Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis

Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis
As an Allergy–Immunology Technician, it is imperative to familiarize yourself with immunization
updates and current events to provide patients with the best possible care. One of the vaccines that
cause the most discussion is the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. This vaccine provides protection
against the seasonal influenza virus that traditionally hits the United States in the winter months.
The following will discuss some background information on the influenza virus, which will lead
into the interim 2016–2017 influenza vaccine effectiveness report, and then the data will be
compared to previous seasons. Hopefully, this will allow vaccine administrators the ability to
effectively inform their patients on the data the can be found concerning ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The early year's reported on were not very expansive with less than 1000 patients being tracked.
However beginning in the year 2008 we had well over a 1000 reports being made and on average
the vaccine effectiveness rate averages 46 percent. The worst season during this period was in 2014–
2015 where it rang in at only 19 percent effectiveness. This season the "flu vaccine did not protect
against drifted H3N2 viruses, but protected against vaccine–like H3N2 and B viruses." (CDC, 2015)
So this goes back to our vaccine effectiveness factors and specifically points to the second note
stating that the vaccine must be well–matched. In this case the most prevalent influenza A strain
changed and the vaccine manufacturers were unable to predict this. So by this comparative data it
seems that the 2016–2017 influenza fell in–line with previous year's
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Influenza Virus : Viral And Contagious Disease Essay
The influenza virus, also known as the seasonal flu, is a viral and contagious disease that was once
recognized as one of the most devastating illnesses in global history. From 1918 to 1919, an
estimated 500 million people worldwide fell sick with this illness and killed nearly 10%. In the
United States, 675,000 Americans died during the pandemic, suffering from fever, body aches,
nausea, and other impacting symptoms with little opportunity for treatment. First observed in
Europe, flu outbreaks swept through parts of Asia and South America, Africa, and North America.
At first, scientists like Robert Koch, believed that the cause of influenza was a bacterium called
Haemophilus influenzae, but eventually discovered it was viral. Nonetheless, there were no effective
treatments that helped kill the viral strain or prevent its spread. At the time, people were ordered to
wear masks, and public entities like schools were closed for an extended period of time. Even today,
there are very few methods of remedy other than rest, fluids, and staying warm. One drug that was
approved by the FDA in 1999 that treated for influenza in adults was oseltamivir, or Tamiflu.
However, it wasn't put to use until 2005 in Southeast Asia when the H5N1 avian influenza epidemic
erupted. Currently, Tamiflu continues to be used as the main drug for treating the flu. A downside to
this medication, however is that it must be administered 48 hours within experiencing the first
symptoms; otherwise it doesn't

Influenza Vaccine
Influenza is one of the major causes for illness around the globe and vaccination is the best way for
controlling it. The licensed inactivated influenza vaccine includes antigenic components from the
three influenza strains which are chosen annually to match globally circulating strains of influenza
viruses.
The aim under this objective was to evaluate the humoral immune response to inactivated influenza
vaccine (IIV) in adults who were administered seasonal IIV for 2012–2013. The study was able to
identify significant differences in the antibody titers as B–cell responses between different groups
after IIV immunization where one group receives IIV and other was given no intervention.
The routine monitoring of the immune responses usually

Influenza Vaccines: A Case Study
Vaccines that prime an immune system for a particular virus are not the only way to combat viral
diseases. Antiviral drugs can be used to interfere with the life cycle of viruses limiting the rate of
their infection and aiding the immune system in combating the disease. In the case of influenza, the
two currently approved classes of drugs are Adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors. Within the
Adamantanes there are two drugs Amantadine and Rimantadine where the drugs through their
inhibiting effects prevent the virus from uncoating. However, recent reports have shown the CDC
(2015, February 25) that currently circulating strains of influenza in the population has developed a
resistance to Adamantanes due to genetic variation and natural selection ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These viral resistances and effective usage of the drugs requires some kind of policy on controlled
use of the antiviral drugs. Resultantly, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP) is an entity that makes annual recommendations for the policy on influenza. It is through
these policies that the influenza drugs are administered with regard to their effectiveness and the
prevention of a drug–resistant virus from developing too quickly. However, policy change is not the
only measure being taken in response to antiviral drug resistance. There are new drugs currently
being researched that work to inhibit the influenza virus in similar and different ways. Three
possible drugs being developed are: CS–8958, a long lasting neuraminidase inhibitor; T–705, a
polymerase inhibitor; and DAS181, another inhibitor preventing attachment of the virus (Hopkins,
2016). While antiviral drugs are effective, reasonable choices to combat a common disease such as
influenza, there lies an inherent risk that drug–immune viral strains can become prevalent through
repeated use of the drugs which could cause a future pandemic to be untreatable by specific drugs.
Therefore, policy changes and research into new antiviral drugs is necessary to

Influenza Virus Vaccines: A Case Study
The role of hemagglutinin (HA) , which is one of the abundant & immunodominant glycoprotein on
the surface of the influenza virus ,is very important as an immunogen in anti–influenza vaccines
(Gamblin & Skehel.,2010). HA is a major glycoprotein in the viral lipid envelope membrane with a
distal globular head that mediates host–cell receptor binding followed by a membrane–proximal
stalk domain which directs fusion of viral envelope with the host cell(Kaminski &Lee ,2011). The
current split–virus vaccines predominantly induce antibodies to the surface glycoprotein like HA
,NA . Due to antigenic drift ,the surface glycoproteins undergo mutations, therefore the three
influenza strains are included in seasonal IIV (influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) and influenza B)
which are evaluated for their ability to generate neutralizing antibodies against the circulating
influenza strains (Waffarn E. & Baumgarth N.,2011). . After vaccination with inactivated Influenza
vaccine , it results in both local and systemic responses generation. .Within 2 weeks of vaccination,
90% of vaccines found to have protective antibody titres (Cox RJ.1994) .In humans, hemagglutinin
specific effector T–cells are found to be major proliferating subsets of T–cells which are seen after
stimulation by HA molecule (Novak et al 1999). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Central to humoral immunity is production of antibodies which are found to be effective in binding
and neutralizing the virus strains. The quantification of influenza–specific serum antibodies are
widely accepted as correlates of protective immunity This is commonly achieved through the
hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay which detect influenza–specific antibody levels in serum(
Zackay Rones Z.

