Parametric Study Of Stability Of Pond Ash Embankments

Parametric Study Of Stability Of Pond Ash Embankments
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF STABILITY OF POND ASH EMBANKMENTS ABSTRACT Among
various challenges in civil engineering, slope stability and the challenges related are of utmost
importance. The failure of a slope may lead to loss of life and property. With the development of
modern methods of testing of soils and stability analysis, a safe and economical design of a slope is
possible. The technique used in this paper for the analysis of slope is the use of SLOPE/W software.
The variations are studied in terms of parametric analysis by varying the parameters such as slope,
material, berm width and stages of the embankment. Results show that the factor of safety increases
with increase in slope for a particular berm width and stage. It also shows that the factor of safety
decreases with increase in stage for a particular slope and berm width. 1. INTRODUCTION The
evaluation of stability of slopes in soil is an important problem in the field of geotechnical
engineering. The failure of an embankment happens due to geological instability caused by changes
to water levels. Most embankments fail due to seepage. Seepage, if uncontrolled can erode fine soil
material from the downstream slope or foundation and continue moving towards the upstream slope
to form a pipe or cavity to the pond or lake often leading to complete failure of the embankment.
Due to the increase in water level scouring of soil may take place which can lead to catastrophic
results. Therefore it becomes imperative to find
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Foundation Chemistry Past Paper
kirsty jones 32251 8151 Edexcel GCSE Chemistry/Science Unit C1: Chemistry in our World
Foundation Tier Sample Assessment Material Time: 1 hour You do not need any other materials.
Paper Reference 5CH1F/01 Total Marks Instructions Use black ink or ball–point pen. Fill in the
boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all
questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need.
Information The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for each question are shown in brackets –
use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Questions labelled with an
asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your written communication will be ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . (d) (i) Chlorine can be obtained from seawater by using electricity. What is the name of this
process? (1) . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............
............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . (ii) Explain why you have to ensure there is good ventilation when you prepare chlorine in the
laboratory. (2) . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............

Literature Review On Coagulation
Literature Review
Introduction
Coagulation and flocculation processes are essential in a number of diverse disciplines including
biochemistry, rubber manufacturing and in water and wastewater treatment (Bratby, 2006). These
processes are typically used in destabilizing, agglomerating and subsequent removal of particles.
Coagulation is a physico–chemical process which neutralizes the colloidal particles in water by a
chemical called coagulant. The neutralization forces the colloidal particles to join together to form
small aggregates called flocs which are easily filtered from the water.
The widely used coagulants in water treatment are metal salts including aluminium sulphate ,
aluminium chloride , polyaluminium chloride , ferric sulphate and ferric chloride (Saunders and
Saunders, 1991). The primary mechanisms by which coagulant can remove both organic and
inorganic contaminants from water include colloid destabilization, precipitation and co–precipitation
(Langelier and Ludwig, 1949; Randtke, 1988; Saunders and Saunders, 1991). Mer and Healy(1963)
deplored the indiscriminate use of the terms coagulation and flocculation which is found to represent
synonymous concepts. It was proposed that the term coagulation be based on colloidal
destabilization where colloidal particles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recycle sludge process has advantages over the conventional process because it produces a
much denser sludge due to the "seeding" effect of the precipitates in the recycled sludge (Streeter et
al., 1971). Seeding is commonly used in the metallurgical fields to allow precipitation products to
grow and become larger in size. The nature of the precipitate formed in the presence of the seed
crystals is known to be influenced to a large extent by the seed crystal size, seed crystal amounts and
agitation rate (Streeter et al.,

Calcium Lab Report
Background Information
My mum constantly tells me how important calcium is and she is right. Calcium is an important
mineral for teeth and bone health. Not getting enough calcium can lead to getting osteoporosis and
so teens from 12–18 are recommended to have 1300 mg of calcium a day according to the Nutrition
Foundation NZ website (2014) . According to the Blue Diamond Almond Breeze website the
Unsweetened Blue Diamond Almond Breeze has 188 mg of calcium per 250 ml serving . According
to the Anchor website the Calci Plus milk has 190 mg of calcium in 100 ml and Blue Top Anchor
milk has 117 mg calcium in 100 ml . The anchor website also claims that one class of Calci Plus
milk can give you 50% of the calcium you need a day. I chose to test Almond Milk, Blue Top Milk
and Calci Plus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Make standard solutions before beginning titration:
1.1. EDTA solution (0.05mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Measure 9.30g dried EDTA using electronic balance then pour into volumetric flask using funnel
then rinse weighing dish to ensure all EDTA is in the volumetric flask. Then top up until 500
〖cm〗^3
1.2. Standard calcium solution (approx. 0.05mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Dissolve 2.5g dried calcium carbonate in 50〖cm〗^3 of (1mol 〖dm〗^(–3)) hydrochloric acid
then add distilled water to make it up to 500 〖cm〗^3.
1.3. Make Sodium hydroxide solution (1mol 〖dm〗^(–3))
Measure in a measuring cylinder 31.25 〖cm〗^3 (measured in 100 〖cm〗^3 measuring cylinder,
read at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus) of the 8mol (made by weighing 32g of solid
sodium hydroxide in 100〖 cm〗^3dissolved water) top up to 250 〖cm〗^3 using distilled water.
2.Back titrate to determine the calcium ion content in each sample of milk:
2.1. Pipette 10mL of milk and 20mL of EDTA solution into a 125mL conical flask and mix
thoroughly. Wait for the EDTA to complex with the calcium ions in the milk. Add 20mL of
〖1.0mol L〗^(–1) NaOH to the sample. Add 4 drops of hydroxyl napthol

Herniated Disc Essay
Herniated discs affect a large portion of the population, so it is easy to see why so many patients are
undergoing procedures to place an artificial cervical disc Plano TX. Although invasive, the surgery
offers effective pain relief while improving a patient's mobility after developing a herniated disc.
Considering one–thirds of adults 20 years of age and older show signs of a herniated disc,
understanding this condition is essential. Using this guide, you will understand the causes, signs, and
treatment options for herniated discs. Causes Age is one of the main factors that contribute to a
person developing a herniated disc. As a person ages, the spine begins to contract and shrink. This
causes the intervertebral discs to weaken and thin out, resulting in a herniated disc. Continuous
lifting or heavy objects or constant bedding can also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If your herniated disc is in your neck, the pain will center around the neck, arms, and shoulders.
Here are a few other symptoms of a herniated disc: Numbness and Tingling – Episodes of numbness
and tingling sensations will occur in the limbs nearest to the herniated disc. Weakness – The affected
nerves that stem from the herniated disc will weaken the connected muscles. Immobility – The
intense pain may decrease your ability to walk, sit, stand, and move in a normal manner. Treatment
Options Over–the–counter and prescription medications are necessary for managing the pain
associated with a disc herniation. However, these medications will not repair any physical damage.
Fortunately, an artificial cervical disc Plano TX can be surgically placed to correct the hernia.
During the procedure, surgeons will insert the artificial disc in between two vertebrae of the neck.
The new disc will improve the mobility of the neck and reduce pain from the disc herniation without
the worry of complications after more involved spinal

