Comparisons And Contrasts Of Windows Ce, Windows Xp, And...

Comparisons and Contrasts of Windows Ce, Windows Xp, and...
Introduction There has been an ongoing battle in recent years within the technology arena between
the relative merits of Microsoft 's Windows versus the open source platforms, Linux being one of
them. Typically, discussions center around desktops or servers but an area often overlooked is
embedded systems. Examples of such systems are industrial machines, automobiles, medical
equipment, and specialized devices. "With the growing ubiquity of smart devices, the device arena
offers action every bit as intense" (LinuxDevices). Both Windows and Linux offer solutions for
specialized areas that include devices such as PDAs or handhelds, mobile phones, audio/video
applications, even robots. Even though Linux has become more unified under Open ... Show more
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Ability to run DLLs in parallel by storing them in different folders during installs. This eliminates
the old "DLL Hell" associated with Windows NT.
Recovery – With the new System Restore (the ability to define Restore points), a PC can easily roll
back any system or application changes without losing files and other valuable information
(Microsoft, 2007a).
XP Pro x64: Windows XP Professional x64 (XP Pro x64) is XP Pro on steroids. XP x64 is "based on
Windows Server 2003 and supports AMD 's AMD64 64–bit extension of the Intel IA–32
architecture" and was released on April 25, 2005 (Wikipedia). One enticing feature of XP Pro x64 is
its huge memory support increase. XP Pro x64 is a 64–bit system rather than the standard 32–bit
system of XP Pro. This 64–bit architecture increases RAM memory limits from 4 gigabytes (GB) to
128 GB and increases virtual memory from 4 GB to 16 terabytes (TB). System cache also makes a
huge jump from 1 GB to 1 TB. On paper, this would mean the ability to accomplish tasks unheard of
with 32–bit system, if not for some serious downsides. In some real–world tests, the promise has not
lived up to the hype, at least not yet. In CNET tests, XP Pro x64 had in fact lower bench tests when
compared to XP Pro (32bit). Furthermore, according to users there exist many compatibility issues
due to lack of suitable drivers as "older 32–bit drivers and services are not supported by 64–bit
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Linux And Windows Comparison Essay
A Comparison of Linux & Windows
Abstract
There are a number of operating systems available for personal use as well as small and large
businesses. Probably the two most popular are Linux and Windows. In order to determine what
operating system best suits your needs, it's important to know some background on Linux and
Windows. Some important factors to consider in the selection of an operating system are what are
some of the things that make Linux and Windows appealing and what are some of their drawbacks.
In today's economic conditions, it's vital for companies to try and keep costs down. This paper will
also look at the cost of each operating system. Based on all of these factors, one of the operating
systems is recommended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using either GNOME or KDE, you can decide what interface you want and then add only the
features that fit your needs quickly and easily. If you are concerned with standardization, do not
worry. Linux sticks to the Unix standards. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers put
together the American National Standards Institute for Unix named the Portable Operating System
Interface for Computer Environments. It dictates a universal standard on how the Unix–based
systems are supposed to operate. (Asprey & Seruzzi, 2008) Linux has three major components–
the file structure, kernel, and environment. The file structure does what its name implies, puts files
in a specific order on any storage device. They are arranged in a hierarchy of directories and one or
more subdirectories all of which contain files. These directories are all interconnected. With the
exception of the standard directories that are set aside for system use, users have full control of the
files inside the directories. They can create and move directories, move files between directories,
share or restrict directories and files just by setting directory and file permissions. (Asprey &
Seruzzi, 2008) The kernel is really the heart of Linux. Its job is to operate all the programs and
manage the attached hardware devices. In order to put these kernels to work and operate any
computer operating system,

Virtualization And Virtualization For Virtual Machine
Topic: – 1 Virtualization Virtualization could be a sort of code that is that the illusion of a regular
machine. That is termed as Virtual machine (VM). During this virtual machine we will install totally
different operative systems like UNIX, windows, Ubuntu. This machine have well–supported while
not hardware during this machine. Virtualization is worked by virtual machine (VM). Virtual
machine works severally. It even have nice profit that it may be rapt from one physical server to a
different physical server whereas operative through the method "live migration". It additionally runs
several times in one server. The host software package runs the virtualization code through Oracle's
virtual box on windows. initial and first put in software package is Host software package. The host
software package is counting on a virtualization's platforms, like Hyper–v or ESX, VMware server
or Virtual severe. In VMware or virtual server the host software package is "whatever software
package those applications square measure put in into. The guest software package could be a
virtual machine system that is functioning underneath the host software package. The guest software
package in its own platform. Number system Number system is calculated by tens. For instance –
103 is one thousand, 106 is a million. Computers square measure count by 2 main switches as a
result of it have several swithes and conduct lines. Thus on or off square measure 2 main switches or
keys. Number System

Unix/Linux
UNIX, Linux, and Windows Server Critique
POS/420
Name
Professor
Date
University of Phoenix
Abstract
The following sections in this paper focus on analyzing operating systems for Riordan
Manufacturing Inc. that specializes in plastic molding and design. Team B concentrated on five
main areas of UNIX, Linux, and Windows Server. The five areas include Security, Administration,
Networking, Performance, and Programmability. The team explains the existing systems, followed
by comparing advantages and disadvantages of each operating system. The comparisons provide
insight for Riordan's IT specialist and administration considering which system to implement.
Interesting topics that relate to security weaknesses, and advantages that UNIX® ... Show more
Not only that, but users can even fix problems themselves. Microsoft may tout its large team of paid
developers, but it 's unlikely that team can compare with a global base of Linux user–developers
around the globe. Security can only benefit through all those extra 'eyeballs'" (Why Linux is More
Secure Than Windows, para. 13).
Administration
Riordan Manufacturing Corporation, (Apollo Group, 2004), is a hybrid computing environment
employing MS Windows, (Microsoft Corporation, 2011), e–mail and file servers along–side UNIX
Enterprise Resource Program (ERP) and a HP–UX, (Hewlett Packard Development Company,
2011), UNIX Manufacturing Resource Program (MRP). Effective administrative support of both
operating systems requires two information technology groups, one specializing in MS Windows
platforms and one specializing in UNIX platforms. Requiring two IT groups and two unique server
platforms doubles the administrative management and equipment costs in the enterprise.
Standardizing server hardware and software to one type will significantly reduce costs and increase
Riordan Manufacturing's return on its investment. One server operating system platform can support
all of the workstation's applications with the exception of MS Windows Exchange, (Microsoft
Corporation, 2011), e–mail application.
To reduce personnel costs it is recommend merging the two server platforms (operating systems) to
one where it is possible. HP–UX,

Gregg's Appliances Case Study
Case Study 1–6
Introduction This issue for case study 1–6 is brought to us by Steve Nelson and the company of the
Gregg's Appliances, Inc. The HH Gregg Company was founded on April 15, 1955 in Indianapolis by
Henry Harold Gregg and his wife. The initial store was an 800 square feet appliance showroom and
office. Since then the company has expanded and with that expansion the company needed more and
more information technology in order to harness the power of the information they had acquired.
But in 2006 the current CIO, Steve Nelson, was facing a deadline. The deadline was the HP, which
was Gregg's principal information technology vendor, has chosen to discontinue support for its line
of HP 300 mainframe processors. Gregg's relied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bonuses to this choice would be lower costs compared to Delphi and Sentra, Gregg's could
maintain current business processes and there is limited training required. But the Texas Firm UNIX
platform does not move Gregg's to an industry standard and it requires significant development staff
time. The other UNIX choice was from Ex–ADI costing $4–$5 million. The process for this change
would be to hire programmers and re–write into a UNIX platform internally. The biggest benefit to
this selection was that it allows for phase–in implementation, which means no business will be
stopped. It is also much cheaper than Delphi and Sentra options. The software will also be high
adaptable and customizable and limited training will be required. But this will not move the
company to an "industry standard" and nothing will seem new. There are several big risks when
changing important software in a large company. It could lead to a sudden halt of the business
during the deployment because of a failed database, a bad internet connection or the inability of staff
to input or process orders. The system might not be able to handle the work load. Lastly, there could
be an unexpected complete system shutdown. There are also other costs to consider. Along with the
implementation and annual maintenance costs outlined in the summary, Nelson Must also consider
other costs including: * Training costs * Testing costs * Costs of lost