Essay about Influenza Vaccines
Influenza is an infectious illness that can be spread from one individual to the next. It can be
transmitted by means of saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. It can also be spread by coming in
contact with the virus on contaminated surfaces. Influenza is responsible for an average of 36,000
deaths and for more than 226,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. (Davidson, 2007–
2009, Davis, 2007).
Influenza viruses are divided into three classes. These are A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are
blamed for the increases in hospitalization and deaths each year. The aim of receiving an annual
vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that
individuals receive a vaccination for the flu ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, as many as 500,000 chicken eggs per day are needed for the process. Influenza viruses
are injected into chicken egg embryos, where they are allowed to incubate and multiply for several
days. A machine extracts the virus from the egg, which is then purified and chemically killed and
made into the vaccine. (Tenpenny, 2008, Davidson, 2007–2009, Offit, 2008).
It takes about eight months for the vaccines to be developed using chicken eggs. If another
pandemic were to arise, we would not have access to the vaccines for at least eight months.
Moreover, once the vaccines are made, they must be used. Vaccines that are not used cannot be
stored and must be destroyed because the vaccines break down. The vaccines do include the three
influenza viruses; two against different strains of type A, and one against the type B virus.
(Tenpenny, 2008, Davidson, 2007–2009, Offit, 2008).
In late spring 2009, the World Health Organization labeled the swine flu a pandemic. In October
2009, President Barack Obama declared a state of emergency when over 1,000 Americans, as well
as nearly a hundred children, had died as a result of the swine flu. Unfortunately, we also faced a
shortage of vaccines to deal with the outbreak. Responding to the flu outbreak was also slow. In
April 2009, the United States federal government authorized production of the swine flu vaccine.
Based on prior growth patterns of seasonal flu vaccines, it projected that 120 million doses

The Epidemic Of Influenza Vaccine
Each year, there is an estimated 36,000 deaths associated with influenza, about 1,250 from the
United States. Influenza (also known as the flu) is a highly contagious respiratory illness that attacks
the upper respiratory tract. In some cases, it can cause a mild to severe illness, but in other in others
it can lead to death. Many try to eliminate getting the flu at all by getting an influenza vaccine. The
influenza vaccine has produced controversy all over the United States, as some say it is highly
dangerous, while most medical professionals strongly advise it. Although it may be the greatest
chance of not catching influenza, it can come with serious complications and side effects that can
damage or even kill a person. The current debate on the topic questions whether the vaccine is safe,
if it's necessary, and if it actually works. Influenza usually spreads around the United States every
winter, usually between October and May. It is characterized by a sudden onset of a high fever,
headache, cough, sore throat, muscle or body aches, runny or stuffy nose, and fatigue. Most people
recover within one to two weeks without requiring any medical treatment. Unlike a cold, the flu
comes on more suddenly and usually lasts longer. Most people can get sick with influenza several
times during their lives. Flu viruses are always changing and mutating. After about two weeks, the
flu vaccine itself causes antibodies to develop in the body. Those antibodies provide protection
against

Influenza Vaccines And The Flu Vaccine
Influenza Vaccines
Summary
This paper explores published works related to patients who received the flu vaccine who were
sixty–five years and older. The evaluated articles examine the effectiveness the flu vaccine had on
the patient population of sixty–five years and older in relation to avoiding the flu and pneumonia
diseases and hospitalizations, in this group of patients. It has been conceded for years that senior
adults age sixty–five and older are at greater risk from an influenza illness and pneumonia than a
vigorous young adult. It has been projected that between 71 percent and 85 percent of seasonal flu–
related loss of life have happened in people sixty–five years and older and between 54 percent and
70 percent of seasonal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Qualitative and Quantitative Studies
In patients sixty–five years and older how does the use of an influenza vaccine contrasted to not
obtaining the vaccine reduce their chance of acquiring pneumonia during the flu season? "In 2005,
pneumococcal disease and influenza were the eighth–leading cause of death in the United States and
the primary cause of infection–related mortality for all age–groups" (Assaad, El–Masri, Porhayman,
& El–Sohl, 2012, p. 453). Vaccination for influenza is widely identifiable as one of the most
efficient and cost–effective public health interventions. (Wheelock, Thomson, & Sevdalis, 2013, p.
893). Approximately 90% of deaths caused by these illnesses occur among adults sixty–five years of
age or older. It is hypothesized that the impairment to the airway epithelial lining triggered by
influenza fosters bacterial growth, and that in turn bacterium–derived proteases boost virus–related
virulence. There are several studies that have been established that show vaccinating the population
of older patients, aged sixty–five and older, has shown a decrease in developing pneumonia during
flu season. In a sizable study that included Swedish patients aged ≥ than 65 years old showed that
immunization with the flu vaccine resulted in a 29% decrease in the occurrence of all–cause
pneumonia and a 35% drop in the death rate from all–cause pneumonia in the vaccine group.
Moreover, patients who were admitted in the hospital for influenza or

Sample Resume : Influenza Virus Vaccine
Writing Assignment: 01
Proper Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine
Trade name: FLUCELVAX®1
Product Sponsor: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.1
Regulatory milestones:
1) BLA submission: November 22, 20111
2) First pre–BLA meeting: July 31, 20071
3) The original BLA submitted in February 2009 was withdrawn to include the results of the clinical
endpoint study.1
4) Second pre–BLA meeting: December 15, 20101
5) BLAApproval: November 20, 2012
Pharmacologic Class: Vaccine
Introduction and description of the product:
FLUCELVAX® is a first of its kind flu vaccine, approved by U.S. FDA to use cell culture
technology. FLUCELVAX®, an intramuscular injection is used in the prevention of seasonal flu
caused by influenza virus types A (subtypes H1N1 and H3N2) and B.1 It is indicated for use in
individuals of age 18 years or older.1 The manufacturing process uses mammalian cells instead of
chicken eggs to grow viral strains. It is a trivalent and inactivated influenza vaccine, consisting of a
continuous cell line of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells.1 "The formulation of
FLUCELVAX® contains 45 micrograms (mcg) hemagglutinin (HA) per 0.5 mL dose in 15 mcg HA
of each of the following three influenza strains: A/Brisbane/10/2010 (wild type) (H1N1); A/South
Australia/55/2014 (wild type) (H3N2); B/Utah/9/2014. Residual amounts in each dose of
FLUCELVAX® may contain MDCK cell protein (≤8.4 mcg), a protein other than HA (≤ 120 mcg),
MDCK cell DNA (≤ 10 ng), polysorbate 80 (≤ 1125

