The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay

The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay
On May 9th, 2016, the Boston University Archaeology Department held a public outreach event
called, "Eating Archaeology", where guests were served foods from four different time periods and
places: Bronze–age Mycenae, Bronze–age China, Pre–Columbian Mesoamerica, specifically the
Aztecs, and mid–19th century Boston. The creation of these dishes was made possible through
analyzing archaeological sites through the lens of the newly popularized sub–field, archaeology of
the senses, which studies how the materiality of the world contributes to and is influenced by how
humans use their senses (Hamilakis 4). Through analyzing the bodily senses, archaeologists can
create a more detailed interpretation of the experiences of ancient humans (Hamilakis i). This new
interest in the sensory aspect of human culture brings a fascination with the types of foods that
people consumed in the past. With this in mind, a group of graduate students in the fields of
archaeology, food history, and gastronomy, at Boston University, collaborated to test if material
remains can be used to recreate ancient recipes. Through eating these foods, one can glimpse a part
of the culture that ate the dish, illustrating the power of taste, and demonstrating that archaeology
can be used to create something tangible for the public. This paper will focus on the research
process for the mid–19th century brothel site, located in Boston, and how the materials gathered
during excavation were used to reconstruct the
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Forensic Analysis
Purpose: The main goal of this article is to raise awareness about how forensic archeology and
anthropology can be used to improve the outcome of cases in the advocacy for human rights. It is
mainly intended to prove how the material remains can be used to address violations of human
rights in the past, by allowing the families of the victims to honor their memories. A way to do that
is to provide the deceased with appropriate burials, as well as to provide their families with enough
knowledge to seek justice. This article proves the efficiency of archeological techniques to illustrate
how human rights have been compromised in the past by providing objective evidence of violations
committed during the Civil War in Spain. This article demonstrates ... Show more content on
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Some of these are the study of stratification through the analysis of color variations, and components
of the ground. Moreover, historical and archival researches were detrimental to the process of data
recollection. Other techniques included the recording of human remains before and after the
excavations by taking photographs in situ (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Features and other
non–organic remains were equally analyzed and recorded for further analysis. Other useful
techniques included geographical information based on the location and position of the graves, as
well as drawing scales of the corpses' positions in them (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014).
Furthermore, anthropological analysis was paramount. Through anthropological studies conducted
in the lab, as well as at the field, forensic anthropologists and archeologists were able to recreate a
complete compilation of oral histories based on municipal records and official documents. Also,
testimonies of the victims' family members, and interviews with former prisoners gave a profound
insight that advanced the investigation. Other methods worth mentioning were DNA analysis, but
due to its limitations and time constraints, DNA analysis was not conducted on every exhumed
body. This research method was carried out at the expense of family members with economic means
who set up to identify their dead relatives; it was not sufficiently plausible during the investigation
as a result of time constraints. Significant qualitative and quantitative data were collected during this
investigation, and these became extremely relevant to determine causes of death of the corpses
found in mass burial grounds. All the data collected and the methods used during the research,
provided a solid understanding of the circumstances of the deaths of the victims, along with concise
evidence that supports the

Catalhuyuk Women Analysis
Part 1: During the 1960's an archeological dig conducted by James Mellaart took place in what is
now modern day Turkey. Mellaart was just one of many archeologists who wanted to understand the
civilizations of the Neolithic age, and Catalhuyuk (an early civilization which lived in what is now
modern day Turkey) in particular. The dig led to a discovery of multiple female figurines made from
baked clay called Venus figurines. These figurines were most likely created around 5,000 B.C.E.
Part 2: The Venus figurines could have been made to express the way the Catalhuyuk people viewed
women. Considering how plentiful the figurines are, historians can infer that women were most
likely worshipped. Women in the Catalhuyuk civilization could have been worshipped for many
reasons. They were capable of pregnancy which people may have thought connected them to the
earth. If they had a direct connection to the earth, they were goddesses or special beings which
would have be celebrated and praised. Because religion played such a huge part in their everyday
lives, perhaps the people created the figurines to call upon the earth goddesses for rain, crops, or
protection from illness. Looking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change could have been due to the rise of agriculture. The rise of agriculture meant that men
didn't have to hunt for food and women didn't have to gather food. Naturally the men decided that
women were too weak to participate in farming so the gender roles began to become imbalanced.
The women, not having to participate in food production were now viewed purely as tools for
expanding their population. Because the clock never ticked back in time, women still remain
unequal to men this day. If women could have played a part in the agricultural revolution, would
gender roles would be more

Analysis Of Marija Gimbutas 's ' The Living Goddess '
Archeology like any other science is prone to uncertainty and a couple mistakes. However, when an
idea is presented as a fact, it is outrageous, nothing is completely definite and everything is basically
a theory. Marija Gimbutas was very passionate about the Goddess, in The Living Goddess, she says,
"The role of the father in prehistoric antiquity was either not fully understood or not as highly
valued as that of the mother," (112). Nevertheless, the way that she presented her argument was not
convincing. Gimbutas acted as though she knew the history of a civilization just by looking at the
artifacts she found, she used her own research as her evidence to support her claims, and lastly she is
guilty of letting her own ideas cloud her judgment. Throughout her work, Gimbutas appears to be
omniscient claiming to know that there was a civilization in Old Europe that was matrifocal,
peaceful and offered its citizens a higher quality of life. She paves the road for her peaceful utopia
by defining the word civilization through the eyes of an archeologist, "Historians have assumed that
civilization implies a hierarchical political and religious organization, warfare, a class stratification,
and a complex division of labor," (Gimbutas, The Civilization viii). Once she introduced the
barbaric society that revolved around males she contrasts this by saying that gynocentric cultures did
not revolve around petty superficial things that mattered in a patriarchal society (Gimbutas, The

