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South Asian Culture and
Religions for Zoey and Kaya
Created by GrandBob
Muse
Grandma
Table of Contents
South Asian Religions (Hindu)
South Asian Religions (Non-Hindu)
South Asian Culture
Sacred Texts
South Asian Cuisine
References
South Asian Religions
The Religions of India (encyclopedia)
Religions of South Asia
Hinduism
Glorious Hinduism Web site
Hindu info
Religious Facts: Hinduism with many links
Outline_of_Hinduism
Hindu Web Site Hinduism Today
Hindu Faqs
Vedic Feed
Hinduism Stack Exchange
Hinduism
Hindus
History
Mythological Wars
Denominations
Deities
Philosophy
Gurus, saints, philosophers
Texts
Types
Hinduism Portal - Wikipedia
Divine India Web site
Manu
Kali Yuga 3102 BC
Hindu Cosmic Metrics
Pitrs
Brahma
Pitri Paksha
Pitr Loka
Pitr Loka
Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses

Family Tree
Indra – the King of Devas
Yama – The God of the
Underworld and Death
Brahma – The Creator
Among The Supreme Triad
Vishnu – The Preserver
Among The Supreme Triad
Shiva – The Destroyer
Among The Supreme Triad
Agni – The Fire God
Ganesha - Patron of
arts and sciences  Varuna – The God of Sky
and Oceans
Ganpati Sthapna
Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses
Family Tree
Saraswati – The
Goddess of Knowledge
 Shakti – The Goddess of Power
Durga – The Demon-
Slaying Warrior Goddess
Kali – The Goddess of
Destruction
Lakshmi – The Goddess
of Auspiciousness
Kartikeya– The
Herald of Heaven
Mahadevi - Mother Godess
Parvati (Uma)-
Goddess of Love
Ganesha
Vedic Deities
Indra
Vayu
6 Major Vedic Deitiess All Rigvedic Deities
Agni Varuna
Surya Yama
The Vedic verses are the earliest religious documents in South Asia. They are
based on the ritual and religion of Indo-European migrants into South Asia
Chitragupta
Kubera
Large Vedic Site
Vahanas
MoreVedic Deities
Asvins
Yakshas
Chandra
Mangala
Budha
Brhaspati
Shukra
Shani
Prajapati
Mitra
Vahanas
Ten Prajapatis
Brahma
The Prajapatis were the mind-born sons of Brahma who were the ancestors of the human
race. They include the Seven Sages . The Four Kumaras were sons of Brahma who took
vows of celibacy. Shatarupa was Brahma’s daughter who he found very attractive growing
extra heads to keep track of her.
Four Kumaras
Celibate Brahma sons
Shatarupa
Narada
Prachethasa
Pulastya
Vedic Hindu Demons
Raktabija
Mahishasura
Vritra
Ravana
List of Asuras
Shesha
Andhaka
Narakasura
Rakshasha
Vedic Rituals (Brahmanism)
Specific rituals and sacrifices of the Vedic religion include, among others:
• The Soma rituals, which involved the extraction, utility and consumption of Soma:
◦ The Agnisoma or Soma sacrifice
• Fire rituals involving oblations (havir):
◦ The Agnihotra or oblation to Agni, a sun charm
◦ The Agnicayana, the sophisticated ritual of piling the fire altar
◦ The new and full moon as well as the seasonal (Cāturmāsya) sacrifices
• The royal consecration (Rajasuya) sacrifice
• The Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) or a Yajna dedicated to the glory, wellbeing and
prosperity of the kingdom or empire[14]
• The Purushamedha
• The rituals and charms referred to in the Atharvaveda are concerned with medicine
and healing practices
• The Gomedha or cow sacrifice:
◦ The Taittiriya Brahmana of the Yajur Veda gives instructions for selecting the
cow for the sacrifice depending on the deity.[105]
◦ Panchasaradiya sava – celebration where 17 cows are immolated once every
five years. The Taittiriya Brahmana advocates the Panchasaradiya for those who
want to be great.[105]
◦ Sulagava – sacrifice where roast beef is offered. It is mentioned in the Grihya
Sutra
Post-Vedic Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi
Brahma (creator) Shiva (destroyer)
Vishnu (preserver)
Consort: Saraswati Consort: Lakshmi Consort: Parvati Tamil:Korravai
Shiva
Hindus
History
Main Post-Vedic Hindu Denominations
Hindus
History
Vaishnavism
Vishnu Dashavataras
Vaishnavism
Rama
Krishna
Garuda Balarama
Svayam Bhagavan
Avatar
Narayana
Krishnaism
Vrishni heroes
Avatars of Vishnu
Nara-Narayana
Bhagavata
Parashurama
Kalki Dhanvantari
Ayurveda
Vishnu
Shiva
Hindus
History
Shaivism
Pashupati
Avatars of Shiva
Shiva
Hanuman
Bhairava
Sharabha Veerabhadra
Suntantarka
Atavar Video
Piplaad
Ishaan
Rudra
Maha Shivaratri
Nandi
Shaktism
Hindus
History
Mahalakshmi, Kamakshi, Parvati, Lalita, Bhuvaneshwari, Durga, Meenakshi,
Mariamman, Yellamma, Poleramma, and Perantalamma
Kali Ushas Shakti Uma (Parvati)
Ratri
Matrikas are the personified powers of different Devas. Brahmani emerged
from Brahma, Vaishnavi from Vishnu, Maheshvari from Shiva, Indrani from Indra,
 Kaumari from Skanda, Varahi from Varaha and Chamunda from Devi, and
additionals are Narasimhi, Vinayaki.
Matrikas
Durga
Ganga
Ambika
Mahavidyas
Smartism
Hindus
History
Panchayatana
The Smarta tradition rejects theistic
sectarianism, and it is notable for the
domestic worship of five shrines
with five deities, all treated as equal
– Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha,
and Shakti.
Vidyashankara Temple (Smarta),
Springieri, Karnataka
Other Post-Vedic Hindu Gods
Ganesh Skanda
Trimurti Avatar:
Dattatreya
Riddhi, Siddhi:
Consorts of Ganesh
Mariamman
Ardhanarishvara
Shiva + Parvati
Harihara
Vishnu + Parvati
Anagha Devi
Dattatreya Consort
Legendary Hindu People
Manu
Bharata
Vasudeva Bhagiratha
Arjuna
Most Beautiful Women
in Hindu Scripture
Ahalya Sita
Yadu
Yadavas
Harishchandra
Story of King Bharata
Hindu Gurus
Ramakrishna
Swami
Vivekananda Swaminarayan
Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi Sadhus and Swamis Rajneesh
Ramdev
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=famouus+gurus
Vidyashankara
Ashram
Some Hindu Terminology
Ishvari
Sannyasa
Soma
Samsara
Shanka
Siddhar
Svarga
Shrauta
Hindu Glossary
Devis
Kali Yug 3102
Moksha
Devas
Asuras
Ishvara
Bhagavan
Patala
Naraka
Dharma
Karma
= Divine beings Shakti
= Supreme deity
= Perfected individual
= Ritual drink
=
= Hindu version of hell
= Freedom from rebirth or ignorance
= Effects of individual acts
= Current epoch
= Cosmic law of order
Based on Sruti
= Vishnu shell emblem
= Cosmic energy
= Life of renunciation
= Cycle of rebirth
= Pleasant underworld
Ashrama = Stages of life
= Demons
= God
= Hindu heaven
Sruti = Canonical texts
Rishi = Wise Sage
Kama
Artha
= Desire
= Wealth
Chiranjivis
Chiranjivi are, in Hinduism, seven immortals who are to remain alive
on Earth until the end of the current Kali Yuga.
Vyasa, the sage who composed the Mahabharata.
Hanuman, one of the greatest brahmachari, served Rama. He stands for selflessness, courage,
devotion, intelligence, strength, celibacy and righteous conduct.
Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu. He is knowledgeable of all astras, sastras and divine
weapons. The Kalki Purana writes that he will reemerge at the end of time to instruct the final Avatar
to undertake penance to receive celestial weaponry, required to save mankind at the end time.
Ashwatthama, the son of Drona, a great warrior. Drona did many years of severe penance to please
lord Shiva in order to obtain a son who possessed the same valor as Lord Shiva. Ashwatthama is the
avatar of one of the eleven Rudras.
Mahabali was a ruler of demons or asura who existed somewhere around present day Kerala. He
was sent into Patal, the underworld by the Vamana avatar of Vishnu.
Kripa, the royal guru of the princes in the Mahabharata. He along with his nephew Ashwatthama are
the lone survivors of all warriors who actually fought in Kurukshetra War.
Markandeya, Markandeya is an ancient rishi born in the clan of Bhrigu Rishi. A number of chapters
in the Bhagavata Purana are dedicated to his conversations and prayers.
Glorious Hinduism Web Site
Gods and Divine Beings
The Universe
Famous Kings
Hindu Epics
Bharatvarsha
Sages
Hindus
History
Suryaism / Saurism
Ganapatism
Shrautism
Kaumaram
Cross Denomination Influences
Atman Jnana
Bhakti movement
Schools of Indian philosophy
Minor Hindu Denominations
More Hindu Background
Hindu Temples
Hindu Temples + Varanasi
Seven Sacred Cities
Kanak Bhavan Ayodha
Temple, Mathura Haridwar Ujjain
Dwarkadhish Temple
More Hindu Temples and Architecture
Chand Baori Step Well
Swaminarayan Akshardham
Hindu Temple Architecture
Golden Temple Vellore
Sri Ranganathaswamy
Temple
Hindu Temples Worldwide
Kanchipuram
Khajuraho
Amazing HIndu Temples
Dwarka
Pilgrimage Sites
Puri
Rameswaram Badrinath
4 Char Dam Sites
Kumbh_Mela
4 Chota_Char_Dham Sites Kerala Sites
Mahamaham
Hindu Festivals
Hinduism has many very colorful holidays including
Holi Diwali Dussehra
Bhogi Ratha Yatra
Jagannath = Juggernaut
Ganesh Visarjan
Dahi Handi
Hindu Practices
Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice)
Some outdated practices are:
Sati
Hindus practices cremation
Sanctity of Cows Ayurveda
Yoga
Other South Asian Religions
(non-Hindu)
Minority Religions in India
Islam
Buddhism
Sikhism
Jainism
Zoroastrianism
Christianity
Judaism
Muslim Religion
Muhammed Quotes
More Quotes
Kaaba in Mecca.
History and Architecture of Kaaba
Maryam and Isa
Mary and Jesus
Abraham Hagar Ismael
Hadith
Sunna
Sharia
Fiqh
Sahabah
Akham Jihad
Qiyas
Ijma
Ijtihad
99 Names of Allah
Dajjal Video
6 Kalimas of South Asia
Sira
Hegira
Liturgy
Tawhid
Islamic Holidays
Hijri date 1441 AH 1442 AH 1443 AH 1444 AH 1445 AH
Islamic New Year 1 Muḥarram 31 Aug. 2019 20 Aug. 2020 9 Aug. 2021 30 July 2022 19 July 2023
Ashura 10 Muḥarram 9 Sep. 2019 29 Aug. 2020 18 Aug. 2021 8 Aug. 2022 28 July 2023
Arbaʽeen 20 or 21 Ṣafar[b] 19 Oct. 2019 8 Oct. 2020 27 Sep. 2021 17 Sep. 2022 6 Sep. 2023
Eid-e-Shuja' 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 6 Nov. 2019 26 Oct. 2020 15 Oct. 2021 5 Oct. 2022 24 Sep. 2023
Mawlid an-Nabī
('Birthday of the
Prophet' [Muhammad])
12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Sunni) 9 Nov. 2019 29 Oct. 2020 18 Oct. 2021 8 Oct. 2022 27 Sep. 2023
17 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Shia) 14 Nov. 2019 3 Nov. 2020 23 Oct. 2021 13 Oct. 2022 2 Oct. 2023
Birthday of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib[a] 13 Rajab 8 Mar. 2020 25 Feb. 2021 14 Feb. 2022 4 Feb. 2023 25 Jan. 2024
Laylat al-Mi'raj 27 Rajab[e] 22 Mar. 2020 11 Mar. 2021 28 Feb. 2022 18 Feb. 2023 8 Feb. 2024
Laylat al-Bara'at 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024
Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī[c] Birth 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024
First day of Ramaḍān 1 Ramaḍān 24 Apr. 2020 13 Apr. 2021 2 Apr. 2022 23 Mar. 2023 11 Mar. 2024
Laylat al-Qadr
19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29
Ramaḍān[f]
between
12 & 22 May
2020
between
1 & 11 May
2021
between
20 & 30 Apr.
2022
between
10 & 20 Apr.
2023
between
29 Mar. & 8 Apr.
2024
Chaand Raat 29 or 30 Ramaḍān[h] 23 May 2020 12 May 2021 1 May 2022 20 Apr. 2023 9 Apr. 2024
Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwāl 24 May 2020 13 May 2021 2 May 2022 21 Apr. 2023 10 Apr. 2024
Hajj 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja
29 July – 3 Aug.
2020
18–23 July
2021
7–12 July 2022
26 June – 1 July
2023
14–19 June 2024
Day of Arafah 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja 30 July 2020 19 July 2021 8 July 2022 27 June 2023 15 June 2024
Eid al-Adha 10 Dhū al-Ḥijja 31 July 2020 20 July 2021 9 July 2022 28 June 2023 16 June 2024
Eid al-Ghadeer 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja 8 Aug. 2020 28 July 2021 17 July 2022 6 July 2023 24 June 2024
Eid al-Mubahalah 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja 14 Aug. 2020 3 Aug. 2021 23 July 2022 12 July 2023 30 June 2024
Note that some holidays are specific to subgroups such as Shia
Beautiful Mosques
Top Indian Mosques
Jama Masjid, Delhi
Jama Masjid, Agra
Jamali-Kamali Mosque, Delhi
Nagina Masjid, Agra
Moti Masjid, Agra
Ajmer Sharif Dargah
Beautiful Mosques
Top Indian Mosques
Jama Masjid, Srinagar Haji Ali, Mumbai
Bara Imambara, Lucknow Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad
Akbari Masjid, Ajmer
Taj-ul Masajid, Bhopal
Beautiful Mosques
Badshahi Mosque, Lahoire
beautifulmosques.com
Jumma Masjid Ahmedabad, India
Wazir Khan Mosque,
Lahore,Pakistan
Pul-e Khishti Mosque
Kabul, Afghanistan
Khost Mosque, Pakistan
Khania Dighi Masjid,
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Muslim Architecture
Shah Rukn-e-Alam
Tomb, Pakistan
Rohtas Fort, Pakistan
Akbari_Sari Inn, Pakistan
Humayun’s Tomb, India
Fatehpur Sikri ,
Mughal capital Taj Mahal
Buddhism (6th Century BC)
Buddha was an Indian prince who renounced his wealth. He preached that living a simple life
would enable you to avoid reincarnation and obtain Nirvana. The religion started in India and
spread through East Asia. India later returned to Hinduism
Buddhist Music
Buddhist Beliefs Tantric Buddhism
History of Buddhism in India
Spread of Buddhism
Decline of Buddhisn in India
Buddhism (6th Century BC)
Buddhists believe in four truths:
1) existence brings suffering;
2) the cause of suffering is craving;
3) there is a way to end suffering;
4) one needs to break one’s earthly attachments to
obtain perfect happiness or Nirvana
To achieve Nirvana follow an eightfold way consisting of
1. right understanding,
2. right thought,
3. right speech,
4. right action,
5. right livelihood,
6. right effort,
7. right mindfulness,
8. right concentration.
Buddhism (cont)
Nagas
https://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm
Nagasena Milinda
Yakshas
Nagasena
Buddhism (cont)
Mahabodhi Temple
Sanchi
Sangha
Pali Canon
The Aṣṭagatyaḥ (the eight kinds of
nonhuman beings) is one category of
dharmapālas, which includes the Garuda,
Deva, Naga, Yaksha, Gandharva, Asura,
Kinnara and Mahorag
Dharmapala
10000 Buddha Temple
Sangha
Mahakala
Jain Religion
Bahubali
Bhadrabahu
Śvētāmbara
Digambara
Mahavira
Jain
the Baladeva, the Vāsudeva, and the Prativāsudeva (the anti-Vāsudeva).
The Jain religion began at about the same time as Buddhism in 600 BC. Its followers are noted for being very peaceful and
honoring the sanctity of all life forms.
Jainism video
Kailash Parvat Rachna
Bharata Chakravartin
Sikh Religion
Sikh
Golden Temple, Amritsar
The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak in 1600 AD as a monotheistic tolerant religion. Sikhs are known for their
successful hard work and strong culture
Guru Nanak
Sikhism
Guru Angad
Gurmukh
Prohibited for Sikhs:
1. Haircuts
2. Intoxication 
3. Gambling
4. Priestly class
5. Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner
Free ebooks on Sikhism
Bhakti Movemeny
Zoroastrian Religion
Zoroastrianism
(2001) Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Persia from the 600 BC - 700 AD (Islam conquest). It was based on the teaching of
the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathusta) and is still practiced in some parts of India and Iran.
Parsis
Faravahar
Parsi Fire Temple Freddie Mercury
Indian Zoroasterianism
Zend Avesta Free ebooks
Bahai Faith
Baha’i Temple New Delhi
. The Baha’i religion was founded by Baháʼu'lláh in 1863. It attempts to unify multiple religions by claiming Buddha, Jesus,
and Mohammed were all prophets. Baha’i is known for its beautiful temples.
Baha’i Headquarter Haifa Israel
Baha’i Temples
Baháʼu’lláh
1850
Beliefs
Baha’i video
ʻAbdu’l-Baha 1900
Bab 1840 Bab Shrine
Christian Religion
Catholic_Church_in_India
St. Thomas Cathedral Mother Teresa
List_of_saints_of_India
Francis Xavier
Protestantism_in_India
Christians in India
First Church in India
St Thomas
Jewish Religion
Arrival of the Jewish
pilgrims at Cochin, A.D. 68
Paradesi Synagogue from 1600s
Pramila Devi: Miss India
History of Jews in India
Paradesi_Jews
Cochin_Jews Baghdadi Jews
South Asian Culture
https://www.indiaonline.in/about/culture
https://www.indiaforums.com
https://www.culturalindia.net/
https://www.india.com
https://indianexpress.com/
Things to do in India
People Groups of India Siddi
Languages of India
Regional languages 

