The Complex Process of Smell Detection

Describe The Process Of Smell
The process of smell in medical terms is called Olfaction. The olfactory system allows the brain to detect odorants, or chemicals in the air, that turn
into signals which our brain can then use and interpret. Every smell has its own emotional response that triggers a memory. Certain smells can lead to
different responses such as the need to fight or flight in the event of an emergency. When you smell something that gives you a memory, you do not
think about how the scent is taken to your brain; it just happens. It is actually a very complicated process that involves many pathways and receptors
that all reach back to the command center of your body; the brain (Amerman, 2016). The process of olfaction begins in the olfactory epithelium which
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The odor must pass through the epithelial cells located in each nasal cavity by means of a large inhalation of air through the nose. Once the odor passes
through the epithelium, it must pass through the mucous from the cilia by odorant–binding proteins. When the g–protein is activated it triggers a
converted form of adenylate cyclase into cAMP which opens ion channels allowing calcium and sodium ions to enter the cell. This process turns the
odor into a neural signal the brain can then interpret. Once this signal is created, the axons of olfactory neurons carry the stimuli to the olfactory
bulb and then to the primary olfactory cortex within the temporal lobe. This process can take just a few seconds through the rapid firing of synapses
within the receptors. The processing of an odor leads to a reaction depending on the type of scent being processed. Olfaction is just one of the five
special senses that make up how stimuli is perceived on a daily basis (Amerman,
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Rabies Virus Analysis
The rabies virus attacks nervous tissue and appears to duplicate almost exclusively in neuronal cells. As soon as delivered through the pores and skin or
mucous membrane, the virus starts replicating in the striated muscles on the wound part. The virus can reflect in muscle cells for hours or weeks, or it
could migrate immediately to the nervous system through unmyelinated sensory nerve endings on the inoculation website online.
Migration to the nervous system is through the nearest sensory or motor neuron in the ganglion at the base of the spinal cord or to the spinal twine
itself. Once there, the virus continues to replicate. (it can then be transported back to the wound part or as much as the brain through central nervous
system.)

How Does Starvation Affect Larval Behavior
Starvation impacts larval behavior as measured in the two–choice assay a)3rd instar larvae: From previous studies of our lab (Newquist, Novenschi et
al. 2016) we learnt that each larval ORN is functionally diverse and each ORN differentially contributes to olfactory behavior in the Drosophila
melanogaster larvae. Based on these results, we postulated that individual ORNs might be differentially modulated under starved state conditions. To
begin to address this question we started with a panel of seven different odorants from the panel of 19 different odorants published in the study by
(Mathew, Martelli et al. 2013). Each of the seven odorants elicits a strong, specific physiological response from a single ORN (Or 47a ::... Show more
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Larvae on each half are counted, RI is calculated using simple equation RI =(S–C)/(S+C) [S denotes number of larvae on the odorant/test side and C
denotes number of larvae towards the control side]. The data from this experiment is presented in Figure 1. When tested for odorant acetal, starved
larvae showed higher RI when compared to non–starved larvae. In other words, starved larvae have a stronger attractive response towards acetal
compared to the non–starved larvae. Next, we looked at the olfactory responses of the remaining six odorants from the panel of seven that were
mentioned above. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, starved and non–starved larvae were subjected to the two–choice assay after 2 hours of the
starvation protocol. Data collected for all seven different odorants are shown in Figure 2. Of all the seven odorants tested, only three odorants showed
significant changes in response indices upon starvation. Acetal (shown in Figure 1), 4, 5–dimethylthiazole, and pentyl acetate were the three odorants
that showed higher RI values for starved state larvae when compared to non–starved larvae. In other words, for these three odorants starved larvae had
higher attractiveness towards odorants compared to non–starved larvae. This supported our hypothesis that individual ORNs might be differentially
modulated by the animal's starved state. b)2nd instar larvae: Next, we looked at the olfactory behavior response of 2nd

Sensory System Analysis
The sensory system plays a crucial role for organisms to survive by detecting environmental cues. In animals, the sensory signaling is largely mediated
by chemoreceptors belonging to the GPCR superfamily [21], as well as by ion channels that mediate mechanosensation, thermosensation and others
[89]. Chemosensory GPCRs in vertebrates are encoded by several gene families, which includes the olfactory receptors (ORs), vomeronasal receptor
type 1 and 2 (VRs 1 and 2), taste receptor type 1 and 2 (TRs 1 and 2), and trace amine–associated receptor (TAARs) [21]. Apart from these, GPCRs
also mediate vertebrate vision by means of the Opsin family genes that belong to the large Rhodopsin family (Class A) of GPCRs [90]. Previous
evolutionary mining of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This mainly includes the nematode chemoreceptors (or nematode chemosensory GPCRs) as well as the insect odorant and gustatory receptors. The
insect odorant receptors (IORs) were initially thought to be GPCRs due to the presence of seven–transmembrane regions, but subsequent studies
showed that they lack homology to GPCRs. Also, compared to the GPCRs, the IORs possess a distinct structural topology in their N–terminus, which
is located intracellularly [92]. Moreover, recent data has shown that IORs function as both heteromeric ligand–gated ion channels and cyclic
nucleotide–gated ion channels, but not known to be functioning as receptors coupling with G proteins [93,94]. Similarly, the insect gustatory receptors,
responsible for taste perception in insects (sweet and bitter taste) are unrelated to mammalian taste receptors or other GPCR families, but shares
homology with the insect odorant receptors [95,96]. These findings raise the possibility that insect gustatory receptors are not GPCRs and they also
function as ligand–gated ion

IC Solution: Business Analysis
IC Solution is known as being an advanced technology company through which inmates have access to phone services, which enables inmates to be
able to communicate with friends and family. It is an excellent communication service which gives solutions to prisoners. The service allows for them
to book release when they need to do so. IC Solution offers numerous services to prisoners like creating an account, leaving voice messages, video
chatting and purchasing different phone services. If you are an inmate here are several ways through which you can save on your phone bill. An
inmate can make a phone call through a third party who offers prepaid calling account to prisoners. IC Solution is the dominant company which deals
with such services.