Osteoporosis And Rheumatoid Arthritis Case Study
.2 Lytic (erosive)
Lytic conditions involve the loss of bone (Byers, 2010). Osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis are
both common forms of arthritis. Arthritis is a highly prevalent disease that affects 8.5 million people
in the UK and almost a quarter of doctor's visits regard this illness. Osteoporosis causes
disproportionate bone loss and inadequate bone replacement. The bone loss causes weakness, so
osteoporosis often causes fractures in the vertebral column, femur and radius. Osteoporosis is more
common in women, with one in three women developing it in their lifetimes. The proportion of men
who develop osteoporosis is much lower, with only one in ten who are sufferers. Osteoporosis based
fractures are more widespread in Caucasian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rickets and Osteomalacia present when the body either does not receive enough vitamin D in the
diet (malnutrition) or is not capable of acquiring enough vitamin D from food (malabsorption)
(Black and Ferguson, 2011). Both conditions cause skeletal deformity, rickets causes disruptions in
the modelling and remodelling of the bone. Osteomalacia is a little different, modelling of the bone
does not take place, growth plates fuse, and remodelling is abnormal. Rickets is more obvious in
sections of bone in which growth is the fastest. Therefore, the skull, rib cage, wrists and legs are
most affected in children. Osteomalacia is found in adults when symptoms occur the axial skeleton
is most affected. Osteomalacia may cause waddling and so the gait of the person should be tested. In
rickets, radiology shows that there is often a widening in the metaphyses (the section between the
diaphysis of a long bone and the epiphyses), they are jagged and show a characteristic dip in the
location where the metaphyses meets the epiphyses (Whyte and Thakker, 2013). These
characteristics may be seen in figure 3. If females have rickets in puberty, rachitic pelvis may
develop (distortion of the

Ph And Colyer Lake Has A Concentration Of 3.00
ppm, and Colyer Lake has a concentration of 2.00 x
10–4 M or 20 ppm.
AA analysis (table 3) also supports the order for hardness of the samples by giving a total hardness
value of 166.1 ppm for Speedwell Forge Lake, 34.59 ppm for
Kyle Lake, and 11.81 ppm for Colyer Lake.
These results do not agree with my hypothesis. I predicted Colyer Lake to be the hardest because
there are more types of bedrock that can dissolve and contribute calcium and magnesium ions into
the water. I also predicted Speedwell Forge Lake to be the softest because the only type of rock to
contribute cations is sandstone. Sandstone contains silica, calcium carbonate, and iron oxide, so very
little Ca2+ should have been dissolved into the water.9
Table 5: EDTA results of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These lakes are purely recreational lakes, not associated with public water use. The Characteristics
of
Recreational Lakes published by the Department of Environmental Resources in 1978 did not
document all of the lakes in Pennsylvania, but instead sampled major lakes in the state that are
required to be tested for harness due to drainage of water for public use. I obtained hardness results
for three of the lakes that are closest to the three lakes sampled in this experiment. Memorial Lake in
Lebanon County is the closest documented lake to
Speedwell Forge Lake. It had a Ca concentration of 4.8 mg/L, Mg concentration of 1.3 mg/L and a
total hardness of 18 ppm. Parker Dam Lake is closest to Kyle Lake. It had a
Ca concentration of 3.7 mg/L, Mg concentration of 1.4 mg/L and a total hardness of 15 ppm. Lastly,
Poe Valley Lake is closest to Colyer Lake. It had a Ca concentration of 2.7 mg/L, Mg concentration
of 1.4 mg/L, and a total hardness of 13 ppm.10 According to the results for these lakes, which are in
close vicinity to the lakes tested in this experiment, the pattern of hardness across Pennsylvania
agrees with the pattern of hardness found in the experiment.
The results of total hardness from AA was found to be higher than the results from EDTA for Colyer
Lake and Kyle Lake. This should be the case, because it is harder to recognize the end point in
titrations during EDTA. For instance, the concentration of a substance that has been

Determining the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide by Titration of...
Determining the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide by Titration of Saturated Ca(OH)2(aq) with HCl(aq)
Abstract: Titration is a technique that has been used in this experiment to identify the Ksp value of
calcium hydroxide in order to determine the extent to which the compound is soluble in water. A
known volume of 50 mL of hydrochloric acid, a concentration of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid, a
volume of 50 mL calcium hydroxide base, an unknown concentration of base and an acid–base
indicator (bromothymol blue) has been used in this experiment to determine the concentration of
calcium hydroxide. From the results tabulated, a Ksp value of 1.26 x 10–7 has been retrieved
indicating that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All group members began by setting up the lab by obtaining all required materials and placing them
on the lab bench. A buret was then rinsed twice with water and once with HCl(aq). It was then filled
with 30 mL of the titrant, HCl(aq). The pipet was rinsed twice with water and once with
Ca(OH)2(aq) . The pipet was filled with 10 mL of Ca(OH)2(aq) and then emptied into a flask. 20
mL of water and three drops of indicator was added to the flask containing Ca(OH)2(aq). The flask
was then placed under the tip of the buret. The stopcock was rotated which allowed the addition of
small amounts of titrant into the flask containing calcium hydroxide solution with bromothymol
blue indicator which has a light blue appearance. In each trial, the base was titrated to the endpoint;
the endpoint was where the solution in the flask changed colour from light blue to yellow. The buret
readings were recorded before and after the titration was completed. Finally, the titration was
repeated two more times, resulting in obtained data for all three trials. After the lab was performed,
all equipments were washed and dried well by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Expansive Additives
Hydration and expansion mechanisms of expansive additives
Abstract
Concrete is the most frequency used material in construction industry. However, during its service
life, concrete experiences volume changes especially the shrinkage which can lead to cracking and
failure of the material. To overcome the cracking problem, expansive additives are widely used to
reduce the shrinkage of concrete. In this review, the general background and definition of expansive
additives, types of expansive additives, synthesis process, hydration schemes and some feasible
expansion mechanisms of the expansive additives are described.
1. Introduction
In the hydration reaction of Portland cement, the absolute volume of hydration products formed is
less than the total volume of the reacted cement and water. This volume reduction is called the
chemical shrinkage. After setting of the cement paste, microstructure of the paste is developed as a
result that the paste is not able to change its bulk volume freely; therefore, only a fraction of total
chemical shrinkage results in a decrease of its external volume which is known as autogenous
shrinkage. While, the rest of total shrinkage presents as an increase of the internal porosity [1].
Another kind of bulk shrinkage of cement is called drying shrinkage. Drying ... Show more content
The colloidal ettringite crystals are formed by a through–solution mechanism in the presence of
saturated calcium hydroxide. The presence of calcium hydroxide decreases the reaction rate of
aluminates, thus it causes the formation of colloidal sized ettringite crystals. Because, the colloidal
ettringite crystals have a high specific surface area and they be able to adsorb water which surround
the crystals, and eventually cause interparticle repulsion (swelling). This repulsion incurs an
expansion of the