Ian Hodder's Reading The Past
W Welliver
Reading the Past In Reading the Past, Ian Hodder argues that Processual, or New, Archaeology is
flawed and that we must look at approaches used before its adoption and integrate parts of those
approaches into the study of archaeology. He points out that Symbols in Action helped him to
develop three ideas regarding how to do this. First, we must consider that material culture has
meaning. Second, that the individual is important to the development of theory in archaeology; and
finally that archaeology is most closely related to history and should consider that in its approach. In
looking at meaning in material culture Hodder brings up how ethnographic work showed that,
contrary to previous belief, interaction between cultures could actually lead to a more marked
difference in their pottery styles. He also referenced burial practices and refuse buildup, and how
they differ based on cultural beliefs of death and dirt, respectively. He also goes on ton argue that the
material culture is not solely an adaptation to the environment, but also depended upon the culture
that produces it. To attempt to properly interpret the material culture requires context. Here Hodder
asks three questions concerning context: what is it, is the meaning we construct the same that was in
people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hodder argues that through the actions of individuals and the material culture society is created.
However Processual archaeology rejected the individual and chose to look at the socio–cultural
system and its long–term development. Ethnographic information shows this as a flawed approach.
In some cases variations in ceramic styles were to denote social differences, as opposed to the
craftsman's education or the ceramics use, something a processual archaeologist may not even
consider. He does point out that the focus on the individual has nothing to do with the role of free
will in change, but rather to add meaning to the material

Archaeology : Museum Of Archaeology Script
Museum of Archaeology Script
Introduction
Good Morning year 11s and welcome to the Museum of Archaeology. On today 's excursion I will
be taking you on a tour of the museum and help you acquire the knowledge of what archaeology is,
what archaeologist do, learn about one of the most outstanding archaeologist from the past 200
years, get to observe 2 artefacts from the Pandora and discover how they teach us about the
everyday life of an 18th century soldier.
Definition
Archaeology is not just 'digging', although the excavation of artefacts is important, there are many
more aspects of archaeology involved that are all as significant. Archaeology can best be described
as the study of extinct human cultures meaning that it is not just ... Show more content on
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The final type of archaeologist are university archaeologist who both teach and train students in the
study of archaeology (Zarmati & Cremin, 2004). In actual fact almost everyone that you see
working here today, including myself, come under the category of Museum archaeologist as we are
preserving and presenting artefacts but not digging for them. Just behind this glass window you will
see some of our staff working to conserve the artefacts that have been given to us by field
archaeologist.
Effects, interest and arguments
Although archaeology is important in society today, without it there can still be authentic historical
scholarship.If you look behind me you will notice an artefact from the Egyptian tombs and next to it
is an image of an archaeologist and historian working together to find it's location.
Both archaeologists and historians study past human activity, however they are not the same
profession. The difference between the two according to the reliable source provided by Richard
Woodbury is that historians study and write about our past whilst archaeologist study recovering and
interpreting both artefacts and remains of past civilizations (Woodbury, 2008). Historians on the
other hand focus more on studying cultures that have already developed systems of writing. This is
one of the key reasons why archaeology is not a major factor when it comes to authentic historical

Time Capsule Research Paper
A time capsule represents a culture in a bottle. And so, in order to create a relevant time capsule, this
class must ask the question; "What three facets of a society clearly represent its culture?" Because
archeology specializes in the deciphering of long–dead cultures, a look at archeology's perspective is
most beneficial in answering this question. A review of the archeological literature reveals three
topics consistently dominating the conversation. The technology, belief system, and pastimes
peculiar to a nation define its culture to observers viewing it from a future date. Therefore, a time
capsule to be opened in the year 2115 must include an artifact specific to the area of innovation, a
relic representative of America's dominant religion and the main contender, and something to
present a picture of popular entertainment. The smartphone presents itself as the obvious choice for
an artifact to represent technology. However, it seems the only constant in computer science is that
no constants exist. Technology grows at such a rapid rate that merely ... Show more content on
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As the main religion, a relic of unembellished, mainstream Christianity deserves a spot in any time
capsule. Also, since America in form and function is now primarily secular, secular humanism
should provide part of this item. Audio recordings of a Southern Baptist minister and a vocal atheist,
such as Richard Dawkins, would supply the perfect relic. Because of the difficulty of acquiring a
playback mechanism for vocal mediums found in time capsules, the smartphones should carry them
as files. This raises another problem, however, a charging cable attached to a hand cranked generator
or similar method is necessary to preserve the information should the future lose today's technology.
In conclusion, the smartphones ought to include files which represent the current religious
landscape, and a method for perpetuating the files' life put in

The Bible Is True And Not Myths
Archaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical
stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations
discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the
people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major
events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology
and the Old Testament, the book of Judges took place around the Iron Age period, which was 1200 –
586 BC. Excavations have provided some useful information about daily life in ancient Israel during
Judges, including the land, climate and people. However, before we learn about how people lived
their daily lives in Israel during the Iron Ages, we should learn about the geography of Israel. The
land of Israel stretches from Dan in the North to Beersheba in the South and from the Mediterranean
Sea in the west to the Transjordan in the east. Israel 's landscape is divided into five main regions
and even though the regions are in the same place they all receive different amounts of rain, which
produce different crops. The first region, the coastal plain, goes along the Mediterranean coast to
Rosh HaNiqura, receives about 25 to 16 inches of rain which is a great place to grow grain. The
second region, is the central mountain range that goes from Galilee to Negev Highlands; this region
receives from 20 to

Settlement in the Canadian Maritime Provinces Essay
Introduction
"New France was not merely the settlement of a few fur traders." The Acadians were "a pastoral–
like people who once formed a proud nation in a land called Acadia." Although falling under the
jurisdiction of "New France," the Acadians governed separately than the rest of the country and
were an independent entity within New France. Today, "the Acadians are the French speaking
population of the Canadian Maritime provinces," and these are the Acadians that were not displaced
during the expulsions, under British rule. Acadia's beginnings, with the construction of Port Royal,
could have marked the colony for success, but instead, led to a troubling conclusion for the
European descendents. Through failed leadership, two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This settlement became the capital of Acadia and would remain so until the expulsion in 1713,
interrupted only for three years, from 1610–1613, when Port Royal briefly fell under British rule.
Although the population of Port Royal grew slowly at first, the French settlers lived well, farming
and hunting. However, Port Royal was difficult to navigate, due to the constant flooding and
unstable building materials.
Although [in 1687] Port Royal is the largest settlement, it contains only nine or ten buildings the
others being barns. All the houses are low, made of pieces of wood ... covered with thatch.
Despite the fertile ground, providing the Acadians with a diverse diet, it would be a struggle to
defend Port Royal in times of discord. The fort itself also often fell into disrepair, as it was difficult
to maintain when flooding constantly eroded the riverbank. Due to this fertile ground, Port Royal
became desirable to the growing British empire. Despite the failing fort, the British settlers became
interested in Port Royal and realized the potential of the marshland. "Farming was the main, but not
only, occupation of the Acadians." These people successfully grew a diverse diet including root
vegetables, grains, fruit, and other vegetables, as well as raising pigs, cattle, and sheep. This aided in
flourishment of the Acadian people but also turned the settlement into a potential conquest for the
English Colonies.
Other Acadian Settlements