Comparison Of Receptors And Olfactory
Odors are a distinctive smell, especially an un unpleasant one. Odors attach to receptors of olfactory cells in the nasal mucosa. Olfactory cells in the
nasal mucosa are where they activate nerve signals. These signals are processed in the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the forebrain that
transmit the signal to other brain areas. People have about 450 olfactory receptors. Each receptor can be activated by many different odor molecules,
and each odor molecule can activate several different types of receptors. However, the forces that bind receptors and odor molecules can greatly differ
in strength, so that some interactions are better "fits" than others. The complication of receptors and their synergy with odor molecules are what

The Theory Of Goal Attainment
In 1981 Imogene King introduced her mid–range Theory of Goal Attainment (this theory has also been referred to as the theory of goal achievement
(Johnson and Webber, 2010)). This theory is based on the grand theory called the Conceptual System, also created by King (Frey et al: 2002). To
understand the more focused mid–range theory it is important to first quickly understand the conceptual system.
The conceptual system was created using systems analysis and systems theory literature (Johnson and Webber, 2010). It was originally referred to as a
conceptual framework, but King changed the terminology in 1997 to Conceptual System (Frey et al, 2002). The conceptual system focused on
decision making in nursing. It is organized around three systems; Personal Systems which pertain to the individual, Interpersonal Systems which
pertain to small groups, and Social Systems which pertain to the society as a whole. King saw these three interacting systems as part of the larger
decision making process of human beings (Frey et al, 2002).
The Theory of Goal Attainment is a middle range theory derived from King's Conceptual System. The Theory of Goal Attainment focuses on the
interactions between the personal, interpersonal, and social systems. Frey et al (2002) describes the central concepts of the theory as "perception,
communication, interaction, transaction, self, role, growth and development, stressors/stress, time, and space." Four specific concepts within the
theory; perception,

Olfactory Paper
LEHMAN COLLEGE
BIO 320: NEURAL DEVELOPMENT December 22nd, 2015
ABDUL BAIS AHMED
Problem: Role of Retinoic acid in central nervous development
Olfactory neurons are chemosensory neurons whose role is fulfilled by maintaining direct contact with the outside environment, which sometimes
expose them to harm. As a result, there is the need to have a source of progenitor to replenish the damaged cells. It's widely known that olfactory
epithelium (OE) regenerates and replaces damaged olfactory neurons in the vertebrates' lifetime. OE is derived from olfactory placode (OP) and is
composed of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), non–neural cells as well their progenitors. It is located in the non–neural ectoderm anterior tip of the
embryo. ORN ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However manipulations like mutation, knockout and overexpression of genes either re–affirm their role or prove otherwise. I therefore recommend
that such manipulations be utilized in future works to throw more light on the different outcomes that relate to those manipulations with regards to the
OE progenitors
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of most signaling molecules had been shrouded in complexity and RA is
no exception. It takes detailed research work to unravel these mysteries. This research paper did a yeoman's job by shedding more light on the
complex molecular mechanism involving the role of RA signal in the cell division and proliferation of olfactory progenitors in the central nervous
system. Balmer JE, Blomhoff R: Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. J Lipid Res 2002,

Psychology
Chemical Senses Paper
It's interesting to find out that the things we eat and drink are more so identified by our senses of sight and smell and not just taste. This is because
food can be identified by just sight alone, and same thing goes for smell as well! Our brains actually view taste as a combination of the senses smell
and touch at the same time. So really all sensory information is gathered from the actual substance we a consuming. The way we get this information
through sent is located in the back of our mouths and called the "retronasal olfaction. The way we gather this similar same information through smell is
located in the nose and called the "orthonasal olfaction". These methods both influence the perception of flavor, so ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This whole process is what then initiates a neural response. Our odorants act on more than just one receptor but does on different levels. Also, a
single receptor will interact with more than just one different odorant on again many different levels. This means that each odorant has its own pattern
on which it acts, this all being set up in the sensory neurons. From here the patterns of activity are then sent to the olfactory bulb. This is where the
other neurons are then activated, done so to form a unique spatial map of the odor. The neural activity we experience is then created by this
stimulation and passed on to the primary olfactory cortex that's located at the back of the underside or "orbital" part of the frontal lobe. Finally, the
olfactory information is then passed on to adjacent parts of the orbital cortex where the combination of odor and taste information help to create the
perception of flavor!
The things I would change in order to make a meal taste better would be the overall sight and smell of the food. Because food can be perceived by
just smell or sight alone, I feel that the overall presentation of the meal could be a big factor in making the food "taste" better! By making the food
look better it can actually make people thing it tastes a certain way, especially if a person has already had that food before in the past. They would
then probably compare it to the same type of food they previously have had,

Fish Reflection
When the external observations were completed, the first incision was commenced. In order to reach the internal organs of the fish a rectangular cut
was made which first started from the anus to the pelvic fin, then the incision was made from the ends of the previous cuts upwards to the lateral line.
When the cut was finished, Yellow fluid started coming out of thefish, this is primarily water that has been in the fish and started to change color.
After the yellow fluid stopped flowing out, a closer examination of the rectangular piece was studied. From the piece, there were three layers. They
were the scales, muscles, which were very flaky, and at certain points, the bones. The internal organs were then visible. The first organs that were seen
were part of the digestive system. The digestive system a series of organs that break down and absorb nutrients from the material they've eaten . These
organs were the stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and the previously talked about part which were in the external observation,
the anus. There were of course other parts of the digestive system, but however, these parts would later be found when a second incision will be
made. The stomach, intestine, and anus were all connected. The stomach was located above the pelvic fin and below the lateral line, it appeared to be
a tannish sack. The stomach's job is to receive food from the pharynx, it can expand to fit the needed size for food to pass through. Within

