they also
petitioned in response to the dispossession of land in 1881 (Nichol, 2005:259), Aboriginal parents
complained when their children were excluded from school (Parbury 1999:68) and more recently an
overt form of resistance is the irregular attendance of Aboriginal students at school ('jigging') as well
as 'cheeky behaviour, sullen withdrawal and inattention (Keefe 1992:57).' The collaborative efforts
of groups of Aboriginal Australians resulted in the most significant response that was the 1967
Referendum when 90% of Australians voted to include Aborigines in the census and thus removed
the constitutional restrictions placed on Aboriginal Australians ('Collaborating for Indigenous
Rights' National Museum of Canberra). Despite numerous injustices being committed by political
and non–political individuals, both non–Aboriginal and Aboriginal people continued efforts to seek
equality, justice and access to meaningful public education for Aboriginal people (ab–
ed.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au, accessed 14th August, 2010). Accordingly, the success of initiatives
such as the establishment of Tranby College

Indigenous Health Essay
Causative considerations are multifactorial regarding the development of low health literacy rates in
Aboriginals, inclusive of socio–economical disadvantages, geographical considerations, and
social/environmental influences (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2015). Differing
conceptualisations of reality or 'worldview' are present within Aboriginal culture, which vary from
westernised civilisation. Indigenous history lacks a biomedical background, and encompasses
differing views of disease/illness, which may be associated with personal actions/behaviours, social
order, and spiritual health. As an example, disease may be viewed as the consequence of
sorcery/voodoo (Vass, Mitchell, & Dhurrkay, 2011). Other factors may stem from mistrust of
westernised medicine/civilisation due to 'The Stolen Generation' or 'social engineering' and previous
cultural genocide (Shahid, Finn, & Thompson, 2009), English as a second language, and lack of
connection/engagement with westernised pedagogy frameworks for health teaching (Yunkaporta,
2009). Other considerations may correlate to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In indigenous culture, mental illness, inclusive of psychosis/dissociative disorder may be attributed
to cultural distress. Such distress may originate from British colonisation, but is as recent as the
Stolen Generation with Aboriginal decimation/cultural devastation and attempted cultural
eradication via genocide. Current issues of racism and socioeconomic disadvantage are also
attributable (Australian Council for Educational Research., the Kalunga Research Network., &
Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2010). Due to the plethora of causative factors
regarding poor literacy, nurses face many challenges in addressing this

Australian Professional Standards
The standard – what does the research say and where is the evidence base?
The Australian Professional Standard for Principals (APSP) is "a public statement setting out what
school principals are expected to know, understand and do" (AITSL, 2014, p. 3) in order to provide
effective schooling for Australia's young people. The Melbourne Declaration (2008, p. ) articulates
the need equity and excellence in Australian schooling and that "all young Australians become:
successful learners; confident and creative individuals, and active and informed citizens". In order to
achieve these goals the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) was
formed in 2008 to oversee the development of a "robust and comprehensive" national curriculum ...
Vision and values
Leithwood and Jantzi argue the ability to articulate a clear vision is an essential attribute for school
leaders (2008, p. 507). Goal setting is a powerful motivator for change and when leaders are able to
clearly communicate inspiration vision to those they lead, it is possible to harness this motivation to
bring about school improvement in student learning (Leithwood & Jantzi, 2008, p.507). Clearly
defined goals encourage school community to contribute to common goals and also streamlines
decision making as only options that align with the vision need to be considered (Hallinger, 2010,
p.129).
When discussing research into high performing schools, Matthews argues, "Clear pupil–centred
vision and purpose ensured pupils reached their potential. Maximising young people's well–being
and achievements was at the heart of these schools" (2010, p.9). The inclusion of vision in the APSP
is substantiated by research evidence gathered for at least the last 40

