This document provides an overview of South Asian culture and religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism. It discusses the major religious figures, texts, practices, and holidays of these faiths. It also covers South Asian cuisine, sacred sites, festivals, and other cultural aspects. The document is intended to educate two individuals, Zoey and Kaya, about the diverse religious and cultural traditions of South Asia.
5. Hinduism
Glorious Hinduism Web site
Hindu info
Religious Facts: Hinduism with many links
Outline_of_Hinduism
Hindu Web Site Hinduism Today
Hindu Faqs
Vedic Feed
Hinduism Stack Exchange
7. Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses
Family Tree
Indra – the King of Devas
Yama – The God of the
Underworld and Death
Brahma – The Creator
Among The Supreme Triad
Vishnu – The Preserver
Among The Supreme Triad
Shiva – The Destroyer
Among The Supreme Triad
Agni – The Fire God
Ganesha - Patron of
arts and sciences Varuna – The God of Sky
and Oceans
Ganpati Sthapna
8. Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses
Family Tree
Saraswati – The
Goddess of Knowledge
Shakti – The Goddess of Power
Durga – The Demon-
Slaying Warrior Goddess
Kali – The Goddess of
Destruction
Lakshmi – The Goddess
of Auspiciousness
Kartikeya– The
Herald of Heaven
Mahadevi - Mother Godess
Parvati (Uma)-
Goddess of Love
Ganesha
9. Vedic Deities
Indra
Vayu
6 Major Vedic Deitiess All Rigvedic Deities
Agni Varuna
Surya Yama
The Vedic verses are the earliest religious documents in South Asia. They are
based on the ritual and religion of Indo-European migrants into South Asia
Chitragupta
Kubera
Large Vedic Site
Vahanas
11. Ten Prajapatis
Brahma
The Prajapatis were the mind-born sons of Brahma who were the ancestors of the human
race. They include the Seven Sages . The Four Kumaras were sons of Brahma who took
vows of celibacy. Shatarupa was Brahma’s daughter who he found very attractive growing
extra heads to keep track of her.
Four Kumaras
Celibate Brahma sons
Shatarupa
Narada
Prachethasa
Pulastya
13. Vedic Rituals (Brahmanism)
Specific rituals and sacrifices of the Vedic religion include, among others:
• The Soma rituals, which involved the extraction, utility and consumption of Soma:
◦ The Agnisoma or Soma sacrifice
• Fire rituals involving oblations (havir):
◦ The Agnihotra or oblation to Agni, a sun charm
◦ The Agnicayana, the sophisticated ritual of piling the fire altar
◦ The new and full moon as well as the seasonal (Cāturmāsya) sacrifices
• The royal consecration (Rajasuya) sacrifice
• The Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) or a Yajna dedicated to the glory, wellbeing and
prosperity of the kingdom or empire[14]
• The Purushamedha
• The rituals and charms referred to in the Atharvaveda are concerned with medicine
and healing practices
• The Gomedha or cow sacrifice:
◦ The Taittiriya Brahmana of the Yajur Veda gives instructions for selecting the
cow for the sacrifice depending on the deity.[105]
◦ Panchasaradiya sava – celebration where 17 cows are immolated once every
five years. The Taittiriya Brahmana advocates the Panchasaradiya for those who
want to be great.[105]
◦ Sulagava – sacrifice where roast beef is offered. It is mentioned in the Grihya
Sutra
14. Post-Vedic Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi
Brahma (creator) Shiva (destroyer)
Vishnu (preserver)
Consort: Saraswati Consort: Lakshmi Consort: Parvati Tamil:Korravai
19. Shaktism
Hindus
History
Mahalakshmi, Kamakshi, Parvati, Lalita, Bhuvaneshwari, Durga, Meenakshi,
Mariamman, Yellamma, Poleramma, and Perantalamma
Kali Ushas Shakti Uma (Parvati)
Ratri
Matrikas are the personified powers of different Devas. Brahmani emerged
from Brahma, Vaishnavi from Vishnu, Maheshvari from Shiva, Indrani from Indra,
Kaumari from Skanda, Varahi from Varaha and Chamunda from Devi, and
additionals are Narasimhi, Vinayaki.
Matrikas
Durga
Ganga
Ambika
Mahavidyas
20. Smartism
Hindus
History
Panchayatana
The Smarta tradition rejects theistic
sectarianism, and it is notable for the
domestic worship of five shrines
with five deities, all treated as equal
– Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha,
and Shakti.