Water Hardness Titration Essay
Title: Determination of Water Hardness Using a Titrator
Purpose: To become familiar with the concept of water hardness, practice a titration technique using
a titrator, and determine the hardness of the local water supply.
Procedure:
1. Gather the test tube holder, small stopcock, 10–mL syringe (titrator), and 2 thick textbooks and
the LabPaq box or 5–6 thick textbooks.
2. Remove the plunger from the titrator and place it back in your LabPaq box.
3. Attach the stopcock to the tip of the titrator by placing the larger, clear, plastic end of the stopcock
into the tip of the titrator and then twisting the stopcock into place. The stopcock should fit tightly
into the titrator, so that the liquid will not leak.
4. Stack the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will fill the tip of the titrator with EDTA solution and remove any air bubbles from the titrator.
14. Place the paper towel with the EDTA drops into the trash and re–position the clean, dry 100– mL
beaker back in the titration setup, under the titrator.
15. Use the graduated cylinder to measure exactly 10 mL of tap water from your sink.
16. Pour the 10 mL of tap water into the completely dry 100–mL beaker.
17. Add 5 drops of pH 10 buffer solution to the 10 mL of tap water in the beaker. Carefully swirl the
mixture in the beaker to ensure that the buffer is incorporated into the water.
18. Dip approximately 10 mm of a toothpick into the distilled water. Then, while toothpick is still
damp, dip the toothpick into the EBT indicator powder.
19. Dip the EBT–covered toothpick end into the water in the beaker and carefully stir, to transfer all
of the EBT from the toothpick into the water.
20. Carefully swirl the beaker for 30–60 seconds to fully dissolve the EBT into the water solution.
21. Read the volume of EDTA in the titrator and record in Data Table 1 under "Initial EDTA Volume
(mL)", next to Trial 1.
22. Open the stopcock and add 1 drop of EDTA to the purple–pink water sample in the beaker.
After the drop is added, gently swirl the beaker and observe the color for 5 seconds.
23. Continue adding EDTA solution, one drop at a time, to the beaker, swirling and observing after
each drop,

Soil Stabilization : Soil Adjustment
Soil Stabilization
Soil adjustment a general term for any physical, substance, organic, or joined strategy for changing a
characteristic soil to meet a designing purpose.[1] Improvements incorporate expanding the weight
bearing capacities and execution of in–situ subsoils, sands, and other waste materials with a specific
end goal to reinforce street surfaces.
General information[edit]
The prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance the California Bearing Ratio of in–situ soils by 4 to
6 times. The other prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance site materials to make a strong and
solid sub–base and base courses. In specific districts of the world, normally creating nations and
now all the more much of the time in created nations, soil adjustment is being utilized to develop the
whole street.
Before, soil adjustment was finished by using the coupling properties of mud soils, concrete based
items, for example, soil bond, and/or using the "slammed earth" strategy (compaction) and lime.
A percentage of the 'green advancements ' are: proteins, surfactants, biopolymers, engineered
polymers, co–polymer based items, cross–connecting styrene acrylic polymers, tree pitches, ionic
stabilizers, fiber fortification, calcium chloride, calcite, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and
that 's only the tip of the iceberg. Some of these new balancing out systems make hydrophobic
surfaces and mass that keep keeps street disappointment from water entrance or overwhelming ices
by

The Effect Of Metal Chelation On Latin
Introduction
Chelate means claw in Latin. Metal Chelation is a process when a polyvalent metal ion form
covalent bonds with a drug and binds tightly to form a 5 or 6 membered ring. 5 and 6 membered
ring structure are very stable because their bond angle has no ring strain. Thus, when a compound is
chelated, it will not be able to pass through the biological membrane, in another words, it will not be
metabolise by the body but to be pass through the renal without being absorbed and being excreted
though urine. Essential metal such as magnesium, iron, calcium and zinc are easily found in many
food source and is vital to be included as part of our diet as these trace elements are helping our
body enzymes, hormones and cells to work. Insufficient intake of trace minerals can cause
symptoms of nutritional deficiency. (Glusker,1999) At certain times, these metal are also use as an
active ingredient or excipients in pharmaceutical industry.
Chelation of Alendroic Acid with Calcium
Alendronic acid is a bisphosphonate drug that is used to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption .it
works by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites to impair the ability of the osteoclasts to produce
the protons necessary for continued bone resorption. It also inhibit osteoclast activity by promoting
osteoclast apoptosis. (pubmed ) Patient group who are mostly taking this medication are
postmenopausal women. As women reaches their menopausal age, oestrogen starts to deplete which
causes their bones to

Essay on Paramecium movement assignment BES108
Paramecium movement assignment: Answer the following questions and hand in at the beginning of
the next lab.
1. Describe how Paramecium moves in aquatic environments?
For the paramecium to move forward, its cilia beat on an angle, backward in unison. The
paramecium moves by spiraling through the water. For the paramecium to move backward, the cilia
beat forward on an angle at the same time. If the paramecium runs into a solid object, the cilia
changes its direction and beats forward, which makes the paramecium go backward. The
paramecium turns slightly and goes forward again. If it runs into the solid object again it will do the
same thing until it can get past the object.
2. Describe the mechanism of movement in Paramecium based ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I observed that they were at rest for 100% of the time. There was no change in direction. The
Paramecium speed was 0 compared to all the other solutions which were average.
The mechanisms of these changes are because of the different water chemistry of the solutions.
4. Based on your results discuss the effects of environment on type of motion in Parameci
The type of effect the dryl solution had on the motion of the paramecium was that they kept moving
forward. They averaged an avoidance frequency of 1.6minutes, and they were moving at a pretty
fast speed. The duration of the movement (forward) was 8.8 minutes out of the 10 minutes I was
observing them.
The type of effect the barium solution had on the motion of the paramecium was that they didn't
move forward as much. They were still moving at a pretty fast speed. They had the same avoidance
frequency of 1.6. The duration of the movement was 11.7 (I watched the paramecium for 15 minutes
for this test because I forgot to start my timer at the beginning.)
The type of effect the sodium solution had on the motion of the paramecium was that they only
moved forward for half the time, the other half of the time they were in a jerking motion and a
paranoid motion as well. Their avoidance frequency was 4.8, which is much higher than the dryl
solution and the barium solution. They were still moving at a pretty fast speed like the other
solutions but they