Hewlett-Packards Merced Division
1) In summer 1998, what is the position of the Enterprise Server Group (ESG) in its industry? How
has it evolved? Why? HP, an international manufacturer of instrumentation, healthcare, computer
and communication products, started up with initial investment of only $538 in the year 1939.It
grew to more than $43B in sales and $3.1B in net profits in 1997.In 1997, HP formed Enterprise
Server Group to focus on enterprise computing. ESG's products were built based on proprietary
RISC microprocessors and UNIX operating systems. ESG produced scalable, high performance
computing systems, which were the backbone of corporate information networks, network servers
and mainframes. Customers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fixed cost of designing chips, building state–of–the –art semiconductor fabrication plants along
with the specter of diminishing unit volumes of RISC chips increased the prices of RISC chips
rapidly and thus became unattractive. This situation exacerbated RISC–UNIX computers
manufacturers to withstand the competition in the market. In addition to the cost of building,
software applications development had become more costly because of the RISC/UNIX volume
base and the need to port software to each UNIX version. Considering the above factors, HP joined
with Intel in development of IA–64 architecture. Merced is the code name for the IA–64 architecture
and was designed to perform an Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing or EPIC. It was designed
to bridge between RISC and CISC.HP believed that customers who watched Intel technologies
become pervasive in commercial desktops, file and print servers and technical workstations would
expect the same to happen in the server market. It also believed that IA–64 would be perceived as
the first Intel technology to support enterprise applications. 3) Who will benefit the most from the
introduction of the Merced chip in the markets served by ESG? Who will benefit the least? Why?
For HP, introduction of Merced chip made the remarkable strategic turning point in its enterprise
computing

Unix, Linux, and Windows Server Critique Essay
Administration
Windows Server Advantages There are many administration advantages for Windows Servers. One
aspect is domain operations which are an important resource available on the network through
Window Server. Making Window Server a domain controller adds security and the ability to add
local and group policies to the network (Garza, 2010). If Window Server is not promoted to the
status of a domain controller, then it can run simple network operations using peer–to–peer
structures (Garza, 2010). These are workgroups, and they can only block or allow access but do not
provide control features for the network. The numbers of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Disadvantages One of the biggest disadvantages is that it does not have a specific organization
which updates and provides services, or software tweaks in a regular manner as Windows does.
Another disadvantage is that the lack of graphical user inters faces, or the absence of free tools and
software when compared to Windows (Host wisely, 2011).
Performance
Windows Server Advantages Windows server offers anywhere access with great flexibility, which
allows a company to build, deploy, and manage applications and websites on premises, in the cloud,
or in hybrid environments using a consistent set of tools and framework Windows server also offers
frameworks, services, and tools to help increase scalability. (Microsoft, 2012). Disadvantages
Windows servers are notorious for being vulnerable to worms while there have been basically no
worms affecting UNIX in the past ten years. Any server running on windows should really have
anti–virus software on it just like a desktop would. While window servers are unaffected by this they
are just as susceptible to malicious and mischievous hackers as window servers and therefore must
still be patched UNIX Advantages There are many performance advantages for

Computer Operating System
1. Introduction to Operating System:–
Computer is a somewhat complex machine. The world has become accustomed to so many choices.
One of the major choices in the modern era is the "Operating System (OS)". Operating systems are
the central software component to any computer. The main brands of operating system are;
Windows Mac OS, Sun Solaris, UNIX, DOS and Linux. Each brand has its own take on what makes
up an operating system. Windows is the most commonly used operating system around the world.
The most common advantage about Windows is its simplicity. It is now very easy for an
inexperienced person to grasp the concept and use the computer with this operating system on it.
Windows newest version is Vista and windows7. Vista has made ... Show more content on
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Its current best–selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft
Office suite of productivity software.
Starting in 1980, Microsoft formed an important partnership with IBM that allowed them to bundle
Microsoft's operating system with computers that they sold, paying Microsoft a royalty for every
sale. In 1985, IBM requested that Microsoft write a new operating system for their computers called
OS/2; Microsoft wrote the operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which
proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in
terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they
had captured over 90% market share of the world's personal computers.
[pic]
Fig: Microsoft staff photo from December 7, 1978. From left to right:
Top: Steve Wood, Bob Wallace, and Jim Lane.
Middle: Bob O'Rear, Bob Greenberg, Marc McDonald, Gordon Letwin.
Bottom: Bill Gates, Andrea Lewis, Marla Wood, Paul Allen.
Versions:–
|Release date |Product name |Current version / build |
|Nov 1987 |Windows2.03 |2.03 |
|Mar 1989 |Windows2.11

Desktop Operating Systems : Annotated Bibliography
Desktop Operating Systems SD1430 Intro to Mobile OS Desktop Operating Systems When
considering the history of operating systems, you must first understand what an operating system is.
An operating system is the software that manages a computer's hardware, resources and provides
common services. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a
computer. The operating system tells the computer what to do by controlling system resources, such
as, the processor, memory and disk space. The operating system allows the user to work and interact
on a computer without having to know about how the hardware works. One of the most essential
tasks of the operating system is to control the computers resources. Operating systems can allocate
resources as necessary to ensure that applications each receive the appropriate amount. In addition
to resource allocation, operating systems provide an application interface. This allows applications
to use the hardware in the same way. An application interface also allows software written on one
computer to be run on other types of computers. Operating systems have come a long way over the
years, and, just as there are different types of hardware and software, there are different types of
operating systems as well. Some of these types include Real–Time, Multi–User, Multitasking and
single–tasking, Distributed and Templeted. There are many different brands and manufactures for
these different types of operating systems

Open Source Software: Chasing Microsoft Essay
Microsoft's operating system is encountering a heated battle from two fronts: open–source software
and Apple. Open–source programmers seek to share their code for an operating system freely over
the Internet which contrasts with Microsoft who seeks to keep its code proprietary. Apple is also
competing with Microsoft by trying to create a different kind of operating system, one that is
creative, unique and changes the way people use information. Both the open–source programmers
and the Apple programmers (Mac OS X), use a variation of UNIX for their operating systems.
Open–source software is available for anyone to use or modify free of charge. Most software
companies allow only their programmers to make changes to source code; but ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It was in 1991that Linus Torvald began creating an operating system kernel, called Linux. He was a
21 year old computer science student at the University of Helsinki Finland who had a dream of
converting the teaching version of UNIX called MINIX into a useful operating system. Linux
version 0.01 was released on September as an alternative to UNIX and Windows. Linux is a
participant in the Open Source Software movement and the source code can be downloaded, altered
and redistributed.
"Linux is the perfect operating system for hackers because they can freely download newer versions
of the Linux kernel or other Linux utilities of the Internet and instantly change its source code to fix
any software bugs found." (The Penguin's Guide to Linux, 2000)
As more people joined the Linux movement, more software programs were added to its databank.
Soon there were drivers, office programs, games and user–friendly GUI's. While Linux does not
command a huge market share, they fill a niche with users of netbooks and those who like to
experiment with new programs.
OS Platform Statistics
2012 Win7 WinXP Vista Win2003 Linux Mac Mobile
January 47.1% 31.4% 4.7% 0.7% 4.9% 9.0% 1.3%
(w3schools, 2012) Some Linux distributions are more popular than others based on the features they
offer. The most popular, although newest, Linux distribution is Ubuntu. It has a very easy–to–use
desktop that can