Bengali
Marathi
Telugu
Tamil
Urdu
Gujarati
Kannada
Malayalam
Odia
Punjabi
Assamese
Maithili
Sanskrit
Prakrit
Pali
Status of Sanskrit
Caste System in India
Jatis
Jatis vs. Varna
Varna
Varna Hierarchy
Jatis are the underlying
clan system in India.
There are over 3000
jatis which have been
inbreeding over 100s
of years. Jatis can be at
different levels in the
Varna hierarchy.
Major Schools of Hindu Philosophy
Indian Philosophy
Nastika: The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the Vedas were regarded as
heterodox in the tradition:
1. Buddhism
2. Jainism
3. Cārvāka
4. Ājīvika
5. Ajñana
6. Advaita
Astika list of six systems or ṣaḍdarśanas (also spelled Sad Darshan) consider Vedas as a reliable
source of knowledge and an authoritative source.[18] These are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya,
Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta schools of Hinduism, and they are classified as the āstika schools:
1. Nyāyá, the school of logic
2. Vaiśeṣika, the atomist school
3. Sāṃkhya, the enumeration school
4. Yoga, the school of Patañjali (which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya)
5. Mīmāṃsā, the tradition of Vedic exegesis
6. Vedanta or Uttara Mimāṃsā, the Upaniṣadic tradition.
Astika and Nastika Hindu Philosophy
Udayana 950 Navya-Nyāya
Nyayakusumanjali
Vedanta Philosopher-Gurus
Three Acharyas (gurus) of Vedanta
Adi_Shankara
Advaita Vedanta
Madhvacharya
Dvaita Vedanta
Ramanujacharya
Visishtadvaita Vedanta
List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saints
Yoga
Kundalini Yoga
History
Pre-Vedic India
Vedic period (1700–500 BCE)
Preclassical era (500–200 BCE)
Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE)
Middle Ages (500–1500 CE)
Patanjali
Bhakti Yoga
Krishna
Consciousness
Ashram
Sadhus
z
Indian Mathematicians
Brahmagupta
650 AD
Ramanujan
1910
Aryabhata
500 AD
Scientists
C. V. Raman
1930
Movie
India Institutes
of Technology
Bose 1925
Varāhamihira
550
Varadhan 1990
Chandrashekar
1950
Ten Math Contributions
and
IndusValley Civilization Arts and Crafts
Pottery Bearded Man
Unfortunately the script of the Indus Valley Civilization has not been deciphere.
There is much about their rise, culture, and fall that is still a mystery.
Art
Crafts
Painted Grey Ware sites
Painted Grey Ware
Early Crafts
Black and Red Ware Culture
Northern Black Polished Ware Northern Black Sites
Ochre Color Pottery
Sculpture
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-difference-between-
gandhara-school-and-mathura-school-of-art-1552564524-1
Stone Nandi, at Lepakshi
Art history
up to 500 AD
South Asian Writers and Poets
Kālidāsa 500 BC
Chanakya
(Kauṭilya) 300 BC
Arthashastra
Kama Sutra
Vātsyāyanan200 AD
Aṣṭādhyāyī
Panini Tagore Asvaghosa
Buddhacarita
Bhasa
The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa,[9] Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana 
Bilhana
Caurapâñcâśikâ
Poet
Kabir Das
1450 AD
Pantajali
Sadhana ebook
Shakuntala ebook
Jayadeva
1200 AD
Gita_Govinda
Vidyapati 1400
Eknath 1560
More South Asian Writers Poets
Ravidas 1500 Mirabai 1525
Patanjali Tukaram 1625
Vishnu_Sharma
300 BC?
Panchatantra
Bhasa 300 AD
Bhanubhakta
Acharya 1850
Rahman_Baba
1700
Tamil Literature
Thiruvalluvar
300 AD?
Tirukkuṟaḷ
Sangam Literature
Five Great Epics
No Name Author Date
1 Cilappatikāram Ilango Adigal (Jain ascetic) 5th or 6th century CE[7][8][9]
2 Manimekalai
Sīthalai Sāttanār (Buddhist
ascetic)
after Cilappatikaram, 6th or 7th century[10]
3 Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi Tirutakkatevar (Jain ascetic) early 10th century[11]
4 Valayapathi An unknown Jain ascetic 10th century[12]
5 Kundalakesi Natakuptanar (Buddhist ascetic) unknown[13]
Ilango Adigal
Chithalai
Chathanar
Tamil Writers
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramanya Bharathiyar
Subramania
Bharati 1900 AD
Kambar
1200 AD
Kapilar 135 AD
Indian Fashion
Sari
Mundum
Neriyathum
Shalwar Kameezs Anarkal
Salwar Suit Langa Voi Lehenga
Dhoti
Churidar
+ Achkan
Dastar
Dupatta Angrakha
Slideshow
Kasaya
Indian Dance
Shiva as Nataraja
(Lord of Dance). Bharatanatyam Kathakali Kathak
Kuchipudi Odissi Satriya Manipuri Mohiniyattam
Bhangra
Best Bollywood Dances Nautch
Helen
Multiple Dances
z
Indian Cinema
Soumitra Chatterjee Desi Girl from Dostana
Bharat
100 Best Bollywood Movies
10 Best Bollywood Movies with Trailers
+ Queen Trailer
Top-rated Indian Movies IMDB
10 Top Rated Bollywood Dance Scenes
Jai Ho from Slumdog
Apu Trilogy
Satyajit Ray
Restoration
Mother India Full movie
Baahubali Conclusion
Beginning
Dilip Kumar
Raaj Kumar
z
Indian Music
Ravi Shankar
Sandham: Symphony
Meets Classical Tamil
Ali Akbar Khan Alla Rakha
Zakir Hussain
Bismillah Khan
Hariprasad
Chaurasia
Shivkumar Sharma
Top Singers of South Asian Heritage
South Asia Sports
Cricket Badminton
Afghan Polo
Mountaineering
Kabaddi Kho kho
Caves of India
Elephanta Caves
Ajanta- Ellora Caves
Bagh Caves
Borra Caves
Varaha Caves Badami Caves
Karla Caves
Trichy Caves
Ancient Cities of India
Varanasi
Ayodhya
Kannauj Gwalior
Thanjavur
Seven Sacred Cities
Patna
Pataliputra
List of Ancient Cities
Ayodhya
More Ancient Cities of India
Taxila Madurai
Ujjain Hampi
Pushkar
Rajgir
Well-Known Indian Cities
Bangalore Agra Jaipur
Delhi Mumbai
Kochi
Udaipur
Kolkata
Darjeeling
Chenbai Hyderabad Amritsar
Pakistani Cities
Islamabad
Lahore
Karachi
Peshawar Quetta
Rawalpini
Other South Asian Cities
Srinagar
Kabul
Columbo Thimpu
Katmandu
Kandahar
Kandy Dhaka
Dude in Kabul
Dude in Kandahar
Dude in Herat Dude in Katmandu
Dude in Sri Lanka
Sacred Texts
Sacred Texts of Hinduism
Vedas 
Upanishads  
Mahabharata 
Ramayana  
Bhagavad Gita 
Puranas  
Other Primary Texts  
Epics  
Vedanta
Later texts  
Modern books
Hindu Texts
Hindu Documents Timeline
Samhita, Brahmana layers of the Vedas
• Rigveda, 1800 – 1100 BC
• Samaveda, 1200 - 800 BC
• Yajurveda, 1100 - 800 BC
• Atharvaveda, 1000 - 800 BC
• The early Upanishads were composed
over 900 - 300 BC
Others
• Mahabharata, 400 BC(Origins likely in
the 8th or 9th century BC)
• Bhagavad Gita, 400 BC
• Ramayana, 400 BC
• Samkhya Sutra
• Mimamsa Sutra, 300-200 BC
• Arthashastra, 400 BC
• Nyaya Sutra, 2nd century BC
• Vaiseshika Sutra, 2nd century BC
• Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 100 BC - 500 BC
• Brahma Sutra, 500 BC
• Puranas, 250 – 1000 AD
• Shiva Sutras, 120 BC
• Abhinavabharati, 950 - 1020 AD
• Yoga Vasistha, 750 AD
Itihasa
Tamil Tevaram
Shastra
Shruti Smriti
Tamil Naalayira Divya Prabandham
Indian Manuscripts
Free Hindu ebooks
Vedas
The Vedas
There are four Vedas, the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas
are the primary texts of Hinduism. They also had a vast influence on Buddhism,
Jainism, and Sikhism. Traditionally the text of the Vedas was coeval with the universe.
Scholars have determined that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, was
composed about 1500 B.C., and codified about 600 B.C. It is unknown when it was
finally committed to writing, but this probably was at some point after 300 B.C.
The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancient India. Along with the
Book of the Dead, the Enuma Elish, the I Ching, and the Avesta, they are among the
most ancient religious texts still in existence. Besides their spiritual value, they also
give a unique view of everyday life in India four thousand years ago. The Vedas are also
the most ancient extensive texts in an Indo-European language, and as such are
invaluable in the study of comparative linguistics.
Vedic Deities
Rig Veda
Historical Vedic Religion
Vedi Feed
Ṛta
Bharatas
Free ebook Vyasa
Saptarishi
Saptarishi =Seven Sages from the Vedas . There are some different names in
later texts. The Big Dipper Constellation is called the Saptarishi Mandal by
Hindus. The names associated with the stars are listed in the table below.
Kratu
Pulaha
Pulastya
Atri
Angiras
Vasistha
Marichi
Seven sages
in Big Dipper
Atri Vasistha
Bhrigu Kashyapa
Sages on Other Lists
Pulaha Kratu
Angiras
Marichi
Yajur Veda
The Yajur Veda (Taittiriya Sanhita)

translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith [1914]

A complete translation of the Black Yajur Veda. The
Yajur Veda is a detailed manual of the Vedic
sacrificial rites.


The Texts of the White Yajurveda

translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1899]

A complete translation of the White Yajur Veda.
Atharva Veda
The Atharva Veda also contains material from the
Rig Veda, but of interest are the numerous
incantations and metaphysical texts, which this
anthology (part of the Sacred Books of the East
series) collects and categorizes. The Atharva Veda
was written down much later than the rest of the
Vedas, about 200 B.C.; it may have been composed
about 1000 B.C.
The Hymns of the Atharvaveda
translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6]
The unabridged Atharva Veda translation by Ralph
Griffith.

The Atharva-Veda
translated by Maurice Bloomfield [1897]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42)
The Sacred Books of the East translation of the
Atharva-veda. Selected hymns from the Atharva-
veda.
Vedas
Rig Veda
The Rig-Veda

translated by Ralph Griffith [1896]

A complete English translation of the Rig Veda.


Rig-Veda (Sanskrit)

The complete Rig Veda in Sa
nskrit, in Unicode Devanagari script and standard
romanization.
Vedic Hymns, Part I (SBE 32)
Hymns to the Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu and Vâta, tr. by F.
Max Müller [1891]
A masterpiece of linguistics and comparative mythology:
translations and deep analysis of the Vedic Hymns to the
Storm Gods.
Vedic Hymns, Part II (SBE 46)
Hymns to Agni, tr. by Hermann Oldenberg [1897]
The Vedic Hymns to Agni.
A Vedic Reader for Students (excerpts)

by A.A. Macdonell [1917]

An introduction to the Dramatis Personæ of the Rig Veda.
Sama Veda
The Sama-Veda

translated by Ralph Griffith [1895]

A collection of hymns used by the priests during the Soma
sacrifice. Many of these duplicate in part or in whole hymns
from the Rig Veda. This is a complete translation.
Samhitas
The Vedas have been divided into four styles of texts – the Samhitas (mantras and
benedictions), the Brahmanas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-
sacrifices), the Aranyakas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and
the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual
knowledge).The Samhitas are sometimes identified as karma-khanda (कमर् खण्ड,
action/ritual-related section), while the Upanishads are identified as jnana-
khanda (ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge/spirituality-related section)
The Aranyakas and Brahmanas are variously classified, sometimes as the
ceremonial karma-khanda, other times (or parts of them) as the jnana-khanda.
The Vedic Samhitas were chanted during ceremonies and rituals, and parts of it
remain the oldest living part of Hindu tradition.
The Aranyakas (/ɑːˈrʌnjəkə/; Sanskrit: āraṇyaka आरण्यक) constitutes the
philosophy behind ritual sacrifice of the ancient Hindu sacred texts,
the Vedas.They typically represent the later sections of Vedas, and are one of
many layers of the Vedic texts. The other parts of Vedas are
the Samhitas (benedictions, hymns), Brahmanas (commentary), and
the Upanishads (spirituality and abstract philosophy).
Upanishads
The Upanishads are a continuation of the Vedic philosophy, and were
written between 800 and 400 B.C. They elaborate on how the soul (Atman)
can be united with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through contemplation and
mediation, as well as the doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a
persons' actions.
 The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15):

 The Upanishads, Part I (SBE 1)

Max Müller, translator [1879]

The Chandogya, Talavakara, Aitreya-Aranyaka, the Kaushitaki-Brahmana, and the Vajasaneyi
Samhita Upanishads



 The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15)

Max Müller, translator [1884]

Katha, Mundaka, Taittirîyaka, Brihadâranyaka, Svetâsvatara, Prasña, and Maitrâyana
Brâhmana Upanishads.

 Thirty Minor Upanishads

by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar [1914]

Thirty shorter Upanishads, principally dealing with Yogic thought and practice.

 From the Upanishads

Charles Johnston, translator [1889]

Translations from the Katha, Prasna and Chhandogya Upanishads.

Brahma Sutras Brahman Atman Maya Schools of Hinduism
Upanishads
Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the
Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India,
marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions. Of all Vedic literature, the
Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism.
The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last
chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The
concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Ātman (soul, self) are central ideas in all of the
Upanishads and "know that you are the Ātman" is their thematic focus. Along with
the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra, the mukhya Upanishads (known collectively as
the Prasthanatrayi) provide a foundation for the several later schools of Vedanta, among them,
two influential monistic schools of Hinduism
He who has highest Bhakti of Deva (God),

just like his Deva, so for his Guru (teacher),

To him who is high-minded,

these teachings will be illuminating.
— Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23
Epilogue
Bhakti
Vyasa
Brahmanas
Shakha
schools
Each Veda has one or more of its own Brahmanas, and each Brahmana is generally
associated with a particular Shakha or Vedic school. They are a secondary layer or
classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda, often explain and
instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals.The Brahmanas are particularly
noted for their instructions on the proper performance of rituals, as well as explanations on
the symbolic importance of sacred words and ritual actions. Academics state that these
instructions insist on exact pronunciation (accent), chhandas (छन्दः, meters), precise pitch,
with coordinated movement of hand and fingers – that is, perfect delivery
Veda Brahmana Comment
RigVeda Aitareya and Kausitaki
SamaVeda
Sadvimsa, Mantra, and
Daivata
The Mantra Brahmana is from the first two chapters of the Chandogya
Brahmana.
YajurVeda
Shatapatha
There are two versions or recensions by
different Shakhas: Madhyandina and Kanva.
Both apply to the Śukla (White) YajurVeda.
Taittiriya Applies to the Krishna (Black) YajurVeda
AtharvaVeda Gopatha The only surviving (i.e. e
Vedanta
Vedanta
The Vedântâ-Sûtras (SBE 48)

with commentary by Râmânuja, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 48) [1904]’


The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part I (SBE 34)

with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 34) [1890]


The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part II (SBE 38)

with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East,
Vol. 38) [1896]


The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom

and other writings of Śankarâchârya; translation and commentaries by Charles
Johnston [1946]


Brahma-Knowledge

by L.D. Barnett [1911]

A short exposition of the Hindu Vedanta philosophy.