Influenza Vaccine Research
Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for causing influenza. It is an acute respiratory illness that
occurs every year mainly during fall and winter (from late November through March).1 Therefore,
CDC recommends to vaccinate everyone 6 months and older with influenza vaccine every year.
Children aged 6 months – 4 years, adults 50 years and over, health care professionals,
immunosuppressed personnel, American Indians/ Alaska natives, extremely obese patients (BMI ≥
40) and pregnant women should be prioritized to receive influenza vaccines in case of limited
vaccine supply.2 Among adults, people over 65 years have more chances of complications,
hospitalizations and death from influenza vaccine as most of them have some chronic diseases
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was a randomized, double–blinded, phase IIIb–IV, active controlled trial that was carried out in
USA and Canada to compare the effectiveness of high dose influenza vaccine (60 µg of
hemagglutinin per strain) versus standard dose vaccine (15 µg of hemagglutinin per strain).
Medically stable patients who are 65 years and over were included in the study. Participants with
life threatening reaction to vaccines, history of Guillain–Barre syndrome, bleeding disorders,
dementia, or if they received the flu vaccine within 6 months, were excluded from the study. The
study was carried out for 2 years during flu season and each year participants were randomly
assigned to receive 1:1 ratio of either the high dose (IIV3–HD) or standard dose (IIV3–SD) of
influenza vaccine. Participants were contacted two times a week or at least once weekly by a call
center between Jan to April. Participants reported to their specific site if they have any respiratory
symptoms. The primary end point of the trial was the occurrence of influenza at least after 14 days
from vaccinations. The trial also assessed effectiveness, immunogenicity and serious adverse events.
A total of 30,000 participants were needed to meet the 80% power. In total, 31,989 participants were
enrolled in the trial and so the study met power. Two sets of analysis were used in the trial: 1)
Intention–to–treat analysis and 2) per protocol analysis. All 31,983 participants who received
vaccines were included in intention–to–treat analysis and 31,803 participants were included in per
protocol analysis. In intention–to–treat analysis, 228 participants (1.4%) in IIV3–HD group had
influenza as compared to 301 participants (1.9%) in IIV3–SD group (relative efficacy, 24.2%, 95 %
CI, 9.7–36.5). Throughout the trial at least one serious adverse event

The Commercialization Of Flumist ( Medimmune ) The First...
The FDA approved in 2003 the commercialization of FluMist® (MedImmune) the first influenza
vaccine with attenuated virus. This trivalent vaccine is administrated via intranasal spray because
the virus replicates in cells lining the nasopharynx [21–23]. Use of live–attenuated vaccine has been
limited to individuals two through forty–nine years of age based on a failed efficacy to prevent
febrile illness in adults fifty through sixty five years of age [22]. As in the TIV the first step for the
vaccine production is the generation of the viral seeds that presents the circulating HA and NA and
six internal segments (PA, PB1, PB2, NS, NP, M) from the cold–adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or
ca B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (the master donor virus for LAIV (MDV)) [24, 25]. The manufacture of
approved FluMist® is also based on the injection in embryonated eggs of the reassortant virus and
the recovery of the allantoic fluid with the screening of the reassortant that grows well at 25ºC
(cold–adapted) and present restricted growth (ta) at 37–39ºC and is attenuated (att). The vaccine is
tested in the ferret model [22]. Once the reassortant virus is selected, it is then injected in fertilized
eggs pathogen free (SPF) that are incubated between 48–72h at 35–37ºC. The allantoic fluid is
recovered and clarified by filtration. The virus is concentrated by ultrafiltration and diluted using a
stabilizing agent to obtain the final sucrose and potassium phosphate concentration. The virus
harvest is then

Vaccine and Influenza Illness Essay
Grant Wade
April 22, 2001
Influenza
Influenza
Influenza, also known as "the flu," is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is
not as severe as many viral infections it is almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory
tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100° to
103°F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose,
and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. There are sometimes other
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children.
One other note: The term "Stomach flu" isn't really caused by the influenza virus.
The average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is called antigenic "drift." This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still
evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin
and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift." It isn't as stable of a change but if
it does make a successful and complete mutation it can become so deadly that another pandemic.
Although Type A viruses undergo both types of changes, Type B only go through the more gradual
Type B.
Antigenic shift occurs only occasionally, but when it does large numbers of people or even entire
populations have no antibody against the virus. Although this is potentially lethal, the virus can only
start a pandemic if it is able to be spread easily. Throughout the 20th century there were three
pandemics, one in 1918, one in 1957, and one in 1968. Each of which resulted in large numbers of
deaths.
The 1918 pandemic was known as the "Spanish Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H1N1) and it
caused the highest known influenza death rate known, 500,000 Americans and 20 million people
worldwide.
The 1957 pandemic was known as the "Asian Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H2N2) and caused
70,000 U.S. deaths.
The 1968 Pandemic was known as the "Hong Kong Flu" and was Influenza strain A(H3N2) and
caused 34,000 deaths in the U.S.
The emergence of the "Hong Kong Flu" in 1968–1969 marked the

Shingles Influenza Vaccine
Influenza Vaccine
The immune system weakens with age, which makes seniors more susceptible to contracting
seasonal influenza. Over ninety percent of deaths from the flu happen to those over 65 years of age.
Seniors have the option of getting the regular flu vaccine or a higher–dose shot that results in a
stronger immune response.
Shingles Vaccine
Shingles, otherwise known as herpes zoster, is a painful skin rash that occurs on one side of the face
or body. The risk of getting shingles increases with age. Shingles vaccines, which are recommended
for those 50 and older, can prevent the painful disease.
Tetanus, Diptheria and Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine
This combination vaccine prevents several disease, each which can be extremely harmful to

Influenza Vaccine Analysis
Influenza is a virus that circulates at higher levels in the United States during October and May. This
illness has been known to lead people to become very sick and at times has caused death (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). According to the CDC (2017), the best way to
prevent and reduce the chance of contracting this virus is through the annual seasonal flu vaccine.
This not only reduces the person receiving the vaccine's risk, but it also reduces their chance of
spreading this virus to others. The more vaccinated people in the community, the less ability this
virus has to spread (CDC, 2017). The CDC (2017) recommends all people six months of age and
older to receive the vaccination. Patient's Transtheoretical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Several times throughout the interview Michael was asked open ended questions regarding his
reasons why he believed he should not receive the vaccination, as well as later on reasons he would
want to receive the vaccination. According to Miller & Rollnick (2013), open questions are used to
invite conversation on a specific topic and help to focus attention in a certain direction. In this same
direction with these questions, reflection was also used as his thoughts were reflected back to him
inviting him to consider and explore what had been reflected (Miller & Rollnick, 2013).
Motivational interviewing, according to Miller & Rollnick (2013), comprises a combination of open
questions and