Pt2520 Week 1 Critical Thinking Assignment
System Level Scripting #2 This week's critical thinking assignment explores the system–level
scripting functionality of the Linux operating system. Documenting each step in the assignment will
demonstrate how to use the awk and sed commands to display different sets of data from and file
based on the commands used. The sed command will also be used to change the data within the test
file. These steps will be discussed and illustrated with screenshots in the following paper. awk and
sed
After opening the shell prompt and logging in as the root user which is demonstrated in the first two
screenshots below, the next involved checking the current directory location in the shell prompt. As
seen from the second screenshot, the current directory is the /home/user directory which is the home
directory for the user created in the test installation of Linux I am using. Step three in the
assignment involves using the man command to view the documentation for the awk and sed
commands. The awk command had quite extensive documentation of over 800 lines while the sed
command had almost 300. These commands can perform a wide variety of tasks which make them
very useful tools when writing scripts.
The next item in the assignment gave instructions on how to ... Show more content on
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I re–downloaded the file and experienced the same result. I tried the commands and the file on two
other Linux installations with not change. After spending quite a bit of time scouring the internet
and searching for a resolution, I determined that the format or font used in the document was not
recognized by my installation of Linux. I opened the file and copied the information only to a new
file and saved it in a .csv format. I then renamed it to match the original file name and I could then
use the cat, awk, and sed command to return legible data. The screenshots show the garbled output
from the downloaded file vs the output of the file after this

Essay on UNIX&Linux
UNIX AND LINUX
Two Powerful Systems That Are Often Misunderstood
Unix and Linux
There have been many–recorded eras throughout man's history. There was the Ice Age (BURR), the
Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Industrial Age (revolution) just to name a few. Each of these
eras marks pivotal advances in humankind. Here are some examples of our advancements, during
the Ice Age, one of nature's first demonstrations of her power in population control, man presents his
first fashion show focusing on the elegant features of Fur clothing and accessories. The Industrial
Revolution mans first experience with assembly line manufacturing. It ... Show more content on
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There are many operating systems in use today, a few examples are Windows 95/98, Windows NT,
MS–DOS, UNIX and one you may not have heard of, LINUX. The focuses of this report are the
operating systems UNIX and LINUX, two very interesting and powerful systems. The first is often
labeled as too confusing and unfriendly, the later is relatively unknown to the novice user, but
surprisingly they are very similar in design. A short history of the two operating systems may
explain why they are so similar.
UNIX is a creation out of Bell Labs in the 1960's, in a project headed by Stephen Bourne. The idea
was to create an operating system whose kernel (core part) was as tiny as possible. The main driving
force, the small UNIX kernel, was that the developers were doing their work on what were
considered in that day to be tiny computers. The severe limitation on RAM resulted in a small kernel
with all the utilities implemented as separate, stand–alone programs. Each was itself tiny, and
designed to accept input from the preceding program as well as provide output to succeeding
programs. This process of using output from one program as input into another is referred to as
piping and is central to UNIX operating systems today (UNIX & LINUX Answers! Certified
Tech Support © 1998).
LINUX is a creation of Linus

The Development Of The C Programming Dialect
1.
The Development of the C Language
Conceptual
–The C programming dialect was contrived in the early 1970s as a framework execution dialect for
the beginning Unix working framework. Inferred from the typeless dialect BCPL, it advanced a sort
structure; made on a minor machine as an apparatus to enhance a pitiful the earth, it has turned into
one of the overwhelming dialects of today. This paper studies its advancement
This paper is about the improvement of the C programming dialect, the impacts on it, and the
conditions under which it was made.
C initiated existence in the years 1969–1973, in parallel with the early improvement of the Unix
working framework; the most imaginative period happened amid 1972. An alternate spate of
progressions topped somewhere around 1977 and 1979, when versatility of the Unix framework was
being exhibited. Amidst this second period, the first generally accessible portrayal of the dialect
appeared: the C Programming Language, often called the `white book ' or `k&r ' [kernighan 78]. At
last, in the center 1980s, the dialect was formally institutionalized by the ANSI X3j11 board of
trustees, which rolled out further improvements. Until the early 1980s, in spite of the fact that
compilers existed for an assortment of machine architectures and working frameworks, the dialect
was just about only connected with Unix; all the more as of late, its utilization has spread a great
deal all the more generally, and today it is among the dialects

Challenges Faced By Employees And Their Personal Feelings
There are many challenges that supervisors face but over the years I have learned that the most
import challenges are the employees and their personal feelings. Many employees have a problem
balancing home and work because of the current impact of societal and demographic trends.
Employees have a tendency to come to work with attitudes and take it out on the other employees.
As the Program Manager at MCIA, the first thing I had to do was to be able to deal with the
different personalities on a day to day basis because no matter what, as the supervisor you are
always in the middle of any incident. Whether it is the perfect employee or the troubled employee
your responsibility is to keep things moving on the job. Other challenges that a supervisor face are
ensuring that your employees understand your expectations, establishing a positive relationship,
delegating work, keeping your employees motivated, determining ways to reward employees with
company guidelines and by me having a solid relationship with my manager. An employee will
respect you if you set your expectations from the very beginning. The first thing I did as a supervisor
was to get the position description for each employee, ensure they had a copy, read it, understood it,
and set up a one on one meeting to discuss their position and my expectations. The position
description contained specific duties that can lead into the expectations. If one of the duties is that
you need experience in performing tasks and

Linux vs Windows
LINUX vs. WINDOWS
The debate on Windows vs. Linux is truly an on going one with no end in site. Regardless how you
come at this juncture you are usually a UNIX supporter or a customer of Microsoft OS and products
who are grateful for products of Microsoft. We will in the following paragraphs try to compare the
advantages and disadvantages of these different systems. We will give a brief description on the cost
of these products, what kind of market–share these two systems hold, the availability of application
software, and the different types of Hardware needed. We will briefly describe the functionality,
performance, File System Comparisons, and the Security that comes with these products. On the
Personal Computer show in December 2003 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protection from viruses and worms is an incredible advantage Linux system has over Windows.
Linux possesses much greater processing power than Windows. Linux Servers holds a 39.6 percent
market share, while Windows makes up the second largest percentage of server operating systems
with 32.2 percent market share. In comparing the cost and market–share each system has its edge in
different situation. No one single type of operating system can offer universal answers to all your
computing needs.
Availability of Application software
Both Windows and Linux come in many flavors. All the flavors of Windows come from Microsoft,
the various distributions of Linux come from different companies (Linspire, Red Hat, SuSE,
Ubuntu, Mandriva, Knoppix, Slackware, Lycoris). Windows has two main lines: Win9x, which
consists of Windows 95, 98, 98SE, and NT class, which consists of Windows NT, 2000 and XP.
(Burgess, 2001) Windows actually started, in the old days, with version 3.x which pre–dated
Windows 95 by a few years. All the Linux distributions released around the same time frame will
use the same kernel. (Burgess, 2001) They differ in the add on software provided, GUI, install
process, price, documentation and technical support. Both Linux and Windows come in desktop and
server editions. Linux is customizable in a way that Windows is not. There are many special purpose
versions of Linux above and beyond the full blown