Select Works of Sri Sankaracharya

tr. by S. Venkataramanan [1921]
Hindu Sutras
Puranas
Puranas
The Puranas are post-Vedic texts which typically contain a complete narrative of the history of the Universe from creation to destruction, genealogies
of the kings, heroes and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology and geography. There are 17 or 18 canonical Puranas, divided into three
categories, each named after a deity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. There are also many other works termed Purana, known as 'Upapuranas.'

 The Vishnu Purana

by H.H. Wilson [1840]

A primary text of the Vaishnava branch of Hinduism, and one of the canonical Puranas of the Vishnu category. Among the portions of interest are a
cycle of legends of the boyhood deeds of Krishna and Rama. H.H. Wilson was one of the first Europeans to translate a Hindu sacred text from the
original Sanskrit. His style and annotations are exceptional and very readable.



 The Garuda Purana

translated by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam [1911]

A Vishnu Purana with Dantesque descriptions of the afterlife, and details of Hindu funeral rites.

 The S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam

translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]

One of the Upapuranas, devoted to the Devi (Goddess).



 The Devî Gita

translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]

The Song of the Goddess. An excerpt from the S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam (above)



 The Prem Sagur

(Prem Sagar) by Lallu Lal, translated by W. Hollings [1848]

English translation of a popular Hindi retelling of the Krishna cycle, based on the tenth book of the Bhagavata Purana.



 The Transmigration of the Seven Brahmans

translated by Henry David Thoreau [1931]

An excerpt from the Harivamsa, a Puranic text, translated by the American transcendentalist philosopher.



 Kundalini: The Mother of the Universe

by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930]

Includes an English translation of the Lalita Sahasranama, the 'Thousand Names of the Goddess,' from the Brahmanda Purana.
Puranas
Upapuranas
Bhagavata_Purana
Padma_Purana
Free ebook
Vyasa
Jaya and Vijaya meet the Kumarus
Puranic Chronology
Other Primary Texts
Other Primary Texts
The Laws of Manu

George Bühler, translator [1886]

(Sacred Books of the East, vol. 25)

Manu was the legendary first man, the Adam of the Hindus. This is a collection of laws attributed to Manu.


The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part I (SBE 2)

George Bühler translator [1879]

(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 2)

Hindu law books written by the sages Âpastamba and Gautama, in the first millenium B.C.


The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part II (SBE 14)

George Bühler translator [1879]

(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 14)

Hindu law books written by the sages Vasishtha and Baudhâyana, in the first millenium B.C.


The Institutes of Vishnu (SBE 7)

Julius Jolly, translator [1880]

(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 7)

This Hindu law book contains descriptions of yogic practises, and a moving hymn to the Goddess Prajapati.


The Minor Law Books (SBE 33)

Julius Jolly, translator [1880]

(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 33)

Later Hindu law books written by Narada and Brihaspati about 600 CE.


The Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE 29)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1886]
The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE 30)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1892]
Ancient Hindu household rites, including fertility, marriage, purity, initiations, and funerals.
Mahabharata
Mahabharata
 The Mahabharata

translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883-1896]

Digitizing this unabridged translation of the Mahabharata was a joint venture between sacred-texts and Project Gutenberg.

 The Mahabharata in Sanskrit

The text of the Mahabharata with parallel Devanagari and Romanization Unicode.

The Ramayana
 Rámáyan Of Válmíki

translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith [1870-1874]

The first complete public domain translation of the Ramayana to be placed online.

 The Ramayana in Sanskrit

The text of the Ramayana with parallel Unicode Devanagari and Romanization.

Abridged Versions
 The Ramayana and Mahabharata

R. Dutt translator [1899]

A very readable abridged version of these epics.

 Indian Idylls

Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1883]

More stories from the Mahabharata, rendered in poetry.

 Love and Death

by Sri Arobindo [1921]

The popular story of Ruru and Priyumvada from the Mahabharata.

Ramayana
and
Mahabharata Characters
Shakuni Dhritarashtra Gandhari Dronacharya Karna
Mahabharata
Vyasa
Characters in the Mahabharata
Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Draupadi Krishna
Hastinapur
Lessons from the Mahabharata
Duryodhana
Mahabharata Movie Trailer
Peter Brooks’ Mahabharata Satyavati
Mahabharata
Bharatas
Kurukshetra War 1700 BC
After the war
Pandavas Karauvas
vs
Mahabharat Movie
Ramayana
Valmiki
Rama Sita LakshmanI
Ravana
Hanuman
Bharata
Return of Rama
Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita, usually considered part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata (dating from
about 400 or 300 B.C.), is a central text of Hinduism, a philosphical dialog between the god
Krishna and the warrior Arjuna. This is one of the most popular and accessible of all Hindu
scriptures, required reading for anyone interested in Hinduism. The Gita discusses selflessness,
duty, devotion, and meditation, integrating many different threads of Hindu philosophy.

 The Bhagavadgîtâ (SBE 8)

with the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ translated by Kâshinâth Trimbak Telang, (Sacred Books
of the East, Vol. 8) [1882]

A scholarly prose translation of the Bhagavad Gita with two other similar, less well known, works
from the Mahabharata.

 The Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit

A Unicode presentation of the Gita in Romanized Sanskrit.

 Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita

by Swami Swarupananda [1909]

A modern English prose translation of the Gita with commentary.

The Bhagavad Gita

A modern prose translation of the Gita, sanctioned by the International Gita Society.

 The Bhagavad Gita

Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1885]

A classic poetic version of the Gita.
Bhagavad Gita
Arjuna Krishma
Bhagavad Gita
Animated Movie
Dharmaśāstra
Manusmriti =
Manava Dharmasastra
Dharma Karma Karma in Hinduism
Karma vs Dharma = Short vs long term
Sastra = Rules Dharmasastra = Rules for Dharma
The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in
poetic verses,  are part of the Hindu Smritis,
[6] constituting divergent commentaries and treatises
on duties, responsibilities and ethics to oneself, to
family and as a member of society. The texts include
discussion of ashrama (stages of life), varna (social
classes), purushartha (proper goals of life), personal
virtues and duties such as ahimsa (non-violence)
against all living beings, rules of just war, and other
topics.
Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern colonial
India history, when they were formulated by
early British colonial administrators to be the law of
the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists,
Sikhs) in South Asia,
Supposedly a discourse between Manu and
Bhrigu on dharma topics such as duties,
rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others
Islam Holy Texts
Koran
Translations
Online Koran in English
From earlier religions:
Torah (Old Testament)
Zabur (Psalms)
Injil (Gospels)
Hadith
Kutub_al-Sittah (Sunni)
The_Four_Books(Shia)
Hadiths background
and translations
1. Sahih: These are the genuine
Traditions so declared after
applying all tests.

2. Hasan: These are the fair Traditions
although inferior in the matter of
authenticity to the Sahih.

3. Daif: These are the weak traditions
which are not so very reliable."
=
A hadith consists of two parts. The chain of
transmitters comprises one part while the
message within the hadith completes it. The
former is known as isnad while the latter is
matn
6 Kalimas
of South Asia
Buddhist Texts
Links to many Sacred Texts
Nagarjuna Aryadeva Five Moral Precepts
Sutras
Vinaya
Free ebook from GlobalGrey
Jain Texts
Sutras
• Samayasāra(Digambara)
• Pravachanasara(Digambara)
• Agama(Shwetambara)
• Tattvartha Sutra
• Dravyasamgraha(Digambara)
• Kalpa Sūtra(Shwetambara)
•
Jaina Sutras 1
Jaina Sutras 2
Sikh Texts
Shri Guru Granth Sahib
Sikh Scriptures
Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth
Sikh Wiki
Free ebook
Zoroasterian Texts
Zend Avesta
Pahlavi Texts Zoroasterian Archives
Free ebooks from Global Grey
Bahai Texts
Unformatted Selections from
the writings of the Bab
Kitab-i-Iqan (Book of Certitude)
Kitab-I-Aqdas
Baháʼu'lláh
Free
Downloads
Judeo-Christian Texts
Old Testament
New Testament
Talmud Catholic Catechism
Mishnah
South Asian Cuisine
India Cuisine
Images of India Regional Cuisines
India Cuisine
Popular Dishes
Overview of Regional Cuisines
Indian Spices
Indian Food Blog
Northern India Cuisine
Kashmir Rogan Josh
Rajasthan Thali
Tandoori Chicken
Kadhi Uttar Pradeshi Thali  Uttarakhand Saag,
Southern India Cuisine
Vegetarian Andra Pradesh
Jolada rotti, Palya, Anna-saaru
Karnataka
Karnatka Bisi bele bath Kerala Sadhya
Kerala spicy fish
Kerala Fish Molly
Western India Cuisine
Pork Vindaloo Khaman Daal Bafla
Hyderabadi Biryani
Aluchya Wadya
Aluchya Wadya
Aluchya Wady Bhelpuri
Modak
Eastern India Cuisine
Assam Thali Bengali meal
Bihar Palak Panmeer North Eastern Thupka Mansha Tarkan
Mughal Cuisine
Paneer Tikka Kebab Tandoori chicken
Chicken Tikka Marsala Aloo Gosht Murgh Musallam
Pakistani Cuisine
Baida Roti Chicken Biryani
Mutton Kheema
Garlic Mustard Fish Fillet
Bheja Fry
Nihari and Halwa Puri
Bangladesh Cuisine
Bakarkhani Biryani Kala Bhuna
Beef Hatkora Mishti doi
Afghan Cuisine
Chapli Kebab Badenjan (eggplant)
Mantu
Baamiyah (okra)
Kabuli Pulao
Ashak
8 Afghan Dishes 10 Most Popula Dishes 10 Most Popular Foods
Kashmir Cuisine
Wazwan
Shab Daig
Rogan Josh
Mutton Yakni Muchch
Dum Aloo
Nepali Cuisine
Dal-bhat-tarkari
Chili Momo
Fried Chicken Lohonung
Dindo Thali
Thulpa
Newa Meal
Sri Lanka Cuisine
Lamprais
Kuzhambu
Kiribat
Kool
Kottu
Sri Lanka Rice and Curry
Indian Spices
Asafoetida
(Indian Name: Hing)
Mace 
(Indian Name: Javitri
Cardamon
(Indian Name:Elaichi)
Cloves 
(Indian Name: Laung)
Nutmeg 
(Indian Name: Jaiphal)
Red Chilies 
(Indian Name: Lal Dhania)
Turmeric 
(Indian Name: Haldi)
Black and white pepper 
(Indian Name: Kali Mirch)
References
References
Hindu Icons
Hindu Icons 2
Consorts
Hindu Icons 4
Hindu Online
Yadava
India Tour
Stoic Sadhu
Indian Contents
Ancient Indian History
Hindu Icon 3
India Destiny’s History, Culture, Religion, Society, Tourism Links
Books by Shashi Tharoor
Jana Gana Mana
Vande Mataram
Buddhist Encyclopedia
Hindu Calendar
Quotes in Praise of India
Hindu Arts and Culture
Atman
India Past and Present
Hindu Temples and Organizations
Hindu Gurus and Saints
Three Bodies of Buddha
History of Brahmins
References(cont)
Free ebooks about India from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Buddhism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Islam from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Hinduism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Sikhism from GlobalGrey Books
Free ebooks about Yoga from GlobalGrey Books
GlobalGreyebooks
Free ebooks about Zoroastrianism from GlobalGrey Books
EDtimes
Live History India
10 Great Wisdom Goddesses
World Relief Hinduism

