In this presentation i have explained about advance network and there advantage and disadvantages and types of networks

1. The University Of Lahore
Sir. Abdul Maalik
Mr. Zeeshan Raza
Mr. Naeem Riaz
Advance Network
Ad-hoc Networks

2.  In Latin, ad hoc means "for this," further meaning "for this
purpose only.”
 An ad-hoc network is a LAN or other small network, especially
one with wireless connections, in which some of the network
devices are part of the network only for the duration of a
communications session.
Host Switching Unit
Hop
Path, chain or route

3. Why ad hoc wireless networking?
 Technical side:
 wireless devices need to be connected;
 increased performance/cost ratio on
devices
 Internet compatible standards-based
wireless systems;

4.  Introduction
 History
 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
› Infrastructure based Networks and Infrastructure-less Networks.
› Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols
› Setting up a simple Mobile Ad-hoc Network
 Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks
› Classification, types, network structure, basic requirements.
 Difference between Cellular and Ad-hoc Networks
 Conclusions

5. Today the networks normally developed are of
the type having some fixed infrastructure. What
would be the solution if the network is required to be
made for some short period of time?

6.  An Ad-hoc network is a local area network or some
other small network, especially one with wireless (or
temporary plug in connections), in which some of
the network devices are the part of the network
only for the duration of a communications session.
 Allows new network devices to be quickly added.
 Each user has a unique network address that is
recognized as the part of the network.

7.  Nodes or devices can join together to make up a
simple ad-hoc network. Every device owes an
equal status or designation in the network.

8.  One organization, for example arranges a
conference, and the attendees use their laptops
or notebook computers to connect to the nearby
computers and the Internet through the wireless
router.

9.  A better solution to this kind of network will be
an ad-hoc network in which the wireless router
is replaced by a wireless computer that can well
act as a wireless router.
 The computers communicate directly with each
other.

10. Cellular Networks Ad-hoc Networks
Fixed, pre-located cell sites and
base stations.
No fixed base stations, very
rapid deployment.
Static network topology Highly dynamic network
topologies, with multi-hop.
Relatively favorable
environment and stable
connectivity.
Hostile environment (losses,
noise) and irregular
connectivity.
Detailed planning before base
stations can be installed.
Ad-hoc network automatically
forms and conforms to
change.

16.  It is suitable for military communications at battlefield where
there is no network infrastructure.
 Incase if we need to exchange information and the network's
infrastructure has been destroyed.

17.  Group of people with laptops and they want to exchange files
and data without having an access point.
Sharing the internet
Connected to the internet

18.  Hidden node problem:
When sender1 & sender2 sends data at same time
to receive then collision is occur between senders
and receiver.
Sender 1 Sender 2
Receiver
Collision

19.  Exposed node problem :
In ad hoc network link is break due to
disconnection od node. and data is not
transmitted by the transmitter.
Transmitter
Receiver Exposed Node
Blocked
By The
Transmitter

21.  On the basis of infrastructure we can classify the
Ad-hoc networks into two main categories. They
are
1. Infrastructure-based networks.
› A network with pre-constructed infrastructure that is made of fixed
network nodes and gateways, with typically network services
delivered via these preconfigured infrastructures.
› For example, cellular networks are infrastructure-based networks
built from, base stations, and mobile hosts.
› Each node has its strict specific responsibility in the network. WLANs
typically also fall into this category.

22. 2. Infrastructure-less networks
› In this case a network is formed dynamically through the cooperation
of an arbitrary set of independent nodes.
› For example, two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can set up
an independent network whenever they are within range of one
another.
› In mobile ad hoc networks, nodes are expected to behave as routers
and take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes.
› Network is decentralized where the topology discovering and the
message delivering must be executed by the nodes themselves.

23.  No expensive infrastructure must be installed
 Use of unlicensed frequency spectrum
 Quick distribution of information around sender
 Use of ad-hoc networks can increase mobility and
flexibility, as ad-hoc networks can be brought up and
torn down in a very short time.
 Ad-hoc networks can be more economical in some
cases, as they eliminate fixed infrastructure costs and
reduce power consumption at mobile nodes.
 Because of multi-hop support in ad-hoc networks,
communication beyond the Line of Sight (LOS) is
possible at high frequencies.

24.  Multi-hop ad-hoc networks can reduce the power
consumption of wireless devices. More transmission
power is required for sending a signal over any distance
in one long hop than in multiple shorter hops. It can
easily be proved that the gain in transmission power
consumption is proportional to the number of hops
made.
 Because of short communication links (multi-hop node-
to-node communication instead of long-distance node
to central base station communication), radio emission
levels can be kept low. This reduces interference levels,
and makes it possible to use unlicensed unregulated
frequency bands.

25.  They are Infrastructure-less
 Dynamically Changing Network Topologies
 Network Security
 Limited Link Bandwidth
 Variation in Link and Node Capabilities
 Quality of Service
 Network Scalability
 Memory issue
 Power problem due to usage of battery

26.  A wireless ad hoc sensor network consists of a
number of sensors spread across a geographical
area.
 Each sensor has wireless communication
capability and some level of intelligence for
signal processing and networking of the data.

27.  Military sensor networks to detect and gain as much
information as possible about enemy movements,
and other phenomena of interest. In a military
sensor network, track an enemy tank as it moves
through the geographic area covered by the
network.
 Sensor networks to detect and characterize
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and
Explosive material.

28.  Acoustic used as the sound sensors.
 Seismic for the prediction of earth quake.
 Infrared for short range communication.
 Still/Motion video camera.

29.  Ad hoc networking will play an important role
in this evolution. Its intrinsic flexibility, ease
of maintenance, lack of needed
infrastructure, auto configuration, self-
administration capabilities, and significant
cost advantages make it a prime candidate for
becoming the stalwart technology for
personal pervasive communication.