C Language
The C programming language (often, just "C") is a general–purpose, procedural, imperative
computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the
Unix operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is now one of the
most widely used programming languages. C also has had a great influence on many other popular
languages,[1] especially [[C++]] which was originally designed as an enhancement to C. It is the
most commonly used programming language for writing system software,[2][3] though it is also
widely used for writing applications. Though not originally designed as a language for teaching, and
despite its somewhat unforgiving character, C is commonly used in computer science ... Show more
The relatively low–level nature of the language affords the programmer close control over what the
program is doing, while allowing solutions that can be specially tailored and aggressively optimized
for a particular platform. This allows the code to run efficiently on very limited hardware, such as
mass–produced consumer embedded systems, which today are as capable as the general–purpose
machines originally used to implement C.
A number of the above missing features are available

Unix Operating System
Abstract
This paper is a general overview of Unix operating system. It starts by presenting a brief history of
the early development of Unix. It concentrates on main aspects of Unix operating system. Key
concepts covered are interactive multi–user operating systems, the design objectives of Unix, file–
store organization, text processing and programming, the role of C programming language with
regard to portability and reliable system software, process control (signals and fork), error logging
and recovery from system failures, modifiability and application.
Outline
I. Introduction of Unix
a. History of Unix
b. Interest in Unix
c. Early marketing
d. Developments
i. GUI ii. Linux
1. Linus Torvalds
II. The Design Objectives of Unix, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The full Unix operating system had been ported only to the top end of the early personal computer
market, since Unix required CPU, memory, and disk resources which were well in excess of what
was available on the majority of these early machines. However, the growing popularity of the IBM
PC clone as a personal computing platform, and the need to have a system which students could
work on encouraged Andrew Tanenbaum to write a small version of Unix in 1986 called Minix, for
the PC platform. Although it originally supported multi–processing with a single user and only
floppy disk drives for storage, it evolved over the years to Minix 2.0, with many additional features
not found in the early versions. The full source code is available. Unlike most Unix operating
systems, Minix uses a micro–kernel–based design.
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for Unix were available in the early 1980's but all were proprietary
and communication at the graphical level between two different Unix platforms was generally not
possible. This situation was remedied when the Athena Project at MIT provided a standard platform
independent graphical interface for Unix and other operating systems that can be used over a
network. It is usually referred to as the X Window System, X11, or simply X. The X Window
System has continued to this day to be the main graphical interface for Unix. It was primarily
enhanced and

Final Windows vs. linux Essay examples
UNIX/Linux Versus Mac Versus Windows All right, this is what I have learned about file
management in Windows from experience. The first thing I learned is that in modern windows the
OS handles everything it's self to a large degree. You can specify where the files are, as in folders
and differing hard drives, but not the sections of the hard drive they reside on. The next part of file
management that can be set by the user with authorization, mainly the admin, is file clean up. This
cover Disk error checking, defragging, backup and disk clean up. Error checking checks the
physical hard drive for the memory and is more along the lines of memory management, but if it
isn't done then files will not be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I mention this as my one reference, being a web site link had this happen on my current settings
when I saved the file. Windows Memory Management Current Windows operating system memory
management (Windows Vista SP1, Server 2008 and later) have implemented memory management
procedures that differ greatly from previously versions of Windows memory management due to
previous vulnerabilities with the address space location of elements such as kernel32.dll, ntdll.dll.
Knowing the memory address of such critical files allowed malicious access at the kernel level and
allowed unscrupulous program writes to take advantage of the known locations. Microsoft has
implemented new memory access technology that includes Dynamic Allocation of Kernel Virtual
Address Space (including paged and non–paged pools), kernel–mode stack jumping, and Address
Space Layout Randomization. These changes reduce the ability of malicious program developers to
take advantage of known address locations. Windows address space can be larger or smaller than the
actual memory installed on the machine. Windows handles memory management with two
responsibilities. The primary is to map or translate the processors virtual address space to the
physical memory. The second responsibility is to manage the swap file between the hard drive and
Random Access Memory (RAM). Windows memory management also includes memory mapped
files. Allowing files to be placed into RAM, sequential file

Finanux Comparison
Microsoft Windows has long dominated the business and home desktop market but there is a new
contender on the block in the shape of LINUX that is beginning to compete with Microsoft
Windows on many different fronts. What is this LINUX and how does it compare and contrast with
the Microsoft Windows operating system?
Microsoft Windows has been around since 1983 and it's present incarnation, Microsoft Windows
2000, owes its roots to Windows 3.x, Windows 9x, and Windows NT. LINUX has been around since
1991, for all of its newness, is the latest incarnation of the UNIX operating system which first came
into existence in 1969.
Let's start by comparing the minimum hardware requirements specified by each vendor for both
LINUX, using the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In LINUX systems, files are routinely modified and manipulated by administrators and users. The
core commands used for manipulating and interacting with the operating system generally involve
manipulating files, directories and programs within. Manipulating files in LINUX is done via the
command line and LINUX "has many powerful utilities that are used to describe and modify the
contents of files. These commands may seem trivial when used alone, but by connecting these
commands together you are able to create powerful text processing features." (1994). LINUX and
UNIX systems have a deep history using powerful tools for file manipulation and reporting. The
grep tool allows users to search within the contents of a file or files and return the string of interest.
It is very powerful to be able to run a quick loop and search within each text file for a particular
phrase. The tail command allows the user to view the last lines in a particular file. In this example, it
is used to return the last lines in a web server log.
You can see that someone clearly thinks there is a Microsoft IIS web server and is attempting to find
compromises. After examining, the information a system administrator would quickly block that
incoming segment. Not only can commands be used to examine the contents of files but also the
files themselves are routinely examined for possible changes or updates. This example shows how a
simple list command clearly shows the user

Windows Nt vs Unix as an Operating System
Windows NT vs Unix As An Operating System
In the late 1960s a combined project between researchers at MIT, Bell Labs and
General Electric led to the design of a third generation of computer operating system known as
MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service). It was envisaged as a computer
utility, a machine that would support hundreds of simultaneous timesharing users. They envisaged
one huge machine providing computing power for everyone in Boston. The idea that machines as
powerful as their GE–645 would be sold as personal computers costing only a few thousand dollars
only 20 years later would have seemed like science fiction to them.
However MULTICS proved more difficult than imagined to implement and Bell Labs
withdrew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of these systems were (and still are) neither source nor binary compatible with one another,
and most are hardware specific.
With the emergence of RISC technology and the breakup of AT&T, the UNIX systems category
began to grow significantly during the 1980s. The term "open systems" was coined. Customers
began demanding better portability and interoperability between the many incompatible UNIX
variants. Over the years, a variety of coalitions (e.g. UNIX International) were formed to try to gain
control over and consolidate the UNIX systems category, but their success was always limited.
Gradually, the industry turned to standards as a way of achieving the portability and interoperability
benefits that customers wanted. However, UNIX standards and standards organisations proliferated
(just as vendor coalitions had), resulting in more confusion and aggravation for UNIX customers.
The UNIX systems category is primarily an application–driven systems category, not an operating
systems category. Customers choose an application first–for example, a high–end CAD package–
then find out which different systems it runs on, and select one. The final selection involves a
variety of criteria, such as price/performance, service, and support. Customers generally don't
choose UNIX itself, or which UNIX variant they want. UNIX just comes with the package when
they buy a system to run their chosen