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South Asian Religions and Culture for Zoey and Kaya

  • 1. South Asian Culture and Religions for Zoey and Kaya Created by GrandBob Muse Grandma
  • 2. Table of Contents South Asian Religions (Hindu) South Asian Religions (Non-Hindu) South Asian Culture Sacred Texts South Asian Cuisine References
  • 3. South Asian Religions The Religions of India (encyclopedia)
  • 5. Hinduism Glorious Hinduism Web site Hindu info Religious Facts: Hinduism with many links Outline_of_Hinduism Hindu Web Site Hinduism Today Hindu Faqs Vedic Feed Hinduism Stack Exchange
  • 6. Hinduism Hindus History Mythological Wars Denominations Deities Philosophy Gurus, saints, philosophers Texts Types Hinduism Portal - Wikipedia Divine India Web site Manu Kali Yuga 3102 BC Hindu Cosmic Metrics Pitrs Brahma Pitri Paksha Pitr Loka Pitr Loka
  • 7. Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses Family Tree Indra – the King of Devas Yama – The God of the Underworld and Death Brahma – The Creator Among The Supreme Triad Vishnu – The Preserver Among The Supreme Triad Shiva – The Destroyer Among The Supreme Triad Agni – The Fire God Ganesha - Patron of arts and sciences  Varuna – The God of Sky and Oceans Ganpati Sthapna
  • 8. Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses Family Tree Saraswati – The Goddess of Knowledge  Shakti – The Goddess of Power Durga – The Demon- Slaying Warrior Goddess Kali – The Goddess of Destruction Lakshmi – The Goddess of Auspiciousness Kartikeya– The Herald of Heaven Mahadevi - Mother Godess Parvati (Uma)- Goddess of Love Ganesha
  • 9. Vedic Deities Indra Vayu 6 Major Vedic Deitiess All Rigvedic Deities Agni Varuna Surya Yama The Vedic verses are the earliest religious documents in South Asia. They are based on the ritual and religion of Indo-European migrants into South Asia Chitragupta Kubera Large Vedic Site Vahanas
  • 11. Ten Prajapatis Brahma The Prajapatis were the mind-born sons of Brahma who were the ancestors of the human race. They include the Seven Sages . The Four Kumaras were sons of Brahma who took vows of celibacy. Shatarupa was Brahma’s daughter who he found very attractive growing extra heads to keep track of her. Four Kumaras Celibate Brahma sons Shatarupa Narada Prachethasa Pulastya
  • 12. Vedic Hindu Demons Raktabija Mahishasura Vritra Ravana List of Asuras Shesha Andhaka Narakasura Rakshasha
  • 13. Vedic Rituals (Brahmanism) Specific rituals and sacrifices of the Vedic religion include, among others: • The Soma rituals, which involved the extraction, utility and consumption of Soma: ◦ The Agnisoma or Soma sacrifice • Fire rituals involving oblations (havir): ◦ The Agnihotra or oblation to Agni, a sun charm ◦ The Agnicayana, the sophisticated ritual of piling the fire altar ◦ The new and full moon as well as the seasonal (Cāturmāsya) sacrifices • The royal consecration (Rajasuya) sacrifice • The Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) or a Yajna dedicated to the glory, wellbeing and prosperity of the kingdom or empire[14] • The Purushamedha • The rituals and charms referred to in the Atharvaveda are concerned with medicine and healing practices • The Gomedha or cow sacrifice: ◦ The Taittiriya Brahmana of the Yajur Veda gives instructions for selecting the cow for the sacrifice depending on the deity.[105] ◦ Panchasaradiya sava – celebration where 17 cows are immolated once every five years. The Taittiriya Brahmana advocates the Panchasaradiya for those who want to be great.[105] ◦ Sulagava – sacrifice where roast beef is offered. It is mentioned in the Grihya Sutra
  • 14. Post-Vedic Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi Brahma (creator) Shiva (destroyer) Vishnu (preserver) Consort: Saraswati Consort: Lakshmi Consort: Parvati Tamil:Korravai
  • 17. Vaishnavism Rama Krishna Garuda Balarama Svayam Bhagavan Avatar Narayana Krishnaism Vrishni heroes Avatars of Vishnu Nara-Narayana Bhagavata Parashurama Kalki Dhanvantari Ayurveda Vishnu
  • 18. Shiva Hindus History Shaivism Pashupati Avatars of Shiva Shiva Hanuman Bhairava Sharabha Veerabhadra Suntantarka Atavar Video Piplaad Ishaan Rudra Maha Shivaratri Nandi
  • 19. Shaktism Hindus History Mahalakshmi, Kamakshi, Parvati, Lalita, Bhuvaneshwari, Durga, Meenakshi, Mariamman, Yellamma, Poleramma, and Perantalamma Kali Ushas Shakti Uma (Parvati) Ratri Matrikas are the personified powers of different Devas. Brahmani emerged from Brahma, Vaishnavi from Vishnu, Maheshvari from Shiva, Indrani from Indra,  Kaumari from Skanda, Varahi from Varaha and Chamunda from Devi, and additionals are Narasimhi, Vinayaki. Matrikas Durga Ganga Ambika Mahavidyas
  • 20. Smartism Hindus History Panchayatana The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism, and it is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal – Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha, and Shakti. Vidyashankara Temple (Smarta), Springieri, Karnataka
  • 21. Other Post-Vedic Hindu Gods Ganesh Skanda Trimurti Avatar: Dattatreya Riddhi, Siddhi: Consorts of Ganesh Mariamman Ardhanarishvara Shiva + Parvati Harihara Vishnu + Parvati Anagha Devi Dattatreya Consort
  • 22. Legendary Hindu People Manu Bharata Vasudeva Bhagiratha Arjuna Most Beautiful Women in Hindu Scripture Ahalya Sita Yadu Yadavas Harishchandra Story of King Bharata
  • 23. Hindu Gurus Ramakrishna Swami Vivekananda Swaminarayan Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi Sadhus and Swamis Rajneesh Ramdev https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=famouus+gurus Vidyashankara Ashram
  • 24. Some Hindu Terminology Ishvari Sannyasa Soma Samsara Shanka Siddhar Svarga Shrauta Hindu Glossary Devis Kali Yug 3102 Moksha Devas Asuras Ishvara Bhagavan Patala Naraka Dharma Karma = Divine beings Shakti = Supreme deity = Perfected individual = Ritual drink = = Hindu version of hell = Freedom from rebirth or ignorance = Effects of individual acts = Current epoch = Cosmic law of order Based on Sruti = Vishnu shell emblem = Cosmic energy = Life of renunciation = Cycle of rebirth = Pleasant underworld Ashrama = Stages of life = Demons = God = Hindu heaven Sruti = Canonical texts Rishi = Wise Sage Kama Artha = Desire = Wealth
  • 25. Chiranjivis Chiranjivi are, in Hinduism, seven immortals who are to remain alive on Earth until the end of the current Kali Yuga. Vyasa, the sage who composed the Mahabharata. Hanuman, one of the greatest brahmachari, served Rama. He stands for selflessness, courage, devotion, intelligence, strength, celibacy and righteous conduct. Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu. He is knowledgeable of all astras, sastras and divine weapons. The Kalki Purana writes that he will reemerge at the end of time to instruct the final Avatar to undertake penance to receive celestial weaponry, required to save mankind at the end time. Ashwatthama, the son of Drona, a great warrior. Drona did many years of severe penance to please lord Shiva in order to obtain a son who possessed the same valor as Lord Shiva. Ashwatthama is the avatar of one of the eleven Rudras. Mahabali was a ruler of demons or asura who existed somewhere around present day Kerala. He was sent into Patal, the underworld by the Vamana avatar of Vishnu. Kripa, the royal guru of the princes in the Mahabharata. He along with his nephew Ashwatthama are the lone survivors of all warriors who actually fought in Kurukshetra War. Markandeya, Markandeya is an ancient rishi born in the clan of Bhrigu Rishi. A number of chapters in the Bhagavata Purana are dedicated to his conversations and prayers.
  • 26. Glorious Hinduism Web Site Gods and Divine Beings The Universe Famous Kings Hindu Epics Bharatvarsha Sages Hindus History Suryaism / Saurism Ganapatism Shrautism Kaumaram Cross Denomination Influences Atman Jnana Bhakti movement Schools of Indian philosophy Minor Hindu Denominations More Hindu Background
  • 27. Hindu Temples Hindu Temples + Varanasi Seven Sacred Cities Kanak Bhavan Ayodha Temple, Mathura Haridwar Ujjain Dwarkadhish Temple
  • 28. More Hindu Temples and Architecture Chand Baori Step Well Swaminarayan Akshardham Hindu Temple Architecture Golden Temple Vellore Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple Hindu Temples Worldwide Kanchipuram Khajuraho Amazing HIndu Temples
  • 29. Dwarka Pilgrimage Sites Puri Rameswaram Badrinath 4 Char Dam Sites Kumbh_Mela 4 Chota_Char_Dham Sites Kerala Sites Mahamaham
  • 30. Hindu Festivals Hinduism has many very colorful holidays including Holi Diwali Dussehra Bhogi Ratha Yatra Jagannath = Juggernaut Ganesh Visarjan Dahi Handi
  • 31. Hindu Practices Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) Some outdated practices are: Sati Hindus practices cremation Sanctity of Cows Ayurveda Yoga
  • 32. Other South Asian Religions (non-Hindu)
  • 33. Minority Religions in India Islam Buddhism Sikhism Jainism Zoroastrianism Christianity Judaism
  • 34. Muslim Religion Muhammed Quotes More Quotes Kaaba in Mecca. History and Architecture of Kaaba Maryam and Isa Mary and Jesus Abraham Hagar Ismael Hadith Sunna Sharia Fiqh Sahabah Akham Jihad Qiyas Ijma Ijtihad 99 Names of Allah Dajjal Video 6 Kalimas of South Asia Sira Hegira Liturgy Tawhid
  • 35. Islamic Holidays Hijri date 1441 AH 1442 AH 1443 AH 1444 AH 1445 AH Islamic New Year 1 Muḥarram 31 Aug. 2019 20 Aug. 2020 9 Aug. 2021 30 July 2022 19 July 2023 Ashura 10 Muḥarram 9 Sep. 2019 29 Aug. 2020 18 Aug. 2021 8 Aug. 2022 28 July 2023 Arbaʽeen 20 or 21 Ṣafar[b] 19 Oct. 2019 8 Oct. 2020 27 Sep. 2021 17 Sep. 2022 6 Sep. 2023 Eid-e-Shuja' 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal 6 Nov. 2019 26 Oct. 2020 15 Oct. 2021 5 Oct. 2022 24 Sep. 2023 Mawlid an-Nabī ('Birthday of the Prophet' [Muhammad]) 12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Sunni) 9 Nov. 2019 29 Oct. 2020 18 Oct. 2021 8 Oct. 2022 27 Sep. 2023 17 Rabī‘ al-Awwal (Shia) 14 Nov. 2019 3 Nov. 2020 23 Oct. 2021 13 Oct. 2022 2 Oct. 2023 Birthday of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib[a] 13 Rajab 8 Mar. 2020 25 Feb. 2021 14 Feb. 2022 4 Feb. 2023 25 Jan. 2024 Laylat al-Mi'raj 27 Rajab[e] 22 Mar. 2020 11 Mar. 2021 28 Feb. 2022 18 Feb. 2023 8 Feb. 2024 Laylat al-Bara'at 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024 Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī[c] Birth 15 Sha‘bān 8 Apr. 2020 28 Mar. 2021 18 Mar. 2022 7 Mar. 2023 25 Feb. 2024 First day of Ramaḍān 1 Ramaḍān 24 Apr. 2020 13 Apr. 2021 2 Apr. 2022 23 Mar. 2023 11 Mar. 2024 Laylat al-Qadr 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29 Ramaḍān[f] between 12 & 22 May 2020 between 1 & 11 May 2021 between 20 & 30 Apr. 2022 between 10 & 20 Apr. 2023 between 29 Mar. & 8 Apr. 2024 Chaand Raat 29 or 30 Ramaḍān[h] 23 May 2020 12 May 2021 1 May 2022 20 Apr. 2023 9 Apr. 2024 Eid al-Fitr 1 Shawwāl 24 May 2020 13 May 2021 2 May 2022 21 Apr. 2023 10 Apr. 2024 Hajj 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja 29 July – 3 Aug. 2020 18–23 July 2021 7–12 July 2022 26 June – 1 July 2023 14–19 June 2024 Day of Arafah 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja 30 July 2020 19 July 2021 8 July 2022 27 June 2023 15 June 2024 Eid al-Adha 10 Dhū al-Ḥijja 31 July 2020 20 July 2021 9 July 2022 28 June 2023 16 June 2024 Eid al-Ghadeer 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja 8 Aug. 2020 28 July 2021 17 July 2022 6 July 2023 24 June 2024 Eid al-Mubahalah 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja 14 Aug. 2020 3 Aug. 2021 23 July 2022 12 July 2023 30 June 2024 Note that some holidays are specific to subgroups such as Shia
  • 36. Beautiful Mosques Top Indian Mosques Jama Masjid, Delhi Jama Masjid, Agra Jamali-Kamali Mosque, Delhi Nagina Masjid, Agra Moti Masjid, Agra Ajmer Sharif Dargah
  • 37. Beautiful Mosques Top Indian Mosques Jama Masjid, Srinagar Haji Ali, Mumbai Bara Imambara, Lucknow Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad Akbari Masjid, Ajmer Taj-ul Masajid, Bhopal
  • 38. Beautiful Mosques Badshahi Mosque, Lahoire beautifulmosques.com Jumma Masjid Ahmedabad, India Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore,Pakistan Pul-e Khishti Mosque Kabul, Afghanistan Khost Mosque, Pakistan Khania Dighi Masjid, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  • 39. Muslim Architecture Shah Rukn-e-Alam Tomb, Pakistan Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Akbari_Sari Inn, Pakistan Humayun’s Tomb, India Fatehpur Sikri , Mughal capital Taj Mahal
  • 40. Buddhism (6th Century BC) Buddha was an Indian prince who renounced his wealth. He preached that living a simple life would enable you to avoid reincarnation and obtain Nirvana. The religion started in India and spread through East Asia. India later returned to Hinduism Buddhist Music Buddhist Beliefs Tantric Buddhism History of Buddhism in India Spread of Buddhism Decline of Buddhisn in India
  • 41. Buddhism (6th Century BC) Buddhists believe in four truths: 1) existence brings suffering; 2) the cause of suffering is craving; 3) there is a way to end suffering; 4) one needs to break one’s earthly attachments to obtain perfect happiness or Nirvana To achieve Nirvana follow an eightfold way consisting of 1. right understanding, 2. right thought, 3. right speech, 4. right action, 5. right livelihood, 6. right effort, 7. right mindfulness, 8. right concentration.
  • 43. Buddhism (cont) Mahabodhi Temple Sanchi Sangha Pali Canon The Aṣṭagatyaḥ (the eight kinds of nonhuman beings) is one category of dharmapālas, which includes the Garuda, Deva, Naga, Yaksha, Gandharva, Asura, Kinnara and Mahorag Dharmapala 10000 Buddha Temple Sangha Mahakala