Vidyashankara Temple (Smarta),
Springieri, Karnataka
21. Other Post-Vedic Hindu Gods
Ganesh Skanda
Trimurti Avatar:
Dattatreya
Riddhi, Siddhi:
Consorts of Ganesh
Mariamman
Ardhanarishvara
Shiva + Parvati
Harihara
Vishnu + Parvati
Anagha Devi
Dattatreya Consort
24. Some Hindu Terminology
Ishvari
Sannyasa
Soma
Samsara
Shanka
Siddhar
Svarga
Shrauta
Hindu Glossary
Devis
Kali Yug 3102
Moksha
Devas
Asuras
Ishvara
Bhagavan
Patala
Naraka
Dharma
Karma
= Divine beings Shakti
= Supreme deity
= Perfected individual
= Ritual drink
=
= Hindu version of hell
= Freedom from rebirth or ignorance
= Effects of individual acts
= Current epoch
= Cosmic law of order
Based on Sruti
= Vishnu shell emblem
= Cosmic energy
= Life of renunciation
= Cycle of rebirth
= Pleasant underworld
Ashrama = Stages of life
= Demons
= God
= Hindu heaven
Sruti = Canonical texts
Rishi = Wise Sage
Kama
Artha
= Desire
= Wealth
25. Chiranjivis
Chiranjivi are, in Hinduism, seven immortals who are to remain alive
on Earth until the end of the current Kali Yuga.
Vyasa, the sage who composed the Mahabharata.
Hanuman, one of the greatest brahmachari, served Rama. He stands for selflessness, courage,
devotion, intelligence, strength, celibacy and righteous conduct.
Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu. He is knowledgeable of all astras, sastras and divine
weapons. The Kalki Purana writes that he will reemerge at the end of time to instruct the final Avatar
to undertake penance to receive celestial weaponry, required to save mankind at the end time.
Ashwatthama, the son of Drona, a great warrior. Drona did many years of severe penance to please
lord Shiva in order to obtain a son who possessed the same valor as Lord Shiva. Ashwatthama is the
avatar of one of the eleven Rudras.
Mahabali was a ruler of demons or asura who existed somewhere around present day Kerala. He
was sent into Patal, the underworld by the Vamana avatar of Vishnu.
Kripa, the royal guru of the princes in the Mahabharata. He along with his nephew Ashwatthama are
the lone survivors of all warriors who actually fought in Kurukshetra War.
Markandeya, Markandeya is an ancient rishi born in the clan of Bhrigu Rishi. A number of chapters
in the Bhagavata Purana are dedicated to his conversations and prayers.
26. Glorious Hinduism Web Site
Gods and Divine Beings
The Universe
Famous Kings
Hindu Epics
Bharatvarsha
Sages
Hindus
History
Suryaism / Saurism
Ganapatism
Shrautism
Kaumaram
Cross Denomination Influences
Atman Jnana
Bhakti movement
Schools of Indian philosophy
Minor Hindu Denominations
More Hindu Background
27. Hindu Temples
Hindu Temples + Varanasi
Seven Sacred Cities
Kanak Bhavan Ayodha
Temple, Mathura Haridwar Ujjain
Dwarkadhish Temple
28. More Hindu Temples and Architecture
Chand Baori Step Well
Swaminarayan Akshardham
Hindu Temple Architecture
Golden Temple Vellore
Sri Ranganathaswamy
Temple
Hindu Temples Worldwide
Kanchipuram
Khajuraho
Amazing HIndu Temples
30. Hindu Festivals
Hinduism has many very colorful holidays including
Holi Diwali Dussehra
Bhogi Ratha Yatra
Jagannath = Juggernaut
Ganesh Visarjan
Dahi Handi
31. Hindu Practices
Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice)
Some outdated practices are:
Sati
Hindus practices cremation
Sanctity of Cows Ayurveda
Yoga
33. Minority Religions in India
Islam
Buddhism
Sikhism
Jainism
Zoroastrianism
Christianity
Judaism
34. Muslim Religion
Muhammed Quotes
More Quotes
Kaaba in Mecca.
