The Possibilities Of Brave New World In Our Society

The Possibilities of Brave New World in Our Society
The dystopian novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, displays a controlled society where
people have a designated position. Everyone is conceived in test tubes and placed in different caste:
Alpha, Beta, Gama, Delta, or Epsilon. The upper caste, Alpha, is intelligent and have managerial
jobs, where as the lower caste, Epsilon, do the manual labor. The people within the society are
conditioned to love, hate, or certain things their caste requires. For instance the Alphas are set to
believe that they have the best jobs despite how much work they have, whereas the Epsilons believe
their jobs are better because they have to work less than the other castes. The science and
technology within Brave New World is what makes this society possible. The science and
technology being invented today have the potential to make our real world society end up like the
society much like in Brave New World. It all starts with the genetic modification of bacteria leading
up to genetically modified humans, and then eventually having children being conceived in test
tubes. All these studies, experiments, and inventions being done today are the stepping stones to a
controlled society in Brave New World. Genetic modification in our world all started with the
genetic modification of bacteria
according to Theresa Philips of Nature Publishing Group. After bacteria has been genetically
modified it lead up to yeast, insects, plants, and eventually fish. For organisms to be considered
genetically
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In Vitro Fertilisation: Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography Citation Victoria State Government 2017, 'In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)',
viewed 26.07.17 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/in–vitro–
fertilisation–ivf Introduction 'In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)', is an article that has been published on the
Better Health website by the Victorian Government, written with the purpose to educate and inform
the reader of IVF related information and the process. The writing is clear, succinct and easy to
follow and is therefore aimed at members of the general public who are interested in the IVF
process. The article outlines the IVF procedure, risk and possible side effects and is claims that it
was written for educational purposes only. Validity The data

Ivf, The Procedure, Risks And Complications Of Ivf Essay
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) was first introduced by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s.
The majority of revolutionary developments in IVF during the eighties came from Australia (Leeton
2004). IVF is one of the most popular assisted reproductive technologies allowing couples facing
infertility caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes to have a child (Zhu 2009). Many
individuals who cannot conceive are looking for alternatives in childbearing (IVF 2016). This essay
will discuss the history of IVF, the procedures, risks and complications of IVF. Lastly what
alternative procedures other than IVF there are to assist child birth? In Vitro Fertilization is a
fertility procedure in which medical physicians remove eggs from the ovaries of a female, fertilize
them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the female's uterus where they implant
and growth begins. (Kamel 2013) The first successfully delivered baby through IVF was Louise
Brown on July 25, 1978, she's referred as the world's "first test tube baby" (Jones 1996). This
procedure first came into place in England by Steptoe and Edwards to assist couples who were
unsuccessful in becoming pregnant. It has proven to be successful for those couples who had
ovulation disorders, unexplained fertility, endometriosis and male infertility problems. The first
stage of an IVF procedure involves the female having administering injections of follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) which encourages the

Annotated Bibliography: In Vitro Fertilization
Kevon Haigler Suzan Pigford English 2 H
17 February 2017
In Vitro Fertilization
"Infertility and In Vitro Fertilizati on." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
This article talked about how in vitro fertilization began. Showing that this is know becoming a
worldwide procedure to help with reproduction. That is commonly called the test tube babies. Since
they are used to make babies outside of the womb. Then later on inserted into the womb after an
embryo forms. This procedure is very complicated and also expensive that only about 5% of couples
with infertility problems use this.
"In Vitro Fertilization: Facts About The Procedu re." EMedicineHealth. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb.
2017. The following article talked about the ability to not become pregnant ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This website also tell you the steps to perform an IVF. Also tells the side effects and shows the risk
of any IVF.
"In vitro fert ilization (IVF)." MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
This article talks about how IVF is the joining of a woman's egg and men's sperm in a lab dish to
create a human. This site aso tells the 5 steps to an IVF and risks. Unlike most sites this site tells you
what will happen after the procedure. The woman may be told to rest for a couple days or she can
return to work. The women will have to take pill for the next 8 to 10 weeks. Then 12 to 14 days the
woman can take the test to see if she's pregnant.
Ding, Karisa . "Fertility treatment: In vitro fertilization (IVF)." BabyCenter. N.p., 14 Feb. 2017.
Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
This article basically talks upon how IVF helps you get pregnant if you or your partner are having
problems. When everything is how it is supposed to be the doctor will give you a trigger shot.
Launching the embryo up the woman's uterus. It takes 4 to 6 weeks to complete one cycle of IVF.
The younger the woman the higher the percent for this procedure to work. One pro of this IVF it
shows no links to cancer. One con is that this is a costly procedure. The average procedure cost
12,400

Ivf Pros And Cons
Many individuals who cannot conceive are looking for alternatives in childbearing. In Vitro
Fertilisation (IVF) being one of the most popular assisted reproductive technology introduced by
Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s allowing couples facing infertility caused by
damaged or blocked fallopian tubes to be bestowed with a child (Zhu Tian 2009).in this essay is
going to state the social implications that IVF has on todays society.
In Vitro Fertilisation is a major breakthrough in embryo research and has increased the possibility of
large numbers of women becoming pregnant. It is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility
issues caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes. This procedure is conducted by a medical
physician in a specialized laboratory by removing eggs from the ovaries of a female and mixing it
with sperm from the male, fertilize them in a laboratory, and then replace the embryos back into the
female's uterus where they implant and maturation begins. (IVF Australia 2016) The fertilized egg
(embryo) is allowed to grow in a protected environment for some days before being ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robert Edwards and Dr. Patrick Steptoe achieved the first in Vitro Fertilisation pregnancy birth in
1978. The majority of pioneering developments in Vitro Fertilisation during the eighties came to
Australia being the world's first egg donor pregnancy, the first frozen embryo pregnancy, and the
first IVF multiple pregnancies. Australia additionally produced the first national guidelines for IVF
practices, the first statute legislation protecting donor gamete pregnancies, and Victoria proclaimed
the first statue legislation regarding control of IVF procedures. (Leeton 2004). In vitro fertilization
was introduced to assist couples who aren't conceiving into becoming pregnant. It has proven to be
successful because thousands of IVF babies have been born since the first in 1978. In 2012, about
3.5 percent of all children were born in Australia (Baby Center