Summary Of Accuracy In Island Of The Blue Dolphinss
Accuracy in Island of the Blue Dolphins Accuracy varies depending on the purpose by which an
author writes a story. Some authors may choose to base their story purely on facts, some may stick
to being entirely fictional, and the rest pick and choose facts and fiction. Island of the Blue Dolphins
entails the journey of a young native girl, Karana, who becomes stranded on her home island until
her eventual rescue. This story in particular is based on that of a Nicoleno woman, the Lone Woman.
However, facts were left out regarding what happened in real life. In Island of the Blue Dolphins,
the author, O'Dell, inaccurately depicts the Lone Woman's situational, historical, and archaeological
relevance. O'Dell undermines the Lone Woman's relevance in terms of the situations Karana, the
main character, faces throughout Island of the Blue Dolphins. Karana watches her father die , which
is an aspect O'Dell created to develop his story and is not historically evident. O'Dell's personal
views of what a mother should be affected the accuracy of his story because he felt that a mother
should not forget her child . This explains why his book shows how Karana returned to the island for
her brother instead of being like the Lone Woman who returned for her child. O'Dell even makes up
the concept of public and secret names , which furthers his inaccuracy because this shows that he
added the names as an element to build on the symbolism. Even more so, Captain Baranov's offer of
trade goods

Yigael Yadins Archaeological Contributions
Yigael Yadin's Archaeological Contributions
Introduction
Biblical Archeology has helped in supporting the historicity of the Bible. Not that archaeology
proves or disapproves the Bible – this it does not, it only supports the history of the Bible. One of
the discoveries that support the biblical historicity is the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls
came from eleven caves, mined over the course of seven years, over 15,000 documents supporting
biblical historicity have been unearthed at Qumran. One of the archeologist that played an important
part in this discovery was Yigael Yadin of Israel. Yadin, not only contributed to the discovery and
research of the Dead Sea Scrolls more than any other archeologist, but he also ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only did he contribute to the discovery and research of the Dead Sea Scrolls but he also was
responsible for unearthing many mysteries that surrounded the history of Israel at places like
Masada, Hazor and Tel Megiddo. In this paper I will briefly talk about Yadin's life, his archeological
achievements and major contributions to biblical archeology and in doing so will show that Yadin
was no ordinary archeologist but truly was a one of the most influential archeologists concerning the
discoveries as it relates to the history of Israel.
Early Life Yigael Yadin's original name was Yigael Sukenik and he was born March 21, 1917 in
Jerusalem. His mother was Chassiya Sukenik and his father was Lipa Sukenik. Even as a child
people remarked how exceptionally beautiful he was and how remarkable he was at a young age.
This would prove to be true later in life. He was considered as growing up in a middle–class Jewish
society in far–off Lithuania. His mother, Chassiya had the opportunity to become a respectable
businessman's wife in Bialystok but she had no desire to do so. Chassiya had as far back as her
teenage years intended to become a teacher of Jewish pioneers' children among the palm trees of
Eretz Israel. Yadin's father, Lipa

Alistair Macleod- Modern World Versus Traditional World Essay
Modern World versus Traditional World
The stories from Alistair Macleod's The Lost Salt Gift of Blood are often related to the lives of the
people of the Maritimes who are commonly miners, fishermen and farmers. The author repeatedly
examines similar themes and issues in his short stories such as isolation, choices versus
consequences and the concept of dying culture. However, the most prominent theme deals with the
contrast between the rural ways of life and the more modern city life. This theme is not only limited
to the Maritime culture; it is something that can be universally understood. His reason for utilizing
this theme is to prove that the modern way of life is not always better then the traditional ways.
Alistair Macleod ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows the difference between their lives in Montreal versus Cape Breton. Frequently
throughout Macleod's stories he presents a conflict between modernity and the traditional way of
life.
The concept of the traditional world versus the modern world is a global phenomenon which is not
limited to the Maritime Provinces. In the world there are a multitude of cultures. Within any culture
there are deep rooted traditions that affect the way people view education, entertainment, and jobs.
However, due to the advances throughout the world a conflict between modernity and the traditional
world has arose. Throughout Alistair Macleod's The Lost Salt Gift of Blood collection, his stories
portray this conflict in a Maritime setting and mostly represent the conflict between the traditional
world and the modern world. "The Golden Gift of Grey" deals with the same theme; however, it is
set within Northern America. Throughout the story there are examples proving the more traditional
ways of life such as, "They did not know the aching loneliness of which it spoke and when it floated
from the windows of the house on warm summer nights it branded their parents indelibly as
hillbillies and they themselves as well." (Macleod 93) This is a great point, showing that not only
can this theme be prone to the Maritimes but allows readers to consider that the theme is universally
distributed.
"The Road to Rankin's Point" is an

Maritime Archaeology And Ancient Trade
In Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean, Andrew Wilson argues that
ancient maritime trade peaked in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. First, he identifies Parker's
graph of known shipwrecks as inaccurate evidence on the trade intensity of the ancient maritime
world. Next, Wilson details several technologies, specifically the bilge pump, and hydraulic cement,
that enabled the expansion of trade during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Finally, Wilson
concludes that it was Roman standardization of currency and language, not new technologies, that
allowed trade to increase in the ancient world. When the Roman empire deteriorated, trade
decreased, leading to the loss of harbors and shipping technologies.
In 1992, A.J. Parker published a study of known shipwrecks organized by their approximate century
in which the ships sank. As a result, many archaeologists have attempted to equate this graph with
fluctuations in ancient maritime trade, depending upon the assumptions that each period had an
equal probability of ships wrecking, and that wrecks from all periods are equally visible to
archaeologists. Wilson disagrees, claiming that these assumptions are inherently flawed, and
therefore, the graph cannot be used to analyze ancient maritime trade. First, the risks of wrecking
were dependent upon the trade routes, which, in turn, were dependent on what items were highly
sought after (Wilson, 36). If products from nearby coastal cities were desired, then