Pros And Cons Of Influenza Vaccines
The influenza or "flu," is a respiratory infection that has A or B viruses. The symptoms include
soreness, cough, chills, fever, sweating, and most cold symptoms. A way to prevent the flu is to get
the influenza vaccination. Influenza vaccines are essential to all people because the flu can be
dangerously fatal to some people. But the real question is: should flu shots be mandatory for nurses?
As it was stated before, it is essential to all people. Which means all workers in the hospital society
should have to get it. Apprehending how the flu shot is inserted and how it works is important. It is
inserted by a syringe, and for people 3 years and older, the syringe should be filled with an
inoperative flu at approximately 0.5 mL. Two weeks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not likely for it to cause the Guillain–Barre' syndrome. The influenza vaccination may not be
100% effective for some people, but that does not mean it is not 100% effective for others. It affects
people differently because no one has the same strains. It is much smarter for people to get the shot
rather than taking a risk of getting the fatally dangerous virus. It should most definitely be required
for all healthcare workers, in any region, to get the flu vaccination or "jab." Anyone who wants to be
a "real" doctor or nurse should not want to jeopardize their patients or even their own family by
putting them on the line of any virus. It should be considered "selfish" because it is their job to keep
their patients healthy and happy. The should protect them from any bacterial diseases or viruses.
This will probably always be argued in hospital arguments whether flu shots should be mandatory
for the workers. One thing for sure is that healthcare workers should always put their patients

The Importance of the Influenza Vaccine Essay
Illnesses have long haunted the human race. As long as these illnesses have existed, humans have
developed ways to cure themselves, beginning with simple herbs and proceeding as far as vaccines
and complex medicines. One cure that long eluded scientists was that of the influenza virus. Now,
the influenza vaccine, or flu shot, saves thousands of lives a year and helps prevent serious
complications resulting from influenza infection.
At no time was a search for the cure for influenza more frantic than after the devastating effects of
the pandemic of 1918. The pandemic killed somewhere between twenty and a hundred million
people, making it twenty five times more deadly than the ordinary cough and sneeze flu. The
symptoms of this flu ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first attempt was a great success, but when they tried the same experiment again, the second pig
remained perfectly healthy. Even after repeating this experiment dozens of times, a pig never
became sick. While working with the yellow fever virus in his lab, Paul Lewis became infected with
it and died. Robert Shope, even though distressed at the loss of his mentor, continued the influenza
research, going back to the idea that the flu was caused by a virus. To act upon his theory, Shope
filtered the mucus from sick pigs through a filter that allows only viruses through. He administered
the virus to healthy pigs, but they did not become infected. Shope was beginning to believe that the
cause of influenza is what is known as multifactorial, when a disease has no single cause. He
postulated that perhaps the virus and the bacterium must work together to cause influenza. Professor
Wilson Smith, Sir Christopher Andrewes, and Sir P. P. Laidlaw were investigating a pandemic in
England at the same time as Shope was conducting his research. They began attempting to infect
ferrets by giving them filtered human mucus that contained influenza virus; the first experiment was
a resounding success. By collaborating together, these scientists learned that the cause of influenza
was a virus. In the years after Richard Shope made his discovery, scientists continued to research
influenza. In 1936, these scientists discovered that influenza can be grown in

Mandatory Influenza Vaccine Essay
As employees and health care works of well known organizations, we have an ethical and moral
obligation to make decisions and choices that reflect the best interest of the health of our patients.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2010), mandatory programs should be enforced
for health professionals justifying the need for employees to receive the influenza vaccine. The Joint
Commission believes that an estimated 80% or higher of influenza immunization rates are crucial
for providing the necessary immunity needed to protect and reduce influenza infections or health–
related illnesses (The American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010). Voluntary programs consist of having
the vaccine readily available for employees for no cost, providing staff with education on influenza
prevention, and having ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immunization rates still remain low and hospitals that have voluntary programs in place, are not
seeing the results they would if mandatory vaccine programs were put in to place. A mandatory
influenza vaccine policy is the best solution to this issue and long overdue. Health care–associated
influenza occurrences are becoming more common as it contributes to patient mortality and
morbidity (The American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010). Thus, proving even further the need to
prevent and control influenza by putting the health and safety of our patients first. Mandating
medical interventions should never be imposed abruptly, as the rights of health professionals need to
be respected as well. Prominent organizations other then the Infectious Diseases Society of America
(IDSA) have jumped on board and supported the policy of fulfilling a mandatory influenza
immunization policy. Other organizations such as The Joint Commission, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, APIC, and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America also
support this policy (Sullivan, 2009). Many individuals have common fears and

Influenza Vaccine: A Case Study
Topic: Increase the administration of the influenza vaccine in the older adult population (age 65 and
older).
Influenza, more commonly known as the flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the
influenza viruses and it usually circulates in the United States from late fall through early spring
(Grohskopf et al., 2016). Influenza causes serious illness, hospitalizations and even death, especially
for older adults. People age 65 years and older are at higher risk for serious flu–related
complications since our immune systems become weaker as we age. It's estimated that between 54
percent and 70 percent of seasonal flu–related hospitalizations and 71 percent and 85 percent of
seasonal flu–related deaths occurred among people 65 years and older and seasonal flu–related
hospitalizations("What you should," 2016) .
The best strategy for preventing the spread of influenza continues to be yearly vaccination.
However, despite this information, people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, before a nurse is able to begin teaching her client's she must assess the client's readiness to
learn, including their previous knowledge, educational background and cognitive level. For
example, an older client's ability to read and comprehend can be influenced by their cognition,
vision and hearing status. Therefore, when teaching this population you may need to speak louder,
slower and clearer and maybe even use educational material at a lower reading level. For optimal
comprehension and compliance, educational material should be written at a sixth grade or lower
reading level and include illustrations and pictures (Safeer & Keenan, 2005). In addition, it's
important to create an environment which is conducive to learn, one that's quiet, well lit, warm and

Thesis Statement For Influenza Vaccines
As of January, 85 flu related deaths have been confirmed since the beginning of the 2017–2018
influenza season. Each year we experience what is known as flu season, with new strains of the
virus infecting millions of people each year, some years receiving a flu vaccine is not sufficient
protection from developing the flu and flu like symptoms. The current 2018 flu season is a bad
season. The vaccine that was developed and administered unfortunately was not correctly
developed.
Thesis Statement: We will look at how and why the influenza vaccine might work less some years.
Preview: We will consider why we need new flu vaccines each year. (Transition: "First, we will look
at why we get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of two strands that cause bacterial pneumonia, high fever and death.
2.Type B is the second main cause for concern. It can also cause ear infections, dehydration and
bacterial pneumonia.
3.Type C is not known to cause server illness. It mainly causes mild upper respiratory infection and
fever.
New vaccines must be made available to combat illness.
1.With a mutated influenza strand emerging each year new vaccines must be made to properly
protect against them. 2.Trends from the last flu season are studied to help determine what the new
flu strand might look like for the upcoming flu season. Different regions experience peak flu season
at different times of the year, this helps scientist study current infection and better predict infection
here in the U.S. (Transition "However, the study of flu trends doesn't always mean a correct
vaccine.") 1.Most states have reported an outbreak this season is which has been dubbed the Aussie
flu. This general term refers to several strands of the influenza virus. 2. Type A and type B are the
biggest cause for concern. The type C strand can also cause illness but is usually less sever and often
not the focus when developing a new vaccine for the upcoming flu