The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health...
INTRODUCTION
The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation, (NACCHO) is an existing
representation of the hope of Aboriginal communities and their fight for self–rule. NACCHO is the
nationwide climax organization representative. It controls over 150 Aboriginal Community Health
Services (ACCHSs) across the country on Aboriginal health and issues.
BACKGROUND
Since the 1970's, many Indigenous communities have established their own independent,
community–controlled health services (ACCHs) and an over–arching representatives advocacy
body, the National Aboriginal Controlled Community Health Organisation (NACCHO previously
NAIHO) was formed in 1975.
The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO) was established in
1992, as the new national ACCHS umbrella organisation replaced the NAIHO.
By changing the name it reflected the fact that Torres Strait Islanders undertook their own campaign
for self determination. However, they wished to establish their own representative organisations.
The history of it extends back to a meeting in Albury in 1974. In 1997, NACCHO was funded by the
Federal Government to launch a branch in Canberra. It significantly increased the Aboriginal
Peoples involvement capability in ACCHSs. However, this contributed the participation in national
health policy development.
Local Aboriginal community

CYWRT Model
Since the implementation of the CYWRT in 2008, there have been notable improvements in relation
to the FRC achieving schooling obligations of 100% school attendance and increased boarding
school take–up, through a new model of schooling (Australian Council for Educational Research,
2013). The school is a campus of the Cape York Aboriginal Australian Academy (CYAAA), which
has only been operation since 2010 in Aurukun and Coen, and since 2011 in Hope Vale (Australian
Council for Educational Research, 2013). The academy aims to close the academic achievement gap
between Indigenous and non–Indigenous students (Cape York Welfare Reform, 2012). A number of
indicators including school attendance, CYAAA's testing and the NAPLAN are used to determine

Child Care Settings
Over the last decades, there has been increasing concern in establishing of education and care
settings in Australia. This essay will introduce five key influences on the establishing of education
and care settings in Australia, the similarities and differences between the Quality Improvement
Accreditation System (QIAS) and the current National Quality Framework (NQF).
Maybanke Anderson and Lillian de Lissa as well as other people were pioneer who led the
movement to early childhood education and care in Australia (Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2000). Educational thinkers including Froebel and
Pestalozzi and the associated development of preschool movements in Europe and America had
significantly influence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Commonwealth facilitated childcare by introducing standardized fee relief for children in
uncommercial center–based long day care centers in 1984 (Social Policy Group, 1997–98). Fee
relief was the essential avenue through which the Commonwealth funded childcare places and the
purpose was to help low–income families or median income households with the expenses of quality
child care services (Social Policy Group, 1995). From 1985 to 1987, more childcare services were
provided, for example, approximately 11000 new center–based long day care places and 5650
family day care places were afforded (Social Policy Group, 1997–98). The Childcare Assistance
ensured that parents on low and middle incomes could be benefited due to its strictly targeted nature
(Social Policy Group,

Planning A Youth Centre Within A Suburb Of 5000 People And...
1. INTRODUCTION
Needs Assessment (NA) is a systematic set of approaches that is used to establish the needs of a
community by identifying; at–risk groups, risk factors associated with the health and establishing
resources available in the community that can be used to mitigate the health problem (Lebron et al.
20016, p. 111). NA therefore, requires community participation, is conducted before planning an
intervention and is used to tailor interventions that suit the target population (Lebron et al. 20016, p.
111).
This report will be focusing on approaches a local government will use to establish a youth–centre
in a suburb of 5000 people and will focus on:
1. Community Profile
2. 2 Secondary Data sources
3. 2 Approaches of youth engagement and their strengths and limitations
2. COMMUNITY PROFILE
There are certain components of the youth community the council needs to consider when planning
a NA of the youth–centre: demographics, marginalised/minority groups, social–economic status
(SES), cultural differences and geography, this will enable the council to build a community youth
profile (Jack & Holt 2008,p.54–55).
First the council needs to know the range of age and gender of the youth in the community (Jack &
Holt 2008, p.55). This demographic information will help the council when establishing the youth–
centre i.e. know what to include in the centre based on the gender and age differences (Jack & Holt
2008, p.54–55).
Second. identifying marginalised youth groups