Assisted Reproductive Technology: Right Or Wrong?
In a year, around four million babies are born just in the United States of America [5]. Some
individuals claim that there is no way to identify when one is ready to conceive a child that is theirs,
be that as it may, depending how one is raised there are certain criteria that is required to be met.
First, one must be able to support the child financially. Second, the child that will be brought into
this world must be surrounded with love in order for it to prospects in life. Finally, the future parent
has an obligation to fully understand the consequences of their decisions regarding the child.
Couples may wish a child of their own, though the turn out of the deed, arises complications leading
towards the approach of assisted reproductive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This bioethical principle is important when concluding ART an action ethically wrong, on account
that the conceiving of a child is not done by the practice stated by God. According to the American
Life League, it violates human dignity for reason that "maintaining both the unitive and procreative
meanings of conjugal union guards against the demand for children as a right and the use of spouses
for sex [1]." To piggyback off the violating of human dignity, assisted reproductive technology
furthermore is "extremely problematic as it regards marriage itself [9]." Father Wasilewski writes in
relation to in–vitro fertilization a process to bring a child into a family, however by God's design it
only involves two parties; man and woman [9]. "IVF becomes a means through which God's design
for marriage loses out to our own [9]." John Haas, is a consultant for the pro–lives movement, and
states that "in the bible/God teaches us limits for procreation [3]." Haas further expresses that God
may allow children to be conceived through IVF due to Him respecting man's free will [3]. Assisted
reproductive technology evidently infringes upon the divine command

Designer Babies and Fertilization Problems
Endometriosis– This condition is only present in women. It occurs when endometrial tissue (the
lining of the uterine which sheds each period), grows on the outside of the uterus and is attached to
reproductive or abdominal organs. This compromises normal functioning of the fallopian tubes
through blockage. Endometrial cells also occasionally secrete substances that may interfere with
sperm and egg interaction therefore preventing fertilization. Polycystic Ovary Symptom (PCOS) –
This condition is mainly caused by hormonal imbalance in which women make more androgens
than required. Androgens are a male hormone, produced by females as well. High levels of this
hormone can negatively affect the development and release of eggs during ovulation. A possible
theory to the cause of PCOS is a large amount of insulin in the body. Many women with PCOS have
an excess of insulin in their bodies which then goes towards production of androgen. Sperm
production problems– This is the most common cause of infertility in men. It occurs when low
numbers of sperm are made andor the sperm don't work properly. This could be for a number of
reasons such as; infections, varicocele and genetic issues. Infections may swell and or scar and
block the passage for sperm. A varicocele is the swelling of veins that empty the testicle. This
prevents normal cooling of the testicle and leads to reduced sperm count. Gamete intra–fallopian
transfer This procedure consists of removing a women's egg then

Vitro Fertilisation ( Ivf ) Essay
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a form of assisted reproduction where the eggs from the woman are
extracted under anaesthetic and placed in a culture dish with thousands of sperm, allowing the
process of fertilisation to take place outside the body. The resulting embryos are grown in the
laboratory over 2 – 5 days before being transferred back into the woman's uterus increasing the
chance that a pregnancy will occur.
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a screening test used to determine if genetic or
chromosomal disorders are present in embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis screens embryos before they are transferred to the uterus so
couples can make informed decisions about their next steps in the IVF process. Embryos unaffected
by the genetic or chromosomal disorder can be selected for transfer to the uterus.
Why is the use of pre–implantation genetic diagnosis a socio–scientific issue?
Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis is a socio–scientific (PGD) issue because it includes biological
and social implications. People have different views and opinions on PGD because while it can
determine whether or not an embryo has a genetic disease or not, it presents the idea that we are
dehumanizing those who already have these diseases and that we are 'playing God.' PGD gives the
opportunity to couples to select the embryo that they wish to be transferred. It gives them the option
to choose the embryo before becoming

Pros And Cons Of In Vitro Fertilisation ( IVF )
"In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside
the body, in vitro("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory
process, removing and ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm
fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. The fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–
6 days, and is the transferred to the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of
establishing a successful pregnancy."
"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) refers to the genetic profiling of embryos prior to
implantation, and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization.
PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. When used to screen for a specific
genetic disease, it's main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the method
makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration. PGD thus aids
assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain embryos or
oocytes for evaluation."
While PGD has many benefits, especially for potential parents who may be at risk of passing on
genetic defects, opposition to the use if this technology has come in many forms.
Opposition ranges from the view which believes an embryo has full moral status from the moment
of conception to the other end of the scale where people believe that the use of this technology will
lead

For Choosing Ivf Australia, We Bride On Ourselves On Our...
HEADING Thank you for choosing IVF Australia, we bride on ourselves on our success rates and
price. This sheet has all the essential information about the causes of infertility in both male and
females, the treatments to these and different issues that may come with these procedures. Infertility
is the inability to conceive a pregnancy after 12 month of unprotected sex. Infertility in male and
females can occur from various reasons such us the production of sex cells(gametes) and hormonal
issues as well as other reasons. Infertility is growing rapidly in today's world, it is becoming a bigger
and bigger problem in Australia as 1 in every 6 couples are effected by infertility (19). A solution to
this growing problem is Assisted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abnormal shape of the cervix can also or changes of texture in the cervical muscle can cause issues
for the sperm travelling from the vagina to the uterus.
Immunological Factors: Some Females may have antibodies to sperm produced by the cervical
muscles, sometimes the immune system of the mother can prevent the embryo from attaching to the
wall of the uterus and cause a miscarriage
Ageing: Reproductive functions decrease the older a woman gets, this is due to fewer eggs being left
in the ovary and the quality of the egg also diminishes. When a woman is in her 30's there is an
increased chance of chromosome abnormalities like down syndrome.
Causes of Male Infertility (4)
Varicocele (Veins around testicles in the scrotum): A swelling of the veins that drain the testicles.
The most common reversible cause of infertility in men. The exact reason for Varicocele is
unknown, one cause may be the abnormal testicular temperature regulation. Varicocele reduces the
quality of the sperm.
Infection: Infections can interfere with the production of sperm and the sperm health. These
infections include inflammation of the epididymis or testicle, as well as some sexually transmitted
diseases. Some infections can cause permanent testicular damage however in most cases sperm can
still be retrieved.
Ejaculation issues (location vas