Cultural Appropriation, By The Kylie Jenner Lip Challenge
Anyone who knows me, knows me knows that I love to watch reruns of "What not to wear" on TLC,
As it teaches me something I clearly know nothing about, fashion. However anyone who is in my
Spanish class known that I not only care about my culture but others as well. This school year has
been interesting both fashion–wise and politically, from the Kylie Jenner Lip challenge, to Donald
Trump running for president. It has been such a weird school year however, that it has pointed out a
sad fact about the current fashion world, that is prevalent through the politics we discuss in our
everyday lives, and that is cultural appropriation. As cultural appropriation according to the Oxford
Dictionary is "A term used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or
practices by one cultural group from another. It is in general used to describe Western appropriations
of non‐Western or non‐white forms, and carries connotations of exploitation and dominance." And
despite how much we would like to believe that this issue doesn't exist in our present day society, if
one looks In clothing stores, fashion magazines, and even Halloween parties, cultural theft is
occurring. This can be seen especially with indigenous cultures as: elements of indigenous cultures
are morphed into fashion trends and costumes for those who will never understand their
significance. "Navajo print" leggings, "tribal" jewelry, and "Indian princess" Halloween costumes
are examples of gross

Cortical Bone Loss In The Neolithic Community
Unlike Greece where the majority of the research has been the team has also started to look and do
research in the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük. One of the research projects that occurred in that
location is the investigation of cortical bone loss and fracture patterns in the Neolithic community
using radiogrammetry. The main focus of this study is an examination of the widely used calculation
that expresses second metacarpal cortical bone values, followed by an examination of age and sex–
related patterns of cortical bone loss and skeletal fragility fracture in a Neolithic archaeological
skeletal sample from Çatalhöyük, Turkey. This study is particularly unique because there have been
very few works in the bio archaeological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is argued that the influence of bone/body size is removed from MWI and CTI and can be
demonstrated algebraically, statistically and graphically, analogous CI values in this analysis did not
differ noticeably or influence statistical outcomes. We do suggest however, that the relationship
between size variables and measurement variables are explored prior to the application of ratios.
Bone quantity and quality of the human skeleton is the cumulative product of health, diet and
nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle over the life course. Further, while nutrition plays a key role
in skeletal growth and maintenance during all developmental stages, diet and nutrition are intricately
woven with other biological, social, and cultural influences on the skeleton. Bone tissue is a
dynamic medium that is capable of recording many life history events, allowing us to reconstruct
some of the key influences on bone loss and fragility in past populations. While our work, on
cortical bone loss at Çatalhöyük remains preliminary, and will benefit with the addition of
biomechanical analyses in other long bones of the skeleton, the patterns revealed in this study do
provide some insight on bone health across different life stages, particularly in those individuals
from the later Neolithic phases of mound occupation. Adult cortical bone loss measured in the
metacarpals shows some of the expected age–related patterns but

Caesarea Maritima Analysis
The site of Caesarea Maritima contains many unique challenges for archaeological excavations.
Ceramics play an important role in discovering factual information about a site. Nonetheless,
Caesarea Maritima has a variety of specific challenges associated with it for archaeologists. Not
only does it cover a significant section of the coastal region, but the immense harbour over time has
been completely submerged in the sea. Along with geographical challenges, there are also historical
ones. The site of Caesarea Maritima was inhabited from Hellenistic time until the Crusaders, a
period spanning over 900 years. As it was continuously inhabited, throughout the archaeological
layers are the remnants of many different cultures. With this in mind, ... Show more content on
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Important discoveries concerning maritime trade was learned through the analysis of amphora found
in Vault 1 of area C (Blakely 1988). This article not only focused upon a specific amphora that of
Amphora Class 48/49 (Peacock and Williams 1986 p. 196–99) but also other Palestinian and
imported amphorae found in the vault. Through the analysis of Class 48/49 information such as
where the pottery was made and what goods they were transporting was learned. By studying the
minerals found in the fabric of two of the sherds it was discovered that sherd 6.2 was formed in the
Avdat region of the Negev (Blackely 1988, p. 38) while sherd 6.3, because of the amount of heavy
metals found within identified the amphora as being made in Gaza or the Western Negev (Blackely
1988, p. 38). Coupled with the knowledge that very few examples of Amphora Class 48/49 were
found inland while many examples were found in Caesarea, archaeologists theorized that the vessels
arrived from the sea via Gaza avoiding any overland travel. In the article it is pointed out the dating
for the vessel types is debated. Dates range from the third to the sixth, centuries. Of the Palestinian
pottery, the analysis shows they might have contained water or wine, however, no evidence of oil
was found (Blackely 1988, p. 39). One of the more common imported Amphora from vault 1 was
the Rhodian Amphora (Blackely 1988, p. 41) and they were thought to have carried wine. Because
of the large number of imported amphorae identified, the archaeologists hypothesised that the
function of the vault was primarily that of a storage facility for international goods. After the
contents of the amphora where analysed it became apparent that their purpose was not to transport
only one product rather residue from two or more goods was found (Blackely 1988, p. 42). Another
key piece of evidence identified was the

Gender Roles In Australian Maritime Archaeology
Maritime archaeology has been established over the past two decades, and especially, Australian
maritime archaeologists have played global leadership roles. This book, one of the Plenum Series in
Underwater Archaeology, summarises significant maritime archaeological investigations and
innovative approaches by Australian archaeologists and underwater cultural heritage managers.
Staniforth and Nash composed this book with not only a rage of people who work in a variety of
organizations in Australia, but also a diversity of views from different generations; however, as the
editors remark, 11 people out of the 13 authors are male, the gender imbalance is an issue that
maritime archaeologists should address. The papers are organised into sections

The Issue Of Today 's Society
Seminar Paper (Entangled) Introduction There is no denying consumerism has become an issue of
today's society. People are consuming more than they ever have before. Because of it material
culture has become an increasing area of study. Material culture is described as the relationship
between people and their material things. People are owning more stuff which is leading to major
problems. The mass consumptions of these goods has a negative impact on the planet. It takes lots
of energy and resources to produce a product, thus takes a negative toll on the planet. Rainforest are
cut down, habits are destroyed, global warming increases, waste and toxic gases have increased,
animals are killed, and people are displaced. The people in marginalized communities and third
world countries are the ones that are affected the most. People are employed in horrible conditions,
and paid horrendous salaries by these huge corporations profiting on the exploitation of these
people, while profiting tremendously from the boom in consumer goods. Not only have people of
western societies but people around the world are craving and desiring consumer goods. What is
being consumed at an alarming rate is technology. With the technological boom and technological
advances at an alarming rate has led to people purchasing such products. Because technology has
become so globalize and so easy to acquire at a price that is accessible by most, it has led to an
increase in sales and production