  • 44. Jain Religion Bahubali Bhadrabahu Śvētāmbara Digambara Mahavira Jain the Baladeva, the Vāsudeva, and the Prativāsudeva (the anti-Vāsudeva). The Jain religion began at about the same time as Buddhism in 600 BC. Its followers are noted for being very peaceful and honoring the sanctity of all life forms. Jainism video Kailash Parvat Rachna Bharata Chakravartin
  • 45. Sikh Religion Sikh Golden Temple, Amritsar The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak in 1600 AD as a monotheistic tolerant religion. Sikhs are known for their successful hard work and strong culture Guru Nanak Sikhism Guru Angad Gurmukh Prohibited for Sikhs: 1. Haircuts 2. Intoxication  3. Gambling 4. Priestly class 5. Eating meat killed in a ritualistic manner Free ebooks on Sikhism Bhakti Movemeny
  • 46. Zoroastrian Religion Zoroastrianism (2001) Thus Spoke Zarathustra Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Persia from the 600 BC - 700 AD (Islam conquest). It was based on the teaching of the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathusta) and is still practiced in some parts of India and Iran. Parsis Faravahar Parsi Fire Temple Freddie Mercury Indian Zoroasterianism Zend Avesta Free ebooks
  • 47. Bahai Faith Baha’i Temple New Delhi . The Baha’i religion was founded by Baháʼu'lláh in 1863. It attempts to unify multiple religions by claiming Buddha, Jesus, and Mohammed were all prophets. Baha’i is known for its beautiful temples. Baha’i Headquarter Haifa Israel Baha’i Temples Baháʼu’lláh 1850 Beliefs Baha’i video ʻAbdu’l-Baha 1900 Bab 1840 Bab Shrine
  • 48. Christian Religion Catholic_Church_in_India St. Thomas Cathedral Mother Teresa List_of_saints_of_India Francis Xavier Protestantism_in_India Christians in India First Church in India St Thomas
  • 49. Jewish Religion Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, A.D. 68 Paradesi Synagogue from 1600s Pramila Devi: Miss India History of Jews in India Paradesi_Jews Cochin_Jews Baghdadi Jews
  • 51. Languages of India Regional languages 
 Bengali Marathi Telugu Tamil Urdu Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Assamese Maithili Sanskrit Prakrit Pali Status of Sanskrit
  • 52. Caste System in India Jatis Jatis vs. Varna Varna Varna Hierarchy Jatis are the underlying clan system in India. There are over 3000 jatis which have been inbreeding over 100s of years. Jatis can be at different levels in the Varna hierarchy.
  • 53. Major Schools of Hindu Philosophy
  • 54. Indian Philosophy Nastika: The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the Vedas were regarded as heterodox in the tradition: 1. Buddhism 2. Jainism 3. Cārvāka 4. Ājīvika 5. Ajñana 6. Advaita Astika list of six systems or ṣaḍdarśanas (also spelled Sad Darshan) consider Vedas as a reliable source of knowledge and an authoritative source.[18] These are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta schools of Hinduism, and they are classified as the āstika schools: 1. Nyāyá, the school of logic 2. Vaiśeṣika, the atomist school 3. Sāṃkhya, the enumeration school 4. Yoga, the school of Patañjali (which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya) 5. Mīmāṃsā, the tradition of Vedic exegesis 6. Vedanta or Uttara Mimāṃsā, the Upaniṣadic tradition. Astika and Nastika Hindu Philosophy Udayana 950 Navya-Nyāya Nyayakusumanjali
  • 55. Vedanta Philosopher-Gurus Three Acharyas (gurus) of Vedanta Adi_Shankara Advaita Vedanta Madhvacharya Dvaita Vedanta Ramanujacharya Visishtadvaita Vedanta List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saints
  • 56. Yoga Kundalini Yoga History Pre-Vedic India Vedic period (1700–500 BCE) Preclassical era (500–200 BCE) Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE) Middle Ages (500–1500 CE) Patanjali Bhakti Yoga Krishna Consciousness Ashram Sadhus
  • 57. z Indian Mathematicians Brahmagupta 650 AD Ramanujan 1910 Aryabhata 500 AD Scientists C. V. Raman 1930 Movie India Institutes of Technology Bose 1925 Varāhamihira 550 Varadhan 1990 Chandrashekar 1950 Ten Math Contributions and
  • 58. IndusValley Civilization Arts and Crafts Pottery Bearded Man Unfortunately the script of the Indus Valley Civilization has not been deciphere. There is much about their rise, culture, and fall that is still a mystery. Art Crafts
  • 59. Painted Grey Ware sites Painted Grey Ware Early Crafts Black and Red Ware Culture Northern Black Polished Ware Northern Black Sites Ochre Color Pottery
  • 61. South Asian Writers and Poets Kālidāsa 500 BC Chanakya (Kauṭilya) 300 BC Arthashastra Kama Sutra Vātsyāyanan200 AD Aṣṭādhyāyī Panini Tagore Asvaghosa Buddhacarita Bhasa The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa,[9] Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana  Bilhana Caurapâñcâśikâ Poet Kabir Das 1450 AD Pantajali Sadhana ebook Shakuntala ebook Jayadeva 1200 AD Gita_Govinda
  • 62. Vidyapati 1400 Eknath 1560 More South Asian Writers Poets Ravidas 1500 Mirabai 1525 Patanjali Tukaram 1625 Vishnu_Sharma 300 BC? Panchatantra Bhasa 300 AD Bhanubhakta Acharya 1850 Rahman_Baba 1700
  • 63. Tamil Literature Thiruvalluvar 300 AD? Tirukkuṟaḷ Sangam Literature Five Great Epics No Name Author Date 1 Cilappatikāram Ilango Adigal (Jain ascetic) 5th or 6th century CE[7][8][9] 2 Manimekalai Sīthalai Sāttanār (Buddhist ascetic) after Cilappatikaram, 6th or 7th century[10] 3 Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi Tirutakkatevar (Jain ascetic) early 10th century[11] 4 Valayapathi An unknown Jain ascetic 10th century[12] 5 Kundalakesi Natakuptanar (Buddhist ascetic) unknown[13] Ilango Adigal Chithalai Chathanar Tamil Writers Subramanya Bharathiyar Subramanya Bharathiyar Subramanya Bharathiyar Subramanya Bharathiyar Subramania Bharati 1900 AD Kambar 1200 AD Kapilar 135 AD
  • 64. Indian Fashion Sari Mundum Neriyathum Shalwar Kameezs Anarkal Salwar Suit Langa Voi Lehenga Dhoti Churidar + Achkan Dastar Dupatta Angrakha Slideshow Kasaya
  • 65. Indian Dance Shiva as Nataraja (Lord of Dance). Bharatanatyam Kathakali Kathak Kuchipudi Odissi Satriya Manipuri Mohiniyattam Bhangra Best Bollywood Dances Nautch Helen Multiple Dances
  • 66. z Indian Cinema Soumitra Chatterjee Desi Girl from Dostana Bharat 100 Best Bollywood Movies 10 Best Bollywood Movies with Trailers + Queen Trailer Top-rated Indian Movies IMDB 10 Top Rated Bollywood Dance Scenes Jai Ho from Slumdog Apu Trilogy Satyajit Ray Restoration Mother India Full movie Baahubali Conclusion Beginning Dilip Kumar Raaj Kumar
  • 67. z Indian Music Ravi Shankar Sandham: Symphony Meets Classical Tamil Ali Akbar Khan Alla Rakha Zakir Hussain Bismillah Khan Hariprasad Chaurasia Shivkumar Sharma Top Singers of South Asian Heritage
  • 68. South Asia Sports Cricket Badminton Afghan Polo Mountaineering Kabaddi Kho kho
  • 69. Caves of India Elephanta Caves Ajanta- Ellora Caves Bagh Caves Borra Caves Varaha Caves Badami Caves Karla Caves Trichy Caves
  • 70. Ancient Cities of India Varanasi Ayodhya Kannauj Gwalior Thanjavur Seven Sacred Cities Patna Pataliputra List of Ancient Cities Ayodhya
  • 71. More Ancient Cities of India Taxila Madurai Ujjain Hampi Pushkar Rajgir
  • 72. Well-Known Indian Cities Bangalore Agra Jaipur Delhi Mumbai Kochi Udaipur Kolkata Darjeeling Chenbai Hyderabad Amritsar
  • 74. Other South Asian Cities Srinagar Kabul Columbo Thimpu Katmandu Kandahar Kandy Dhaka Dude in Kabul Dude in Kandahar Dude in Herat Dude in Katmandu Dude in Sri Lanka
  • 76. Sacred Texts of Hinduism Vedas  Upanishads   Mahabharata  Ramayana   Bhagavad Gita  Puranas   Other Primary Texts   Epics   Vedanta Later texts   Modern books Hindu Texts Hindu Documents Timeline Samhita, Brahmana layers of the Vedas • Rigveda, 1800 – 1100 BC • Samaveda, 1200 - 800 BC • Yajurveda, 1100 - 800 BC • Atharvaveda, 1000 - 800 BC • The early Upanishads were composed over 900 - 300 BC Others • Mahabharata, 400 BC(Origins likely in the 8th or 9th century BC) • Bhagavad Gita, 400 BC • Ramayana, 400 BC • Samkhya Sutra • Mimamsa Sutra, 300-200 BC • Arthashastra, 400 BC • Nyaya Sutra, 2nd century BC • Vaiseshika Sutra, 2nd century BC • Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, 100 BC - 500 BC • Brahma Sutra, 500 BC • Puranas, 250 – 1000 AD • Shiva Sutras, 120 BC • Abhinavabharati, 950 - 1020 AD • Yoga Vasistha, 750 AD Itihasa Tamil Tevaram Shastra Shruti Smriti Tamil Naalayira Divya Prabandham Indian Manuscripts Free Hindu ebooks
  • 77. Vedas The Vedas There are four Vedas, the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas are the primary texts of Hinduism. They also had a vast influence on Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Traditionally the text of the Vedas was coeval with the universe. Scholars have determined that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, was composed about 1500 B.C., and codified about 600 B.C. It is unknown when it was finally committed to writing, but this probably was at some point after 300 B.C. The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancient India. Along with the Book of the Dead, the Enuma Elish, the I Ching, and the Avesta, they are among the most ancient religious texts still in existence. Besides their spiritual value, they also give a unique view of everyday life in India four thousand years ago. The Vedas are also the most ancient extensive texts in an Indo-European language, and as such are invaluable in the study of comparative linguistics. Vedic Deities Rig Veda Historical Vedic Religion Vedi Feed Ṛta Bharatas Free ebook Vyasa
  • 78. Saptarishi Saptarishi =Seven Sages from the Vedas . There are some different names in later texts. The Big Dipper Constellation is called the Saptarishi Mandal by Hindus. The names associated with the stars are listed in the table below. Kratu Pulaha Pulastya Atri Angiras Vasistha Marichi Seven sages in Big Dipper Atri Vasistha Bhrigu Kashyapa Sages on Other Lists Pulaha Kratu Angiras Marichi
  • 79. Yajur Veda The Yajur Veda (Taittiriya Sanhita)
 translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith [1914]
 A complete translation of the Black Yajur Veda. The Yajur Veda is a detailed manual of the Vedic sacrificial rites. 
 The Texts of the White Yajurveda
 translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1899]
 A complete translation of the White Yajur Veda. Atharva Veda The Atharva Veda also contains material from the Rig Veda, but of interest are the numerous incantations and metaphysical texts, which this anthology (part of the Sacred Books of the East series) collects and categorizes. The Atharva Veda was written down much later than the rest of the Vedas, about 200 B.C.; it may have been composed about 1000 B.C. The Hymns of the Atharvaveda translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6] The unabridged Atharva Veda translation by Ralph Griffith.
 The Atharva-Veda translated by Maurice Bloomfield [1897] (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42) The Sacred Books of the East translation of the Atharva-veda. Selected hymns from the Atharva- veda. Vedas Rig Veda The Rig-Veda
 translated by Ralph Griffith [1896]
 A complete English translation of the Rig Veda. 
 Rig-Veda (Sanskrit)
 The complete Rig Veda in Sa nskrit, in Unicode Devanagari script and standard romanization. Vedic Hymns, Part I (SBE 32) Hymns to the Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu and Vâta, tr. by F. Max Müller [1891] A masterpiece of linguistics and comparative mythology: translations and deep analysis of the Vedic Hymns to the Storm Gods. Vedic Hymns, Part II (SBE 46) Hymns to Agni, tr. by Hermann Oldenberg [1897] The Vedic Hymns to Agni. A Vedic Reader for Students (excerpts)
 by A.A. Macdonell [1917]
 An introduction to the Dramatis Personæ of the Rig Veda. Sama Veda The Sama-Veda
 translated by Ralph Griffith [1895]
 A collection of hymns used by the priests during the Soma sacrifice. Many of these duplicate in part or in whole hymns from the Rig Veda. This is a complete translation.
  • 80. Samhitas The Vedas have been divided into four styles of texts – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Brahmanas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic- sacrifices), the Aranyakas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).The Samhitas are sometimes identified as karma-khanda (कमर् खण्ड, action/ritual-related section), while the Upanishads are identified as jnana- khanda (ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge/spirituality-related section) The Aranyakas and Brahmanas are variously classified, sometimes as the ceremonial karma-khanda, other times (or parts of them) as the jnana-khanda. The Vedic Samhitas were chanted during ceremonies and rituals, and parts of it remain the oldest living part of Hindu tradition. The Aranyakas (/ɑːˈrʌnjəkə/; Sanskrit: āraṇyaka आरण्यक) constitutes the philosophy behind ritual sacrifice of the ancient Hindu sacred texts, the Vedas.They typically represent the later sections of Vedas, and are one of many layers of the Vedic texts. The other parts of Vedas are the Samhitas (benedictions, hymns), Brahmanas (commentary), and the Upanishads (spirituality and abstract philosophy).
  • 81. Upanishads The Upanishads are a continuation of the Vedic philosophy, and were written between 800 and 400 B.C. They elaborate on how the soul (Atman) can be united with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through contemplation and mediation, as well as the doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a persons' actions.  The Upanishads (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15):
  The Upanishads, Part I (SBE 1)
 Max Müller, translator [1879]
 The Chandogya, Talavakara, Aitreya-Aranyaka, the Kaushitaki-Brahmana, and the Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishads
 