An Article On Hard Water
Introduction
"Hard water is water that contains cations with a charge of +2, especially Calcium and Magnesium."
This is a direct quote from Professor Rachel Casiday and Regina Frey from the Department of
Chemistry at Washington University. Essentially, water hardness is the minerals that are built up into
the ground water that can have several different effect on the water. It is determined by several
different cations, but in this experiment, only by the amount of Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+). Water is an
absolute necessity to life. "About 80 liters of water per person per day is required to sustain a
reasonable quality of life" (PSU Chemtrek). Being able to determine the quality of the water you
drink is needed in order to maintain good health.
Hard water isn't only harmful to our bodies but to our appliances as well. JMAC Plumbing & Air
Conditioning released an article written by Amy Ortega about a month ago warning the people in the
Las Vegas area about their water heaters acting up possibly because of hardness in the water. They
said and I quote, "Hard water is different from soft in that it is full of limestone, chalk, and dolomite.
It's generally not anything to worry about in terms of health, but it can be detrimental to your
appliances." Hard water can cause erosion in you appliances and can completely ruin appliances in
your home.
Yet, soft water can also cause problems just as severe in a different way. According to "The Hidden
Risks of Softened Water", by Martha Golea

Determination of Calcium Ions in Milk Using Titration
Determination of Calcium ions in milk using titration.
Background Calcium is a mineral which is essential to the human body. In fact 1.5% of the human
body is made up of calcium, and not just the obvious uses such as bone and teeth formation but it is
also a vital factor in many enzyme reactions, for example blood clotting. It also partakes in the
regulation of the hearts rhythm. Lack of the crucial mineral can result in the build up of cadmium
and lead, both of which are toxic. along with causing rickets in children, osteomalacia and
osteoporosis. over 99% of the human bodies calcium is found in the bones whilst the remaining 1%
or so is found in the blood matrix. Calcium can be found in cereals fruits and vegetables ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then there are 1.09 x 10–2 moles of calcium per 100ml of milk.
So the amount of Ca in 100ml of milk is 109mg.
Below is the table for the result of the titrations using semi skimmed milk.

From these results we can see that the average titre volume is
4.6 + 4.75 + 4.70= 14.05/ 3 = 4.68
Therefore determination of the amount of moles of

Ceramics in the Medical Field
Ceramics have been used for thousands of years and have been used in a multitude of different
application. In the past 70 years ceramics have started to be used in the medical field1. Ceramics can
be categorized by its bio–safety and bioactivity. Bio–safe materials are non–toxic and non–
inflammatory as to avoid rejection from the body. Where the bioactivity is how it reacts to biological
material and processes. Typically ceramics have been used in surgical replacements such as bones
and teeth. These ceramics must be designed and optimized in order to perform in the body's
aggressive internal environment. Newer ceramics are being researched in order to improve structure,
functionality, and life expectancy. Some ceramics like calcium phosphate ceramics increase the
bioactivity by stimulating bone growth2. Some are designed to incorporate drugs that can be release
by external stimuli or by time releasing mechanisms. These bioceramic drug delivery systems are
being researched, as well as nano scale ceramics. Current research is not only looking at new and
improved bioceramics but is also looking into using ceramics for use in cancer treatments. The use
of ceramics in hyperthermia therapy is one of the methods currently being looking into3. The
ceramic that is used in have magnetic materials incorporated into the ceramic this allows for
external magnetic forces to heat up the ceramic which cause an increase of heat at the site of
implantation. This can causes

Essay On Spinal Stenosis
It's estimated that as many as 75% of us will have some form of back or neck pain at some point in
our lifetime. The good news is that most of us will recover without the need for surgery–and
conservative care such as physical therapy usually gets better results than surgery. Spinal stenosis is
one cause of back and neck pain. It affects your vertebrae (the bones of your back), narrowing the
openings within those bones where the spinal cord and nerves pass through.
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing within the vertebrae of the spinal column that results in too much
pressure on the spinal cord (central stenosis) or nerves (lateral stenosis). Spinal stenosis may occur
in the neck or in the low back.
The most common causes of spinal stenosis are related to the aging process in the spine:
Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of the cartilage between joints. In response to this damage, the body
often forms additional bone (called "bone spurs") to try to support the area. ... Show more content
There are 5 different types of spinal fractures, but the most common type is the spinal compression
fracture. A compression fracture occurs when the vertebrae collapse together. These fractures
commonly occur in people with osteoporosis, women over the age of 50 who are postmenopausal,
or any individuals over the age of 60 who may have weakened bones. Spinal compression fractures
can also occur when cancer affects the spine. Approximately 700,000 cases of spinal compression
fractures per year occur in the United States due to osteoporosis. It is estimated that 25% of women
who are postmenopausal in the United States have had a vertebral compression fracture due to
weakening of the bones from changes in hormones that occurred during this period of their lives.
Physical therapists help patients with spinal compression fractures reduce their pain and improve
their strength, flexibility, and overall

Factors And Positive Impacts Of Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide, or simply known as hydrated lime serves many functions like reducing the
acidity in soil or lakes, an additive in cement, a raw material for mortar, cleaning agents.
Controlling the pH of soil pH is a measure of how acidic or alkali a substance is. The acidity or
alkalinity of soil is important because it influences how successfully plants take up nutrients from
the soil. Nutrients are essential for the growth of the plants. The pH range from 6.0 to 7.5 is
considered to be most suitable for nutrients to dissolve (Rodale Inc., n.d.). Absorption of nutrients
by the plant may not be possible if the soil solution – the mixture of nutrients in the soil and water,
is too acid or alkaline. The effects of poor development and fruiting from crops may be exhibited if
the soil is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrated lime is not a hazardous substance to human beings or to the environment. It is also
significantly inexpensive than Sodium hydroxide that is why it is commonly used. However, it is
more difficult to handle.
Negative Impacts
Using too much of the calcium hydroxide will make the soil too alkaline, then it may not be the best
level of pH for plants to grow in. It has been shown from the Singapore gardening society that most
nutrient disorder in plants grown in soils with more than 20% of hydrated lime is chlorosis because
of the bicarbonate concentration (Singapore Garden Society, 2009). Limestone is a non–renewable
source as there is only a finite amount on earth but as liming has already been done for many years
in many countries around the world. Lime is a semi liquid mixture, meaning that it will rapidly
separate from the solution. Continuous agitating and chemical delivery lines must be kept in motion
inside the storage tank otherwise the lime will separate from the