Subarctic Region Essay
Subarctic Region The people of Inuit, Yup'ik, Unangan, and other Native Americans Indians have
lived in the harshest environment on Earth from Siberia, across Alaska and Canada, and to the East
of Greenland along the coast of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. From Labrador to the interior of
Alaska the Athapaskan, Cree, Innu, and other Native's people lived in the subarctic region of the
land. These people had the ability to depend on their years of knowledge of the sky, ice, ocean, land,
and animal behaviors in order to survive. Living in the area that was vast and dealing with seasonal
dynamic extremes these Native people of the Artic and Subarctic had a honorable endurance for an
millennia of exchanged goods, ceremonies, and shared feasts with neighboring goods that has help
them throughout the years. Research History: Chronology–period/Dates How the first Native people
arrived has always been shrouded with mystery, yet there have been theorists to suggest they came
in one way or another. "Heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene epoch (Ice Age), the early
prehistory of Canada mirrors the withdrawal of the Ice" (Lightfoot 2009: 249). The Laurentide sheet
and the smaller Cordilleran ice sheet had created floors of the Chukchi and the Bering Sea, creating
a bridge between Asia and Alaska. This bridge has been presumed to be the route in which our long
ago ancestors first entered the New World. It was then though Beringa, humans then begun to create
settlements all over

Archaeology and Ethics
Michelle Heatherly
Archaeology and Ethics
11/15/12
Student Id: 5920 mheathe3@utk.edu Anth 120– 004
There are many similarities in the ethical statements/codes of the SAA, SHA, AIA, and RPA. The
ones that pertain to this case are as follows: it is the responsibility of archaeologists to work for the
long–term conservation and protection of the archaeological record (SAA 1, AIA 1, RPA 1.1–e). The
buying and selling of objects out of archaeological context is contributing to the destruction of the
archaeological record around the world, and these items should not be traded, sold, bought, or
bartered as commercial goods (SAA 3, SHA 6, AIA 2, RPA 1.2–e). Within reasonable time, the
knowledge archaeologists gain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also they are to be careful to preserve and protect the archaeological site when publishing and
distributing information about their nature and location (SAA6 and SHA3).
Finally, the last ethical dilemma to be discussed is the importance of archaeologists to inform the
proper authorities when illegal trading, or selling, of artifacts is discovered. In the text it states, "The
two project directors reply that they will not purchase the pots themselves, nor will they guarantee
that authorities will not be notified. They do, however, loan the men some gasoline and a video
camera for a day, to record the pots and their location." It is questionable that the two directors
would only imply that they could not promise the authorities would not be notified. It is their duty to
do so, according to the statements and ethical codes of many archaeological organizations. They
also give the local employees gasoline and a video camera for a day leads the reader to believe that
they are okay with this sort of behavior and have no intention of notifying the proper authorities. It
also says that because of the video camera, many of the villagers now know where the cave is, and
will likely know what ends up happening to the pots. Because the villagers now know where the
cave is, it is even more important that the authorities are notified so that similar situations do not
arise with villagers scavenging the cave and finding more

Heinrich Schliemann Essay
"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemann's excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider
their results without speaking of Troy or even alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in
his Journal des Savants. "Even then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the
history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 87). Heinrich
Schliemann's life is the stuff fairy tales are made of. A poor, uneducated, and motherless boy rises
through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the
world and learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful Greek bride,
and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Schliemann himself once wrote, "If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope
that these may be pardoned when it is considered that I have revealed a new world of archaeology.
The objects which I brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but rarely found. It
was an entirely new world for me; I had to learn everything by myself and only by and by could I
attain the insight" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 45). Even Traill comes to the defense of
Schliemann's contributions; "The greatness of his achievements and their enduring
significance are beyond dispute" (Traill 97). Schliemann rediscovered an important site
occupied from the Early Bronze Age until Roman times that whose levels of strata most likely
contain the Homeric city of Troy ("Homeric Questions Part III –Archaeology–
9/06/98"). He put the science of stratigraphy to practice and innovated archaeology by
building off of the processes of his predecessors. His digs at Mycenae led to Sir Arthur Evans's
discovery of the city of Knossos and the lost civilization of the Minoans, precursors to the
Myceneans ("The Minoan Costume"). Neither the Minoans nor the Myceneans had
existed in anything

Big Family Archaeology Research Paper
Archaeology is the scientific study of humans from the origin through the present. It encompasses
the investigating, analyzing, and interpreting of culture, behavior and the material remains of
previous human societies. Material remains, or artifacts, might include structures, garbage–heaps,
tools, metals, ceramics, or food. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the
study of human culture. Archaeologists concentrate on past societies and cultures and study their
changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time. Before this search I didn't realize
what a big family archaeology belonged to. I thought archaeology was just about digging up
artifacts from the past because people wanted their findings to be put

Appropriate Observation
Out of every given site, site E was most likely to have fossils because it has the traits that are needed
to find fossils. There is no vegetation, lots of sedimentary rock, and shows evidence of erosion. In
this project, our group evaluated every site to find the most fossils and narrowed it down to site "E."
To start it off, there is an absence of vegetation. This makes fossil finding easier because the
paleontologists don't need to dig under trees, roots, and other assorted plants to get to fossils that
may have been hidden under vegetation. This makes digging much harder as opposed to
sedimentary rocks. When vegetation lies on the ground, it is much harder to find fossils as the time
spent uncovering the ground of plants will take up more

Book Review Barbarians to Angels Essay
Wells, Peter. Barbarians to Angel: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &
Company, Inc., 2008
Barbarians to Angels written by Peter Wells is an enlightening read that sheds light on to what really
went on during "The Dark Ages". The written word during 400–800 AD came from educated
citizens of the Roman Empire and their recount could be judgmental. Many historians are led to
believe that Barbarians destroyed Roman and everyone suffered from acts of violence, a mass
migration, disease, starvation, and this was the way of life for hundreds of years. But Peter Wells
goes beyond the information in the written accounts and looks at the actual archaeological evidence.
He uses this information to help visualize life that went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But over time some of these building would be torn down to make room for other uses and the some
of the larger stones would be reused. Wells see's this as another example of how life didn't stop just
continued on differently. The studies of these cities reveal that there was continuity from one
generation to the next and not abrupt declines followed brilliant discoveries.
Wells points out several times throughout the book and he even uses a whole chapter to talk about
Religion. The way Wells stresses that even though the declared religion is Christianity people still
used or practiced their beliefs from before. Wells does use archaeological evidence to back this up
from the burial sites, burial practices in Christian literature, artwork, and mythological themes
hidden with Christian imagery. This evidence shows that the general public was very slow to accept
proper Christian practice, and even those converted rulers held to traditions too. The book makes
one think about how long and how many of these traditions survived. Wells even states in the book
on pages 184–185, "Wearing or carrying charms, saying prayer before meals, decorating Christmas
trees, coloring eggs at Easter, and tossing coins into fountains are parts of practices that were carried
out by the prehistoric Peoples of Europe. What people think today when they toss their pennies,
dimes, and quarters into the water may not be very different from what