What Is The Current State Of Music Education Across...
This philosophy essay will focus on the current state of music education within secondary schools
across Australia, choosing to address the particular issue of student access to appropriate levels of
information, communication and technology interfaces (ICT's) within the classroom, and the
supporting role they play in music education. Secondary students do not always have equal
opportunities and miss out on music participation due to conditions surrounding music provision –
e.g. due to a "crowded curriculum" (too many cross–curricular activities and subjects), the impact of
other subjects, lack of confidence among music teachers and shortage of resources (Hoegh–
Guldberg, 2013). This essay explores how the current lack of availability and use of ICT's for music
education purposes, as well as the general lack of music technology resources and facilities can have
a detrimental effect on student learning, or lack there–of. If students do not have access to the level
of technology and support that they need to adhere to certain technological requirements in the
Australian Curriculum, then they are deprived of the full benefit of teaching and learning in a
modern technological era.
Recently in Australia, both the National Review of the School of Music Education and The
Australian Curriculum have identified the importance of technology in school music education
(Southcott & Crawford, 2011). Along with this, independent surveys provide an accurate glimpse at
the status of

The Health Of Poor People
The health of poor people is affected most around the world. Studies suggest that the health of any
individual is badly imfluenced by low socioeconomic status of that person. There is a social gradient
in health that runs from top to bottom of the socioeconomic spectrum. The social gradient in health
means that health inequities affect everyone (WHO 2014).
Psychosocial:
Neo material:
Measurements of poverty:
Poverty is defined as the pronounced deprivation of well–being, or the inability to satisfy one 's
basic needs.( Australian Council of Social Service 2012)
http://www.acoss.org.au/uploads/ACOSS%20Poverty%20Report%202012_Final.pdf
Poverty can be measured by poverty line. Australian Council of Social Services defines ... Show
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This measurement line was found in 1970.
Deprivation: This method of measuring poverty looks at the vital items people are lacking due to
insufficient income or through having to spend a inconsistent amount of their income on certain
costs above others. For example, spending it more on utilities and housing instead of food
(Australian Council of Social Service 2011).
http://acoss.org.au/images/uploads/ACOSS_Poverty_October_2011.pdf
Poverty can also be measured as following:
Absolut poverty: it is when someone has no sufficient resources and money to cover their basic
needs.
Relative poverty: this type of poverty is measured by comparing your resources to average
population.
In Australia 2.2 million people are living in poverty which makes it a total of 12.8% percent of the
total population of Australia (Jobs Australia 2014). http://ja.com.au/publications/acoss–poverty–
australia–report–2012
An artcle written by Callander, Emily J.; Shrestha, and Rupendra N. "Multiple Disadvantages
Among Older Citizens: What a Multidimensional Measure of Poverty Can Show" tells us that age is
one of the factors that can lead a person into poverty. http://ezproxy.deakin.edu.au/login?

url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=gnh&AN=EP83933543&site=ehost–
live&scope=site
Comparatively some groups of Australia are a more

Poverty And Deprivation In Australia
(ii) Income Poverty and Deprivation
The article titled 'Who is missing out? Hardship among low income Australians' (Healey, 2007, p. 8)
summarises outcomes and key findings from the very first report by the Australian Council of Social
Services, released in 2007 (Australian Council of Social Service, 2014, p. 8). The report reviewed
both the accuracy of social security payments and the government's tax–transfer system (Healey,
2007, p. 8) with considerations of the government at the time, reviewing the entire Australian social
security system. The independent report extracted direct experiences of people affected by poverty
and inequalities from its diverse member base, with particular focus on households that were
receiving social security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11). The Federal Budget decision in 2012, implemented the movement of "all remaining sole parents
whose youngest child has turned eight from the higher Parenting Payment to the lower Newstart
Allowance" (Australian Council of Social Service, 2014, p. 20) This decision, further contributed to
greater losses of income support calculated at 60.00 per week for the 80,000 sole parent families
living in Australia (Australian Council of Social Service, 2014, pp. 20, 21) regardless of inflation of
the average costings for food and

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