Role Of Neurological Change
The overall picture of neurological changes following early moderate PEE
1.1. The role of GABA signalling system in the developing brain
The embryonic brain development process commences after the neural tube is closed at neurulation. Progenitor cells in the brain start to proliferate in
the progenitor zone, where they transform into postmitotic cells and migrate to different brain regions. Once they reach their final destination, they start
to grow their axons to make connections with other cells (synaptogenesis). When the axons reach their correct targets, these connections are
strengthened by myelination [255]. In rodents, myelination continues until the first two postnatal months [255].
GABA signaling system plays a critical role in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ligand–gate ion channels are a family of neurotransmitter receptors, which include GABAa and glutamate [228].
1.2. Multi–level abnormalities were detected in the brain following an early moderate PEE profile
Our study showed that moderate PEE from GD0–8 can produce significant brain abnormalities at a gross level as well as at microscopic level. These
abnormalities may be largely linked to the effects of ethanol in early gestation, which was shown to induce disruption of the GABA signaling system,
including altered functions and expression of GABAa receptors. Brain alterations were observed in adult animals, suggesting long–term persistent
teratogenic effects of PEE on the CNS.
Gross volumetric changes included:
(1) a smaller third ventricle and a smaller left lateral ventricle;
(2) local shrinkage of the ventral olfactory bulbs, septal region, thalamus, motor, somatosensory, auditory, visual and ectorhinal/entorhinal/piriform
cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, PAG, outer layers of lobules IV–V and pyramus (VIII) of the cerebellum;
(3) local enlargement of the olfactory tract areas, outermost layer of frontal pole, motor and visual cortex, left anterior cingulate, right hippocampal
commissure, bilateral dorso–caudal CA1 of the hippocampus, inner layers of lobules IV–V of the cerebellum and ventral medullary reticular nucleus.
Tissue microstructure changes included:
(1) reduced AD in the anterior cingulate region, motor and

Genetic Bases Of Learning And Memory Paper
This paper seeks to exploit and explain findings that express the genetic bases of learning and memory. Learning and memory has played a huge
evolutionary advantage to animals capable of effectively gathering information of their environment and able to remember and retrieve the information
at a different time. The studies covered focused on drosophila because its cognitive functions are very similar to that of higher vertebrates such as
humans. The central theme of this paper is to determine the biological bases of learning and memory by observing how disruption of the central
nervous system through gene mutations alters the performance of learning and memory thus affecting the organism behavioral responses.
A lot of research has been conducted in twin studies seeking to explain why there is a variation in learning abilities between two people of very similar
genetic matter. The results of the studies have credited the environment as the major source of the variance but yet not much have been uncovered
about how individuals' genes contribute in playing a role in learning and memory consolidation until recently. Kaminskaya and colleagues knew that
actin cytoskeleton remodeling was crucial for learning but they didn't know what genes led to the remodeling and how that process would eventually
affect learning abilities. Lim–Kinase 1 (LIMK1) gene leads to the phosphorylation of CREB 1 which in turn activates genes linked with memory
consolidation such as somatostatin.

Essay on The True Relationship Between Taste and Smell
Introduction
It has been alleged that the perception of flavor and aroma are "derived from the senses of chemical irritation, taste and smell" (Rawson, 2003).
Collectively, these senses constitute what has been termed chemosensation, even though these sensory systems are supposedly very different in their
physiology and anatomy. Nevertheless, they do have the ability to "regenerate, and their noted susceptibility to aging and age associated diseases"
(Rawson, 2003). In the article Is age related olfactory loss uniform across odorants? It has been reported that nearly one third of all older persons
report displeasure with their sense of smell and taste, and the actual occurrence of sensory loss amongst the elderly is maintained to be ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loss within the sensory system can be attributed to changes in structural anatomy such as loss of olfactory receptor cells or taste buds, changes or
variance in the levels of particular receptor proteins or ion channels, or environmental changes surrounding the receptor cell such as changes in the
composition of mucus in the nasal passages or reduction in salivation. An example of loss within sensory system provided by researcher Nancy
Rawson in her (2003) article "Age Related Changes in Perception of Flavor and Aroma". This paper proves the use of dentures as they have the ability
to contribute to changes in taste perception because of the physical barrier to some of the membranes where receptors reside, reduced salivation and the
exposure of the receptors to compounds that the dental adhesive tends to release. Chronic diseases are also posited as impactful on sensory
functionality, particularly cancer and diabetes, or even therapeutic interventions such as radiation, surgery and certain medications. In many instances,
what causes chemosensory loss is undetermined and is often untreatable until the cause is determined and more is known regarding the age related
factors that lead to such phenomenon. Researchers have also posited that deficits in sensory perception may be indicative of neurological disorders
such as Alzheimer's disease

How Essential Oil Affect Us
How Essential Oils Affect Us: The Science Behind Aromatherapy Why does a certain scent boost your energy while another helps you to relax
better? And why does inhaling essential oils have a positive effect? Why can aromatherapy be a solution for managing stress, reducing pain, and even
healing certain maladies? Do natural oils really boost our overall well–being? A Basic Scientific Explanation When you smell a certain scent, take for
example lemon oil, some odour molecules dissolve in the mucus lining of the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity. The molecules will
be registered by the nerves of the olfactory membranes in the nose lining, triggering electrical impulses to brain, specifically to the olfactory bulb. The
olfactory bulb then filters and processes the input signals from the lemon scent, then mitral cells will carry the output signals to the olfactory cortex
(which lets you perceive and recognise the smell of lemon), to the amygdala, and to other parts of the brain's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amygdala is the part of the brain where emotional memories are stored. The limbic system is connected to parts of the brain that control memory,
stress levels, breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. It also includes the hypothalamus, which is the hormonal control centre of the brain. The
olfactory responses to the odours you smell will stimulate your brain to release neurochemicals and hormones that affect your behaviour and
physiology. This could be the reason why smelling lemon oil can trigger a happy memory you have with lemon (like making and eating lemon ice
cream with your family during summer), thus inducing positive thoughts. And because inhaling essential oils can stimulate the hypothalamus, it can
affect the production and release of hormones that are responsible for longevity, energy, etc., thus affecting your overall physiological

Physiological Perception Filters
"When a person glimpses the face of a famous actor, sniffs a favourite food or hears the voice of a friend, recognition is instant. Within a fraction of a
second after the eyes, nose, ears, tongue or skin is stimulated, one knows the object is familiar and whether it is desirable or dangerous. How does such
recognition, which psychologists call preattentive perception, happen so accurately and quickly, even when the stimuli are complex and the context in
which they arise varies?
Much is known about the way the cerebral cortex, the outer rind of the brain, initially analyses sensory messages. Yet investigations are only now
beginning to suggest how the brain moves beyond the mere extraction of features–how it combines sensory messages with ... Show more content on
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"PHASE PORTRAITS" made from electroencephalograms (EEGs)
generated by a computer model of the brain reflect the overall activity of
the olfactory system at rest (above) and during perception of a familiar
scent (right). Resemblance of the portraits to irregularly shaped, but still
structured, coils of wire reveals that brain activity in both conditions is
chaotic: complex but having some underlying order. The more circular
shape of the right–hand image, together with its greater segregation of
colour, indicates that olfactory EEGs are more ordered–more nearly
periodic–during perception than during rest.
Also, how does the brain achieve what is called generalization–over– equivalent receptors? Because of turbulence in nasal airflow, only a few of the

many receptors that are sensitive to an odorant are excited during a sniff, and the selection varies unpredictably from one sniff to the next. How does
the brain recognize that signals from different collections of receptors all refer to the same stimulus? Our investigations begin to suggest answers to
both problems.
Many of our insights were derived from intensive studies of the olfactory bulb. Those experiments show clearly that every neuron in the bulb
participates in generating each olfactory perception. In other words, the salient information about the stimulus is carried in some