Archaeology : Modern Infrastructure Projects Threatening...
At first glance, the study of archaeology may be perceived as the study of ancient artifacts,
discovering tombs, or even just treasure hunting. However, archaeology has very large impacts in
the world today. Firstly, archaeology is vastly important because it is very relevant to how we
understand human history today. The study of archeology is not just important because it contributes
to museums and writes history books. Without the work, projects, and excavations conducted by
archeologists, we would not have the valuable understanding of past humans and their interactions
with the objects, society, and world around them. In addition, many archaeological sites are in
developing countries, which could have very positive economic impacts if valuables are found.
However, even though there are various constructive aspects of the work and study of archaeology
today, there are many controversial arguments about what is to be done with archaeological finds; as
well as modern infrastructure projects threatening archeological sites. For several decades now,
many museums and archeologists have had feuds on epic archaeological discoveries and how they
were collected. The most famous example of this would be the controversy surrounding the Elgin
Marbles. Excavated and collected by Lord Elgin from the Parthenon in Athens, the Elgin Marbles
are a collection of stone sculptures, inscriptions, and ancient Greek architectural features. The
sculptures were excavated from the Parthenon.

The Excavation Of The Uluburun Shipwreck
In the summer of 1982, a local Turkish sponge diver named Mehmed Cakir set out on a normal
morning dive. In the Bay of Antalya in the Mediterranean Sea near the city of Kas, the diver took a
boat not too far off shore. During his dive, he found what he described as "metal biscuits with ears"
and reported them to the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Kas. The INA then sent a team to the
shoreline to discover what would end up being the Uluburun, the oldest shipwreck ever excavated.
The site of the Uluburun shipwreck is just 50 meters (160 feet) off the eastern shore of Uluburun,
and 6 miles southeast of the city Kas, Turkey. Excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck began in July
of 1984 and lasted until late 1994. It was split up into eleven campaigns, each lasting around three to
four months. The Institute of Nautical Archaeology controlled the entire excavation; however it was
led by two different nautical archaeologists. Dr. George F. Bass initiated the preliminary campaign
in 1984 and was taken over by Dr. Cemal Pulak in 1985 until 1994. Dr. George F. Bass is recognized
as one of the early practitioners of underwater archaeology. In 1960, Bass was the director of the
first archaeological expedition to entirely excavate an ancient shipwreck, Cape Gelidonya, which is
not far from the site of the Uluburun. When Bass left the project to teach, Pulak took over and has
been directing INA 's annual shipwreck surveys in Turkey since 1982.
The location of the Uluburun brought

The Physics Of Egyptian Archaeology
From the start of the Carter's article, it is made known that clearing the objects from the
antechamber is a delicate and difficult process. Each object needs to be handled carefully, or they
can crumble. The process was slow and, and put significant amount of pressure on archaeologists.
One wrong move, and evidence and knowledge from the past could be gone. Additionally, not all
excavations are carried out properly, and because of this knowledge of Egyptian Archaeology is fifty
percent less than what it should be. Carter mentions there were many things that could have gone
wrong, one of these things being theft. Since everyone was excited about the tomb and because of
the valuables, guards and security were needed to minimize the chance of theft. Furthermore, the
condition of the objects careful treatment was of concern and, and also visitors.
The first step of the process is photography. For this, movable electric standard lighting was
required to take pictures of the chamber before anything else. The photos were developed in an
empty tomb used as a dark room. Next, they made a registering system with numbers so later they
know where the object came from in the tomb. Then, Carter describes, it was important to find a
seclude storage and private space for the objects once removed, which they found in the tomb of
Seti II. This tomb was protected from the sun and open, although there were some space issues and
distance problems from the scene. Moreover, Carter also notes

What It Does It Exist?
In our history as a species, humankind has always been curious about itself. We have entire fields of
study dedicated to the understanding of what it means to be a human. One of the ways we explore
our species and the societies we build is through the discovery and careful recording of those people
and societies that have come before us. However, as early research destroyed more than it
conserved, new techniques were necessary to keep as much of our history intact as possible. This led
to new ways of conducting these investigations, preserving as much of the materials as possible.
Two such advances are ground penetrating radar (GPR) and side–scan sonar (SSS). Ground
penetrating radar was first suggested not long after radar itself was patented, but was not widely
available to the general public until the mid–20th century. The way it works is simple:
electromagnetic radiation that exists on the radio band of frequency is sent into the earth, and
different densities of materials reflect these waves back in different ways. A highly skilled operator
is absolutely essential in the use of GPR, as these waves are difficult to read and interpret. However,
with these returned waves understood properly, much information can be discovered without ever
compromising the site. Side–scan sonar is a similar application for an entirely different kind of
archaeological site: underwater. SSS uses sonar pulses aimed at the bottom of any body of water and
the reflections of these

Archaeology : The Field Of Archaeology
Archaeologists:
The field of archaeology is a sub–discipline of anthropology. People, who study archaeology, are
called archaeologists. What they do in this field is that they find and study the artifacts of past
civilizations like tools and weapons, pottery, jewelry, and clothing (if it survived that passage of
time). From analyzing artifacts, archaeologists are able to form hypothesizes of how that ancient
culture would have lived and behaved, even if there is no written record.
The field of archaeology helps, especially, with decoding the unknown history of the Native
Americans before European contact. From the archaeological sites to the different dates of artifacts
collected over the decades, archaeologists have grouped pre–European contact in Native American
history four periods of time, Paleo (Prehistory) (more than 10,000 years ago), Archaic (roughly
10,000–2,500 years ago), Woodland (roughly 3,000 years ago– early 1600s), and then Euro–
American (1600s to present)*. *These time frames are a rough estimate, which means that there is
potential overlapping, and it is theorized that there is not a distinct beginning and end, just one
continuous growth of culture throughout time. Most Native American communities will accept
western time periods of their culture, however, there are some that refuse to acknowledge them
because they are western times about their life.
Paleo: Post–Glacial Native Americans:
When did Paleo–Indians arrive?
Archaeologists believe that