Unix Security Essay
An Overview of UNIX Security
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the security of UNIX. Considerations shall be given
regarding generalized security aspects of a typical UNIX system. The ultimate scope of the
following presentation shall remain within the boundaries of a few of the more critical UNIX
security aspects. Of particular note will be discussion regarding standard user access, root access,
file system security, and internet access precautions. This will not focus on specific measures used to
implement security, but rather will investigate both pros and cons typical of a UNIX installation.
Finally, a brief description of UNIX security versus other operating systems will be noted. Since no
two UNIX–based operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of the utmost security concern is the protection of the root account. The root account allows a user
absolute control of the system, including the ability to alter practically every aspect of the systems,
from individual files to installed programs. Indeed, an entry in Wikipedia.com notes, that a UNIX
administrator should be much like Clark Kent, only using the root account, or becoming Superman,
when absolutely necessary, lest the security of the account be compromised (2006). Ultimately, this
implementation represents a near surefire way to protect the system against many internal and
external threats. By ensuring regularly scheduled root account password changes and ensuring the
passwords are strong, the cons noted previously should be relatively easy to avoid. File system
security is also very important regardless of the UNIX implementation. UNIX files system security
generally allows access permissions to be granted to various defined users and groups. UNIX also
contains an access right flag know as the "sticky bit". The sticky bit can be used to allow users and
groups write access to certain directories within the system. Similarly, the sticky bit can be used by a
user to disallow other users with access to the same directory to alter the contents of the file. The file
can only be altered by the file owner, the directory owner, and the root account (linuxdevcenter.com,
2006). This particular element allows for a great deal of control

Essay On Computer Operating System
Computer Operating System
The working framework is the most noteworthy basic of all the framework programs, it controls all
the PC's assets and gives the base whereupon the application projects can be composed (Tanenbaum,
1992). Consequently, it is essential for PC clients to choose a powerful, tried and true, stable
working framework, which can execute programs in an advantageous and productive way. Linux
working framework, which is generally utilized as a part of late years, has turned out to be
progressively well known in the PC world. The improvement in Linux working framework started
in 1991, when a Finish understudy, Linus Torvalds, composed and dedicated Linux, a little yet
independent part for the 80386 processor, the main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, 'the framework libraries characterize a standard arrangement of capacities through
which applications can connect with the part and that execute a significant part of the working
framework usefulness that does not require the full benefits of piece code' (Silberschatz et al., 2003,
p.701). Many sorts of usefulness are given by the framework libraries, which enable applications to
influence part framework to benefit demands. Besides, the libraries may likewise supply more
mind–boggling variants of the essential framework calls and schedules that don't relate to
framework calls by any means, for example, arranging calculations, scientific capacities, and string
control schedules (Silberschatz et al., 2003). setting up the framework for the establishment
procedure. Most importantly you tap on download instrument now to get the most recent media
creation device then you make an establishment media for another PC, at that point you run the
downloaded apparatus and go to Microsoft windows 10 download pages. Pick make establishment
media for another PC the snap by setup the dialect, release and engineering for windows 10, either
utilizing a USB or an iOS document, here we will utilize the usb drive and embed the blaze streak
drive to start establishment process. The last part of Linux is the framework utilities, which are
programs that perform individual, specific

Unit 2 Assignment 1
Task 1
Processors (CPU)
The processor (CPU) is essentially the brain of a computer system. The role of the CPU is mainly to
process everything from basic instructions to complex function. The well known measure of the
CPU is clock speed and it is measured in MHz or GHz. The different manufacturers of the CPU are
Texas Instruments, Intel Corp, Centaur Technology etc..
Motherboard A motherboard (mobo) is basically the main circuit board of a computer system. All
the different components such as CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card and sound
card are attached individually to the motherboard. However, the motherboard is perhaps the most
essential hardware component of a computer system as it enables all the other ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Operating systems have the responsibility to ensure that users do not access the system illegally.
They also perform different tasks such as managing system resources, communicate between
software and hardware, monitoring performance and operate utilities and applications. Windows XP
operating system features
Display and Readability
The display and readability features of windows operating system are mainly designed to adjust the
size of items on the screen. The display and readability features consist of different options such as
font style, icon size, screen resolution, high contrast schemes and Microsoft Magnifier.
Sounds and Speech
The sounds and speech features are simply designed to make computer sounds clear and effective to
hear. The sounds and speech features include adjustable options such as sound volume, sound
schemes, showsounds, soundsentry, notification and text–to–speech.
Keyboard and Mouse
In windows operating system, you can choose various options to make your keyboard and mouse
easier to use. Furthermore, these options include Double–Click Speed, Character Repeat Rate,
ClickLock, MouseKeys, Pointer Speed, and Extra Keyboard Help etc...
Accessibility Wizard
The Accessibility Wizard gives a simple step–by–step method of setting up a group of accessibility
options for people with certain disabilities. These options include Stickykeys,

Linux Operating Systems Essay
The most popular UNIX–system design end of the XX century has become an inexpensive
alternative to expensive (HP–UNIX, SUN Solaris, Digital UNIX) solutions – Operating System (OS
etc.) Linux. Today the pace of market development of this system compared to other well–known
operating systems is the most intense (Stutz 2004).
The strength of the Linux operating system is its flexibility: The system covers the entire range of
applications – from desktop PC to multiprocessor servers and super clusters. Currently, multi–stable
Linux operating system running on the platforms PC, Alpha, PowerPC, Macintosh, SGI MIPS,
Strong ARM, SGI Visual Workstations, VAX, 8086, PC–98, Palm Pilot, HP PA–RISC, Sparc &
UltraSparc64 systems, m68k (Kofler 2007).
As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is composed in such a way that Linux is free, and at the same time, a standardized system
(Terpistra 2004). There is only one official version of Linux.
Non–commercial nature of Linux makes some people the wrong impression about it: some believe
that this operating system does not belong to a professional. In fact, Linux is a PC version of the
operating system UNIX. In order to evaluate it on merit, need to understand that particular context
in which the developed system is UNIX. Unlike most other operating systems, UNIX developed at
the university, the academic environment. For universities and research laboratories Unix – what
you need. Its development was parallel to the revolution in computing and communications, which
lasts for several decades. Businesses on the part of computer technology are often developed on
Unix–based new technologies. In particular, it concerns the tools to work on the Internet. Being a
very complex system, Unix, however, from the outset as a system is very flexible. It can be easily
modified, thus creating different versions. For example, many manufacturers support different
versions of the official UNIX. Companies IBM, Sun, Hewlett–Packard sell and implement its own
technical support options. Specialists involved in research programs, create their own versions,
tailored to their specific problems (Blum

Comparing Microsoft DOS with UNIX Essay
Comparing Microsoft DOS with UNIX As is suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a
collection of programs that operate the personal computer (PC). Its primary purpose is to support
programs that actually do the work one is interested in, and to allow competing programs to share
the resources of the computer. However, the OS also controls the inner workings of the computer,
acting as a traffic manager which controls the flow of data through the system and initiates the
starting and stopping processes, and as a means through which software can access the hardware and
system software. In addition, it provides routines for device control, provides for the management,
scheduling and interaction of tasks, and maintains system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This presents the need for memory management, as the memory of the computer would need to be
searched for a free area in which to load a users program. When the user was finished running the
program, the memory consumed by it would need to be freed up and made available for another user
when required (CIT). Process scheduling and management is also necessary, so that all programs
can be executed and run without conflict. Some programs might need to be executed more
frequently than others, for example, printing. Conversely, some programs may need to be
temporarily halted, then restarted again, so this introduces the need for inter–program
communication. In modern operating systems, we speak more of a process (a portion of a program
in some stage of execution (CIT, 3)) than a program. This is because only a portion of the program is
loaded at any one time. The rest of the program sits waiting on the disk until it is needed, thereby
saving memory space. UNIX users speak of the operating system as having three main parts: the
kernel, the shell and the file system. While DOS users tend not to use the term kernel and only
sometimes use the term shell, the terms remain relevant. The kernel, also known as the "Real Time
Executive", is the low–level core of the OS and is loaded into memory right after the loading of the
BIOS whenever the system is started. The kernel handles the transfer of data among the various
parts of the system, such as from hard disk to