Treating Infertility Essay
Infertility is the inability to naturally concieve a child, or to carry a pregnancy full term. This could
be down to the male in the partnership, the female, or in some cases, both. Infertility affects
approximately 10% of people of reproductive age. Roughly 40% of cases involve a male
contribution or factor, 40% involve a female factor, and the remainder involve both sexes. There are
several different reasons why a couple may be unable to concieve naturally, if a woman is unable to
concieve it may be down to general factors – for example, significant liver disease, Ovarian Factors
such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Cervical factors such as Insufficient cervical mucus, Vaginal
factors such as Vaginal Obstruction or Genetic factors. If ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Usually 10 days of injections are necessary.When in the laboratory, surrounding cells are removed
from the egg and the egg is prepared for fertilization. Inactive cells and seminal fluid are also
removed from the males sperm in preparation for the treatment. The sperm and the egg are
incubated together for about 18 hours. By this time fertilisation has usually taken place.
Occasionally however, the sperm count is so low a single sperm is injected directly into the egg
instead. The major risk of IVF is the risk of multiple births. There have been many cases of women
going in for fertility treatments and then giving birth to more than one child as a result. This is
because of the practice of transferring multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Strict limits on the
number of embryos that may be transferred have been set in some countries to reduce the risk of
multiple births. Another risk of IVF is birth defects. It has been suggested that there is a 30–40%
increase risk of birth defects in children born out of IVF than children concieved using natural
means. Another popular fertility treatment is Artificial insemination by husband (AIH) This is when
sperm from the husband or partner is placed into a females uterus or cervix using artificial means
rather than by natural means. When a couple decide to use AIH in order to concieve the females
menstruation cycle

The Invention Of A Woman 's Womb By Ruth Hubbard
Technology is advancing all the time, but often we question the necessity of the new inventions. In
the 1980s, in vitro fertilisation was still a very new science. The information was limited to the
people who actually could and would participate in the studies, as simulating human pregnancy in
animals is difficult. The actual procedure, however, includes a donated egg, sperm, and simulating
mitosis in a test tube then injecting it into a woman 's womb. Ruth Hubbard is the first female
professor of the sciences at Harvard University to get tenure. As "a woman, a feminist, and a
biologist", she negatively viewed the new science behind the in vitro procedure in the 1980s. She
proclaimed two years after the publication of in vitro, that the development of the science is wrong.
Ruth Hubbard effectively uses her concerns for women 's safety in her "Test –Tube Babies: Solution
or Problem?", to persuade her general audience that the performance of in vitro fertilization is not
the correct way to address the inability to give birth due to the underdeveloped nature of the science.
She then successfully questions the need for in vitro science, by offering alternative methods to
become a parent as well as criticizing societal expectations of women. Ruth Hubbard convinces the
audience of her perspectives of the in vitro policy with her stern concern. Yet, she begins her
argument with a counter argument, that the procedure had been done before. By providing an
example of three cases

Surrogacy In Multiple Court Cases
Surrogacy is essentially a method of childbearing that an individual or couple may adopt if they are
unable to have a child of their own, thus resulting in the need of a surrogate to bear a biological
child for them. Surrogacy has been a documented and viable form of child bearing since the mid
1970's. However the breakthrough was not only a success but a landmark in law. Multiple court
cases and issues arose due to commercial and international surrogacy as well as defining who the
legal parents are in many instances. In this essay, the key points discussed will include; the basics
and concept of surrogacy, deciding who the legal parent is, international law and how it plays a big
role and lastly how the law has restricted individuals rights. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The method involves birthing technology including artificial insemination and 'in–vitro' fertilisation
(IVF). These combined are referred to as 'artificial reproductive technology' (ART). In literal terms,
surrogacy involves a medical procedure where the semen is implanted into a woman's reproductive
system in order to bear the child for the intended parents. On the other hand, IVF involves the sperm
and ova being fused inside a test tube and then planted into the uterus. In Australia, there are various
laws surrounding surrogacy, depending on which state you live in. In NSW, we are currently under
the 'Surrogacy Act 2010'. This implies that there is a process in which the surrogate mother/father
must sign over the legal parentage order for the intended parents to obtain said order and custardy.
Prior to this, a baby born into a lesbian couple would have only the birth mother as their legal
parent. However, the 'Miscellaneous Amendment Act 2008' changed the 'Children Act 1996' so that
both of the partners are named on the child's birth–certificate and both partners have equal

The Effect Of Endometriosis On The Vitro Fertilisation...
What is the effect of Endometriosis on In Vitro Fertilisation success rates?
INTRODUCTION
Endometriosis is a condition that affects around 6–10% of the female population12 and can have
distressing effects on the lives of these women. The exact cause of endometriosis is unknown3 but it
is thought that genetics play a role as daughters or sisters of women are at higher risk.13
Endometriosis is also a cause of infertility2 with around 30–50% of women with endometriosis also
being infertile.12 Endometriosis can affect any woman regardless of age or ethnicity14 and can
affect children as young as eight. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is one of the most common methods
used in artificial reproduction12 and in this essay, I will be discussing what ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I chose to use the more cited articles for this essay as they would most likely be the more reliable
reference. I also used well known book sources as references such as Principals of Anatomy and
Physiology by Tortura and Derrickson and also the Dorland's illustrated dictionary. The last resource
I used were well known and trusted websites such as the NHS website and patient.co.uk. I also made
sure that any of the resources that I referenced from had been updated recently so the information
was current.
DISCUSSION
What is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis is a common condition1 recognised by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of
the uterus. This tissue is then found in a variety of sites such as the ovaries, the outside surface of
the uterus, the cervix, the abdominal wall, the sigmoid colon and the urinary bladder.2 It is unknown
what exactly causes endometriosis but it is thought to occur when some cells from the endometrium
(the lining of the uterus) travel outside the uterus via the uterine tubes during a period3. Even
outside the womb, these cells, will still respond to the presence of hormonal oestrogen each month
and with each menstrual cycle the cells will multiply, swell and break down in similar fashion to the
endometrial cells inside the uterus.2 As the cells are in the pelvic cavity rather than the uterus, they
cannot escape during the period and instead form patches of tissue called

Momentous Gender Selection
One of life's profound moments is that of a mother's caressing gaze into the eyes of her first–born
child. Only a minority of mothers who conceive genetically impaired children face an alternative
world of heartbreak and melancholy.
It's a beautiful thing to conceive life's bundle of joy, and another to conceive a child suffering from
genetic disorders. Inheriting altered genes through autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X–
linked dominant and X–linked recessive are potential leads to genetic disorders in offspring (Health
Direct Australia, 2014).
Interventions such as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) have opened up a diverse field of
scientific research, committed to overcoming this biological issue. Over decades of momentous ...
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Imbalance of genders occur when one gender is outstanding in number to that of the other gender;
for example, if there were many more males to females. Gender imbalance is calculated by the sex
ratio, that is the ratio of males to females in a population (World Health Organisation, 2015). China
and India are evidence of where gender imbalance has occurred. In both countries, there are specific
customs and cultural stereotypes that are strictly adhered to. China perceive males to be more
valuable than female due to religious beliefs, labour, and financial support; "The Chinese have
traditionally preferred sons because of their potential to financially support their parents, carry on
the family name, and lead ancestor worship" (Hsu, 2008). India's ideology of male preference is
based on the education of women; "women's education is the single most significant factor in
reducing son preference" (Rohini Pande, 2006). It's clear that China and India have experienced
gender imbalance due to cultural gender preferences. The American Medical Association argues that
gender imbalance is "less likely to happen in the Western world" (American Medical Association,
2003