Molar Solubility Essay
Mateo Castro
April 3, 2013
Lab Partner: Unur Abdul Kader
T.A: Katie
Experiment 22: Molar Solubility, Common–Ion Effect
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the molar solubility, the solubility constant, and
the effect of a common ion on the molar solubility of calcium hydroxide. To accomplish this the
experiment was split into two parts; part A and Part B. in Part A of the experiment a standardized
0.05 M solution of HCl was titrated into a 25 mL solution of saturated Ca(OH)2 which contained 2
drops of orange methyl identifier. Once the titration began, the HCl was added until the methyl
orange endpoint was reached, and as a result the volume of the HCl needed for the endpoint to be
reached could be used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volume of saturated Ca(OH)2 solution (mL) | 25 | 25 | Concentration of standardized HCl solution
(mol/L) | 0.05 | Buret reading, initial (mL) | 0 | 0 | Buret reading, final (mL) | 25.8 | 25 | Volume of
HCl added (mL) | =B4–B3 | =C4–C3 | Moles of HCl Added (mol) | =B2*(B5/1000) | =B2*
(C5/1000) | Moles of OH– in saturated solution (mol) | =B6 | =C6 | [OH–], equilibrium (mol/L) |
=B7/0.025 | =C7/0.025 | [Ca2+], equilibrium (mol/L) | =B8/2 | =C8/2 | Molar solubility of Ca(OH)2
(mol/L) | =B9 | =C9 | Average molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 (mol/L) | =AVERAGE(B10,C10) | Ksp
of Ca(OH)2 | =B9*(B8*B8) | =C9*(C8*C8) | Average Ksp | =AVERAGE(B12,C12) | Standard
Deviation of Ksp | =STDEV(B12,C12) | Relative standard deviation of Ksp | =STDEVP(B12,C12) |
Table 4: Molar Solubility of Calcium Hydroxide in the Presence of a Common Ion. Volume of
saturated Ca(OH)2 with added CaCl2 solution (mL) | 25 | 25 | Concentration of standardized HCl
solution (mol/L) | 0.05 | Buret

Relaxed Hair Is Better Than Natural Hair Essay
Many people have compared natural hair and relaxed as both being healthy. I strongly agree that
natural hair is healthy for various reasons. I agreed to that because you not using the chemicals that
you use for relaxed hair. For natural hair all you need is water, wild growth and moisturizer. Relaxed
hair make your hair look very thin also you using perms which has chemicals that's not healthy for
your hair. Some women think relaxed hair is better than natural. Why is that ? It's because they think
when your hair natural it's very unlikeable. Natural hair has all the components to grow healthy,
long, and thick hair.
Natural hair does grow healthier than natural hair because you do not use chemicals to harm your
hair. Black women discover their natural kinky hair. Natural hair is thicker because your hair
follicles are textured. Yes I can say when you wash your hair and try to detangle it, it's a challenge to
do. Natural hair is healthier because it doesn't stripped away your hair. With natural hair keep your
scalp moisturized. Natural hair curl pattern is very pretty. I think going natural gives your hair a
better chance to grow since it isn't being damaged by chemicals. Relaxed hair is bad because some
people flat iron they hair every two weeks, that's not good because heat can break your hair off.
Many women spend so much money on there relaxed hair. Relaxed hair is very expensive when you
go to the salon every 2 weeks. After a women decides to go natural, she will not go

Essay on So Mexicans are Taking Jobs from Americans Notes
AP Chemistry Background The solubility product constant, Ksp, is a particular type of equilibrium
constant. The equilibrium is formed when an ionic solid dissolves in water to form a saturated
solution. The equilibrium exists between the aqueous ions and the undissolved solid. A saturated
solution contains the maximum concentration of ions of the substance that can dissolve at the
solutions temperature. A knowledge of the Ksp of a salt is useful, since it allows us to determine the
concentration of ions of the compound in a saturated solution. This allows us to control a solution so
that precipitation of a compound will not occur, or to find the concentration needed to cause a
precipitate to form. The solubility product which will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Hint the concentration of calcium ions in well 12 is 4.9 x 10–5 M.) Place 5 drops of 0.10 M NaOH
in each of the wells 1 through 12. When the NaOH is added to each well, the initial concentrations
of the reactants are halved, as each solution dilutes the other. Use an empty pipet to mix each of
these combined solutions by drawing each solution up into the pipet and squirting it back into the
well. (Hint the concentration of Ca2 ions in well 12 is 2.4 x 10–5 M.) Allow three or four minutes
for the precipitates to form, then observe the pattern of precipitation. At one point the concentration
of both ions becomes too low to have any precipitate form. We will assume that the first well with
no precipitate represents a saturated solution. Part B NaOH varies, Ca(NO3)2 held constant To
check your results, repeat the procedure but use a serial dilution of the NaOH. In a different row, put
5 drops of 0.10–M NaOH in well 1. Put 5 drops of distilled water in wells 2 through 12. Add 5 drops
of the 0.10–M NaOH solution to well 2. Use an empty pipet to mix the solution by pulling the
solution into the pipet and then squirting it back several times. The solution in this well, 2, is now
0.050 M in OH– ion. Continue this serial dilution to well 12, and then remove 5 drops from well 12.
Add 5 drops of 0.10 M Ca(NO3)2 to each of the wells, and mix each with an empty pipet or stirrer.
Again, determine the well where no more precipitate appears. Cleanup

The Haversian System
The structural unit in compact bone is called the Haversian system and is organized as parallel
columns, which run lengthwise down the axis of long bones. The Haversian system consists of the
Haversian canal (central canal), a layer of lamellae (bone matrix), tiny spaces (lacunae) between the
lamellae, osteocytes (bone cells) within the lacunae and canaliculi (small channels). Trabeculae are
plates in spongy bone that branch and connect with one and another. The process of forming a new
HAVERSIAN system and new Trabeculae begin with a process called remodeling, this is a process
in which an existing bone is reabsorbed a new bone is laid down to replace it there several phases
that occur to reach this. Phase one is Activation:

Calcium Ions Research Paper
Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy at England in 1808. Calcium is a soft, gray metal.
When it burns, it burns with a yellowish–red flame. When it is exposed to air, it develops a gray–
white coating because it reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a coating of calcium oxide
.Calcium comes from the Latin word calx meaning lime. Compounds such as lime were prepared by
the Romans in the first century under the name calx. Literature dating back to about 975 AD notes
that plaster of Paris is useful for setting broken bones. Other calcium compounds used in early times
include limestone. Calcium metal was not isolated until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and
Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Sir Humphry ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are significant differences in chemical and physical properties between beryllium and
magnesium and the group members from calcium onwards, which traditionally led to "alkaline earth
metal" only applying to the latter group. This classification is mostly not in in English–language
sources, but is still used in other countries such as Japan. As a result, comparisons with strontium
and barium are more germane to calcium chemistry than comparisons with magnesium. Calcium
metal burns hot if ignited, and it reacts violently with water to form the strongly–alkaline calcium
hydroxide that can cause chemical