Influenza Vaccine Summary
In the review of the article "Reasons why nurses decline influenza vaccination: a qualitative study"
there were multiple times throughout the article where the literature continued to build on the
problem, purpose, and question for the research study. In one of the paragraphs in the opening
discussion, it further defines that "the goal was to obtain a more in–depth information on this
subject" (p.2) of why nurses refuse the influenza vaccine.
"By doing thorough review researchers can determine how to best make a contribution to existing
evidence." (p. 80 books). The review was thorough it used the flexible approach through the data
collection and looked creatively at different ways of discovering answers to why nurses have
opposition to receiving the influenza vaccine. The final result at the end of the study did confirm the
process where there was saturation in the results, and there were no new discrepancies' arising ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data was collected through the interview style. The data was then analyzed, and finally,
interpretation of the information was given as a result of the thorough review.
"Multiple studies have been conducted worldwide to examine the reasons why healthcare workers
decline the influenza vaccine." (p.1). To support the need for additional research be done on this
topic. The goal was to find out the reasons why nurses refuse to be vaccinated against the influenza
vaccine.
The review of this is objective there are no personal biases given in this study as they asked the
participants the questions and documented their answers on the survey tool that was standardized for
each person's responses. The review was very detailed and followed the proper qualitative process.
There are points in the article where the writers do paraphrase the statements that were found in
previous

Case Study On Novarrtis India
Table of Contents
Ch. No. Chapter Name Page no.
1 Introduction of Novartis India 4
2 Production Department 10
3 HR Department 18
4 Finance Department 34
5 Purchase Department 48
6 Marketing Department 53
7 Industrial Analysis 56
8 Mini Project 67
9 Background of the study 68
10 Objectives of the study 70
11 Significance of the Study 71
12 Scope of the Study 72
13 Definitions of Significant Terms Used in the Study 73
14 Literature Review 75
15 Research methodology
Research Design
Population of the study
Data Collection Method
Data Analysis & Presentation
Limitations of the study 82
16 Data Analysis & Interpretation 84
17 Findings 99
18 Recommendation 101
19 Conclusion 102
20 Annexure 103
List of Tables
_________________________________________ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Production Head complies the production performance report every month indicating Actual V/S
Planned performance and this report is circulated to senior management.
Inventory Control: Physical stock count of all RM, PM, AUX inventory materials is taken once in

three months. For RM respective user and for PM & AUX Warehouse Officer take the SAP stock
statement from the SAP system on the last working day of the third month. During physical count,
inventory movements are restricted in SAP. Statutory auditors verifying physical stock lying at non–
infected area twice in a year i.e. Dec & March. WIP physical inventory is taken once in a year by the
production team. This is typically done in March every year. Physical count preformed with four–
eye concept for confirming any mis–match in the stocks and signs the stock status after the physical
count. Discrepancies are reported to accounts manager immediately and investigated. Physical count
report documented and approved by Production Head and copy of the same is forwarded to the
Finance

Vaccine Shortage : Influenza Vaccine
Influenza Vaccine Shortage
The influenza virus continues to burden communities across the nation and vaccination has been
established as an invaluable prevention measure in efforts to control the infectious disease. The
efficacy of the influenza vaccine is reliant on accessible vaccines which provide protection against
relevant seasonal viral strains and an adequate supply to meet population needs. There has been
occasions which resulted in vaccine shortages and led to inadequate supplies to meet the Center of
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended vaccination administration guidelines. The
CDC recommends that all individuals aged six months old and greater, unless contraindicated,
should be vaccinated annual with the seasonal influenza vaccine (Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, n.d.). The national target for influenza vaccination annually are 70% and 90% for all age
groups and health care professionals, respectively, according to the Healthy People 2020 objectives
(Healthy People 2020, n.d.). Public health agencies play an imperative role in the response
mobilization and preparedness activities related to vaccine shortage in efforts to mitigate the
associated risks. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of public health
chain of command in response to influenza vaccine shortage, the implications on medical care, and
potential effects of disclosure to the public.
Chain of Command and Method of Public Health Response
There are

Influenza Vaccine Game Analysis
Game description
The game is kind of an interactive documentary cartoon simulator that takes the player into a
historical virtual trip starting from primeval diseases' era, passing through four distinctive timelines
ages till our nowadays modern time while interactively reciting the discovery and the development
of the vaccines' processes to save the human race.
The game sets the player as the person in charge for an inhabitant village with an ultimate aim to
lead the village inhabitants safely through the virtual trip while controlling the immunity to make
sure no massive outbreaks of epidemics that may result in enormous deaths. This would be achieved
through taking proper decisions that would keep the inhabitants healthy and productive. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Mutation of the olive flu virus hinders its vaccination ineffective as antibodies are extremely
specific to the viral surface antigens. The vaccine remains effective if the virus that causes the
disease does not mutate.
– Mandating vaccination to reach herd immunity status
Reality of the game
The game is realistic from the historical and educational points of view. It would be interesting for
young aged persons as it delivers the knowledge & recites the events that had occurred throughout
the long battle between disease and science through smooth animation movie and historical hints.
For middle–aged persons, it would be kind of boring as it's not that thrilling and have a steady pace
of events. However, the educational value is still there for all.
From the game's progression point of view, the game is not realistic, as it keeps continuing
regardless of the decision–making options. There is no ultimate consequence of making the wrong
decision and the game keeps proceeding forward till eventually reaching the herd immunity