Aromatherapy : How Real Is It?
Aromatherapy: How real is it? Many of us have read about Aromatherapy. Some of us have experienced it. Aromatherapy has found its place within the
spa environment, especially in a massage room. If you are reading this article, chances are that you know what aromatherapy is because of its
undoubtedly popularity. Yet, the question continues to rise: Does it work? There are still doubts of its effectiveness among the western medical
population stating that research continue to insist that there is no substantial evidence of its claims. Meanwhile, Herbalists and professionals under the
umbrella of natural medicine continue to embrace this modality and demonstrate its value. What is Aromatherapy? It is important to first fully
understand what aromatherapy is and how it works before one can review the various scientific studies found about this popular modality.
Aromatherapy is the use of aromatic oils on the body predominantly by inhalation or massage. These oils are extracted from plants (called essential
oils). Dr. Jane Buckle, a critical care nurse trained in Clinical Aromatherapy and well known as an educator in the subject, indicates that essential oils
have been used for therapeutic purposes for over 5,000 years. The ancient Chinese, Indians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used them in cosmetics,
perfumes, and drugs. Egyptians applied them after bathing and for embalming mummies. The Ancient Chinese compiled an encyclopedia of
information on the uses of plants,

Personal Reflection
While reading Systems Thinking, The Systems View of Life and Learning as a Way of Leading, I felt as if I was experiencing many contradictory
things at once. I felt as if i was in the past and the future, i was growing and shrinking, peering into a microscope and peering through a telescope all
at the same time. I was taken on a journey through the micro and macro while weaving simultaneously through my own internal and external mental
models of the world. This immersive reading experience sparked a strong desire in me to seek new perspectives and try to understand what others
internal and external mental models look like, what they mean and what they feel like. The concepts and theories presented in the readings have
helped me to solidify some of my own thought processes and ways of thinking about the world so I can put them into action and apply new practices
into my community work and in turn create change. I do know one thing for sure, I want my contributions to be positive and go towards the common
good. The readings reminded about how interconnected everything and everyone is and how fragile life can be. The readings have reinforced my
desire to do good, be creative, think of others more than myself, but to not lose touch with self.
The readings have prompted me to infer that in order to be a compassionate and effective community leader I must put the following practices into
action; stay connected and current, think like a scientist, adapt, and practice patience.

Personal Statement Of Purpose By Mr. Thomas H. Huxley
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE 'The known is finite, the unknown infinite; intellectually we stand on an islet in the midst of an illimitable ocean of
inexplicability. Our business in every generation is to reclaim a little more land', these are the lines aptly said by Mr. Thomas H. Huxley. The
unyielding quest for boundless knowledge has been my motivating and driving force throughout my career pursuit. It's the same quest that prompted
me for higher studies. The dedication to finding solutions and a thirst for creating new tools to benefit humanity has molded me into a seeker of
advanced knowledge. I commence this statement with a bit of my personality which has a direct bearing on my academic pursuits. I have always felt
a strong need for achievement, which has been the motivating force behind whatever I have achieved in my academic career. My consistently
outstanding academic record ever since my school years has resulted in numerous prizes and certificates of merit. My strengths have been my
quantitative and analytical abilities which instilled in me a special interest for mathematics and physics. I had always been intrigued by science and
used to spend a lot of time learning and knowing it. This fascination for science and keen interest in the ever–growing world of technology motivated
me to take up engineering studies for my undergraduate and graduate study. I have always been in awe of the organized complexity of life's machinery
which

Neuron Synthesis
The papers Integrating the molecular and cellular basis of odor coding in the Drosophila antenna and The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste try
to understand how sensory neurons interacting with chemicals produce the sensation of smell or taste in the brain. With chemosensation, a chemical
molecule binds to a receptor neuron, where transduction occurs. An action potential can be generated which can travel along interneurons until it reaches
the brain, which can process the information and perceive a specific smell or taste. While all the steps from reception to perception are important,
both papers focus on receptor neurons and their role in chemosensation. Integrating the molecular and cellular basis of odor coding in the Drosophila
antenna looks at mapping the olfactory system using Drosophila as a model organism. Or genes encode olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) which
map to a neuron class. The neuron projects to a specific glomerulus, and the signal eventually gets to the brain. This paper demonstrates three methods
of mapping a receptor to a neuron and odor and uses them to show that Or22a receptor maps to the ab3A neuron and that Or47a receptor maps to the
ab5B neuron. Dobritsa et al. also found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beyond that, however, these papers are not explicit in describing the importance and application of chemosensation research, especially the paper using
Drosophila. In most cases, animal models are used to understand processes within humans, but
Dobritsa et al. acknowledge two important differences between human and Drosophila olfactory systems – that axonal pathfinding of ORNs to
glomeruli occur at different life cycle stages and that the number of ORNs in glomeruli differ by more than an order of magnitude. Question arise
about how much of the insight gained from these papers can be extended to humans as well as other sensory

The Olfactory System Triggers An Endocrine And Hormonal...
Our olfactory system allows us to detect chemical in the air that begin to dissolve once they are inhaled through our nose and processed through our
limbic system. What is fascinating for such a matter of fact sense, is memory. Through our sense of smell, exists a powerful gateway to past
experiences. A particular smell can trigger an immediate recall of situations that are within the deepest reaches of our memory. Smell is a worthwhile
sense to command. Since we know if its ability to connect us emotionally through memory, therapeutics is worth exploring. Aromatherapy is the careful
use of scented oils to relax the senses. The practical implications of aromatherapy are that the olfactory system triggers an endocrine and hormonal
response via the hypothalamus. This regulatory exercise, while quite natural can be stimulated by synthetic scents, which have been shown to register
physiological and psychological benefits. Many concentrated oils come from natural plants and have application for daily relaxation or mediation all
the way to chemotherapy or child birth.
We tend to appreachiate order in our surroundings. The air we breath deserves a certain order and although it can be taken for granted, we known
when air quality is less than desirable. At best, poor air quality distracts us from what needs concentration. It can be irritating to the point of being an
annoyance which is mildly stressful. However, pollutnats can be suspending in the air to an extent where