  The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15)
 Max Müller, translator [1884]
 Katha, Mundaka, Taittirîyaka, Brihadâranyaka, Svetâsvatara, Prasña, and Maitrâyana Brâhmana Upanishads.  Thirty Minor Upanishads
 by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar [1914]
 Thirty shorter Upanishads, principally dealing with Yogic thought and practice.  From the Upanishads
 Charles Johnston, translator [1889]
 Translations from the Katha, Prasna and Chhandogya Upanishads. Brahma Sutras Brahman Atman Maya Schools of Hinduism
  • 82. Upanishads Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions. Of all Vedic literature, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism. The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Ātman (soul, self) are central ideas in all of the Upanishads and "know that you are the Ātman" is their thematic focus. Along with the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra, the mukhya Upanishads (known collectively as the Prasthanatrayi) provide a foundation for the several later schools of Vedanta, among them, two influential monistic schools of Hinduism He who has highest Bhakti of Deva (God),
 just like his Deva, so for his Guru (teacher),
 To him who is high-minded,
 these teachings will be illuminating. — Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23 Epilogue Bhakti Vyasa
  • 83. Brahmanas Shakha schools Each Veda has one or more of its own Brahmanas, and each Brahmana is generally associated with a particular Shakha or Vedic school. They are a secondary layer or classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within each Veda, often explain and instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals.The Brahmanas are particularly noted for their instructions on the proper performance of rituals, as well as explanations on the symbolic importance of sacred words and ritual actions. Academics state that these instructions insist on exact pronunciation (accent), chhandas (छन्दः, meters), precise pitch, with coordinated movement of hand and fingers – that is, perfect delivery Veda Brahmana Comment RigVeda Aitareya and Kausitaki SamaVeda Sadvimsa, Mantra, and Daivata The Mantra Brahmana is from the first two chapters of the Chandogya Brahmana. YajurVeda Shatapatha There are two versions or recensions by different Shakhas: Madhyandina and Kanva. Both apply to the Śukla (White) YajurVeda. Taittiriya Applies to the Krishna (Black) YajurVeda AtharvaVeda Gopatha The only surviving (i.e. e
  • 84. Vedanta Vedanta The Vedântâ-Sûtras (SBE 48)
 with commentary by Râmânuja, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 48) [1904]’ 
 The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part I (SBE 34)
 with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 34) [1890] 
 The Vedântâ-Sûtras Part II (SBE 38)
 with commentary by Sankarâkârya, translated by George Thibaut; (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 38) [1896] 
 The Crest-Jewel of Wisdom
 and other writings of Śankarâchârya; translation and commentaries by Charles Johnston [1946] 
 Brahma-Knowledge
 by L.D. Barnett [1911]
 A short exposition of the Hindu Vedanta philosophy. 
 Select Works of Sri Sankaracharya
 tr. by S. Venkataramanan [1921] Hindu Sutras
  • 85. Puranas Puranas The Puranas are post-Vedic texts which typically contain a complete narrative of the history of the Universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of the kings, heroes and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology and geography. There are 17 or 18 canonical Puranas, divided into three categories, each named after a deity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. There are also many other works termed Purana, known as 'Upapuranas.'  The Vishnu Purana
 by H.H. Wilson [1840]
 A primary text of the Vaishnava branch of Hinduism, and one of the canonical Puranas of the Vishnu category. Among the portions of interest are a cycle of legends of the boyhood deeds of Krishna and Rama. H.H. Wilson was one of the first Europeans to translate a Hindu sacred text from the original Sanskrit. His style and annotations are exceptional and very readable.
 