The Pros And Cons Of Influenza Vaccines
The problem explored into this essay is the Influenza (flu) vaccine and if it should be compulsory
for the students attending the International School of Amsterdam. Before going into details about the
vaccine itself it is key to understand what Influenza is. The flu is a virus. Viruses are parasite which
cause the infection and spread of diseases such as smallpox, chicken pox or in this case influenza1.
Viruses enter a body which will be their host for the remaining of time. They attach themselves to a
cell of the body and eventually with all the other cells leading to inevitable contamination of the
hosting body1. This event can occur due to the size of the virus, which is around 8 times smaller
than an E. Coli bacterium1. The virus of Influenza ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A negative for example is the cost which varies from 18.67 to 45.28 USD9. A price which has to be
paid yearly considering the vaccine must be take every season for reasons previously mentioned.
Vaccines contains a variety of ingredients that people could be allergic to. This excludes a whole
group of people from getting the vaccine. Some of this ingredients are aluminium salts, sugars, egg
protein, formaldehyde and Neomycin9. Also after the vaccination there is the possibilities of
receiving some sides effects such as high fever, which happens in about 70%11 of children, eye
infection, infections in general, which happen in about 1 person per 667,00011 and usually the
person has a weaker immunitary system. In extreme cases it may lead to death (½ per million)11.
The positive side of vaccines, though, can't be replaced. It saves people from otherwise deadly
illnesses such as smallpox and tuberculosis10. When most of a community is immunised against a
disease it creates this effect called "immunity herd"12 which helps protect the group of people
which for any reason can't be subjected to vaccines. This poeple are, for example, elderly, young
kids which can't be vaccinated and people in hospitals13. groupd are people such as . The"immunity
herd" effect works only if 19 out of 20, so around 95% of the population, is vaccinated, otherwise it
is pretty

In a Written Paper of 1,200-1,500 Words, Apply the...
Influenza
Introduction
Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory
system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat,
nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the
flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat
inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higher that 100F,
soreness in the back, myalgia, legs and arm muscles, sweats and chills, frontal or retro–orbital
headaches, tachycardia, red, watery eyes, and fatigue. Sometimes, a dry and persistent cough, nasal
congestion and discharge occur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The standard diagnostic procedure of Influenza A and B involves a viral culture of the throat or
nasopharyngeal specimens. Nevertheless, chest radiography should perform on high–risk patients
like the elderly to rule out the presence of pneumonia (Clark & Lynch, 2011).
Management (Prevention and Treatment)
The most efficient Influenza management strategy is prevention. The medical systems in most
countries provide influenza A and B vaccines annually before the onset of flu seasons. Usually, the
flu vaccine is trivalent; protecting the recipients from the three influenza virus subtypes namely; A–
H1, A–H3, and B. However, in 2012, a quadrivalent vaccine was developed and availed for use in
2013. This vaccine covers a second variety of the B subtype in addition to the ones covered by the
traditional vaccine. Besides, an H5N1 flu shot has been approved by FDA and availed to
government agencies (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Apart from vaccination,
influenza transmission can be minimized by observing public health measures such as reporting and
isolating infected individuals by providing home such leaves and treatment.
Usually, most flu patients recover without any medical intervention within 7 to 14 days. However,
the high–risk groups like the young, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals require
medical intervention to prevent the occurrence of other complications.

Influenza Vaccine Case Study
The first recommendation of the jury at the inquest facilities in case of solving the inhabitants of
influenza–related deaths in Ontario Coroner recently. The same restrictions as evidence mount
Showing a wider failure to protect the healthcare worker are likely to place patients on their
treatment of the risks to the approval of Canada (Skowronski, Parker & Strang, 2000).
In summary, the influenza vaccine is a strong agreement between the controls of the effective
measure to reduce the spread of influenza, which is caused disease among research experts. It is a
represents a few severe side effects. Experts acknowledge that there may be effective in increasing
vaccination rates to be identified barriers to vaccination and immunization programs

Effectiveness Of The Influenza Vaccine
Effectiveness of the Influenza Vaccine
Blake Olson and Eric Nietzel–Leone
October 16, 2014
EBP Paper Draft #1
A Paper Presented to Meet Partial Requirements
For NRSG 497
Research Methods in Nursing
Southern Adventist University
School of Nursing
It seems like everywhere you go you are reminded that it is that time of the year. Just a short drive
around town it is evident that flu shots are encouraged everywhere one looks. From medical
personnel to store checkouts one finds themselve bombarded with the question, "Have you gotten
your flu shot yet?" Anyone and everyone is a candidate for the flu vaccine according to local
pharmacies. (and many people are buying into this mantra). Millions of Americans will receive the
flu vaccination without a doctor's note or regard to any underlying conditions. The only question
asked is, "Can you roll up your sleeve for me?" Many blindly receive the flu vaccine without
question and assume that it is effective without factual knowledge. In the healthcare system it is a
requirement to get vaccinated, unless one wishes to be sectioned off and forced to wear a mask
during work. Mandatory vaccinations have been enacted among some employers pushing employees
to receive the vaccination. This is despite their views, concerns, or questions in regards to the safety
and effectiveness of the flu vaccination. There is much debate over whether the pros outweigh the
cons in regards to inoculation. In an age where

Influenza Vaccines
Thousands of people die each year due to infectious diseases. There are several vaccines
recommended yearly in hopes of reducing the number of preventable infectious diseases. It is
important for all people especially healthcare workers to understand how these vaccines are vital for
infection control. The recommendations for annual flu vaccinations are increasing among healthcare
workers around the world in order to improve infection control practices. Although, there are many
factors that influence healthcare workers and adults in general perceptions about receiving vaccines
in general. One's knowledge, attitude, belief and healthcare coverage can affect their adherence to
infection control practices. This purpose of this critique is to determine which to articles about the
perceptions of influenza vaccinations among health care workers and adults in general, provide a
guide to evidence based practice clinical decision making. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first study by Ullrich et al. (2014), examined the association between the perception of evidence
and adherence of prevention strategies of H1N1 influenza. The second study by MacDougall et al.
(2015), assessed how adult of the public and healthcare provider's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and
knowledge relates to vaccines and vaccine preventable diseases. The articles are relevant because
they point out reasons for healthcare workers and people of the general public not complying with
strategies to improve infection control as well as being able to improve infection control. Facilities
who have healthcare workers who are in favor of following guidelines for infection control such as
vaccinations can have a greater impact on the general public and other healthcare workers adhering
to the guidelines for infection

Infect Influenza Vaccines
When we hear the word virus, we usually think of something that makes us sick. A virus is an
ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate
only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or
DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well.
The viral genome provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary
energy and raw materials. To fight viruses, we use vaccines. While some may infect a broad range,
other viruses can only infect certain kinds of cells. Vaccines are made of inactive, dead or weakened
virus cells or protein antigens that can no longer infect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Center for Disease Control (CDC), influenza viruses are divided into three types,
designated as A, B, and C. Influenza type C usually only causes either very mild symptoms or no
symptoms at all. Types A and B, however, are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illnesses that
can result in hospitalization, or even death. Influenza is constantly changing over time by mutations.
This continual change allows the virus to evade the antibodies that were meant to kill it. A host
infected with influenza virus develops antibodies against that virus; as the virus changes, the "first"
antibody no longer recognizes the "newer" virus and infection can occur because the host does not
recognize the new flu virus as a problem until the infection is well under way. The first antibody
developed may, in some instances, provide partial protection against infection with a new influenza
virus. According to Medicine Net.com, In 2009, almost all individuals had no antibodies that could
recognize the novel H1N1 virus immediately. It quickly spread throughout the world so fast that the
WHO declared this new flu strain (termed novel H1N1 influenza A swine flu). There are currently
four main strains of influenza circulating worldwide. Three of the viruses are type A, and one is type
B. Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the differences in two viral proteins called
hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The three subtypes of influenza A are A(H1N1),
A(H3N2), and A(H5N1). The reason for several strands of type A are because of the two kinds of
change influenza A