What Is The Ethical Use Of In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization(IVF) is the fertilizing of an outside of a woman's body. In vitro fertilization is a
type of assisted reproductive technology(ART). Assisted reproductive technology is used as a
treatment for infertility. The most common and effective type of ART is in vitro fertilization. In in
vitro fertilization a woman is injected with drug in order for her body to produce multiple eggs at
one time. When the eggs mature they are placed in a dish with the man's sperm, from anywhere
between three to five days. Once the eggs have been fertilized, they are then implanted in the uterus
of the woman. Although, this method is a favorable way to help couples conceive, there are some
moral or ethical issues involved with this procedure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will not allow my emotions affect the level of care a patient receives just because we have different
views on certain issues. It is my job to provide the best possible care I am capable of without letting
personal conflicts and disagreements with a patient's choice affecting my work. The patient has the
right to pick what they feel is best for them, and it is simply my job to uphold their decision and
provide them the best care. By using this way of thinking I can refrain from letting my inner
conflicts affect the level of professionalism I exhibit when conducting my job. In conclusion,
although people have ethical and moral issues with in vitro fertilization, not everyone does. Some
believe IVF can lead to a decline in adoption rates. Also, some may perceive the procedure as a sin
or that it will cause a decrease in the amount of nuclear families. It will possibly result in there being
more alternative or nontraditional families. Despite the personal conflicts that I may have with IVF,
I cannot allow it to affect my level of professionalism that I exhibit. By keeping my personal
emotions separate, I will be able to provide patients with the best care

Technology Advances All The Time Essay
Technology advances all the time, but often we question the necessity of the new inventions. In the
1980s, in vitro fertilisation was still a very new body of science. The information was limited to the
people who actually could and would participate in the studies, as simulating human pregnancy in
animals is difficult. The actual procedure, however, includes a donated egg, sperm, and simulating
mitosis in a test tube then injecting it into a woman 's womb. Ruth Hubbard is the first female
professor of the sciences at Harvard University to get tenure. As "A woman, a feminist, and a
biologist", she negatively viewed the new science behind the in vitro procedure in the 1980s. She
proclaims two years after the publication of in vitro, that the development of the science is wrong.
Ruth Hubbard effectively uses her concerns for women 's safety in her "Test –Tube Babies: Solution
or Problem?", to persuade her general audience that the performance of in vitro fertilization is not
the correct way to address the inability to give birth due to the underdeveloped nature of the science.
She then successfully questions the need for in vitro science, by offering alternative methods to
become a parent as well as criticizing societal expectations of women. Ruth Hubbard convinces the
audience of her perspectives of the in vitro policy with her stern disquiet. Yet, she begins with a
potential counter argument, that the procedure had been done before. By providing an example of
three cases

The Reality of Cloning Essay
Jerry L. Hall, then a researcher at the George Washington University Medical Center, presented the
results of his in–vitro fertilization experiment at the 1993 meeting of the American Fertility Society
in Montreal. Dr. Hall gave an interesting speech and the comments on his speech consisted of "nice
job" and other positive remarks. On his return to George Washington University, Dr. Hall expected
the same feedback, and he was shocked when the October 26, 1993 cover of the New York Times
announced, "Scientist clones human embryos, and creates an ethical challenge."
Ethicists pictured images of baby farming and of clones cannibalized for "spare parts." Protesters
chanted on the streets to immediately ban human–embryo cloning. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some included making clones to work as slaves, to use for body parts, or grown to create the perfect
person to do a job. Some families may even want a clone of their dead child. Even if these fantasies
could be true, "Identical genes don't produce identical people," stated the March 10,1997, U.S. News
and World Report, so many of the fairy tale stories could not happen.
Jerry Hall was not trying to discover a Jurassic Park version of cloning with the imagined factories
producing embryos in bulk rate. Although this seemed to be what everyone thought he did. What he
actually did was clone human embryos in a Petri dish, which lived for 6 days. Hall was
experimenting on artificial zona, the protective coating around the egg, by splitting a fertilized egg.
This process is similar to the way identical twins occur. His artificial zona was successful but still
needed further research. The purpose of such research is to increase a couple's chance for successful
in–vitro fertilization. Couples who receive in–vitro fertilization have their sperm and egg mixed in a
Petri dish, and the resulting embryo is transferred into the mother's womb. Pregnancy is far from
guaranteed; research has proven that the more embryos you put in the womb the better your odds.
The chance of only one embryo impregnating a woman is 10–20% according to the November 8,
1997, edition of Time

Pros And Cons Of Fertilization
Although the beginning of life can be wonderful and amazing, but one of the controversies is that
new advance technologies today can determine when life begins or ends. Fertilization and
conception are the methods to create life in humans. Whereas, end of life also can determine with
medical drugs when body organs stop functioning. These advanced technologies also create ethical
issues because it may be conflicting with others' belief and religion.
Many couples can normally become pregnant and have children. While others have the desire to
become one, but they have a problem to fertilize. Fertilization is the combination of a female egg
and a male sperm. There are many techniques to fertilized such as artificial insemination,
electroejaculation, and others. The sperm were collected by electroejaculation techniques which a
probe was inserted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many factors can cause of death, such as accident, suicide, or terminal illness. When people decease
without a living will, their properties will share with their spouse, children, or grandchildren. Our
living will can be documented if we become very ill to indicate what we want for our medical
treatment. In addition, if we become incapacity to make our own medical decision, we will have a
health care proxy who aids us to carry out what our wishes. When we are facing our dying process,
our emotion stages can be fluctuated to cope with. The emotional stages which are called the
grieving process which starts from denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, developed
by Dr. Elisabeth Kubler–Ross. (Allen,2013) These emotions stages impact how we react to others,
especially, nurses, physicians, and our family members. As a result, hospice is created to give a
distinctive care for these patients. Although the beginning and end of our life are controversies in the
advanced medical technologies, but we create the laws to protect our