Structural Family Theory Literature Rev Essays
Structural Family Theory Literature Review
Structural family theory is a technique employed by social scientists that offers perspectives and tactics that strengthen and examine the familial unit
(Walsh, 2014). Developed by Salvador Minuchin, structural family theory looks at the unspoken rules within a family and how they affect the
organization of the unit. It is the job of the social worker to accurately identify the patterns, presented rules, and their effect on the family. Structural
family theory encompasses many concepts; a few of them being, subsystems, boundaries, and rules. Subsystems refers to the functional, normal
interactions and alliances between two or more members within a family system (Walsh, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important that there be a clear parent–child role distinction during the divorce process for the adolescent. Secondly, "adaptability refers to a
dimension of family flexibility in which the extremes are characterized by chaos and rigidity (Abelsohn, 1991)." According to the authors, it is
important that the parents create a new family structure similar to the preexisting structure to eliminate culture shock or discourage adaptability.
Though this may not be an option, it is important to the adolescent's adjustment health that the transition from one family structure be as seamless as
possible. Lastly, "generational hierarchy implies that the family is a hierarchical, 'non–democratic' organization (Adelsohn, 1991)." Along with these
three factors, the authors identified that adolescents who underwent therapy post–separation were better adjusted than those who did not receive
treatment.
Utilizing Structural Family Therapy and Systems Theory in the Business World Similar to a family unit, businesses operate and function off of a
balance of subsystems, rules, and authority. All organizations, at their foundation, mirror the structure and culture of a family system. Relative to the
business world, the

Australi The Great Ocean Road Serving As A Vital...
The picturesque qualities across the Surf Coast has been home to unique communities drawing in tourism for many years. The Great Ocean Road gave
way to settlement and tourism along the rugged coastline; The Great Ocean Road serving as a vital interstate travel and scenic route.
Comprising of pristine beaches, coastal and rural environments; the locality recognises the need to maintain and enhance Jan Juc – Torquay green
spaces and beaches (Figure 1 & 2).
Figure 1 (left), Jan Juc Surf beach, (source, Plan Book Travel, accessed 10 September 2016)
Figure 2 (right) TorquayVictoria (source, Australia Tour Guide, accessed 10 September 2016)
The Jan Juc – Torquay region is experiencing growth greater than the Victorian average (SurfCoast, 2012). The vision to house a diverse range of
dwelling types and accommodate for a broad demographic gives rise to the concern of overdevelopment without significant consideration given to open
space and natural system requirements. The localities natural environment is the core of the town 's assets and it is vital to manage development in a
manner that ensures key natural assets are protected (SurfCoast, 2012).
The consideration of 'Open Space' and' Natural Systems' in the Spring Creek Structure Plan will pave the road for a healthy, active and vibrant
community within the Jan Juc locality. With reference to the aforementioned vision and keeping in line with " Sustainable Futures Plan 2040"
(SurfCoast, 2016), it is important to recognise

The Somatosensory System
Sensation is the input about the physical world that's obtained by the sensory receptors. There are 5 primary human senses: sight, smell, taste, and
touch and each are perceived through our eyes, ears, nose, hands, mouth, etc.
Sight is the ability for our eyes to focus and detect visible light on the preceptors in our eyes which then create nerve impulses for features like color,
brightness, and etc. There are 2 types of photoreceptors; rods, which are responsible for our ability to see in dim light and cones, which are
responsible for our ability to see in bright light, image clarity, and more. The photoreceptors transduce light into electrical signals that can be sent to the
brain for further processing. Some neuroanatomists consider the ability of each photoreceptor as type of sensation by itself.
Hearing is the sense of sound perception and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our sense of touch is controlled by a huge network of nerve endings and touch receptors in the skin known as the somatosensory system. This system is
responsible for all the sensations we feel. Within the somatosensory system, there are four main types of receptors: mechanoreceptors, pain receptors,
thermoreceptors, and proprioceptors. Mechanoreceptors decipher sensations such as pressure, vibrations, and texture. The thermoreceptors are
responsible for perceiving the temperature of objects we touch. Pain receptors do exactly as they are named, they are responsible for detecting the
feeling of pain. Finally, proprioceptors sense the position of the different parts of the body in relation to each other and the surrounding environment.
When your hand touches an object, the mechanoreceptors in the skin are activated, and they start a chain of events by signaling to the nearest neuron
that they touched something until the message reaches the brain, and causes a reaction (Pediaopolis

Structural Family Therapy: A Case Study
I.Introduction
II.Structural Family Therapy
a.Component parts of structural family therapy (Gehart, 2014)
i.Role of symptom in the family 131
1.Family as ineffectual challenger of system
a.Family unit is impassive, does not test symptomatic member in order to continue entangled or disconnected structure in the family.
2.Family as Shaper of individual's symptoms
a.Individuals within the family have their understandings and behaviors formed by the family structure. ii. Subsystems 131
1.There are multiple subsystems that happen in the family system
a.Couple
b.Parental
c.Sibling
d.Individuals
2.Influential subsystems outside of the family
a.Gender lines
b.Hobbies
c.Interests
d.Personalities
3.Important things to look at when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Child oriented (Caners, 2000)
1.Children and adolescents are the core components in structural family theory. Since the beginning this model grew from working with children who
had psychosomatic and behavioral issues. For this reason, working with individuals and couples there is no model specifically for them, just that there
are the same basic concepts as with families just with special considerations. iv. Feminist analysis (Hadfield, 2000)
1.Power differences between sexes and the hierarchy from male to female are noticeable in structural family therapy model. The ideal power structure in
a family structure with two heterosexual parents has the male holding the uppermost power and position in the family. Furthermore, this model does
not take in to account stereotypes and norms within the society the family system is a part of.
2.It is said that women are seen as needing to take an expressive role where men are to take an executive role in order for the family system to remain

stable.
v.Cultural awareness (Hadfield, 2000)
1.When working with families from other cultures the therapist has to be careful when using concepts that are involved with structural family therapy.
For instance, when observing boundaries the therapist needs to remember that in some cultures these boundaries can be less distinct between family
members and