The Science And History And Development Of The Influenza...
Introduction Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that claim to protect against
influenza. The extent to which the influenza vaccine reduces the risk of disease under controlled
conditions is known as the vaccine 's efficacy. The testing of vaccine efficacy is quite stringent and
involves Phase I, II, and III trials. Two of which, are double–blinded placebo controlled trials.
Influenza adapts, and mutates such that is never the same from year to year, and therefore making
the double–blinded placebo controlled trials very difficult to accomplish before the vaccine is
needed to be released to the public. This causes an ethical predicament in which there is a trade–off
between waiting to project which viruses will be prevalent in the upcoming year, and beginning
deciding on the projected viruses earlier in order to conduct the efficacy testing. In this paper we
review the science and history of influenza as well as the science, history and development of the
influenza vaccines. We then discuss the stringent process required by law in order to test vaccines
before they reach the population. We look at the efficacy studies conducted by the CDC, and
conflicting views of geneticists highly involved in vaccine safety. Finally, we present an overall
assessment of the efficacy of the influenza vaccine, and leave to the reader, the level of efficacy the
influenza vaccine has actually achieved.
What is Influenza? The influenza virus initiates in wild

Influenza Virus : A Unique History And Evolution Pattern
Each year, over 200,000 people are hospitalized due to flu related complications and thousands
more are affected by it (Liao, Y et al., 2013). The flu is caused by the influenza virus which has a
unique history and evolution pattern. This virus has been around for hundreds of years and has
survived dozens of vaccines and different treatment methods. It has the ability to evolve and become
resistant to vaccines using a variety of methods such as reassortment and antigenetic drift allowing it
to still be a problem hundreds of years later. The influenza virus is part of the Orthomyxoviridae
family and is spherical in shape with many spike–like projections of glycoproteins HA. The viral
core is composed of eight negative–sense, single ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New pandemics in humans are usually caused when new subtypes of HA genes are introduced
typically from aquatic birds. When a new type of HA gene is introduced, there are no vaccines that
have prepared the body to fight off this type of virus causing it to be dangerous. Since these new
genes usually come from aquatic birds, many scientists believe that the influenza virus originated in
there (Suzuki, Y. & Nei, M., 2001). It is also believed that subtypes of the influenza virus may have
diverged from another virus 2,000 years ago and diverged from B and C thousands of years before
that (Suzuki, Y. & Nei, M., 2001). The influenza virus thrives because of its unique characteristics
that allow it frequently change and undergo evolution. The influenza virus has a segmented genome
meaning that each section of RNA is copied separately allowing reassortment to play a major role in
the evolution of the influenza virus. When two different strands of the virus attack the same cell,
both strands of RNA are copied in the nucleus. These copies then move to the cytoplasm where new
viruses are compiled. Each new virus needs all eight of its genomes which can come from a copy of
either of the original infecting viruses. The new virus would then have a mixture of RNA from each
originating virus causing it to be different from both (Rahnama, L, et al., 2013). Reassortment
causes new strains of viruses

Influenza A Vaccine Analysis
Influenza A viruses, members of Ortomyxoviridae family, are capable of infecting a large variety of
animals as well as humans. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the most abundant
proteins on the viral surface. Thus far eighteen different HAs (H1 to H18) and eleven NAs (N1 to
N11) have been distinguished serologically and are currently used for nomenclature of subtypes.
Due to segmented genome, zoonotic nature and appearance of continuous mutation resulting in
genome replication by the high error–rate RNA polymerase, Influenza A viruses are able to increase
or change their epidemic or pandemic feature. This rapid evolution in Influenza genome raises the
need of updating vaccine formulations annually to include new viral antigens ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This homotetramer protein with 97 amino acids in each monomer comprises a short region in N–
terminal ecto domain, a transmembrane domain and a long protein molecule which have ion channel
activity and regulate vesicular and cytoplasmic pH within the virus–infected cells [32, 33]. M2 ecto
domain which is known as M2e, include 24 amino acids from N–terminal which remained highly
conserved. Moreover, another region of the N–terminal which includes 2 to 9 amino acids that is
famous as SLLTEVET epitope is conserved among all influenza A subtypes. Considering the
existence of such conserved epitopes in M2, this region seems to be a reasonable choice for
designing the universal vaccine [34]. Nevertheless, the point is that M2e conserved region is not
large enough to trigger immune response alone. This problem has been solved by fusing different
types of molecular adjuvants like HBc, ASP–1, CTA1–DD and bacterial flagellin [35–38].
Among gram–positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis has been developed as an attractive host for the
expression of foreign proteins with pharmacological or immunological activities. In contrast to
gram–negative E.coli, this bacterium contains no lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer cell
membrane. In addition, it has a naturally high secretory capacity and exports proteins directly into
the extracellular medium, which simplifies downstream

A common problem regarding compliance with the influenza vaccine is patients' misconceptions
that the vaccine itself can potentially cause them to contract the flu. As sentinels at the forefront of
health of the community, it is critical (albeit profoundly challenging) for pharmacists to educate
patients on these misunderstandings. First and foremost, the inactivated vaccine by definition cannot
cause the flu. Inactivated viruses are so named because they have been relieved of their ability to
replicate themselves within cells and thus cannot cause disease. It is also important to note that the
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended discontinuation of the
use of live–attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) due to

Causes Of Influenza Vaccines
"The 1918 influenza pandemic caused the deaths of more than 675,000 Americans and over fifty
million people worldwide. The devastation and fear posed by this epidemic are, in part, what drives
the preparedness of the United States today" ("Vaccines"). Nevertheless, the Reuters Health Medical
News Journal found that fifty–three percent of adolescents, aged thirteen to seventeen, did not
receive the influenza vaccine during the 2015–2016 flu season ("U.S. Teens Receiving
Vaccinations"). Despite knowledge of previous influenza pandemics, parents choose not to inoculate
their children. In the United States, children receive immunizations that provide protection from
harmful diseases. As a consequence, one can find these maladies at their highest ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, medical doctors have disproved this claim and offered evidence to support this
conclusion. Dr. Fernando Stein, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), has
proposed evidence supporting this theory, "A robust body of medical literature has disproven claims
that vaccines correlate with autism or are unsafe when administered according to the recommended
schedule" (Rettner). As stated in this quote, a major reason for an opposition towards inoculations
holds no validity. Without direct evidence to link vaccines to autism, one must dismiss the theory
that immunizations have a major possibility of harming an