Osteoporosis Senior Care
Senior Care: What is Osteoporosis?
According to the National osteoporosis foundation, osteoporosis is a disease of the bones that
"happens when you lose too much bone, make too little bone, or both." Osteoporosis actually means
"porous bone" because the disease literally causes your bones to become more porous. As a result of
the larger pores, the bones become less dense, more brittle, and are more likely to break.
Nearly 55 million Americans are estimated to have osteoporosis, making it one of the most common
diseases among American seniors. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 50 percent of
women and 25 percent of men over the age of 50 will end up a broken bone as a result of
osteoporosis. In fact, according to May Clinic,

COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
LAB
UNKNOWN SAMPLE #97
COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
DR. BUDRUK
CHM 152 LL
SEAN MARKIS
4 FEBRUARY 2015
Introduction
Using a Lewis base neutral molecule to donate electron pairs (ligands) to a Lewis acid metal ion
center to form a single cluster (complex) ion. When the complex ions forms with a metal ion
(chelation) the ligand used is called the (chelating agent). EDTA acts as a great chelating agent due
to the Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the metal ion center to form an octahedral
complex. The metal ions especially with a +2 charge or higher are the reason for water hardness to
form on various objects known as "scum". Calcium ions are typically the most common contributing
factor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter 4 is also used for titration of redox reactions using a standard solution (Na2 EDTA) to add
into another solution of unknown concentration (unknown sample + ammonia/ammonium chloride
buffer + Eriochrome Black T) until the equivalence point is reached (has fully reacted) as visually
identified by the indicators (Eriochrome Black T) from the color change of pink to violet to blue.
Procedure
1. "Prepare about 500mL of approximately 0.004M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare your
solution, weigh out 0.7–0.8g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500mL deionized water in your
plastic bottle. Seal the bottle and shake vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt.
2. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard:
a. Use a 10–mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000g
CaCO3/L solution) to a 250–mL Erlenmeyer flask.
b. Add about 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask.
c. Add a magnetic stir–bar, place on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. A piece of white paper
under the flask gives good contrast for easier detection of the indicator color change.
d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). The buffer
is an inhalation irritant. Stir for 30 seconds.
e. Just prior to titrating the flask, add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution. Continue
stirring for another 30

Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
4. Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of the Jaws
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia, though less serious than polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, is of greater
concern to the dentist because of the frequency with which the jaws are affected. Nearly every bone
has, at one time or another, been reported involved. In a series of 67 cases of monostotic fibrous
dysplasia, Schlumberger (26) found the following distribution:
Ribs 29 cases
Femur 9 cases
Tibia 8 cases
Maxilla 7 cases
Calvarium 5 cases
Mandible 2 cases
Humerus 2 cases
Ulnar 2 cases
Vertebral 1 case
Pelvis 1 case
Fibula 1 case There is now evidence to indicate; however, that the incidence of jaw lesions is
proportionately far greater than this study would indicate. It is now recognized that some ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been emphasized particularly by Jaffe, Lichtenstein (27) and Portis and by Waldron (28). In
past years the label 'ossifying fibroma' was a common one for a certain group of jaw lesions which
occurred with considerable frequency. Many authorities now view at least some of these lesions as a
type of monostotic fibrous dysplasia. Another lesion of bone, the non–osteogenic fibroma, also is
considered by some investigators to be a form of fibrous dysplasia. The clinical term 'leontiasis
ossea' has usually been applied to cases of fibrous dysplasia which affect the maxilla or facial bones
and give the patient a leonine appearance. Thus it can be appreciated that fibrous dysplasia of bone
has come to include a number of lesions once described by other terms. (25) Although investigators
differed as to the desirability of inclusion of certain bony lesions in this group, the trend in the past
few years had been to recognize monostotic fibrous dysplasia as an entity with considerable clinical
and histologic variation, probably dependent upon the stage or phase of the disease. In contrast;
however, it has been suggested that this trend to classify many fibro–osseous lesions of the jaws

Malnutrition Literature Review
Review of Related Literature
I. Malnutrition Problem in the Philippines
Micronutrient malnutrition is prevalent not just in the developing regions of the world but also in the
industrialized nations which can affect all age groups, however children and pregnant women are
those of most at risk (Allen, de Benoist, Hurrell, & Dary, 2006).
Although vitamin and mineral deficiencies may not be visible to the naked eye, these deficiencies
have a huge impact on the well–being and are prevalent in the Philippines. The Philippines loses
billions of US dollars in Gross Domestic Product to vitamin and mineral deficiencies which is
mainly due to economic costs of undernutrition such as the direct costs on the increased burden on
the health care system, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2004). VITAMIN & MINERAL DEFICIENCY A GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT. Retrieved 17
April 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/media/files/vmd.pdf
Aquino, A., Correa, A., & Ani, P. (2014). Republic Act No. 10611: Strengthening the Philippine
Food Safety Regulatory System. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from
http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/files/ap_policy/214/214_1.pdf
Cannon, R. (2014). Fighting Malnutrition in the Philippines – The Borgen Project. The Borgen
Project. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://borgenproject.org/fighting–malnutrition–philippines/
Chan, S., Scott, B., & Sen, S. (2010). An Asian viewpoint on the use of vitamin D and calcium in
osteoporosis treatment: Physician and patient attitudes and beliefs. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.
Retrieved 17 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987973/pdf/1471–
2474–11–248.pdf
Darnton–Hill, I., & Mkparu, U. (2015). Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low– and Middle–Income
Countries. Nutrients. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_food_fortification_micronutrients.pdf
Durst, P., & Bayasgalanbat, N. (2014). PROMOTION OF UNDERUTILIZED INDIGENOUS
FOOD RESOURCES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN ASIAAND THE PACIFIC.
FAO. Retrieved 17 April 2017, from

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate...
An ideal orthograde or retrograde filling material should maintain a hermetic seal in the pathway of
communication between the root canal and its surrounding tissues (Parirokh et al., 2010). It should
be biocompatible, dimensionally stable, exhibit favourable host tissue response, insoluble in tissue
fluids, nontoxic, non–carcinogenic and radiopaque (Parirokh et al., 2010; Kratchman et al., 2004)
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is an endodontic material first presented as a root end filling
material in 1993 (Torabinejad et al., 1993). It is also used extensively as a reparative cement in root
perforations and pulpotomies due to its biological properties (Unal et al., 2010). MTA is composed
of silicate oxide, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reports continue to confirm that barium sulphate, usually added to intra–canal medicaments such as
calcium hydroxide, has no detrimental effects (Orucoglu et al., 2008). Niobium oxide is another
radiopacifying agent that is used to increase the radiopacity of methacrylate–based root canal sealers
(Leitune et al., 2012). One study found that its oxidised form exhibited good biocompatibility when
it was used to cover dental implants (Karlinsey et al., 2006).
Malaysian white Portland cement (MAWPC) is a locally produced WPC characterised by its
whiteness, uniform composition and performance (Aalborgportland.com.my, 2016). Since it is a
locally produced material, it is much cheaper than MTA and is more easily available.
Recently, MAWPC has been a subject to research studies, and it was found to be a potential
substitute to WMTA. MTA and Portland cements are not genotoxins and are not able to induce
cellular death (Ribeiro et al., 2006). A recent research showed that MAWPC mixed with nano–
bismuth oxide was more favourable than MAWPC mixed with nano–zirconium oxide but the nano–
bismuth oxide showed discolouration potential (Wong et al., 2015). As such, the study of other
radiopacifying agents as potential additives to MAWPC is essential. To the best of knowledge, no
studies have been conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of MAWPC mixed with barium
sulphate and niobium oxide radiopacifying