Dorothy Johnson's Theory Of The Behavioral System Model
The behavioral system model is a model developed by Dorothy Johnson. This theory was influenced by Florence Nightingale's book titled notes on
nursing and was developed using work of behavioral scientists in many disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and ethnology. This theory explains
that nurse's specific contribution to patient welfare is to foster an "efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the person, before, during, and after
an illness.
The theory sees a person as a system in which its parts interrelate with each other to form a whole to perform its functions. These interrelated and
interdependent parts are called subsystem which is analyzed and described in term of structural and functional requirement. There are seven subsystems
– attachment, attachment–affiliation, aggressive–protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual with each of them interrelated with the
others and its environment for three functional requirements – protection, nurturance, and stimulation. The four structural elements of the subsystem
include the following: drive (the ultimate cause of behavior), set (a tendency or predisposition to act in a certain way), choice (behavior to use in a
certain situation) and action (behavior of an individual). These requirements must be met through a person's efforts or with the outside assistance of the
nurse to maintain the integrity of the behavioral system.
Also, the model made some assumptions for a better understanding of the

Personal Statement On Decision And Risk Management
that I am really eager to take a learn about, and it is a class on decision and risk management. With that class I am hoping to gain the critical thinking
process needed to make big decisions financially and to lead my future employees and co–workers wisely when those decisions need to be made. I
know that to be a good engineer I will have to stay up to date on current events and advancements in the world of technology, and I believe that the
classes outlined in the academic plan of study will truly be a benefit to me in acquiring the necessary skills that this job will require. Although I have
researched the topic of my career choice in systems engineering extensively, I still have so many questions about it. I am eager to know how long it
will take for me to "climb the ladder" and work my way up through each job before I could potentially become something like a project manager. I
have decided to reach out to some people in this career that can better inform me on questions like this, because I want to fully know what it is that I
am getting into.
I know that to be a successful engineer, I will have to learn much more than just academic topics, and I am prepared to do so. I know I must learn
attention to detail, I must learn to make sense of hard and complex problems, I must learn to be a team player while leading along side of my
co–workers, and I must learn to form the excellent technical knowledge to figure out solutions to problems. A little mishap or error can ruin

Sixth Sense: The Vomeronasal Organ Essay
Sixth Sense: The Vomeronasal Organ
"We are all more influenced by smell than we know." (Hercule Poirot)
....Murder in Retrospect, Agatha Christie
Biologists have long realized that the noses of most vertebrates actually contain two sensory channels. The first is the familiar olfactory system, which
humans possess. The second channel is the vomeronasal complex, a system that has its own separate organs, nerves, and connecting structures in the
brain. The function of the vomeronasal system is the detection of pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the
same species. It was widely believed (as I found in some of the older texts I examined) that humans had long ago discarded this sensory system ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a recent experiment, human VNO was reported to respond positively (by emitting electrical signals) to puffs of air laden with substances claimed to
be human pheromones (2). If the experiment is valid, it presents strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that the human VNO is functioning, not
vestigial. In some respects, however, the proof is lacking. The human VNO lacks the characteristic capsule and large blood vessels of other mammals'
VNOs (2). The sensory epithelium, as mentioned earlier, is not well developed. In addition, connections between the presumed VNO receptor neurons
and the brain have not yet been confirmed in humans. In other mammals, nerve impulses from the sensory cells of the vomeronasal organ enter brain
structures known as the accessory olfactory bulbs and also project to brain structures that regulate sexual behavior and the secretion of gonadotropin, a
pituitary hormone regulating the function of the testes (4). The accessory olfactory bulb, the normal termination of vomeronasal receptor–neuron
axons (i.e. the doorway to the brain for these signals), cannot be distinguished clearly in the human brain (2). But, the structural inconsistencies
(shortcomings?) of the human VNO system do not prove that it is inactive. They merely indicate that it different, and perhaps less fundamental, than in
our fellow vertebrates, a notion that is readily apparent from more cursory observations. Recent

Sensory Processing Analysis
Themes of Sensory Processing Introduction Humans have five means of sensing information, which are hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, and seeing
(Breedlove & Watson, 2013). All incoming information is sensed in a similar way for each of the five modalities. The sensory receptor organs filter
the information that we come into contact with by deciding which information to pay attention to and which information to ignore. The event that
activates the sensory organ is referred to as a stimulus; hence, feeling a finger on your arm, hearing music, or seeing an object are all referred to as
stimuli. Additionally, we have receptor cells within or sensory organs, the receptor cells perceive specific types of simulation and convert the sensed
stimuli... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the research for this course I have come to believe that the auditory and olfactory sensory processes are the most

Components Of The Olfactory System
The Olfactory System
Introduction
The human body is a complex organism that is composed of many different sensory systems. These systems work together to create various
sensations within the body. The olfactory system, also known as the sense of smell, is one of the most imperative of all the sensory system.
Mammals, both humans and animals, depend greatly on the olfactory system whether it is cognizant or unintentional. Many people fail to realize
how much the sense of smell binds to almost every other sense within the body. Many animals depend on the sense of smell as their primary sense.
Humans however depend on their vision as their primary sense but that doesn't mean humans are not dependent of the olfactory system. To get an
overall understanding of the olfactory system, it is important to understand how it operates and travels within the body. Each function is vital to the
overall production of the sense of smell. It is also important to understand the connection between the olfactory sense and the brain. Damage to any
part of the olfactory system can have a big impact on how you perform in your everyday life. A damage as minimal as a congestion can affect your
sense of smell that then transfers to the depletion of your taste. In more extreme cases damage can result in disorders such as depression and Alzheimer
s disease.
The Components of The Olfactory System Unlike many of the other senses, olfaction is a chemical based sense. The olfaction system job is to

What is Olfaction?
Olfaction And Pheromones What is Olfaction? Olfaction is another word or a synonym used for the ability to smell or smell that anything carries
with itself. It is by far one of the oldest senses that human and animals have carried likewise for ages. It allows organisms to identify food, as well
allows them to copulate and evade the threat and danger posed by other predators besides providing sensual as well as warnings of danger pleasure.
For both humans and animals, it is one of the important means by which our environment communicates with us and they communicate with it vice
versa. So in other words it is the means via which one is able to interact with whatever is around us. In light of what has been mentioned in this very
brief paragraph imagine what it would be like if there was no sense of olfaction? What are odors (examples)? The odor of flowers and perfume, smell
of danger like smell of something burning, intoxicants, smell of food and spiciness, smell of something being stale or dead and even smell of
someone that you know as being around you through their body scent and perfumes. Animals often mark their territories by smell and young animals
are able to trace their mothers through the same sense of smell while they are unable to see. Detection of Odorants What is an Odorants? These are
nothing more than the chemical components that are present in the air and are carried through the air as and when we inhale and exhale air. The
molecular structure is so