Unix Comparison Matrix
Components BSD System V GNU
Role of shell
Main access to the UNIX operating system and as such any improvement to it can result in
considerably more effective use of the system, increased speed, efficiency and file properties. "C"
Shell
This shell is good for interactive work and also added some features from other
Operating shells. The Korn shell became part of System V but had one major problem; unlike the
rest of the UNIX shells it wasn't free, you had to pay AT&T for it. Bourne Shell
It has a very strong powerful syntactical language built into it, with all the features that are
commonly considered to produce structured programs; it has particularly strong provisions for
controlling input and output and in its expression ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comments on performance As the hardware basis for such capabilities, an interactive graphics
computer station––SaberStation for short––equips the application programmer with more than
enough processing power for the job. Based on a National Semiconductor 32–bit chip set and
running at 10 MHz under the BSD Unix operating system, the unit puts the performance of a VAX–
like minicomputer on an engineer's desk. Its architecture, which employs a floating–point
coprocessor and ultrafast, 32–bit–wide DMA channels, executes 1.2 million instructions a second.
Comments on programmability Programs in this system can often, even typically, be written in a
single line of code. Inexperienced users can be taught to write simple programs in a matter of
minutes. Beginners often produce simple programs without effort within their first day using it.
The elements of the Unix environment have been called software tools. A software tool is very much
like a component, but a bit different. Throughout this piece, we'll refer to components as "tools," but
remember that you can almost always substitute "component" for "tool." In Unix, the standard shell
utilities are all tools. So is the shell. A tool takes a standard data format –– lines of textual input ––
and produces output in the same format. No special code is needed to handle data types; everyone
agrees on a simple format and does a small amount of translation.

Windows Xp Architecture Vs. Mac Os X Architecture Essay...
Windows XP vs. Mac OS X Architecture
When looking at the interface of the Mac OS X Operating System and the Microsoft Windows XP
operating system many similarities can be seen. The most obvious is the use of blue in the interface.
In the core of the systems they both have a micro kernel which addresses thread management, space
management and other communications at the system level and is more resistant to attacks from a
virus.
Mac OS X is a powerful development platform; it supports multiple development technologies like
UNIX, Java, Cocoa and Carbon. It also is host to many open source, web, scripting, database and
development technologies. It was build around the integrated stack of graphics and media
technologies such as QuickTime, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the Aqua user interface, Apple also built in Pre–emptive multitasking and memory
protection to improve the ability of the operating system to run multiple applications simultaneously
without interrupting or corrupting each other. The system can also determine how much RAM
should be used for each running application and it can also determine how much of the processor
needs to be devoted to the running applications. For example if a picture is being rendered in
Photoshop in the background and a user is surfing the web in the foreground, the system will
automatically put more of the processors power to the Photoshop application to get the requested job
done.
Apple also wants as many developers as it can get for the Operating System; therefore they have
created development tools that are included with every copy of the system. One of the most notable
programs that is included is called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support
several programming languages such as C, C++ and Java. Because Apple is also in a transition from
the PowerPC RISC processor to the Intel X86 processor the Xcode application can compile code for
either or both processors, making the compiled application a Universal Binary application.
Windows XP has a microkernel that sits between the Hardware Abstraction Layer and the executive,
it provides multiprocessor synchronization, thread and interrupt scheduling and

Feature Comparison Between Windows and Linux
Feature Comparison between Windows and Linux
Introduction
The basic definition of an operating system is a program that provides an interface to interact with
the computer. It manages the computer's hardware and software and provides a platform for other
application programs. This report discusses the various aspects of an operating system with respect
to Microsoft Windows which is a family of proprietary operating systems and Linux, which is a
sub–category of UNIX.
Operating systems thus not only provided a platform for interaction between humans and computer
programs but also it is the key programs which manages the resources such as memory and allocates
time for various processes, if it is a multi–tasking operating system. It ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All the inodes are in turn stored in inodes tables which are placed in proper locations in storage
device. The inodes provides pointers to access the files .The advantage of ext2 file system is its
speed and robustness.
Quote from the Linux kernel documentation for ext2:
"There are pointers to the first 12 blocks which contain the file 's data in the inode. There is a pointer
to an indirect block (which contains pointers to the next set of blocks), a pointer to a doubly–indirect
block (which contains pointers to indirect blocks) and a pointer to a trebly–indirect block (which
contains pointers to doubly–indirect blocks)."
Linux uses standard directory structure to access various partitions and hence partitions need not be
assigned any special names. There are two IDE ports present on a normal home PC, to which hard
disks and CD–ROM drives may be connected. These are known as the Primary IDE and the
Secondary IDE, and they support two devices of either types which are specified using jumpers such
as 'Master' and 'Slave'. The devices may be hard–disks or CD–ROM drives or combinations on
either port. The devices are labeled as follows:
/dev/hda –> Primary Master
/dev/hdb –> Primary Slave
/dev/hdc –> Secondary Master
/dev/hdd –> Secondary Slave
Process Management
A process is defined as a unit of execution. Depending on the operating

Unix Pos420 Uop
UNIX, Linux, and Windows Servers
Security
When comparing Linux/Unix versus Windows platforms for security it is important to take into
account the security issues being addressed. The most common types of security breaches in today's
business world are based on social engineering attacks. These attacks are focused on bypassing
security measures by tricking users into accomplishing the tasks required by the malicious code.
These attacks can introduce numerous types of malicious code into the network ranging from
spyware up to and including viruses. When comparing Windows versus Linux/Unix it is important
to realize that more security features may be available depending on the exact operating system.
This comparison is not to compare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A fundamental aspect of managing any computer system, UNIX or otherwise, is the backup of user
and system data for possible retrieval purposes in the case of system failure, data corruption, etc.
Users, both teacher, student, or counselor, expect and depend on the admin to recover files that have
been accidentally erased, or lost due to hardware problems. Backup devices may be locally
connected to a system or remotely accessible across a network. Typical backup media types include:
1/4" cartridge tape, 8mm cartridge tape (used infrequently today) DAT (very common) DLT (where
lots of data must be archived) Floptical, ZIP, JAZ, SyQuest (common for user–level backups)
Backup tapes, disks and other media should be well looked after in a secure location within the
university, primarily at a main office as a whole (ie. Arizona). Software tools for archiving data
include low–level format–independent tools, file and directory oriented tools such as tar, filesystem–
oriented tools, standard UNIX utilities, and high–level tools (normally commercial packages) such
as IRIS NetWorker. The most commonly used program is tar, which allows one to gather together a
number of files and directories into a single 'tar archive' file. Tar files can also be compressed and
some of the university's backup devices have built–in hardware compression abilities. Note that files
such as MPEG movies and JPEG images are already in a compressed format