  The Garuda Purana
 translated by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam [1911]
 A Vishnu Purana with Dantesque descriptions of the afterlife, and details of Hindu funeral rites.  The S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam
 translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
 One of the Upapuranas, devoted to the Devi (Goddess). 
  The Devî Gita
 translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
 The Song of the Goddess. An excerpt from the S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam (above) 
  The Prem Sagur
 (Prem Sagar) by Lallu Lal, translated by W. Hollings [1848]
 English translation of a popular Hindi retelling of the Krishna cycle, based on the tenth book of the Bhagavata Purana. 
  The Transmigration of the Seven Brahmans
 translated by Henry David Thoreau [1931]
 An excerpt from the Harivamsa, a Puranic text, translated by the American transcendentalist philosopher. 
  Kundalini: The Mother of the Universe
 by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930]
 Includes an English translation of the Lalita Sahasranama, the 'Thousand Names of the Goddess,' from the Brahmanda Purana.
  • 87. Other Primary Texts Other Primary Texts The Laws of Manu
 George Bühler, translator [1886]
 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 25)
 Manu was the legendary first man, the Adam of the Hindus. This is a collection of laws attributed to Manu. 
 The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part I (SBE 2)
 George Bühler translator [1879]
 (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 2)
 Hindu law books written by the sages Âpastamba and Gautama, in the first millenium B.C. 
 The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part II (SBE 14)
 George Bühler translator [1879]
 (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 14)
 Hindu law books written by the sages Vasishtha and Baudhâyana, in the first millenium B.C. 
 The Institutes of Vishnu (SBE 7)
 Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
 (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 7)
 This Hindu law book contains descriptions of yogic practises, and a moving hymn to the Goddess Prajapati. 
 The Minor Law Books (SBE 33)
 Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
 (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 33)
 Later Hindu law books written by Narada and Brihaspati about 600 CE. 
 The Grihya Sutras, Part 1 (SBE 29) Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1886] The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE 30) Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1892] Ancient Hindu household rites, including fertility, marriage, purity, initiations, and funerals.
  • 88. Mahabharata Mahabharata  The Mahabharata translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli [1883-1896] Digitizing this unabridged translation of the Mahabharata was a joint venture between sacred-texts and Project Gutenberg.  The Mahabharata in Sanskrit
 The text of the Mahabharata with parallel Devanagari and Romanization Unicode. The Ramayana  Rámáyan Of Válmíki
 translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith [1870-1874]
 The first complete public domain translation of the Ramayana to be placed online.  The Ramayana in Sanskrit
 The text of the Ramayana with parallel Unicode Devanagari and Romanization. Abridged Versions  The Ramayana and Mahabharata
 R. Dutt translator [1899]
 A very readable abridged version of these epics.  Indian Idylls
 Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1883]
 More stories from the Mahabharata, rendered in poetry.  Love and Death
 by Sri Arobindo [1921]
 The popular story of Ruru and Priyumvada from the Mahabharata. Ramayana and
  • 89. Mahabharata Characters Shakuni Dhritarashtra Gandhari Dronacharya Karna
  • 90. Mahabharata Vyasa Characters in the Mahabharata Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Draupadi Krishna Hastinapur Lessons from the Mahabharata Duryodhana Mahabharata Movie Trailer Peter Brooks’ Mahabharata Satyavati
  • 91. Mahabharata Bharatas Kurukshetra War 1700 BC After the war Pandavas Karauvas vs Mahabharat Movie
  • 93. Bhagavad Gita Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita, usually considered part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata (dating from about 400 or 300 B.C.), is a central text of Hinduism, a philosphical dialog between the god Krishna and the warrior Arjuna. This is one of the most popular and accessible of all Hindu scriptures, required reading for anyone interested in Hinduism. The Gita discusses selflessness, duty, devotion, and meditation, integrating many different threads of Hindu philosophy.  The Bhagavadgîtâ (SBE 8)
 with the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ translated by Kâshinâth Trimbak Telang, (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 8) [1882]
 A scholarly prose translation of the Bhagavad Gita with two other similar, less well known, works from the Mahabharata.  The Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit
 A Unicode presentation of the Gita in Romanized Sanskrit.  Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita
 by Swami Swarupananda [1909]
 A modern English prose translation of the Gita with commentary. The Bhagavad Gita
 A modern prose translation of the Gita, sanctioned by the International Gita Society.  The Bhagavad Gita
 Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1885]
 A classic poetic version of the Gita.
  • 95. Dharmaśāstra Manusmriti = Manava Dharmasastra Dharma Karma Karma in Hinduism Karma vs Dharma = Short vs long term Sastra = Rules Dharmasastra = Rules for Dharma The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in poetic verses,  are part of the Hindu Smritis, [6] constituting divergent commentaries and treatises on duties, responsibilities and ethics to oneself, to family and as a member of society. The texts include discussion of ashrama (stages of life), varna (social classes), purushartha (proper goals of life), personal virtues and duties such as ahimsa (non-violence) against all living beings, rules of just war, and other topics. Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern colonial India history, when they were formulated by early British colonial administrators to be the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs) in South Asia, Supposedly a discourse between Manu and Bhrigu on dharma topics such as duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and others
  • 96. Islam Holy Texts Koran Translations Online Koran in English From earlier religions: Torah (Old Testament) Zabur (Psalms) Injil (Gospels) Hadith Kutub_al-Sittah (Sunni) The_Four_Books(Shia) Hadiths background and translations 1. Sahih: These are the genuine Traditions so declared after applying all tests.
 2. Hasan: These are the fair Traditions although inferior in the matter of authenticity to the Sahih.
 3. Daif: These are the weak traditions which are not so very reliable." = A hadith consists of two parts. The chain of transmitters comprises one part while the message within the hadith completes it. The former is known as isnad while the latter is matn 6 Kalimas of South Asia
  • 97. Buddhist Texts Links to many Sacred Texts Nagarjuna Aryadeva Five Moral Precepts Sutras Vinaya Free ebook from GlobalGrey
  • 98. Jain Texts Sutras • Samayasāra(Digambara) • Pravachanasara(Digambara) • Agama(Shwetambara) • Tattvartha Sutra • Dravyasamgraha(Digambara) • Kalpa Sūtra(Shwetambara) • Jaina Sutras 1 Jaina Sutras 2
  • 99. Sikh Texts Shri Guru Granth Sahib Sikh Scriptures Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Sikh Wiki Free ebook
  • 100. Zoroasterian Texts Zend Avesta Pahlavi Texts Zoroasterian Archives Free ebooks from Global Grey
  • 101. Bahai Texts Unformatted Selections from the writings of the Bab Kitab-i-Iqan (Book of Certitude) Kitab-I-Aqdas Baháʼu'lláh Free Downloads
  • 102. Judeo-Christian Texts Old Testament New Testament Talmud Catholic Catechism Mishnah
  • 105. Images of India Regional Cuisines India Cuisine Popular Dishes Overview of Regional Cuisines Indian Spices Indian Food Blog
  • 106. Northern India Cuisine Kashmir Rogan Josh Rajasthan Thali Tandoori Chicken Kadhi Uttar Pradeshi Thali  Uttarakhand Saag,
  • 107. Southern India Cuisine Vegetarian Andra Pradesh Jolada rotti, Palya, Anna-saaru Karnataka Karnatka Bisi bele bath Kerala Sadhya Kerala spicy fish Kerala Fish Molly
  • 108. Western India Cuisine Pork Vindaloo Khaman Daal Bafla Hyderabadi Biryani Aluchya Wadya Aluchya Wadya Aluchya Wady Bhelpuri Modak
  • 109. Eastern India Cuisine Assam Thali Bengali meal Bihar Palak Panmeer North Eastern Thupka Mansha Tarkan
  • 110. Mughal Cuisine Paneer Tikka Kebab Tandoori chicken Chicken Tikka Marsala Aloo Gosht Murgh Musallam
  • 111. Pakistani Cuisine Baida Roti Chicken Biryani Mutton Kheema Garlic Mustard Fish Fillet Bheja Fry Nihari and Halwa Puri
  • 112. Bangladesh Cuisine Bakarkhani Biryani Kala Bhuna Beef Hatkora Mishti doi
  • 113. Afghan Cuisine Chapli Kebab Badenjan (eggplant) Mantu Baamiyah (okra) Kabuli Pulao Ashak 8 Afghan Dishes 10 Most Popula Dishes 10 Most Popular Foods
  • 114. Kashmir Cuisine Wazwan Shab Daig Rogan Josh Mutton Yakni Muchch Dum Aloo
  • 115. Nepali Cuisine Dal-bhat-tarkari Chili Momo Fried Chicken Lohonung Dindo Thali Thulpa Newa Meal
  • 117. Indian Spices Asafoetida (Indian Name: Hing) Mace  (Indian Name: Javitri Cardamon (Indian Name:Elaichi) Cloves  (Indian Name: Laung) Nutmeg  (Indian Name: Jaiphal) Red Chilies  (Indian Name: Lal Dhania) Turmeric  (Indian Name: Haldi) Black and white pepper  (Indian Name: Kali Mirch)
  • 119. References Hindu Icons Hindu Icons 2 Consorts Hindu Icons 4 Hindu Online Yadava India Tour Stoic Sadhu Indian Contents Ancient Indian History Hindu Icon 3 India Destiny’s History, Culture, Religion, Society, Tourism Links Books by Shashi Tharoor Jana Gana Mana Vande Mataram Buddhist Encyclopedia Hindu Calendar Quotes in Praise of India Hindu Arts and Culture Atman India Past and Present Hindu Temples and Organizations Hindu Gurus and Saints Three Bodies of Buddha History of Brahmins
  • 120. References(cont) Free ebooks about India from GlobalGrey Books Free ebooks about Buddhism from GlobalGrey Books Free ebooks about Islam from GlobalGrey Books Free ebooks about Hinduism from GlobalGrey Books Free ebooks about Sikhism from GlobalGrey Books Free ebooks about Yoga from GlobalGrey Books GlobalGreyebooks Free ebooks about Zoroastrianism from GlobalGrey Books EDtimes Live History India 10 Great Wisdom Goddesses World Relief Hinduism