Umami Brain Case
1. What are the functions of the LGN, superior colliculus, and striate cortex in vision?
Lateral geniculate nucleus function is identical to a moving position for an express way. Axons emerging into the LGN are identified, and their
information is transmitted off to primary visual cortex. LGN is the primary relay station for information streaming from eye to brain in the human visual
system.
Superior colliculus function is to locate the sources of sensory input in space. The lateral and medial superior olives projects to the superior
colliculus. It's deep layers are laid out according to a mad of auditory space.
Striate cortex in vision is the first area in the cerebal cortex where visual information is processed and received. Neurons from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the taste system has evolved to detect the nutrients or toxins in foods previous to ingestion, it is logic that fats would be sensed through taste.
Additional macronutrients, namely carbohydrates and proteins, are exposed through the tastes of sweet and umami. An increasing amount of evidence
from humans and other animal species provides support for this proposition. In support for a functional significance of fat taste, differences in taste
sensitivity for fat seems to predict certain dietary behaviors. Furthermore, sensitivity to fat can be controlled by the diet. The intake of a high–fat diet
appears to boost the body's capacity for fat absorption with no changes in hungriness. This implies that such changes may accompany or foster excess
fat intake and obesity. These facts propose a direct role of the taste system in the consumption and liking of high–fat foods. The process allowing for
increased consumption of fat is indicated to be by fullness or satiety signals. In the following 5–10 years should finally uncover if fat can be
categorized as the sixth taste. In any case, there happens to be a functional significance to oral chemosensing of

Tthe Role of Amoeba in Human Disease
Review the Role of Amoeba in Human Disease
Introduction
Free–living amoebae (FLA) are eukaryotic organism found ubiquitously in nature. They are found in soil (dust), air, water and air, which provide
amoeba multiple opportunities to spread (c). These can be pathogenic or non–pathogenic. Pathogenic FLA can invade and cause opportunistic and
non–opportunistic infections in humans, which are found in the genus Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia pedata
(b). Hartmannella is a genus of amoeba which is in water systems of drinking water, cooling towers and hospitals. They are capable of harbouring
micro–organisms like bacteria or pathogenic yeasts. This helps the micro–organisms to develop and spread (d) (e). Discussion
In Mexico city, in a survey looking at pathogenic and FLA inhabiting swimming pool water it was found that the most and least common species of
amoeba was Naegleria gruberi Schardinger ( 59.02%) , Naegleria fowleri (16.77%), Acanthamoeba castellanii (7.64%) and Thecamoeba verrucosa
(0.12%). (a)
Naegleria has 30 different species.Naegleria Fowleri species is a thermo–tolerant ameobaflagellate, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
(PAM) that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). Children and young adults exposed to polluted fresh water after 1 to 2 days experience PAM. (c)
N. fowleri found in soil and water is highly susceptible to environmental changes by growing near hot springs with temperatures

Scheduling Manufacturing Operations
ABSTRACT
Without true finite capacity scheduling, any implementation for manufacturing execution, whether it is ERP, SCM, or MES, cannot realize the goal of
enterprise efficiency and agility. All aspects of OM for manufacturing execution fall behind the lead of FCS, which is the bridge between planning and
execution. Real tangible return on assets rests with FCS.
INTRODUCTION
Integrating a diverse collection of resources to accomplish a goal is an issue that has faced humankind since the first city arose and food and services
needed to be provided to the populace. The modern challenge for operations management (OM) is the speed and volume that data is presented to OM
systems. This explosion of data holds the promise of efficiency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHAT WAS OLD IS NEW AGAIN
As mentioned in the introduction, operations management has been, and remains, one of the greatest organizational challenges throughout history. OM
arises from the need to coordinate diverse resources to meet the needs of a complex system. The concept of the plan–execute–control model, a
"discovery" made by analysts in the late 1990's, appears in the historical records of systems management, one of the earliest mentions circa 4th
century BC in China. One of the more versatile models in modern systems management appeared in 1977 as a result of a joint effort between Dr J.S.
Lawson of the Naval Electronic Systems Command and Dr. Paul Moore of the Naval Postgraduate School. Figure 2 shows the Lawson–Moore model,
adapted by the author for general resource management.
SENSE is the collection of raw data or other collateral information about the observed environment. PROCESS takes the data through the inference
hierarchy, integrating data within the context of the tasks required of the managed resources. The situation as best can be determined with the
resources is then compared to the DESIRED STATE. The DESIRED STATE is the result of planning, which drives the allocation of resources to
tasks. The plan exists in generalities, except for enterprises where goals are achieved with simple tasks assigned to few or

Essay On Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a disease where the thyroid does not make the accurate amount of hormones. If a person has Hypothyroidism they might encounter
constipated, fatigue, weight gain, thinning hair, skin dryness, and or hoarseness of the voice. Peripheral neuropathy might occur after a constant
untreated Hypothyroidism. The relationship is not really clear. Hypothyroidism can cause edema. MacKay–sims and Beard think Peripheral neuropathy
may be a cause of olfactory disorders. Thyroxine is necessary for normal development of the Nervous System including the make of new olfactory
receptor neuron. Hypothyroidism ruins the growth of the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory disorders are commonly caused by upper respiratory tract
infections. It is unclear rather subjectively smell and taste is from primary hypothyroidism because a person has to special equipment. So, they decided
to focus objectively focus on the relationship between the influence of hypothyroidism and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first group was from ages 24 to 66 years old without hypothyroidism or any smelling problems. The second group was comprised of people ages
21 to 71 with hypothyroidism. All subjects went through a subjective smell awareness test that included mint and anise and objective olfactory test. In
each subject symptoms of hypothyroidism were tested. The results were average of 85% of the cases. Furthermore the differences were in the objective
test. MacKay–sims and Beard last thoughts was reportedly of cortex's ability to irritate of olfactory nerves gives chances for use in clinical practice.
My opinion of this article is that I could assume that hypothyroidism would affect the smell simply because a large cartilage of the throat is the thyroid
gland and it is all works together. I felt this would be an interesting article to read because my god mom has