Summary: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer is a process of assisted reproductive technology. It was first
developed in the 1980s in America as a variation of In Vitro Fertilisation. GIFT ca be used for
infertile couples who have ovulation disorders, hormone imbalances, uterus or cervical disorders,
endometriosis, their age is declining or have unexplained fertility issues. But do these women who
undertake GIFT due to these infertility issues have a high success rate of pregnancy? GIFT is
conducted by retrieving the eggs from the ovaries by a laparoscopy along with the sperm where they
are cleaned, mixed together and transferred back into the fallopian tube to allow fertilisation to
occur naturally. Some advantages to GIFT include that the church accepts the procedure and that
GIFT is less ethically debateable. Although, there are numerous disadvantages such as the success
rate is low, there are risks that the baby will have disabilities and women may have an ectopic
pregnancy. The future of GIFT will eventually be replaced by other technologies like IVF or
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection which will impact on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two treatments are much more popular than GIFT as the number of IVF and ICSI cycles in
ranged from and of autologous births and and for oocyte/embryo recipient. Comparing figure and
IVF and ICSI has a greater popularity than GIFT which concludes why GIFT will cease to exist in
the future. However, as GIFT will be replaced by IVF and ICSI the religious community who are
infertile will be impacted. As GIFT is accepted by the Church infertile couples who are religious
have a chance of having baby. Although, IVF and ICSI as replacements of GIFT will prevent these
couples from potentially conceiving. This is because both processes are condemned by the church as
they do not allow fertilisation to occur

Difference Between Personal Knowledge And Shared Knowledge
Knowledge can be defined as the "facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through
experience or education"1. It is divided into personal knowledge and shared knowledge. Personal
knowledge is what every individual knows from its own personal experience while shared
knowledge is a collection of several individuals' personal knowledge. Without personal knowledge
there would be no shared knowledge. A clear example where shared knowledge modifies
individuals' personal knowledge through education is religion, where they have authoritative rule
books that tell their followers what moral principles to follow. There are several religions that may
differ with each others' beliefs and traditions; some of them may be in favour of an idea while ...
Some of them are in favour, as long as they are married couples, others allow their followers to
donate sperm and eggs as long as they are married couples, and some religions let their followers
donate without any limits concerning their marital status. The Anglican Church allows this process
within marriage, but forbids its followers to donate eggs and sperm. The Hindu religion also allows
it, but only if the gametes used come from a married couple with the intention of conceiving a child.
Buddhists are permitted to donate sperm even though they are not married couples. The Islam
allows the its use, but it has to be within the limits of marriage; however, if any of the spouses dies
(or a divorce happens), the eggs and sperm may not be used any more. Jewish Law commands its
followers to procreate, and when it is not possible by natural manners, it's acceptable for Jews to
recur to this modern methods to achieve

Failed Vasectomy Reversal Ivf Success Story
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KEEP IT SHORT (fewer than 6 words) Failed Vasectomy Reversal IVF Success Story
Meta Description After a failed vasectomy reversal, this couple discovered the key to growing their
family: IVF at our Las Vegas fertility center.
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Failed Vasectomy Reversal IVF Success Story
Two kids after failed vasectomy reversal: The Carro family's story
Jessica Lovell, a former Las Vegas news anchor and reporter, was 35 when she married 43–year–old
Tony, who runs a legal services company and who already was the father of two pre–teens. When
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After each IVF cycle, in March, April and June, her eggs were fertilized with Tony's sperm, and the
resulting 15 embryos were frozen, allowing Jessica's body time to recover before embryo transfer.
"Frozen transfer made a lot of sense, when Dr. Shapiro explained it," she says. "You go through all
this medication to do retrieval, then you're asking your body to get back in the mode of accepting
transfer right away. It's better to wait a month or two and then start over again, making sure that
your body is ready to take the embryos in. It worked for me."
Ultimately, two embryos survived the thaw and growth stages, and both were transferred. One
became Jessica and Tony's first child together, daughter Sunnye Lucille.
Repeat IVF after failed vasectomy reversal

Soon, the Carros decided to try again. This time, the day before egg retrieval, Tony got cold feet.
The idea of a fourth child suddenly became overwhelming. When Jessica came into the office upset
and uncertain about what to do, Dr. Shapiro offered to retrieve Jessica's eggs and freeze them until
the couple was ready, and even offered to let them pay for the retrieval when they were ready to
move ahead.
"It was such a tough, emotionally charged time for us, and Dr. Shapiro knew it," she says. "What he
did for us just shows what kind of person he is."
Four months later, Tony was back on board, and the couple decided to move forward with fertilizing
Jessica's frozen eggs.

Gender Selection In The United States
Sex Selection noun the attempt to control the sex of the offspring to achieve a desired sex.
It can be accomplished in several ways, including pre– and post–implantation of an embryo. One
way preimplantation can happen is through sperm sorting. Doctors separate the female
chromosomes from the male, so the woman can be inseminated with the sperm of her desired sex.
Another method is through IVF, which has an almost 100% success rate. Embryos are fertilized by
sperm and then incubated for a few days. The doctor then selects a normal cell with the desired sex
and implants it in the woman's uterus. This process was first created for medical purposes, to
prevent gender–prone disease from getting passed on. Reasons have changed now for why people
choose to select the gender of their child, as people are choosing this process either for family
balancing, they have a preferred gender, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, most of the people in the United States that undergo gender selection, choose girls, a large
amount of people who come from Asian or Caucasian descent, choose boys. America is one of the
few countries that actually allow gender selection; Canada, the UK, and Australia are just some of
the few that have banned it. When people choose a gender, they expect a certain stereotypical role to
follow. This reinforces constricting and false gender roles. Girls do not always dress in pink and
boys do not always like baseball and trucks. "Do we really want to allow parents to thrall to gender
stereotypes to engineer their children for the sole purpose of meeting ephemeral and superficial
cultural norms?" (Dollar). If someone goes through so much money and effort to choose a child of a
certain gender, they are supporting stereotypes that are damaging to both girls and boys. What
happens when you get a girl who does not do all the girly things you were hoping? Or your boy does
not like to play sports or get dirty? You can not give them

Risks Involved With Vitro Fertilisation Essay
Focus questions;
What are some disadvantages or risks involved with in–vitro fertilisation? Unfortunately with the
procedure of In–Vitro fertilisation success is not guaranteed, in fact less than 50% of procedures
ultimately result in pregnancies. Obviously because it is an operative procedure there is always the
risk of infection and/or haemorrhage. Another risk associated with IVF is OHHS or Ovarian hyper
stimulation syndrome: This is when the ovaries are stimulated through the use of medications to
make multiple eggs in which your ovaries can become swollen and painful. The use of frozen
embryos during IVF, however, may slightly increase the risk of miscarriage. About 2 to 5 percent of
women who use IVF may experience an ectopic pregnancy; This is when the fertilised egg implants
outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The fertilised egg can't survive outside the uterus, and
there 's no way to continue the pregnancy. Although not considered a risk the use of IVF can be
financially, physically and emotionally draining. The emotional stress will negatively effect your
physical health, and cause strains on your relationships.
Why isn 't IVF available to everyone? What are the costs involved? The following fees are
associated with fertility treatment:
Consultations with your fertility specialist (including initial and follow up)
Any investigations or tests you may require (e.g. semen analysis or AMH testing)
Fertility treatment, and the medications involved