History and Architecture of Kaaba
Maryam and Isa
Mary and Jesus
Abraham Hagar Ismael
Hadith
Sunna
Sharia
Fiqh
Sahabah
Akham Jihad
Qiyas
Ijma
Ijtihad
99 Names of Allah
Dajjal Video
6 Kalimas of South Asia
Sira
Hegira
Liturgy
Tawhid
35. Islamic Holidays
Hijri date 1441 AH 1442 AH 1443 AH 1444 AH 1445 AH
Islamic New Year 1 Muḥarram 31 Aug. 2019 20 Aug. 2020 9 Aug. 2021 30 July 2022 19 July 2023
Ashura 10 Muḥarram 9 Sep. 2019 29 Aug. 2020 18 Aug. 2021 8 Aug. 2022 28 July 2023
Arbaʽeen 20 or 21 Ṣafar[b] 19 Oct. 2019 8 Oct. 2020 27 Sep. 2021 17 Sep. 2022 6 Sep. 2023
Eid-e-Shuja' 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 6 Nov. 2019 26 Oct. 2020 15 Oct. 2021 5 Oct. 2022 24 Sep. 2023
Mawlid an-Nabī
('Birthday of the
Prophet' [Muhammad])
12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Sunni) 9 Nov. 2019 29 Oct. 2020 18 Oct. 2021 8 Oct. 2022 27 Sep. 2023
17 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Shia) 14 Nov. 2019 3 Nov. 2020 23 Oct. 2021 13 Oct. 2022 2 Oct. 2023
Birthday of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib[a] 13 Rajab 8 Mar. 2020 25 Feb. 2021 14 Feb. 2022 4 Feb. 2023 25 Jan. 2024
Laylat al-Mi'raj 27 Rajab[e] 22 Mar. 2020 11 Mar. 2021 28 Feb. 2022 18 Feb. 2023 8 Feb. 2024
Laylat al-Bara'at 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024
Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī[c] Birth 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024
First day of Ramaḍān 1 Ramaḍān 24 Apr. 2020 13 Apr. 2021 2 Apr. 2022 23 Mar. 2023 11 Mar. 2024
Laylat al-Qadr
19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29
Ramaḍān[f]
between
12 & 22 May
2020
between
1 & 11 May
2021
between
20 & 30 Apr.
2022
between
10 & 20 Apr.
2023
between
29 Mar. & 8 Apr.
2024
Chaand Raat 29 or 30 Ramaḍān[h] 23 May 2020 12 May 2021 1 May 2022 20 Apr. 2023 9 Apr. 2024
Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwāl 24 May 2020 13 May 2021 2 May 2022 21 Apr. 2023 10 Apr. 2024
Hajj 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja
29 July – 3 Aug.
2020
18–23 July
2021
7–12 July 2022
26 June – 1 July
2023
14–19 June 2024
Day of Arafah 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja 30 July 2020 19 July 2021 8 July 2022 27 June 2023 15 June 2024
Eid al-Adha 10 Dhū al-Ḥijja 31 July 2020 20 July 2021 9 July 2022 28 June 2023 16 June 2024
Eid al-Ghadeer 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja 8 Aug. 2020 28 July 2021 17 July 2022 6 July 2023 24 June 2024
Eid al-Mubahalah 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja 14 Aug. 2020 3 Aug. 2021 23 July 2022 12 July 2023 30 June 2024
Note that some holidays are specific to subgroups such as Shia
40. Buddhism (6th Century BC)
Buddha was an Indian prince who renounced his wealth. He preached that living a simple life
would enable you to avoid reincarnation and obtain Nirvana. The religion started in India and
spread through East Asia. India later returned to Hinduism
Buddhist Music
Buddhist Beliefs Tantric Buddhism
History of Buddhism in India
Spread of Buddhism
Decline of Buddhisn in India
41. Buddhism (6th Century BC)
Buddhists believe in four truths:
1) existence brings suffering;
2) the cause of suffering is craving;
3) there is a way to end suffering;
4) one needs to break one’s earthly attachments to
obtain perfect happiness or Nirvana
To achieve Nirvana follow an eightfold way consisting of
1. right understanding,
2. right thought,
3. right speech,
4. right action,
5. right livelihood,
6. right effort,
7. right mindfulness,
8. right concentration.
43. Buddhism (cont)
Mahabodhi Temple
Sanchi
Sangha
Pali Canon
The Aṣṭagatyaḥ (the eight kinds of
nonhuman beings) is one category of
dharmapālas, which includes the Garuda,
Deva, Naga, Yaksha, Gandharva, Asura,
Kinnara and Mahorag
Dharmapala
10000 Buddha Temple
Sangha
Mahakala
44. Jain Religion
Bahubali
Bhadrabahu
Śvētāmbara
Digambara
Mahavira
Jain
the Baladeva, the Vāsudeva, and the Prativāsudeva (the anti-Vāsudeva).
The Jain religion began at about the same time as Buddhism in 600 BC. Its followers are noted for being very peaceful and
honoring the sanctity of all life forms.
Jainism video
Kailash Parvat Rachna
Bharata Chakravartin
45. Sikh Religion
Sikh
Golden Temple, Amritsar
The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak in 1600 AD as a monotheistic tolerant religion. Sikhs are known for their
successful hard work and strong culture
Guru Nanak
Sikhism
Guru Angad
Gurmukh
Prohibited for Sikhs:
1. Haircuts
2. Intoxication
3. Gambling
4. Priestly class
5. Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner
Free ebooks on Sikhism
Bhakti Movemeny
46. Zoroastrian Religion
Zoroastrianism
(2001) Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Persia from the 600 BC - 700 AD (Islam conquest). It was based on the teaching of
the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathusta) and is still practiced in some parts of India and Iran.