100 Mla Case Study
1.(odors were puffed over the antenna from a 100 ml syringe, and I used the same PowerLab system and cables we used) except I used a different
species of ant. The antenna got 10 alternate stimulus presentations, 5 each of a plant volatile odorant (octanal) and 5 of blank air (in a sequence of
octanal, blank air, octanal. etc.). The figure demonstrates a difference in EAG signal after octanal vs. blank air presentations. What explains this
difference? Why is there any signal at all after the blank air puff? In insects, the olfactory receptor neurons are located on the appendages, specifically,
the antennae. In the presence of an ordant, the receptor proteins bind with the specific chemical and participate in a conformational change which

Systems Model And Its Components Essay
Introduction Key performance indicators are utilized for the purpose of measuring the success of the organizational outcomes. An organization can use
key performance indicators measurements to evaluate areas, such as employee performance, employment turnover rates, or profit levels. The purpose
of this paper is to identify a systems model and its components, offer information about how systems model provides a comparison of different
organizations, discuss the Baldrige and AQIP programs, confer the difference between improving key performance indicators andsystem processes, and
pinpoint the difference between a study of organizational key performance indicators and a study of organizational processes.
A Systems Model and Its Components A system model is a model of a system broken down into subsystems. These subsystems make up a whole
organizational system; thus, they allow improvement in various areas ensuring that the organization is functioning according to its goals. Components
that make up an organizational system in a corporation that rely upon excellent customer service to measure growth include, evaluating the corporation
through its workers and feedback from customers. The stakeholder is the corporation and the stakeholder group is the workers. The process is customer
service. customer. An overlapping relationship is the result of this system. The corporation cannot thrive without workers and workers cannot thrive
without delivering excellent customer

Visual Cortex Function
The visual cortex is related to the primary visual cortex, labeled V1 and Brodmann area 17, and extrastriate visual cortical areas V2–V5. [12] Located
in the occipital lobe, V1 functions as the primary relay station for visual input, transferring information to two main ways marks the dorsal and
ventral streams. The flow back covers V2 and V5 areas and is used for visual interpretation "where" and "how." The ventral stream comprises areas
V2 and V4, and is used in the interpretation of "what." [13] Increases in Task negative activity in the ventral attention network are observed after
sudden changes in sensory input, [14] at the beginning and end block tasks [15] and at the end of the completed study. [16] Auditory cortex Temporal
lobe is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cortex like two main structures: the anterior insula, the island flap and the front cover in the frontal lobe. Similar to the olfactory cortex of the way
like working through both peripheral and central mechanisms. Peripheral taste receptors on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and transmit
the received signal to primary sensory axons, where the signal to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla, or the flavor of the nucleus of the
solitary tract projected complex. The signal is then transmitted to the thalamus, which in turn projects the signal in a plurality of areas of the neocortex,
including gustatory cortex

Smell Disorders
Trailer "Stop and smell the roses" is a famous idiomatic reference many make when they want to convey the importance of appreciating the beauty of
life. But have any of us imagined what it may be like to NOT smell the roses or anything for that matter? Humans often take their sense of smell for
granted, as they rely more heavily on sight and sound in day–to–day activities. Yet smell–in my opinion– can be such an important aspect of life as the
brain has the capability to associate smells with danger and it can even elicit memories. For example, the odor of smoke notifies us that something
dangerous could be happening, or walking into a bakery with the smell of fresh chocolate chip cookies can cause pleasure, bringing back childhood
memories ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The most common causes include head injury (common in young adults) and viral infections or Alzheimer disease in older adults" ("Loss of
Smell–Ear,Nose, and Throat Disorders"). Head injuries may result in anosmia due to "damage or destruction to the fibers of the olfactory nerves
where they pass through the roof of the nasal cavity. Sometimes injuries may also cause a fracture to the cribriform plate" ("Loss of Smell–Ear,Nose,
and Throat Disorders"). Infections and tumors near the cribriform plate also can damage the olfactory nerve. Some less common causes of anosmia
include the overuse of antibiotics ,which may kill off all the olfactory neurons at once. If the cause is due to sinus infections or irritation, doctors may
suggest a treatment of steam inhalation, nasal sprays, antibiotics, and occasionally surgery. If a tumor near the cribriform is causing the individual to
lack olfactory abilities, then surgical removal and radiation is typically the course of treatment. However, in causes where anosmia resulted from head
trauma or undiagnosed causes there are no current treatment options.
Additional

bio flashcards
The areas of Michael's brain that were injured during his birth affected his control over his voluntary movements. Which part of the nervous system
distributes motor commands to skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system controls the contractions of skeletal muscles and is under voluntary control.
Which principle descending motor pathway provides conscious control over voluntary muscle movements?
Corticospinal pathway
The corticospinal pathway is also called the pyramidal system and provides conscious motor control over skeletal muscles.
Which principle descending motor pathway primarily controls muscle tone and balance? the vestibulospinal tract of the medial pathway
The vestibulospinal tract provides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
it would lead to a quick sensation of pain it would lead to a slow sensation of cold it would lead to a quick sensation of cold it would lead to a slow
sensation of pain
Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. reticulospinal anterior corticospinal
vestibulospinal lateral corticospinal
Which of these are NOT part of the afferent division of the nervous system?
Cranial nerves I, II, and V
Dorsal roots
Ascending tracts of white matter
Ventral roots
The tract carrying sensations of pressure and pain is the __________.
Fasciculus cuneatus
Spinocerebellar tract
Posterior column tract

Lateral spinothalamic tract
The __________ tract carries information for maintaining balance.
Lateral coticospinal
Rubrospinal
Anterior corticospinal
Vestibulospinal
Which of these is not a property of chemoreceptors?
They trigger visceral reflexes
They are found in carotid bodies
They are interoceptors
They are classed as nociceptors
Identify the type of information that travels along the anterior corticospinal tracts
proprioception to the cerebral cortex pain and crude touch sensations visceral motor commands to smooth muscle motor commands to skeletal muscles
A mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a
Free nerve ending
Ruffini corpuscle
Root hair plexus
Tactile (meissner) sorpuscle

The Complex Process of Smell Detection

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