Ivf Essay
[pic] In vitro fertilisation (IVF) marks a great step forward in medical technology, and Australia is a
leader in the field. IVF is now a popular procedure for couples who are infertile or are having
trouble conceiving. However, it raises ethical, moral and legal issues including the rights of an
individual, property rights, the definition of human life, scientific experimentation versus a potential
human life, religion, costs, and community, medical and taxpayer's rights. The process of IVF
involves mixing the woman's egg and the man's sperm outside of the woman's body, usually in a
petri dish. Invitro fertilisation literally means 'fertilisation in glassware'. If the fertilisation is
successful, the formed embryo is transferred to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, with such low statistics it is important to keep in mind that each infertile couple may go
through many cycles of IVF; therefore it could end up costing them tens of thousands of dollars. On
the other hand, with Australia's declining birth rate, we should provide more encouragement for
people to have children, instead of making them pay thousands of dollars. Unfortunately for infertile
couples, infertility is not considered a health problem, and therefore it is not funded by the
government. Is it fair that only financially able infertile couples can afford IVF, when it should be
available to all infertile couples? An issue that has caused great legal debate is the freezing of eggs
and embryos. Freezing allows savings eggs or embryos for later implantation; not all are used.
However, frozen embryos and eggs generally have a lower success rate. The question arises of what
happens to them if the couple decides to divorce, or one or both of them dies? These situations have
been decided through court determinations. In 1987, the status of frozen embryos was brought
before the Victorian courts with the case of Mr and Mrs Rios, who had died in a plane crash. The
embryos from Mr and Mrs Rios had been frozen in 1981. There were many ethical and moral
concerns regarding this case. Should the embryos remain frozen indefinitely, be donated, or kept for
research? The Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act

Human Rep Strategies Of Ivf
Introduction The human rep strategies of IVF linked with sperm sorting make it now possible for
couples not only to determine the sex of the unborn offspring but also some specific characteristics.
When discussing the evolution of man–kind one fact emphasises itself above all others as the most
recognized and the most important. Homo sapiens (in Biological Terms) prosperity consequently
allowed the development of our species to come to pass resulting in being the dominant race on this
planet. However whilst natural selection has led to our success so far as a species in the last 20
years, through experimentation, the ability to change our own genotypes and other traits has now
being discovered. In other words we now have the ability to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also the benefits of being able to choose the offspring can restore balance within some nations
whose gender ratio is severely out of balance. Not only has this, to pick the characteristics of your
child had the possibility to evolve the human race to the next level of understanding and
evolution/enlightenment. Ethical Viewpoint – Research Negatives of This Process Keep Brief –
Overview When considering the negatives this process might have on the general populous of the
human race Ethical Viewpoints The process of changing the traits of our younger generation can be
seen as somewhat selfish and messing with natural selection. Also it might lead to a certain kind of
discriminatory features (as mentioned in GATTACA). Biological Stand Points Mention the different
trouble that can be caused with this process such as bottlenecking and narrowing the gene pool.
Social Stand Points For these to process to be accepted as legal in this society we must consider
each countries individual rules and regulations. The disadvantage for this process on a social
viewpoint bears many similarities to the positive side and that is the ability to choose the gender of
the unborn child. Asian countries such as China and Vietnam have rules in place dictating the
number our children allowed in an already overflowing population. For this process to be allowed
the

Ivf Research Paper
The topic of whether couples should undergo the usage of various reproductive technologies,
especially IVF, for purposes such as selecting the gender of their unborn baby, is an intense ongoing
debate. In–vitro fertilisation or for short IVF, was made available in the late 1970's, in order to assist
women who encountered certain forms of infertility that prevented them to give birth and bear
children (George, 2005). There are currently various arguments for the use of IVF in choosing the
sex of an unborn baby, which include the practical and biological reasons whereas arguments against
the usage of IVF involve social and ethical reasons.
In–vitro fertilisation is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility issues and helps conceive ...
The Australian Health Ethics Community (AHEC) states, "Admission to life should not be
conditioned upon a child being of a particular sex" (Nhmrc.gov.au, 2004). Although this can seem
unfair, The AHEC believes that selecting the sex of your child can be a contributing cause of an
expression of sexual and social prejudice. Is conceiving a daughter more beneficial than conceiving
a son or the other way around? Will choosing the sex of your child improve the family than a child
who you had no idea their gender would be? Dr. Tom Shakespeare, a lecturer from the University of
Cambridge and author of a gender study regarding IVF, commented, "I fear children could be
turning into consumer items and that sex selection could potentially lead to choosing babies on the
basis of hair or eye colour" (News.bbc.co.uk, 2005). This comment discloses how children can soon
start to turn into products that parents can choose and produce depending on what they want.
Correlating with this information, Tereza Hendl, a health science researcher from the University of
Sydney, says, "Gender selection is an expression of sexism as it reinforces a binary view of
children." The life of a person should not depend on their gender, as your gender should not define
you as a person or the traits you develop. It discards the fact that conceiving a child is meant to be
all–natural. Unless couples are unable to reproduce on their own due to genetic disorders or
infertility, IVF can be an option couples may choose to use in order to conceive a child of their

Using Ivf ( Vitro Fertilisation )
x PDG stands for Pre Implementation Genetic diagnosis it is a technique used to help examine and
recognise a specific genetic defect within embryos created using IVF (In–Vitro Fertilisation). This
technology is performed to prevent disorders or diseases being passed on to the child. The ultimate
aim for couples attempting to use PGD is to produce an offspring free of chromosomal genetic
defects. In New Zealand this technology is very limited and every application must be sought
through and gain approval by the Ethics committee. Only specific severe conditions with a 1 in 4
chance of inheriting the disease are considered to carry out this process. IVF is a procedure where
the egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body. In–Vitro translates to "In Glass" hence why the
babies are called test tube babies. In order to be eligible for IVF all contenders must attempt to
conceive a child for a year before making an appointment. They are then transferred onto a waiting
list which can take as long as 1 and a half years. Pre–implantation genetic diagnosis is a socio–
scientific issue. The definition being a problematic social issue which relates to science. These
issues are seen by some as open ended with several outcomes or solutions. There are countless
beliefs and views about almost every topic in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning could take the form of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). This is where fertilisation
takes place outside the body. Many embryos grow in a petri–dish for 2–5 days then the best embryos
are selected and implanted into the womb of the mother (Babies, 2011). This form of conception
could eventually allow parents to choose certain characteristics or traits that they want their child to
have or not to have. Genes could be manipulated and selected to satisfy the wants of the parents.
This is commonly referred to as "Designer babies" (Biggs, 2004). Reproductive cloning could also
be used to create siblings of children to have the exact DNA match enabling the "Saviour Sibling" to
have perfect compatibility with his/her sick sibling. Organs, blood, bone marrow and anything else
the unhealthy child needs can be harvested from the sibling that was created to have the same DNA
(Springgs & Savulescu, 2002). My sister's keeper, a book written specifically related to "Saviour
Siblings", is an example of where this form of cloning has been used to save the life of a child that
was terminally ill. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reproductive cloning is also a very expensive procedure. In the case of In Vitro Fertilisation in
humans, not all the embryos are implanted back into the female. The embryos that are not implanted
are destroyed therefore the ethical issue of abortion is raised (Murnaghan, 2014). Reproductive
cloning has unethical aspects for many individuals therefore most countries have put laws in place
preventing people from practicing reproductive cloning.
The legislation of South Africa regarding