Parsis
Faravahar
Parsi Fire Temple Freddie Mercury
Indian Zoroasterianism
Zend Avesta Free ebooks
47. Bahai Faith
Baha’i Temple New Delhi
. The Baha’i religion was founded by Baháʼu'lláh in 1863. It attempts to unify multiple religions by claiming Buddha, Jesus,
and Mohammed were all prophets. Baha’i is known for its beautiful temples.
Baha’i Headquarter Haifa Israel
Baha’i Temples
Baháʼu’lláh
1850
Beliefs
Baha’i video
ʻAbdu’l-Baha 1900
Bab 1840 Bab Shrine
49. Jewish Religion
Arrival of the Jewish
pilgrims at Cochin, A.D. 68
Paradesi Synagogue from 1600s
Pramila Devi: Miss India
History of Jews in India
Paradesi_Jews
Cochin_Jews Baghdadi Jews
51. Languages of India
Regional languages
Bengali
Marathi
Telugu
Tamil
Urdu
Gujarati
Kannada
Malayalam
Odia
Punjabi
Assamese
Maithili
Sanskrit
Prakrit
Pali
Status of Sanskrit
52. Caste System in India
Jatis
Jatis vs. Varna
Varna
Varna Hierarchy
Jatis are the underlying
clan system in India.
There are over 3000
jatis which have been
inbreeding over 100s
of years. Jatis can be at
different levels in the
Varna hierarchy.
54. Indian Philosophy
Nastika: The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the Vedas were regarded as
heterodox in the tradition:
1. Buddhism
2. Jainism
3. Cārvāka
4. Ājīvika
5. Ajñana
6. Advaita
Astika list of six systems or ṣaḍdarśanas (also spelled Sad Darshan) consider Vedas as a reliable
source of knowledge and an authoritative source.[18] These are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya,
Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta schools of Hinduism, and they are classified as the āstika schools:
1. Nyāyá, the school of logic
2. Vaiśeṣika, the atomist school
3. Sāṃkhya, the enumeration school
4. Yoga, the school of Patañjali (which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya)
5. Mīmāṃsā, the tradition of Vedic exegesis
6. Vedanta or Uttara Mimāṃsā, the Upaniṣadic tradition.
Astika and Nastika Hindu Philosophy
Udayana 950 Navya-Nyāya
Nyayakusumanjali
55. Vedanta Philosopher-Gurus
Three Acharyas (gurus) of Vedanta
Adi_Shankara
Advaita Vedanta
Madhvacharya
Dvaita Vedanta
Ramanujacharya
Visishtadvaita Vedanta
List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saints
56. Yoga
Kundalini Yoga
History
Pre-Vedic India
Vedic period (1700–500 BCE)
Preclassical era (500–200 BCE)
Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE)
Middle Ages (500–1500 CE)
Patanjali
Bhakti Yoga
Krishna
Consciousness
Ashram
Sadhus
58. IndusValley Civilization Arts and Crafts
Pottery Bearded Man
Unfortunately the script of the Indus Valley Civilization has not been deciphere.
There is much about their rise, culture, and fall that is still a mystery.
Art
Crafts
59. Painted Grey Ware sites
Painted Grey Ware
Early Crafts
Black and Red Ware Culture
Northern Black Polished Ware Northern Black Sites
Ochre Color Pottery
61. South Asian Writers and Poets
Kālidāsa 500 BC
Chanakya
(Kauṭilya) 300 BC
Arthashastra
Kama Sutra
Vātsyāyanan200 AD
Aṣṭādhyāyī
Panini Tagore Asvaghosa
Buddhacarita
Bhasa
The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa,[9] Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana
Bilhana
Caurapâñcâśikâ
Poet
Kabir Das
1450 AD
Pantajali
Sadhana ebook
Shakuntala ebook
Jayadeva
1200 AD
Gita_Govinda
62. Vidyapati 1400
Eknath 1560
More South Asian Writers Poets
Ravidas 1500 Mirabai 1525
Patanjali Tukaram 1625
Vishnu_Sharma
300 BC?
Panchatantra
Bhasa 300 AD
Bhanubhakta
Acharya 1850
Rahman_Baba
1700
63. Tamil Literature
Thiruvalluvar
300 AD?
Tirukkuṟaḷ
Sangam Literature
Five Great Epics
No Name Author Date
1 Cilappatikāram Ilango Adigal (Jain ascetic) 5th or 6th century CE[7][8][9]
2 Manimekalai
Sīthalai Sāttanār (Buddhist
ascetic)
after Cilappatikaram, 6th or 7th century[10]
3 Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi Tirutakkatevar (Jain ascetic) early 10th century[11]
4 Valayapathi An unknown Jain ascetic 10th century[12]
5 Kundalakesi Natakuptanar (Buddhist ascetic) unknown[13]
Ilango Adigal
Chithalai
Chathanar
Tamil Writers
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramania
Bharati 1900 AD
Kambar
1200 AD
Kapilar 135 AD
65. Indian Dance
Shiva as Nataraja
(Lord of Dance). Bharatanatyam Kathakali Kathak
Kuchipudi Odissi Satriya Manipuri Mohiniyattam
Bhangra
Best Bollywood Dances Nautch
Helen
Multiple Dances
66. z
Indian Cinema
Soumitra Chatterjee Desi Girl from Dostana
Bharat
100 Best Bollywood Movies
10 Best Bollywood Movies with Trailers
+ Queen Trailer
Top-rated Indian Movies IMDB
10 Top Rated Bollywood Dance Scenes
Jai Ho from Slumdog
Apu Trilogy
Satyajit Ray
Restoration
Mother India Full movie
Baahubali Conclusion
Beginning
Dilip Kumar
Raaj Kumar
67. z
Indian Music
Ravi Shankar
Sandham: Symphony
Meets Classical Tamil
Ali Akbar Khan Alla Rakha
Zakir Hussain
Bismillah Khan
Hariprasad
Chaurasia
Shivkumar Sharma
Top Singers of South Asian Heritage
74. Other South Asian Cities
Srinagar
Kabul
Columbo Thimpu
Katmandu
Kandahar
Kandy Dhaka
Dude in Kabul
Dude in Kandahar
Dude in Herat Dude in Katmandu
Dude in Sri Lanka
76. Sacred Texts of Hinduism
Vedas
Upanishads
Mahabharata
Ramayana
Bhagavad Gita
Puranas
Other Primary Texts
Epics
Vedanta
Later texts
Modern books
Hindu Texts
Hindu Documents Timeline
Samhita, Brahmana layers of the Vedas
• Rigveda, 1800 – 1100 BC
• Samaveda, 1200 - 800 BC
• Yajurveda, 1100 - 800 BC
• Atharvaveda, 1000 - 800 BC
• The early Upanishads were composed
over 900 - 300 BC
Others
• Mahabharata, 400 BC(Origins likely in
the 8th or 9th century BC)
• Bhagavad Gita, 400 BC
• Ramayana, 400 BC
• Samkhya Sutra
• Mimamsa Sutra, 300-200 BC
• Arthashastra, 400 BC
• Nyaya Sutra, 2nd century BC
• Vaiseshika Sutra, 2nd century BC
• Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 100 BC - 500 BC
• Brahma Sutra, 500 BC
• Puranas, 250 – 1000 AD
• Shiva Sutras, 120 BC
• Abhinavabharati, 950 - 1020 AD
• Yoga Vasistha, 750 AD
Itihasa
Tamil Tevaram
Shastra
Shruti Smriti
Tamil Naalayira Divya Prabandham
Indian Manuscripts
Free Hindu ebooks
77. Vedas
The Vedas
There are four Vedas, the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas
are the primary texts of Hinduism. They also had a vast influence on Buddhism,
Jainism, and Sikhism. Traditionally the text of the Vedas was coeval with the universe.
Scholars have determined that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, was
composed about 1500 B.C., and codified about 600 B.C. It is unknown when it was
finally committed to writing, but this probably was at some point after 300 B.C.
The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancient India. Along with the
Book of the Dead, the Enuma Elish, the I Ching, and the Avesta, they are among the
most ancient religious texts still in existence. Besides their spiritual value, they also
give a unique view of everyday life in India four thousand years ago. The Vedas are also
the most ancient extensive texts in an Indo-European language, and as such are
invaluable in the study of comparative linguistics.
Vedic Deities
Rig Veda
Historical Vedic Religion
Vedi Feed
Ṛta
Bharatas
Free ebook Vyasa
78. Saptarishi
Saptarishi =Seven Sages from the Vedas . There are some different names in
later texts. The Big Dipper Constellation is called the Saptarishi Mandal by
Hindus. The names associated with the stars are listed in the table below.
Kratu
Pulaha
Pulastya
Atri
Angiras
Vasistha
Marichi
Seven sages
in Big Dipper
Atri Vasistha
Bhrigu Kashyapa
Sages on Other Lists
Pulaha Kratu
Angiras
Marichi
79. Yajur Veda
The Yajur Veda (Taittiriya Sanhita)
translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith [1914]
A complete translation of the Black Yajur Veda. The
Yajur Veda is a detailed manual of the Vedic
sacrificial rites.