Regenerative Disease: A Degenerative Disease
A degenerative disease is any disease in which deterioration of structure or function of tissues
occurs. With that in mind I would like to focus my paper on a disease that afflicts more than 27
million individuals in the United States alone Osteoarthritis . When considering this disease you
must consider body composition, but what is body composition? Body composition refers to the
amount of fat and lean tissues in the body. As one ages you tend to loose muscle mass and function,
this condition is known as scaropneia. Osteoarthritis typically affects patients who are elderly,
sedentary or obese. "Osteoarthritis is the leasing cause pf chronic disability in those over 7o years of
age, costing the US greater than $100 billion dollars annually."

Essential Component Of Public Infrastructure
Introduction
Concrete is one of the essential component of public infrastructure and most buildings. It can only
be more effective if we used reinforcement with it, because tensile strength without reinforcement is
very low. It usually get cracked with time as it is brittle in property. There are some more causes of
these cracks are shrinkage, inadequate water for hydration... etc. these cracks causes reinforcement
exposes to atmosphere now reinforcement come into contact of O2 & H2O. That can cause
corrosion which results in weaken of structure. That being said concrete is a high maintenance
material. Concrete cracks and suffer wear and tear. Concrete is not as much flexible that it can
handle significant amount of strain. These problems occurs due to Standard Concrete can be solved
by self–healing bacterial concrete. This is a concrete which is provided with self–healing agent in
form of bacteria. This type of concrete consist of mixture of bacteria as a healing agent and calcium
lactate Ca(C3H5O2)2 as a food that support bacteria at the time when bacteria comes in active form.
Now healing agent (bacteria) feeds on food (calcium lactate) provided, can heal the damage as well
as reduce the amount of damages sustained by the concrete structure.
SELF–HEALING BACTERIAL CONCRETE
Fig 1.1 self–healing bacterial concrete
In several recent studies autogenously crack–healing capacity of concrete has been recognized. Due
to presence of secondary hydration of

Water Is A Vital Nutrient Needed For The Survival Of All...
Water is a vital nutrient needed for the survival of all species. One quality of water that was
observed in this lab is known as the "hardness" of water. Hardness is caused by the presence of
polyvalent cations that dissolve in the water as it moves through soil and rock.1 The main minerals
that give water a hard quality are Ca2+ and Mg2+ therefore, a sample containing a large
concentration of calcium and magnesium is considered hard while a sample containing little or no
calcium and magnesium is considered soft.3 Hard water is not harmful to the body but it proves to
be a problem when dealing with daily household chores such as doing dishes, laundry, and even
bathing. When combined with soap, hard water produces an insoluble precipitate, known as soap
scum, that lessens the effectiveness of soap and requires more to remove.4 Hard water also
interferes with industrial processes due to the formation of a precipitate known as scale. Scale tends
to be found in pipes, boilers, and other devices used in industrial processes as it is formed when hard
water is heated. This proves to be a major problem as the scale formation reduces the water flow,
greatly decreases the heat transfer process, and eventually requires the metal in the devices to be
replaced, which is a very expensive process. Therefore, many industries require the use of soft water
to perform their everyday functions.2 The hardness of water can be measured in units of parts per
million (ppm) or grains per gallon.

Calcium Homeostasis Essay
"Calcium Homeostasis"
Kayla Smith
Anatomy and Physiology I
BSC 1085C Ref# 82458
Calcium plays a very significant role in our bodies. Approximately 99 percent of the calcium in our
bodies is stored in the teeth and bones. Calcium generates about two percent of our total body
weight. Calcium is crucial in bone formation, keeping strong bones and teeth and is known for
helping to prevent osteoporosis. Although calcium is mostly thought about in the bones and teeth, it
also plays important roles throughout the body. The amount of calcium outside the bones and teeth
may be small in comparison to what is inside the bones and teeth, but is very useful in many
functions in the body. Calcium is required in functions such as the contraction ... Show more content
Calcitriol moves to the nucleus of these cells and boost the role of proteins that carry calcium from
inside the small intestine to the blood. Calcitonin does the opposite of the parathyroid hormone and
vitamin D. While the parathyroid gland and vitamin D raise the calcium levels, calcitonin decreases
it. Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the C cell of the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium
levels by inhibiting bone resorption. (Lingohr–Smith, 2011). Having high and low levels of calcium
in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium.
Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation,
nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and
joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion,
emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the
blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your
body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on
calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps.
It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can
put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

The Impact Of Osteoporosis
In addition, risk factor of osteoporosis is higher in people who already have certain medical
problems such as cancer and kidney or liver disease. Besides, the risk of fracture is also increase in
patients with condition that the high risk of falls such as hemiplegia, lower limb dysfunction and
Parkinson's disease. It has been shown that an initial fracture is a major risk factor for a new fracture
as other clinical condition's fractures can lead to osteoporosis. Overall, osteoporosis is a disease that
involves fractures of the bones. If someone is suffered in the bone fractured it can affect their life.
For instance, their ability to move is decreasing and this is what we called as an impact to their own
life. This is why osteoporosis will give a very serious impact to a person's health. At least one in
three women and one in five men over the age of 50 around ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The population of those people who suffering from this disease increasing day by day. So, to discuss
about the impact of osteoporosis, there are many of them including disabilities of moving in our
own self. People will have hip or vertebral fractures as the result from

Osteoporosis Malady And Its Counteractive Action
ntroduction
As per World Health Organization (2004), osteoporosis is an illness that influences the casualty 's
bones making them diminish in their thickness and be more powerless against crack. It has been
turned out to be specifically identified with the mass of bones that an individual figures out how to
accomplish amid both his/her adolescence and pre–adult phases of life. Specialists have kept on
stressing the preventive way to deal with this sickness urging folks to guarantee that their youngsters
hone sound propensities which, as they accentuate, can actually lead them to breaking their bones
amid later phases of life. Such an awesome accentuation is put significantly in light of the fact that
the ailment has no cure. This review presents research discoveries on osteoporosis malady and its
counteractive action beginning from right on time youth.
As indicated by Lucas (2006), bones shape the system which permits the development of any kid.
He takes note of that bones, as living tissues, tend to change and that at whatever point this is going
on, specific bones are supplanted by the recently created ones. In his outline, he clarifies that amid
the two early phases of life, that is youth and immaturity, there is a bigger number of bones being
saved with the development of the skeleton than those which are being framed. He takes note of that
the kid 's bone mass regularly increments till the kid achieves his/her 20s. As of right now, the
singular 's bones accomplish