Difference Between Prehistory And Pre History
First Long Exam
1. History vs Prehistory
a. What is prehistory and how is this concept or term defined?
Prehistory is a discipline where it composed of series of events happened during the time where
writing was not yet used to record those events. The word itself means "before history" for it is
associated with the prefix "pre–" which means before yet it was really the combination of the Latin
word "prae" that means before and the Greek word ιστορία which means history. These are the
events that happened in times where in writing was not yet used to record these events. Events are
just based on either being told, predicted or believed by the people from long time ago and
evidences of this events came from excavation of fossils and discovery of materials in places
believed to be the place inhibited by the prehistoric people. It is a discipline where in trained and
knowledgeable people in this field are the ones who can interpret, analyze and predict ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Opinion Section
At present, how good are we in knowing and understanding our country's history? What is lacking
in the study of Philippine history and what should be done to improve our grasp of our own history?
Who or what is/are at fault in the continuous failure of the Philippines in correcting many of the
errors in the writing of its history?
Honestly speaking, most of us do not pay attention to the history of our country resulting to less
understanding about it. Philippine History need to be understood and should be thought by the ones
who understands it. Our failure is that we just let anybody tell the history of the Philippines without
fully understanding the History. This results to passing the wrong information about the history of
the Philippines to others and a lot of versions of history that made the History of the Philippines
complicated.
2. On Historiography
a. How did Zeus Salasar differentiate the Western definition of history and our "indigenous"
perception of what history or Kasaysayan

The Body As A Metaphor For Society
In Andean society many societies and cultures generally believed that all things, such as mountains,
rivers, and waterfalls had life (Benson 2001: 1). The Andean individuals believed that all inanimate
objects were thus animated. This ideology not only influenced the way they thought about the world,
but also the way they treated and viewed the body. The body is a very important and useful theme in
archeology as the body acts as a metaphor for society, the way a society/culture treats the body
provides vital important regarding their worldview. In addition, the body is a tool of lived
experience which can indicate how individuals lived, what was sacred or important to them and also
shedding light on who they were. In other words, by understanding how bodies were conceptualized
in Andean societies archeologist can indicate the significance of certain ritual practices. It is
important to deconstruct the body as it provides social truths regarding a specific culture within the
Andean region. Furthermore, people do things to their bodies which may help archeologists
understand their belief system, the practices/work they may have been doing. For example, if an
individual spends their whole life grinding corn the body would reflect this activity and thus would
be able provide information regarding that culture. This theme concerning 'the body' pushes us to
consider distinct ontologies as different cultures and societies developed differently and thus has
diverse beliefs,

The Evolution Of Human Civilization In Ishmael By Daniel...
In the novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn, an unnamed narrator finds a mentor named Ishmael. Ishmael
is a gorilla that teaches through telepathy, how human civilization has developed to its current state.
He explains that human culture can be split into two groups: Takers and Leavers. Takers are the
most dominant culture; they seek to control the world through aggressive agricultural production
and development of new technology. The leavers on the other hand, are people who live in tribal
cultures that respect the world and seek to coexist with other species on earth. Ishmael explains that
the world is in danger, as the Taker way of life is destroying the world. The book challenges the idea
that humans should rule the world and presents different views on how human civilisation is
destroying the world through its aggressive expansion.
A metaphor Ishmael used in the book (pages 61–63) was that Takers expansion in the world can be
viewed like an early airman testing out the first aircraft with flapping wings, its design based on a
mistaken understanding of the laws of flight. As the flight starts out, all is well, as the airman
moving through the air freely. However, he is actually in freefall, as the device is not fit for flying.
The man looks at all the abandoned crafts on the ground and wonders why they didn't strive for
flight like him. As he realizes he is falling to the ground, he tries to save himself by pedalling with
all his might, but as the aircraft is fundamentally flawed, this does nothing to save him. This journey
can be compared to the journey of human civilization, which started out based on the misconception
that a human dominated earth could be sustainable. It failed to obey the basic laws of nature, which
is currently leading it to its downfall. This metaphor is very applicable to the world today, as we deal
with the effects of human activities such as mass industry, deforestation, and destruction of natural
animal habitats for human settlement. These activities may seem to bring many benefits in the short
term, such as economic and technological development, easy access to energy and food, and cheap
resources for mass production of goods; however, in the long term these destructive human

Pompeii And Herculaneum: Archaeology Analysis
The different methods used by archaeologists over time to investigate the sites of Pompeii and
Herculaneum proved to be beneficial and assisted in the conservation, protection and reconstruction
of the sites.
In source 5, Steven Ellis stated that 'Pompeii as an archaeological site is the longest continually
excavated site in the world ... the development in the science of archaeology was tested out in
Pompeii – with mixed results' indicates that scientific methods used in Pompeii revealed details that
were either conclusive or inconclusive.This method changed and challenged archaeologists as some
viewed it as positive in the sense that it could provide insight about the site or it could be negative as
the method could impact the artefacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to source 10, The House of the Gladiators collapsed in 2010 (this may not link to source
10), however it is one of the major buildings in Pompeii that have collapsed.This brought worldwide
attention and made radical reforms and outlined the corrupt nature of conserving the sites of
Pompeii and Herculaneum.The cause was due to heavy rain, the decaying restored concrete roof,
management incompetence and political neglect.
Tsao Cevoli, president of Italy's National Association of Archaeologists, called the collapse 'an
irreparable wound to the world's most important archaeological site
Yet again, in source 9 Hadrill quoted "The greatest challenge is to understand why this happens, and
to set up procedures and practices to ensure it does not happen again future"
The impact of tourism
'Today the biggest danger for the old town is the increasing number of visitors ...' Dr Salvatore
Nappo
Pompeii attracts around 2 million people every