The History And How Of Computers
The History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously
programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines
written such as "$temp = password_hash($object–>password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);". The
binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what
you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to
access all known information and share new knowledge. The unsung founders of the age of
information are programmers that created the links between peers that we now call the World Wide
Web. In the past 200 years, a computer has gone from reading punch cards to running simulations on
how the universe was created. In the beginning, there was Jacquard. Joseph–Marie Jacquard was an
inventor in France between the 18th and 19th centuries. His most famous work was the Jacquard
loom, which read a punch card in order to weave a chosen design into cloth. In 1822, Charles
Babbage had the idea of a device powered by steam to calculate tables of numbers, although the idea
was to be funded by the English government, it never came to be (The Engines). Decades later, in
1890, Herman Hollerith revamped the punch card system in order to calculate the census. Hollerith's
company became what we know as IBM who later paved the way for data storage by floppy discs
and hard drives ("IBM is Founded"). The beginnings of the modern computer

Python Case Study
If you do much work on computers, eventually you find that there's some task you'd like to
automate. For example, you may wish to perform a search–and–replace over a large number of text
files, or rename and rearrange a bunch of photo files in a complicated way. Perhaps you'd like to
write a small custom database, or a specialized GUI application, or a simple game. If you're a
professional software developer, you may have to work with several C/C++/Java libraries but find
the usual write/compile/test/re–compile cycle is too slow. Perhaps you're writing a test suite for such
a library and find writing the testing code a tedious task. Or maybe you've written a program that
could use an extension language, and you don't want to design and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Python is an interpreted language, which can save you considerable time during program
development because no compilation and linking is necessary. The interpreter can be used
interactively, which makes it easy to experiment with features of the language, to write throw–away
programs, or to test functions during bottom–up program development. It is also a handy desk
calculator. Python enables programs to be written compactly and readably. Programs written in
Python are typically much shorter than equivalent C, C++, or Java programs, for several reasons: the
high–level data types allow you to express complex operations in a single statement; statement
grouping is done by indentation instead of beginning and ending brackets; no variable or argument
declarations are necessary. Python is extensible: if you know how to program in C it is easy to add a
new built–in function or module to the interpreter, either to perform critical operations at maximum
speed, or to link Python programs to libraries that may only be available in binary form (such as a
vendor–specific graphics library). Once you are really hooked, you can link the Python interpreter
into an application written in C and use it as an extension or command language for that application.
By the way, the language is named after the BBC show "Monty Python's Flying Circus"

Microsoft and Windows Competitors
A lot of people today, mostly microsofties, argue that Microsoft should not be split up since it isn 't
really a monopoly; Windows has a lot of competitors out there and some of the companies that make
them are even bigger than Microsoft. And that is actually quite true: Microsoft has only about 6% of
the global software market and only 3% of the global computer market overall. There are several
computer companies that make more than Microsoft, like Sun Microsystems and Compaq and there
are at least nine other operating systems besides Windows, some of which you could even get for
free. After three decades of use, the UNIX computer operating system from Bell Labs is
still regarded as one of the most powerful, versatile, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Sun Microsystems has also developed a platform of its own, whose latest edition, Solaris
8 or the ".com Operating Environment", is said to "raise the bar for the industry, re–defining the
operating system and revolutionizing the operating system business." "Sun 's claim that it built the
backbone of the Internet is not that far from the truth", said a PC World article in May, 1999. The
new features in Solaris 8 software are said to drive the five critical requirements for Internet–based
systems – scalability, availability, manageability, security and connectivity – to new heights. 
 BeOS is the operating system from Be, Inc. "Based on an entirely new idea in computing,
BeOS was designed to satisfy the higher processing and memory requirements of today 's digital
media on standard PC hardware, without slowing down or freezing up." say the developers. It works
with audio, video, image, and Internet–based applications, and edits files of millions of gigabytes in
size, simultaneously, in real–time and boots up in less than 20 seconds. A very innovative feature
that BeOS brings is the fact that each application runs in its own protected memory space, so if one
crashes, the system and other applications don 't even notice; all you need to do is reload the crashed
application. That could also be

Essay about UNIX and Windows
UNIX and Windows
About Unix The Unix operating system is a powerful programming environment designed by and
for computer programmers. Unix is available on a wide variety of computer systems, including
personal computers, workstations, mainframes and supercomputers. It was developed for, and is
particularly well suited to, multi–user systems, but is now also run on 'stand–alone' machines.
Beginners and casual users often find the jargon–filled help system frustrating and the lack of icons
and menus unfriendly. Unix was first developed in the early 1970s at Bell Laboratories in the USA.
It was originally developed as a system to be used by the staff in the laboratories, and it was
principally intended to provide an operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are many different versions of Unix, as well as some Unix 'lookalikes'. The most widely used
are: System V (distributed by the original developers, AT&T) AIX (IBM) Berkeley BSD (from the
University of California, Berkeley) SunOS, now known as Solaris (from the makers of Sun
workstations) Xenix (a PC version of Unix).
The Unix operating system consists basically of the kernel and the shell. The kernel is the part
carries out basic operating system functions such as accessing files, allocating memory and handling
communications.
A shell provides the user interface to the kernel. A number of shells are available on the Unix
operating system including the Bourne shell and the C shell. The shell is basically an extensive
program that runs all the time that you are logged on to the computer, and provides an interactive
interface between the user and the computer functions. The C shell is the default shell for interactive
work on many Unix systems.
Most users don't see much difference among the variants of Unix (ULTRIX, AIX, etc.), because the
shell program handles interactions between the user and the operating system. When you type a
command "at Unix," you are actually typing it at the shell. The shells are the same no matter what
type of Unix you use; for example, Korn shell will look the same whether the computer you use is
AIX or ULTRIX. You can choose from several shells: Korn shell

Unix Linux Research Paper
unix linux
Unix has different costs and its not freely accessible linux can be freely downloaded, There are
priced versions for Linux also, but windows normally costs a lot more cost
unix linux on the other side unix operating system is used in internet servers, workstations &
personal computers.Backbone of the majority of finance infastructure and many 24x365 high
availability solutions. linux is a great example of an open source software development and free
operating system,linux can be installed on many devices ranging from mobile phones to
computers,mainframes and upper computers usage
Unix Linux whereas the Unix users have to wait weeks for a bug removal patch due to it going
through an endless development cycles . both operating systems are vulnerable to bugs and threats
,yet Linux is way better in dealing with bugs and threats as it's an open operating system ,bugs can
be reported by anyone in the user/developer forum ,and it gets fixed within few days Threat
detection
A rough estimate of UNIX viruses is between 85 and 120 viruses reported till now. Linux has had
about 60 to 100 viruses listed till date. None ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was written in the C language and was designed to be a portable and multi–user system in a time–
sharing configuration. the inventor of Linus OS is Linus travolds,he always wanted to call his
invention 'Freax'.at the beginning , he used to store files under the name 'Freax' for about 12
months.in 1991,travolds became curious about operating systems so he thought of creating his own
while attending to his university and he was frustrated by the licensing of Minix ,which at the time
limited it to educational use only ,so he began to work on his own operating system kernel ,which
became the Linux kernel operating system ,he then began to develop his operating system on Minix
and the applications used on minix were also used on the Linux later.