Summary Of Influenza Vaccine
The motivation of this study is to see how efficient and cost effective the influenza vaccine is for the
aging population. A cost saving measure developed by the authors in regards to association with
vaccinations was the cost of hospitalization for all acute and chronic respiratory conditions and
congestive heart failure. I believe on that was left out would have been useful for the researchers
was to measure the cost of living for the aging and see if perhaps that had any variance between
those who live in high cost areas where the person of interest has little money compared to those
who live in low cost areas who have money to spend on healthcare prevention. The results of the
study lead the researchers to believe that those who did indeed

Influenza, or flu, is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus affects the respiratory system
of a living organism. Influenza is a major cause of sickness and death around the globe and propose
a major problem to the world today, The fast mutating virus cause flu outbreak every year. The
outbreaks are usually frequent within the mid fall season into spring. According to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In a year, more than 200,000 Americans are hospitalized for
flu–related complications, and also that there has been approximately 3,000 to 49,000 flu–related
deaths in the U.S (18 Mar. 2015). Since the discovery of the influence virus more than 10 decades
agoJ.S. Koen, a veterinarian, Biomedical scientist have studied the virus and had came up ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each seasonal influenza vaccine contains antigens representing three trivalent vaccine or
quadrivalent vaccine of influenza virus strains. According to the writer of emediminehealth.com
Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis developed the first vaccine against flu viruses and it was used to
protect the U.S. military forces against the flu during World War II(N.p., n.d). Even though most
vaccinations are life time protection for some virus that is not necessary the case for the influenza
virus as it requires "a vaccine is every season for two reasons. First, the body's immune response
from vaccination declines over time, so an annual vaccine is needed for optimal protection. Second,
because flu viruses are constantly changing, the formulation of the flu vaccine is reviewed each year
and sometimes updated to keep up with changing flu viruses. For the best protection, everyone 6
months and older should get vaccinated annually," stated by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention

Influenza Vaccine Essay
Inactivated influenza vaccines are of three types namely the whole virus vaccines, split virus
vaccines and subunit vaccines (http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/influenza/en/).
Whole virus vaccines
These vaccine preparation are made by harvesting the allantoic fluid followed by chemically
inactivation using_β–propiolactone or formalin, and subsequently it is concentrated and purified to
remove non–viral protein contaminants (Wong S., Webby R. , 2013).The use of whole virus
vaccines was reduced because of higher incidence of side effects when compared with the other
formulations. In present time it has regained interest in the context of pandemic vaccine
development as a simple and highly immunogenic vaccine formulation ( Geeraedts etal,2008)
Split virus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The healthy children between age 2 to 8 years who have no contraindications or precautions, either
LAIV or IIV is an appropriate option.ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) has
emphasized the importance of administering 2 doses of vaccine to all the children between (6
months – 8 years) if they had not been vaccinated previously against influenza
(http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a3.htm)
Influenza causes diseases in all the age groups ,especially in the children, who have the highest
infection rate(ACIP,www.cdc.gov).However, the serious illness , severe complications and deaths
are more prevalent in older people (> 65 years ) and in those who have medical conditions that can
be exacerbated by influenza infection .The recommended target group for influenza vaccination
includes the residents of nursing care homes , people suffering with chronic cardiovascular or
pulmonary disease , persons with renal dysfunction or hemoglobinopathy, pregnant women in the
third trimester and immune–compromised patients(Cox et al 2004 , Van kerkhove et

The Seasonal Influenza Vaccine For Children Has Acquired...
The seasonal influenza vaccine has been in existence for a numerous amount of decades, therefore
so has the gradual implementation of the vaccination. Through recent studies, the break through
knowledge of the importance of enforcing the requirement of this vaccine for children has acquired
increasing acceptance statistics. During the many outbreaks of different classified strands of avian
influenza, the health care community has been unable to retain the virus and alleviate patients
efficiently. However current tallies have shown that the system for controlling these outbreaks have
improved lowering the mortality rate profoundly. (BioScience Trends, 2013).
Seasonal Influenza is the monitored acquisition of the current avian influenza affecting a patient in
that particular season, it commonly presents itself as a common cold but then advances to show
more serious symptoms, in addition the seasonal influenza can mutate if not treated properly
creating yet another strand of the attenuated virus. A primary health care physician can only
diagnose seasonal influenza because some symptoms mimic those of the common cold, however the
seasonal influenza is often misdiagnosed– one of the many reasons attempts of retention struggle.
However there is a solution in the prevention of these epidemics and they include the proper
implementation on the influenza vaccines. There are two different types of vaccines the
Intramuscular injection is applied to the forearm and the LAIV (live

Arguments Against Influenza Vaccines
Vaccines have allowed humans to avoid contracting terrible diseases for over 200 years now, but are
these same vaccines that are meant to help actually hurting us? Influenza kills more people in the
United States than any other vaccine–preventable disease (Immunization Partnership), 1.5 million
children die from vaccine–preventable diseases every year (Children's Hospital) and 3,000 to 6,000
people develop Guillain Barre Syndrome each year on average (CDC). There are billions of people
in this world who need to be protected from everyday viruses. Scientists have come up with a way
to avoid contracting many diseases, but many of these vaccines lead to more problems that threaten
our health. Scientists and doctors need to ensure that enough is being done to prevent vaccinations
from causing unintended health issues.
A vaccine is a medicine that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Influenza is an infection that is caused by viruses in the air that enter the body through the nose and
mouth (Source Medlineplus). GBS can occur after a cold, the flu or a surgery has happened. It
damages the nerves that control movement and senses and as a result paralysis can occur (Source
CareNotes). Fainting, muscle pain, shortness of breath, sudden paralysis and heart palpitations can
also happen. The flu vaccine is the most recommended by doctors, but many people don't know the
risks of receiving this vaccine.
The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps and rubella and can cause rashes, swelling and
sometimes irritation of the nerves in the legs. Mumps causes fever, headaches and swelling in
salivary glands and could lead to meningitis (Source American Academy). Rubella in a pregnant
woman can cause the loss of a baby, blindness and deafness in the child. Measles also cause rashes,
fevers, ear infections and pneumonia. The MMR vaccine has been rumored to not only cause minor
problems but also Autism Spectrum

Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis

Similar to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis (10)

More from Casey Hudson

More from Casey Hudson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Analysis