Ivf Morality
As our contemporary world continues to progress in both the fields of biology and medicine, the use
of assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, is increasing. The catholic church remains
faithful towards the fundamental values of the sacredness of life and human dignity, which is
evident in their firm, opposing responses and teachings on the moral issue of IVF.
IVF, short for in vitro fertilisation, is one of several assisted reproductive technologies used to help
infertile couples conceive a child. The procedure essentially involves separating the act of
conception and fertilisation from one another, so that fertilisation occurs outside of the parent's
body, in a scientific environment. With the help of doctors and biologists, the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore marriage is the only morally acceptable framework for human reproduction because it
possesses the dissoluble unity worthy of procreation and values human dignity. Instead IVF involves
conception taking place outside of the parents body and in a cold, scientific setting where the
parents are separated from the act of conception and instead a scientist becomes the sole, decisive
factor of where life should be

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure couples use to test the normality of their
offspring's genes. This procedure is used for couples that have a known risk of passing on a genetic
abnormality to their offspring. PGD is used all around the world to help couples become pregnant
with healthy babies that aren't diagnosed with a genetic disease passed down from them. PGD is
used to select an embryo that isn't affected by a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis. PGD is
available to test for single gene disorders, translocations, inversions, chromosomal, aneuploidy or
X–linked disorders. Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a procedure used prior to implantation to
help identify genetic defects within embryos. This serves to prevent certain genetic diseases or
disorders from being passed on to the child. The embryos used in PGD are usually created during
the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). When used to screen for a specific genetic disease, its main
advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those eggs are then fertilised using the male partner's sperm. The resulting embryos are cultured in
the laboratory.
At day 3 of the embryo development, a small hole is made on the outside shell of the embryo (the
zona pellucida) with a delicate laser beam. On day 5/6, an embryo biopsy is performed. By this
time, the embryo should have reached the blastocyst stage which consists of an inner cell mass
(forms the foetus) and trophectoderm cells (forms the placenta). The trophectoderm cells should
have herniated through the hole made in the outer shell of the embryo on day 3 in which these cells
(approximately five cells) are collected for analysis.
The biopsied cells are transferred to a small tube for genetic testing. Due to the time taken to
perform the genetic testing, the embryos must be frozen after the

Assisted Reproductive Technology ( Vitro Fertilisation )
A successful fertilisation event refers to a sperm and an oocyte meet at a right place and a right time.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) includes IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or ICSI
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection) treatments have helped xxx of women got pregnant and deliver
around xx of newborns to couples in the UK every year. However, the overall pregnancy rate is
remain low. Only a minority (15–30%) of embryos implanted in the uterus result in a successful
pregnancy. It is approximately xx%, it means xx of embryos fail to develop, implant or form a baby.
The first selection point in the clinic is xx hours post IVF/ICSI. Embryologists examine and select
the "normal" zygotes that indicate two pronuclei (one derived from the mother: female pronucleus;
and the other derived from the father: male pronucleus). Unfortunately, not every single oocyte can
be "normal fertilised." Based on the literature, it ranges from 2.7 to 17% of ICSI or IVF procedures
produce zygote with only one pronucleus in the clinics worldwide, but the causes remain elusive.
We have very recently reported molecules named Hira and H3.3 involving the central role for a
successful fertilisation event. Lack of Hira/H3.3 molecule in mouse results in abnormal "one
pronucleus" zygotes which provides a link to the cause and effect of one pronucleus phenotype in
human IVF clinic.
In this study, we would like to investigate the occasion and dissect the mechanisms based on our
previous animal model as

Vitro Fertilisation ( Ivf )
The topic of in Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) has become one of the most controversial treatments
assisting infertile couples. This question was formulated from the research found regarding the
biological, financial and ethical factors clearly highlighted in the articles "Ovarian Cancers caused
by IVF" (Natural News) and "In Vitro Fertilisation Today" (American Express). The research
indicates that IVF has become much more common and it is important to understand if the
beneficial factors prevail over the problems linked with IVF. This report is written to argue that IVF
is not a justifiable method in assisting infertile couples. Dictionary.com defines a biological issue as
anything that changes any natural process. This report will investigate specific biological issues that
are linked with this treatment including, the hormonal effects on females, risk to the child and
success rate of IVF. Social issues are moral problems that affect a member or members of a society
directly or indirectly. IVF is associated with many social issues, the most prominent one being
funding priorities. Another issue that is considered the most fundamental philosophical issue raised
by IVF is the moral status of the embryo, which will be discussed in this report.
IVF or the "test tube baby technique" is a form of sexual reproduction that involves the removal of
the female eggs from a woman's ovaries merged with a male's sperm in a laboratory culture dish.
There are five steps associated with IVF but

Does Religion Really Allow Cloning?
Does Religion Really Allow Cloning? I personally think this is a very controversial topic as, I do not
think the idea of cloning was even thought of, when any type of religion was established. But to my
surprise, many different religions have views on cloning, in the Quran (Holy Book Of Islam), Bible
(Holy Book Of Christians) and also the Torah (Holy Book Of The Jewish). The rise of the current
age and the "period of reason" triggered the beginning of cutting edge exploratory investigations and
modern ideology that transforms society like a phenomenal power. Science is the learning about the
world, particularly taking into account examination and testing and on actualities that can be
demonstrated. An ascending science, biomedical examination, as of late have demonstrated an
awesome potential in managing the world into a brighter future, where irremediable illnesses can be
cured, deficient organs can be supplanted and new limits can be pushed. Regardless of the debates in
regards to the ethics and morals of cloning, foundational microorganism research and in vitro
preparation, the headway of such medicinal examination exhibits the unlimited conceivable
outcomes for humanity that is generally choked by religious confidence and good ambiguities. Like
most technology that precede human medicine analysis, the grounds to new discoveries evolve bit
by bit although innumerable experiments and exploration into unmapped grounds, ultimately
generates a helpful map of where we are,