KUDLER FINE FOODS
Kudler Fine Foods Security Report and System Review
Kudler Fine Foods Security Report and System Review
Introduction
Kudler Fine Foods is in the process of developing a customer loyalty program, and a related system
to give rewards to their customers. We have been given the task of assisting the development team
in creating mechanisms that facilitate information security
This paper serves to direct the development team along a pathway of security, with the intent to
share information about the most secured manner to implement this project. It must first be
acknowledged that for information to be secured, information security must be integrated into the
SDLC from system inception. The early integration of security in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The current hardware within the organization will support the Linux platform and architecture. This
makes a Linux implementation more cost efficient, because the Linux operating system is open
source, allowing licensing for the operating system to be almost free, and maintenance quite
minimal in cost, when compared to its Widows competitor. The implementation of Linux within the
organization can also accommodate the use of several of their Windows based applications.
WINEHQ – A unique Linux interface that gives Windows applications, permission.
The Wine application is a Windows emulator that will also allow the organization to install and run
most Windows designed applications. This will allow the organization to slowly transition any
Windows based programs into the Linux environment.
Portability of the customer rewards program is also critical to the evolution of Kudler Fine Foods.
The group recommends that Kudler use a web–based Point of Sale system that will use the web
browser to access and update data. This will also give the organization some disaster recovery and
contingency options in the future. The use of many portable devices including tablets, laptops, and
smartphone's will give the organization portability and contingency with little to no application
configuration.
Cost Benefit Analysis
The Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was conducted so that the stakeholders could make an informed
decision

Essay about Doc. Unix
1. You have just finished a 25–page paper that you have written using Emacs.The file containing the
paper is called /assignments/data_sources. After your instructor has briefly looked at the paper, she
recommends that you change all instances of the reference
"data is" to "data are" before you submit it.Which of the following commands can you use to locate
these references in the file for a quick assessment of how much you have to change?
a. find – i 'data is' /assignments/data_sources
b. test /assignments/data_sources "data is"
c. grep "data is" /assignments/data_sources
d. scan –t data is /assignments/data_sources
2. You are interested in determining the number of words in your /assignments/ data_sources file
mentioned in Question ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
window ls –a
d. dir < display
13. You are creating a file to send over the Internet via a satellite connection that only allows you to
send files under 250 KB.Which of the following commands enables you to determine the number of
bytes in the file before you try to send it?
a. cat –s
b. tr –b
c. counter –k
d. wc –c
14. In the command sed –f fixit notes > instructions, what is "fixit"?
a. a script file
b. an operator
c. a function
d. a formatting interpreter
15. When you design a record layout, you should do which of the following?
a. identify each field by data type
b. plan to delimit fields using a dash
c. identify each field by name
d. store only fields relevant to the record's purpose
16. What sed command option enables you to append new text to a file?

a. p
b. –n
c. a
d. |add
17. Your boss has two salary scale files, salary and salary1, and wants to compare their contents side
by side to see if there are any differences in the files.Which of the following commands should he
use?
a. diff –S salary > salary1
b. comm salary salary1
c. uniq salary < salary1
d. sed ––comp salary salary1
18. When you use the pr command how can you limit the output to only a screen full of text to view.
(Choose all that apply.)
a. Maximize your terminal window to hold 24 lines.
b. Pipe the output into more.
c. Use the –l 23 option.
d. Pipe the less command into the more command.
19. When you use the Awk printf capability, what does the dollar sign ($) represent?
a. a field

Windows Xp Architecture vs. Mac Os X Architecture
Windows XP vs. Mac OS X Architecture
Kurt Luchtman
POS420
Irene Giouvanos
May 29th 2006
When looking at the interface of the Mac OS X Operating System and the Microsoft Windows XP
operating system many similarities can be seen. The most obvious is the use of blue in the interface.
In the core of the systems they both have a micro kernel which addresses thread management, space
management and other communications at the system level and is more resistant to attacks from a
virus.
Mac OS X is a powerful development platform; it supports multiple development technologies like
UNIX, Java, Cocoa and Carbon. It also is host to many open source, web, scripting, database and
development technologies. It was build around the integrated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Windows XP is a modular system that contains two main layers, a user mode and a kernel mode.
The user mode refers to the mode in which the user programs are run such as Adobe Photoshop and
Internet Explorer. These programs are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to.
The user mode is made up of subsystems capable of passing I/O requests to the appropriate kernel
mode drivers by using the I/O manager. Two subsystems make up the user mode layer, the
environment subsystem and the integral subsystem. The Environment subsystem is designed to run
applications written for many different types of operating systems. Unfortunately these applications
run at a lower priority than kernel mode processes. The Environment subsystem has three main
environment sub systems called Win32 sub system, OS/2 Subsystem, POSIX sub system. The
Win32 subsystem runs 32 bit windows applications and also supports virtual DOS machines. This
allows backward compatibility with MS DOS and Windows 3.x applications to run in Windows XP.
The OS/2 subsystem support 16bit character based OS/2 applications and emulates OS/2 1.3 and 1.x
however it will not emulate OS/2 2.x or later applications. The POSIX subsystem supports
applications that are only written to either the POSIX 1 standard or the related ISO/IEC standards.
The integral subsystem looks for operating system specific functions in the environment subsystem.
It is made up of a security

Open and Closed Source and What It Means
Open and Closed Source Systems
June 24, 2013
Open and Closed Source System
What Open Source Means
Open–Source means it is free. No one owns it, so there is no source code, no key code, and no
licensing to purchase. When Linus Torvalds created Linux, he determined that the more people or,
the more minds delving into the software can make the system more creative, more improved, and
the possibilities are endless. Thus, he gave Linux to the world as a free open–source operating
system ("Damicon; Linking The Left Brain And The Right Brain: Open Vs. Closed Source", 2003–
2009).
Open–Source is defined by the code or source code is accessible to person or persons who
essentially use it or in IT definition: end–user. The user can revise and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Software that safeguards these privileges are kept is called free software.
The license was originally written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation or (FSF)
for the GNU project. According to Gnu General Public License, Version 3 29 June 2007 (2007),
"The GNU General Public license is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works"
(para. 1). Copyleft means a technique for creating a program whereby it is free; forcing any altered
and expanded versions of said program to be free also. A software company provides a software
license to a consumer who then provides their permission for the consumer to use their software
packet or package. Typically, it comes with many restrictions, and only allows the user one copy per
license. It cannot be copied or distributed in anyway. Such is the case for Microsoft.
Microsoft also has volume licensing in that a corporation can purchase as many licenses, or also
referred to as key codes, as they might need depending on the size of the business.
When Microsoft came up with volume licensing it allowed businesses to save costs by not having to
purchase the boxed software. The cost is only for the license number or key code. It can also give
tailored buying choices and better software administration.
References
Damicon; linking the left–brain and the right brain: Open vs. Closed Source. (2003– 2009).
Retrieved from

Comparison Between Windows And Linux Os
TERM PAPER
Title: Comparison between Windows and Linux OS
Submitted to Mr. R.C. Singh
Amity Institute of Telecom Engg. And Management
Guided By: Mr. R.C. Singh Submitted By: Raghav Marwah
Name of Faculty Guide: Mr. R.C. Singh
Name of the Student: Raghav Marwah
Enrolment.No.: A1607114009
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA
Declaratiön by the student
I, Raghav Marwah, student(s) öf B.Tech E & T hereby declare that the pröject titled" Cömparisön
between Windöws And Linux ÖS" which is submitted by me tö
Department öf AITEM, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Nöida, in partial fulfillment öf requirement
för the award öf the degree öf
Bachelör öf Technölögy in E & T, has nöt been previöusly förmed the basis för the award öf any
degree, diplöma ör öther similar title ör recögnitiön.
The Authör attests that permissiön has been öbtained för the use öf any cöpy righted material
appearing in the Dissertatiön / Pröject repört öther than brief excerpts requiring önly pröper
acknöwledgement in schölarly writing and all such use is acknöwledged.
Raghav Marwah

Nöida
30/06/2015 Raghav Marwah
Certificate by Faculty Guide
This is tö Mr. Raghav Marwah, student öf B.Tech E & T has carried öut the wörk presented in the
pröject öf term paper titled "Cömparisön Between Windöws and Linux ÖS "as a part öf first year
prögram öf B.Tech. in E & T fröm AITEM, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh under my supervisiön.

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