The Texts of the White Yajurveda
translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1899]
A complete translation of the White Yajur Veda.
Atharva Veda
The Atharva Veda also contains material from the
Rig Veda, but of interest are the numerous
incantations and metaphysical texts, which this
anthology (part of the Sacred Books of the East
series) collects and categorizes. The Atharva Veda
was written down much later than the rest of the
Vedas, about 200 B.C.; it may have been composed
about 1000 B.C.
The Hymns of the Atharvaveda
translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6]
The unabridged Atharva Veda translation by Ralph
Griffith.
The Atharva-Veda
translated by Maurice Bloomfield [1897]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42)
The Sacred Books of the East translation of the
Atharva-veda. Selected hymns from the Atharva-
veda.
Vedas
Rig Veda
The Rig-Veda
translated by Ralph Griffith [1896]
A complete English translation of the Rig Veda.
Rig-Veda (Sanskrit)
The complete Rig Veda in Sa
nskrit, in Unicode Devanagari script and standard
romanization.
Vedic Hymns, Part I (SBE 32)
Hymns to the Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu and Vâta, tr. by F.
Max Müller [1891]
A masterpiece of linguistics and comparative mythology:
translations and deep analysis of the Vedic Hymns to the
Storm Gods.
Vedic Hymns, Part II (SBE 46)
Hymns to Agni, tr. by Hermann Oldenberg [1897]
The Vedic Hymns to Agni.
A Vedic Reader for Students (excerpts)
by A.A. Macdonell [1917]
An introduction to the Dramatis Personæ of the Rig Veda.
Sama Veda
The Sama-Veda
translated by Ralph Griffith [1895]
A collection of hymns used by the priests during the Soma
sacrifice. Many of these duplicate in part or in whole hymns
from the Rig Veda. This is a complete translation.
80. Samhitas
The Vedas have been divided into four styles of texts – the Samhitas (mantras and
benedictions), the Brahmanas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-
sacrifices), the Aranyakas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and
the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual
knowledge).The Samhitas are sometimes identified as karma-khanda (कमर् खण्ड,
action/ritual-related section), while the Upanishads are identified as jnana-
khanda (ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge/spirituality-related section)
The Aranyakas and Brahmanas are variously classified, sometimes as the
ceremonial karma-khanda, other times (or parts of them) as the jnana-khanda.
The Vedic Samhitas were chanted during ceremonies and rituals, and parts of it
remain the oldest living part of Hindu tradition.
The Aranyakas (/ɑːˈrʌnjəkə/; Sanskrit: āraṇyaka आरण्यक) constitutes the
philosophy behind ritual sacrifice of the ancient Hindu sacred texts,
the Vedas.They typically represent the later sections of Vedas, and are one of
many layers of the Vedic texts. The other parts of Vedas are
the Samhitas (benedictions, hymns), Brahmanas (commentary), and
the Upanishads (spirituality and abstract philosophy).
81. Upanishads
The Upanishads are a continuation of the Vedic philosophy, and were
written between 800 and 400 B.C. They elaborate on how the soul (Atman)
can be united with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through contemplation and
mediation, as well as the doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a
persons' actions.
The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15):
The Upanishads, Part I (SBE 1)
Max Müller, translator [1879]
The Chandogya, Talavakara, Aitreya-Aranyaka, the Kaushitaki-Brahmana, and the Vajasaneyi
Samhita Upanishads
The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15)
Max Müller, translator [1884]
Katha, Mundaka, Taittirîyaka, Brihadâranyaka, Svetâsvatara, Prasña, and Maitrâyana
Brâhmana Upanishads.
Thirty Minor Upanishads
by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar [1914]
Thirty shorter Upanishads, principally dealing with Yogic thought and practice.
From the Upanishads
Charles Johnston, translator [1889]
Translations from the Katha, Prasna and Chhandogya Upanishads.
Brahma Sutras Brahman Atman Maya Schools of Hinduism
82. Upanishads
Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the
Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India,
marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions. Of all Vedic literature, the
Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism.
The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last
chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The
concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Ātman (soul, self) are central ideas in all of the
Upanishads and "know that you are the Ātman" is their thematic focus. Along with
the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra, the mukhya Upanishads (known collectively as
the Prasthanatrayi) provide a foundation for the several later schools of Vedanta, among them,
two influential monistic schools of Hinduism
He who has highest Bhakti of Deva (God),
just like his Deva, so for his Guru (teacher),
To him who is high-minded,
these teachings will be illuminating.
— Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23
Epilogue
Bhakti
Vyasa
83. Brahmanas
Shakha
schools
Each Veda has one or more of its own Brahmanas, and each Brahmana is generally
associated with a particular Shakha or Vedic school. They are a secondary layer or
classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda, often explain and
instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals.The Brahmanas are particularly
noted for their instructions on the proper performance of rituals, as well as explanations on
the symbolic importance of sacred words and ritual actions. Academics state that these
instructions insist on exact pronunciation (accent), chhandas (छन्दः, meters), precise pitch,
with coordinated movement of hand and fingers – that is, perfect delivery
Veda Brahmana Comment
RigVeda Aitareya and Kausitaki
SamaVeda
Sadvimsa, Mantra, and
Daivata
The Mantra Brahmana is from the first two chapters of the Chandogya
Brahmana.
YajurVeda
Shatapatha
There are two versions or recensions by
different Shakhas: Madhyandina and Kanva.
Both apply to the Śukla (White) YajurVeda.
Taittiriya Applies to the Krishna (Black) YajurVeda
AtharvaVeda Gopatha The only surviving (i.e. e
84. Vedanta
Vedanta
The Vedântâ-Sûtras (SBE 48)
with commentary by Râmânuja, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 48) [1904]’
The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part I (SBE 34)
with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 34) [1890]
The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part II (SBE 38)
with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 38) [1896]
The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom
and other writings of Śankarâchârya; translation and commentaries by Charles
Johnston [1946]
Brahma-Knowledge
by L.D. Barnett [1911]
A short exposition of the Hindu Vedanta philosophy.
Select Works of Sri Sankaracharya
tr. by S. Venkataramanan [1921]
Hindu Sutras
85. Puranas
Puranas
The Puranas are post-Vedic texts which typically contain a complete narrative of the history of the Universe from creation to destruction, genealogies
of the kings, heroes and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology and geography. There are 17 or 18 canonical Puranas, divided into three
categories, each named after a deity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. There are also many other works termed Purana, known as 'Upapuranas.'
The Vishnu Purana
by H.H. Wilson [1840]
A primary text of the Vaishnava branch of Hinduism, and one of the canonical Puranas of the Vishnu category. Among the portions of interest are a
cycle of legends of the boyhood deeds of Krishna and Rama. H.H. Wilson was one of the first Europeans to translate a Hindu sacred text from the
original Sanskrit. His style and annotations are exceptional and very readable.
The Garuda Purana
translated by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam [1911]
A Vishnu Purana with Dantesque descriptions of the afterlife, and details of Hindu funeral rites.
The S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam
translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
One of the Upapuranas, devoted to the Devi (Goddess).
The Devî Gita
translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
The Song of the Goddess. An excerpt from the S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam (above)
The Prem Sagur
(Prem Sagar) by Lallu Lal, translated by W. Hollings [1848]
English translation of a popular Hindi retelling of the Krishna cycle, based on the tenth book of the Bhagavata Purana.
The Transmigration of the Seven Brahmans
translated by Henry David Thoreau [1931]
An excerpt from the Harivamsa, a Puranic text, translated by the American transcendentalist philosopher.
Kundalini: The Mother of the Universe
by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930]
Includes an English translation of the Lalita Sahasranama, the 'Thousand Names of the Goddess,' from the Brahmanda Purana.
87. Other Primary Texts
Other Primary Texts
The Laws of Manu
George Bühler, translator [1886]
(Sacred Books of the East, vol. 25)
Manu was the legendary first man, the Adam of the Hindus. This is a collection of laws attributed to Manu.
The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part I (SBE 2)
George Bühler translator [1879]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 2)
Hindu law books written by the sages Âpastamba and Gautama, in the first millenium B.C.
The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part II (SBE 14)
George Bühler translator [1879]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 14)
Hindu law books written by the sages Vasishtha and Baudhâyana, in the first millenium B.C.
The Institutes of Vishnu (SBE 7)
Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 7)
This Hindu law book contains descriptions of yogic practises, and a moving hymn to the Goddess Prajapati.
The Minor Law Books (SBE 33)
Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 33)
Later Hindu law books written by Narada and Brihaspati about 600 CE.
The Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE 29)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1886]
The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE 30)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1892]
Ancient Hindu household rites, including fertility, marriage, purity, initiations, and funerals.
88. Mahabharata
Mahabharata
The Mahabharata
translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883-1896]
Digitizing this unabridged translation of the Mahabharata was a joint venture between sacred-texts and Project Gutenberg.
The Mahabharata in Sanskrit
The text of the Mahabharata with parallel Devanagari and Romanization Unicode.
The Ramayana
Rámáyan Of Válmíki
translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith [1870-1874]
The first complete public domain translation of the Ramayana to be placed online.
The Ramayana in Sanskrit
The text of the Ramayana with parallel Unicode Devanagari and Romanization.