Case Study Of In Vitro Fertilization
In–Vitro Fertilization: Custody Disputes © Jose Sanchez. 3 November 26, 2017. All rights reserved.
Arizona State University Abstract: When posed with the question: In a custody dispute over a fetus
born through in vitro fertilization, whose rights should prevail? In–Vitro fertilization is a
complicated and new area of study. However with the development of new processes and in this
case, an entirely new field of study, come new questions which challenge the morality and ethics of
either side, whether the fetus is given to the woman whose eggs were used, or whether the woman
who carried the child through to term should have custody over the child. As it is now, it truly does
end up coming down to a case–by–case basis. However in most cases, the rights of the woman
whose eggs, or the man whose sperm was used to fertilize the embryo should prevail in case of any
custody disputes. In–Vitro Fertilization: Custody Disputes Section 1 – Introduction In 1978, Louise
Brown became the first person to be born through In–Vitro Fertilization, her birth revolutionized the
field of reproductive medicine. There have been a few factors which since then have increased the
demand for the service and more knowledge about the effects and relationship between development
well into adulthood and the use of In–Vitro Fertilization (otherwise known as IVF) in order to
conceive a healthy child. A study published by The American Society for Reproductive Medicine,
shows that 1–in–8

Iron Fertilisation and Algal Blooms
Phytoplankton are the basis of nearly all the Ocean's ecosystems, and require a wide range of
inorganic nutrients in order to grow; notably Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous. They take up these
nutrient elements according to the Redfield Ratio of C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1. But phytoplankton also
require less obvious nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. These are often in
plentiful supply in the worlds Oceans, and other factors such as the micronutrient Iron can be the
limiting Phytoplankton growth factor. Iron is not required by Phytoplankton in large amounts, but
the Oceans are deficient of this micronutrient, and without it Phytoplankton cannot grow and
reproduce as readily. This is because Iron is required in the biosynthesis of the pigment chlorophyll,
required by Phytoplankton in order to photosynthesise. With a deficiency in Iron, Phytoplankton can
suffer from a lack of chlorophyll known as chlorosis. The protein ferredoxin contains Iron and is
substituted for flavodoxin as an iron–stress response (when Iron levels are low). It can be shown that
Phytoplankton are Iron deficient by measuring how much of this electron transfer protein flavodoxin
is present.
Iron's role in phytoplankton growth was first identified in the 1930's by an English biologist named
Joseph Hart. However it was not until 1988 when the Iron Fertilisation Hypothesis was suggested, in
an article in the January edition of the scientific journal Nature. It was submitted by John Martin
who

Drinking Embryos
A little girl, who is yet to be named, was made using an embryo that was frozen 18 years before by a
hospital in Shanghai. In 1988, The mother of the baby, named Huang Qiong who was 27 years old at
the time had trouble getting pregnant as she had been diagnosed with blocked fallopian tubes and
was undergoing fertility treatment. So Huang decided to have her embryo frozen. During those
years, she experienced two failed frozen embryo transfers both times and had also failed one fresh
embryo transfer.
Huang took a break from the IVF treatment to focus on her work. In 2014, one of Huang's friends
who was treated at the same hospital, got pregnant with a set of twins through IVF. This encouraged
Huang to try for a baby again. She re–started ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"It's a transformative technology."
IVF – Biological issues and the future of IVF In vitro fertilisation (IVF) literally means 'fertilisation
in glass'. That's where the familiar term 'test tube baby' came from. During the IVF process, eggs are
removed from the ovaries and fertilised with sperm in the laboratory. The eggs and sperm are
brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize an egg, the fertilised egg,
or embryo, is later placed in the woman's womb. Benefits of IVF In Vitro Fertilisation helps many
couples who struggle with infertility and otherwise unable to conceive. The biggest advantage of
IVF is to successfully go through a pregnancy only to be pregnant to a healthy baby. IVF allows this
to become reality for people who can't have the privilege to have babies maybe because of:
Blocked tubes: For women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes prevents them from having
babies, so IVF provides the best opportunity of having a child using their own eggs.
Male infertility: Couples with a male infertility problem will have a much higher chance of
conceiving with IVF than conceiving naturally. We have a number of laboratory techniques to
facilitate this.
Unexplained infertility: 1 in 6 couples will suffer fertility problems and sometimes these remain
undiagnosed after investigation.
Endometriosis: Patients with

IVF Genetic Testing
Parents seem to see having a child as a right. If one is unable to conceive a child, it is logical to
determine the cause of infertility, not glance over it and pump hormones into women or men at high
costs. Human life should be respected at all stages of life, beginning at reproduction. IVF denies a
child the right to two biological parents. Also, The dignity of children in IVF is essentially
manipulated and the rights of children are turned into the rights of the parents. Parents have all of
the control in this situation to dictate a child's existence. In natural reproduction, the act of sexual
intercourse is an expression of marriage. It is done with the intention of potentially creating a child
as a result of their natural actions. Marital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Others may say that since IVF proposes higher risks of birth defects, the strongest embryo should be
picked to optimize the potential of the pregnancy. This would want all couples to participate in IVF
over naturally pregnancy, so parents can ensure optimal children will be born. Then children would
have the pressures from parents to live up to the greatness they were genetically destined for. If their
mindset was not capable of handling that pressure, events such as suicide or personal harm just as
Jerome did in Gattaca, so the pressures of being engineered for certain expectations would be lifted
of the child's shoulders. Ultimately, engineering children poses so many societal issues for children
at the expense of their parent's wishes of having optimal children (Lecture

Vitro And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis
Report
In–virto fertilization (IVF) and pre–implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can both be used when
there is difficulty for a couple to naturally conceive on their own. IVF is defined as a series of
procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
During IVF, mature eggs are collected from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. IVF is the
most effective assisted form of reproduction. PGD is defined as the testing of pre–implantation stage
embryos or oocytes for genetic defects. It has been developed for couples whose potential offspring
are at risk of severe Mendelian disorders, structural chromosome abnormalities or mitochondrial
disorders.
Over time PGD has become a socio–scientific issue, this means its a controversial issue relating to
science. PGD falls into this category because it boarders on multiple options with looking into a
person's ethics. For ethical reasons its becomes an issue when looking at selective terminations and
advancements on PGD. Many people believe that life begins with fertilization, PGD gives couples
the chance to screen many fertilized embryos to see if they have diseases including Cystic Fibrosis
and Huntington's. If they do carry this gene then the couples can choose to terminate the embryo. Or
if they form many 'healthy' embryos then the couples have to decide which one to keep. Causing a
social debate on the ethics of this decision, whether this is taking a life or not? There is

The Possibilities Of Brave New World In Our Society

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