Soaps And Detergents And The Detergents
Soaps and Detergents
Kelsea Farmer
Chemistry 102 Laboratory, Section 2
Instructor: Qiuying Zhang
September 19, 2016
My signature indicates that this document represents my own work. Excluding shared data, the
information, thoughts and ideas are my own, except as indicated in the references. I have submitted
an electronic copy through Balckboard to be scanned by TurnItIn.com. In addition, I have not given
aid to another student on this assignment.
Discussion and Scientific Explanation
The purpose of this lab was to create soaps and detergents and test their cleaning ability. We created
four different soaps and two detergents using different starting materials composed of oils and fats
for the soaps and lauryl alcohol and sulfuric acid for the detergents. Soaps are created by a process
called saponification, which is the formation of a salt by combing an acid and a base.1 Soap and
detergent are effective cleaning agents because they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.1 The
hydrophobic ends interact with the dirt and oil while the hydrophilic ends interact with the water
molecules effectively washing the dirt and oil away.2 While soaps and detergents are very similar in
their cleaning ability, they have a major difference being that soaps are made from natural products
and detergents are made from synthetic materials.3 In order to make the soaps, we used four
different starting materials including lard, shortening, olive oil, and vegetable oil.

Discussion Of Biodentine And The Aspects Of Dentinal...
Discussion:
When materials' influences are to be evaluated in terms of pulpal response during vital procedures,
in vivo study designs are helpful. Among these,animal and human teeth are generally preferred to
demonstrate the effects of pulp capping agents. These should further be supported by clinical trials
toestablish a clear picture regarding the general characteristics of the materials. MTA, which is
generally considered a gold standard, has been investigated in various animal and human
experimental models.
On the other hand, studies comparing MTA with Biodentine and theracal LC in terms of vital pulp
treatment are rather limited. The first study to demonstrate the induction of effective dentinal repair
was the one by Tran et al. [17] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gandolfiet al.[19] studied the chemical and physical properties of TLC and reported more calcium
release than ProRoot MTA and Dycal. It was found that calcium silicate–based materials showed
apatite formation at a faster rate than calcium hydroxide–based materials.[20]
In the present study, methacryloyloxydecyldihydrogen phosphate (MDP)–based, universal adhesive
with silanewas selected. This self–etch 10–MDP–based adhesive shows chemical bonding to Ca
ions, and Al and zirconium oxides.[21,22] The bifunctional silane molecule bonds chemically to
silica–containing materials and has methacrylate functionality that allows chemical union with
resinous substrate. Silanes also act as adhesion promoter by enhancing the wetting ability of
theadhesive system.[23]This adhesive was selected in our study, aiming for additionalchemical
bonding with Ca releasing bio active liners.Bond strength tests are the most common laboratory test
for analyzing the performance of adhesive restoration [24]. Because MTA and Biodentine cement
are brittle materials, the shear bond strength test was chosen and considered as the best method for
analysis in our study[25]
In this study, Groups A (TLC) showed significantly higher bond strength than Group B (BD) as TLC
is resin–based light cure cements that attain early cohesive strength on photo activation. Group B
(BD) showed less SBS means (3,01MPa), which may have been due to low early strength of the

Hardness And What Impact Does It Have On Water Quality
1. What is hardness and what impact does it have on water quality?
Hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Hardness impacts on
water quality throughout the aesthetic acceptability by consumers (meaning the concentration of the
calcium and magnesium and other dissolved solids are measureable by the consumers). In addition
to, economic and operational considerations (which is controllable throughout the treatment or
blending in public drinking water), hard water tends to leave scale deposition in the water
distribution system, as well as in heated water applications. (Hardness in Drinking–water, 2011).
2. What water quality standards are associated with water hardness?
There is no Primary or Secondary standard for water hardness by EPA. Also hardness has no health
risk. As the hardness of water is classified: 0 to 60 mg/ as calcium carbonate is classified as soft; 61
to 120 mg/L as moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/L as hard; and more than 180 mg/L as very hard.
(Water–quality criteria. (n.d.).
3. Briefly describe your understanding about pH and why is pH important in water treatment. Give
two examples. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in the water and is determined by the
relative number of the hydrogen ions for acidity and hydroxide ion for alkalinity, thus
mathematically expressed as pH=–log [H+] where [H+] is the hydrogen ion activity . pH values are
calculated in powers of 10.Thus, the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Chemistry Past Exam Paper (Cambridge Igcse)
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General
Certiﬁcate of Secondary Education
*4308315385*
CHEMISTRY Paper 2 Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are
required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number
and name in the spaces at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may need to use
a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters,
glue or correction ﬂuid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. A copy of
the Periodic Table is printed on page 20. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work
securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
[1] (iv) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid. CaO
+ ...............HCl → CaCl 2 + ............... (v) State the chemical name of the compound CaCl 2.
.............................................................................................................................. [1] [Total: 10] [2]
For Examiner's Use
© UCLES 2010
0620/21/O/N/10
5 3 Helium and argon are noble gases. (a) State one use of helium.
..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) The
atomic structures of helium and argon are shown below.
For Examiner's Use
X
helium
argon
(i) State the name of the central part of the atom, labelled X.
.............................................................................................................................. [1] (ii) Which

statement about helium and argon is correct? Tick one box. Argon has an incomplete inner shell of
electrons. An atom of argon has 16 electrons. Helium has a complete outer shell of electrons.
Helium has an incomplete outer shell of electrons. [1] (iii) How many protons are there in an atom
of argon? .............................................................................................................................. [1] (iv)
The symbol for a particular isotope of helium is written as 4 He . 2 Write a similar symbol for the
isotope of argon

Bone Density Testing
Bone density testing is preformed by doctors to identify decreases in bone density before you break
a bone, determine the risk you have of broken bones, confirm a diagnosis of osteoporosis, and to
monitor osteoporosis treatment. The higher the bone mineral content, the denser the bones are. The
denser they are, the stronger they are and less likely they are to break. Bone density tests are
different from bone scans. Bone scans require an injection beforehand and usually are used to detect
fractures, cancer, infections, and other abnormalities in the bones. Limitations of bone density
testing include: differences in testing methods, might not be covered by insurance, or doesn't
identify the cause. Bone density tests are easy, fast, and painless.

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