Caesarea Maritima Essay
The site of Caesarea Maritima contains many unique challenges for archaeological excavations. In
spite of this, through pottery analysis, archaeologists are able to learn about different aspects of the
site. Nonetheless, Caesarea Maritima has a variety of specific challenges associated with it for
archaeologists. Not only does it cover a significant section of the coastal region, but the immense
harbour, over time, has been completely submerged in the sea. Along with geographical challenges,
there are also historical ones. The site of Caesarea Maritima was inhabited from Hellenistic time
until the Crusaders, a period spanning over 900 years. As it was continuously inhabited, the
archaeological layers contain the remnants of many different cultures. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the site of Tell el–Hesi, Petrie noticed specific styles of pottery at different stages of the dig
(Petrie 1890). By a comparison of the different pottery forms with similar pieces dated from
previous sites, Petrie was able to date the surrounding material through the pottery. Significantly, by
studying the pottery forms, Petrie created an association between specific dates and forms of pottery
(Petrie 1891) thus created a chronology which revolutionised the archaeology of the Levant. To give
an illustration of the impact which Petrie's discovery has had upon archaeology in the Levant, his
chronology has been used on archaeological sites in the region throughout the past century (Cole
1984; Tushingham 1986). In Caesarea Maritima Petrie's discovery of dating a site through the
pottery has assisted with dating both the city and the harbour of Sebastos. In the harbour, the
discovery of pottery was interpreted as evidence that the city was importing goods via sea trade,
during the 3rd century AD (Hohlfelder 1988). While excavating Caesarea Maritima the Department
of Antiquities in Israel discovered that an area they were excavating was abandoned during the Arab
conquest (Yeivin 1955, p. 123). Yet, because there was evidence of pottery from the eighth and ninth
centuries in addition to some lamps, it was evidence that after the site had been abandoned it was
resettled. Because of the discovery of Mameluke pottery, it became apparent that the site was
superceded during the Crusader period (Yeivin 1955, p. 123). Petrie's discovery of the association
between pottery and dating, therefore, has assisted in the archaeology of Caesarea

Coastal Migration of the Clovis People to the Americas
According to the standard accepted theory, the Clovis people were the first inhabitants of the
Americas. The Clovis people crossed the Beringia land bridge during the period of the last ice age,
from there they spread across the Americas through an ice free–corridor. However, recent finding
have suggested that the first people did not walk to America but came by boat. This paper will
examine evidence found in Haida Gwaii and other sites along North and South America that
supports a different view of human migration to the Americas, the coastal migration theory.
The peopling of the Americas "was the last great human migration, the final leg of our journey out
of Africa" (Bawaya, M. How the west was won). Precisely how and when this migration occurred is
presently up for debate. Accepted archaeological wisdom stated by Hetherington "suggests that the
first Americans were large game hunters who migrated from northeast Asia across the Beringian
land bridge ca. 12000 years BP, spreading southward through a continental ice–free corridor" (R.
Hetherington et al.). Gugliotta says that archaeologists called these pioneers the Clovis, after
distinctive stone tools that were found at sites near Clovis, New Mexico, in 1929 (Gugliotta, The
first Americans).
In recent years, the Clovis migration model has been challenged by a wide range of discoveries
(Hadingham, E. America's First Immigrants). For one, Hadingham says that, "the latest studies show
that the ice–free corridor

Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management...
The final article is "Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management" presented by K.
M. Sullivan in 1986. This paper is about game theory and negotiation processes. It refers
specifically to the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service's approach to cultural
resource management. It has implications for academic researchers in dealings with Aboriginal
people. In New South Wales where environmental impact assessment is required, the Service has the
right to require archaeological survey to be carried out for Aboriginal sites. Such work is done at the
expense of the developer who engages consultant archaeologists. If sites exist, the developer must
either show that they will not be adversely affected, or must apply for consent to destroy the sites.
Such consent is given only after any further detailed archaeological investigation and in consultation
with local Aboriginal people, whose agreement is sought for research, mitigation or destruction.
Academic research which in any way damages a site must be the subject of an application which
must meet both academic and conservation standards and requirements, and must have Aboriginal
consent. During these processes, there are many issues which could result in various costs to the
developer. Negotiation is required to resolve conflict over sites, which is essentially land use
conflict. The aim of the Service is to protect sites, but in resolving the conflict surrounding any one
site, the long–term general

Pipeline Case
Energy East is a proposed 4,600–kilometre pipeline by the Calgary–based energy corporation
TransCanada. It would stretch from Alberta to New Brunswick, an export terminal. The pipeline, if
built could carry up to 1.1 Million barrels of crude oil per day. The pipeline would be built by
transforming an existing pipeline and adding more to the pipeline. Travelling through these pipelines
would be a cocktail of toxic chemicals including Benzene a known poisonous chemical, refined into
oil. This is very impactful to our environment and we have seen many issues arise. Our group,
Greenpeace and our team firmly believes the pipeline shouldn't be built. Why? This pipeline poses a
serious risk to our environment, and animals which is what our company ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mother earth doesn't need us but we need her. It doesn't help that we are deliberately hurting the
earth and destroying what little we have. It's time for humanity to stop terrorizing mother earth and
give her time to

Sanisera Research Paper
Sanisera (Menorca) Sanitja bay, located on the northern coast of the island of Menorca, is home to a
Roman fort and Sanisera. The bay was originally only open to the Roman military but later opened
to trades around the time Sanisera was established. Unlike Pollentia, Sanisera was one of the only
Roman sites not constructed on top of an indigenous site. The lack of modern construction over
Sanisera has made it possible to undertake an extensive excavation of both sites. The first phase of
excavations focused primarily on the fort with some surveys of the city, the current phase of the
excavation of Sanitja began in 1992 (Sa Nitja 1996). Throughout both excavation phases, there has
also been a lot of focus on the various shipwrecks in the bay.

Time and Chronology in Archeology
Time and Chronology in Archaeology
Why is it important for archaeologists to establish chronologies and what are the strengths and
weaknesses of absolute and relative dating methods in their establishment?
By Liam Cornish
In this essay will discuss what chronologies are and why they are extremely important to
archaeology. It will also discuss the different types of chronologies as well as the varying methods
of establishing them. Time can be determined in different ways, absolutely and relatively. There are
strengths and weaknesses to both of these ways of recording and measuring time and both tell
archaeologists different information about parts of the archaeological record. Both are also highly
important to the field archaeology.
A chronology is an ordering of events and items from the past which is based on time. In his journal
article on the seriation method Robert C. Dunnell defines chronology as: "The stipulation of the
temporal dimension of a body of data" (Dunnell 1970:305). This shows how chronologies are
intrinsically linked to time in archaeology. They are what allows archaeologists to study time and its
relation with various parts of the archaeological record. It also allows times effects on the past of
humanity to be observed and measured.
Chronologies are vitally important to the study of the archaeological record. Indeed Erin C.
Dempsey, in her journal article which deals with the construction of valid chronologies, said that
"Like time, chronology is of

The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay

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