Abridged Versions
The Ramayana and Mahabharata
R. Dutt translator [1899]
A very readable abridged version of these epics.
Indian Idylls
Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1883]
More stories from the Mahabharata, rendered in poetry.
Love and Death
by Sri Arobindo [1921]
The popular story of Ruru and Priyumvada from the Mahabharata.
Ramayana
and
90. Mahabharata
Vyasa
Characters in the Mahabharata
Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Draupadi Krishna
Hastinapur
Lessons from the Mahabharata
Duryodhana
Mahabharata Movie Trailer
Peter Brooks’ Mahabharata Satyavati
93. Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita, usually considered part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata (dating from
about 400 or 300 B.C.), is a central text of Hinduism, a philosphical dialog between the god
Krishna and the warrior Arjuna. This is one of the most popular and accessible of all Hindu
scriptures, required reading for anyone interested in Hinduism. The Gita discusses selflessness,
duty, devotion, and meditation, integrating many different threads of Hindu philosophy.
The Bhagavadgîtâ (SBE 8)
with the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ translated by Kâshinâth Trimbak Telang, (Sacred Books
of the East, Vol. 8) [1882]
A scholarly prose translation of the Bhagavad Gita with two other similar, less well known, works
from the Mahabharata.
The Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit
A Unicode presentation of the Gita in Romanized Sanskrit.
Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita
by Swami Swarupananda [1909]
A modern English prose translation of the Gita with commentary.
The Bhagavad Gita
A modern prose translation of the Gita, sanctioned by the International Gita Society.
The Bhagavad Gita
Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1885]
A classic poetic version of the Gita.
95. Dharmaśāstra
Manusmriti =
Manava Dharmasastra
Dharma Karma Karma in Hinduism
Karma vs Dharma = Short vs long term
Sastra = Rules Dharmasastra = Rules for Dharma
The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in
poetic verses, are part of the Hindu Smritis,
[6] constituting divergent commentaries and treatises
on duties, responsibilities and ethics to oneself, to
family and as a member of society. The texts include
discussion of ashrama (stages of life), varna (social
classes), purushartha (proper goals of life), personal
virtues and duties such as ahimsa (non-violence)
against all living beings, rules of just war, and other
topics.
Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern colonial
India history, when they were formulated by
early British colonial administrators to be the law of
the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists,
Sikhs) in South Asia,
Supposedly a discourse between Manu and
Bhrigu on dharma topics such as duties,
rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others
96. Islam Holy Texts
Koran
Translations
Online Koran in English
From earlier religions:
Torah (Old Testament)
Zabur (Psalms)
Injil (Gospels)
Hadith
Kutub_al-Sittah (Sunni)
The_Four_Books(Shia)
Hadiths background
and translations
1. Sahih: These are the genuine
Traditions so declared after
applying all tests.
2. Hasan: These are the fair Traditions
although inferior in the matter of
authenticity to the Sahih.
3. Daif: These are the weak traditions
which are not so very reliable."
=
A hadith consists of two parts. The chain of
transmitters comprises one part while the
message within the hadith completes it. The
former is known as isnad while the latter is
matn
6 Kalimas
of South Asia
97. Buddhist Texts
Links to many Sacred Texts
Nagarjuna Aryadeva Five Moral Precepts
Sutras
Vinaya
Free ebook from GlobalGrey
107. Southern India Cuisine
Vegetarian Andra Pradesh
Jolada rotti, Palya, Anna-saaru
Karnataka
Karnatka Bisi bele bath Kerala Sadhya
Kerala spicy fish
Kerala Fish Molly
108. Western India Cuisine
Pork Vindaloo Khaman Daal Bafla
Hyderabadi Biryani
Aluchya Wadya
Aluchya Wadya
Aluchya Wady Bhelpuri
Modak
119. References
Hindu Icons
Hindu Icons 2
Consorts
Hindu Icons 4
Hindu Online
Yadava
India Tour
Stoic Sadhu
Indian Contents
Ancient Indian History
Hindu Icon 3
India Destiny’s History, Culture, Religion, Society, Tourism Links
Books by Shashi Tharoor
Jana Gana Mana
Vande Mataram
Buddhist Encyclopedia
Hindu Calendar
Quotes in Praise of India
Hindu Arts and Culture
Atman
India Past and Present
Hindu Temples and Organizations
Hindu Gurus and Saints
Three Bodies of Buddha
History of Brahmins
120. References(cont)
Free ebooks about India from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Buddhism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Islam from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Hinduism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Sikhism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Yoga from GlobalGrey Books
GlobalGreyebooks
Free ebooks about Zoroastrianism from GlobalGrey Books
EDtimes
Live History India
10 Great Wisdom Goddesses
World Relief Hinduism