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CHAPTER 11:
THE PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
A break from tradition and Catholicism
Trouble Brewing
   Either with them or against them
     Heretics   and the Inquisition
   Shifts in priorities
     Thearts
     Defending Papal States

   Celibacy?
   Corruption
     Especially   in Germanic Areas
   John Wycliffe
   John Huss
When the timing is right…
   The Printing Press
     By 1500, 250 cities printing 9-10 million books
     Erasmus a harsh critic

     People begin reading the Bible on their own
Martin Luther
                                Was a devout Catholic, served as a
                                 monk, tried to continually bring
                                 himself closer to God
                                Struggled with his faith
                                Puzzled and inspired by “The just
                                 shall live by faith”
                                Angered by Johann Tetzel




http://www.luthertour.com/
Johann Tetzel
                                                                   Sale of Indulgences
                                                                   “Heaven Insurance” for you
                                                                    and your loved ones –
                                                                    dead or alive!
                                                                   “No sooner than the coffer
                                                                    ring, than a soul from
                                                                    purgatory doth spring”




http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/02/13/opinion/13indulgences.large.jpg
The 95 Theses
   Nails his Ninety-five Theses to                                                  http://media-
                                                                                     cdn.tripadvisor.c
    the door of the Castle Church in                                                 om/media/photo-
                                                                                     s/01/63/41/87/95
    Wittenberg, Germany on All                                                       -thesis-of-martin-
                                                                                     luther.jpg
    Hallows Eve, 1517
       Salvation by faith alone; he
        opposed the Catholic Church’s
        beliefs in penance and good
        works
       Bible is the only authority for
        Christian life; Pope is a false
        authority
       Priesthood of all believers –
        each person should have an
        individual relationship with God
        and should read/interpret the
        Bible for him/herself
       All people are equal in the eyes
        of God
                                           http://www.the-highway.com/95Theses.gif
Luther’s ideas diffuse quickly
   Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which
    are quickly printed and spread throughout
   Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake
    Europe
   He did not originally intend to start an entire
    new branch of Christianity
Pope Leo X
                                                      Giovanni de Medici, son of
                                                       Lorenzo the Magnificent
                                                      Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull
                                                       June 15,1520 and threatens to
                                                       excommunicate Luther unless he
                                                       recanted
                                                      Luther and his students at the
                                                       University of Witten berg
                                                       burned the Papal Bull in a
                                                       bonfire
                                                      Pope excommunicates Luther
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/
09/Cardinal_Giovanni_de%27_Medici.jpg
Who do you think said this?
   “A single friar who goes counter to
    all Christianity for a thousand years
    must be wrong…I will proceed
    against him as a notorious heretic”
   Charles V – HRE
   1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at
    Worms to stand trial
   Refuses to recant his ideas,
       “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain
        reason…my conscience is captive to the Word
        of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything,
        for to go against conscience is neither right nor
        safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.
        Amen.”
   Charles V replies –
       “A single friar who goes counter to all
        Christianity for a thousand years must be
        wrong…I will proceed against him as a
        notorious heretic”
   Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring
    Luther an outlaw and heretic
                                                            https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/sp09
                                                            /subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg
   Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony,
    protects Luther in his castle for the first year after
    the Diet of Worms
     Spendsthe year translating the New Testament into
      German
   Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began
    leading worship in German, calling themselves
    “ministers”
   People give up on trying to reform the Catholic
    Church and become a group known as Lutherans
   Group of princes loyal to the Pope join forces and
    create an alliance against Luther’s ideas
   The princes who support Luther sign a statement
    protesting this alliance – become known as the
    Protestants
Spreading Luther’s Ideas
   Luther becomes friends with Erasmus who refused to
    fully support the Reformation
   Rising humanistic influences lead people to
    emphasize the role man should play in religion
   Peasants embrace the ideas and Luther’s criticisms
    of monastic landowners; rebel and solicit Luther’s
    support; demand release from serfdom
     Writes“Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
      Peasants” to the nobles; denounces peasants
       Why?
       He needs the princes support for Protestantism to survive
Spreading Ideas, cont.
   European rulers want to reduce the influence of the Church and the
    HRE
   Princes continue to protect Luther from the Catholics
     What is in it for the princes?

         Want to weaken the HRE. Want as much power as possible.
   Diet of Speyer 1526
     Emperor (distracted) agrees that each German territory was free
       to enforce the Edict of Worms against Luther
     Gives the German princes territorial sovereignty in religious
       matters
     Buys the Reformation concepts to take hold in Germany and
       Switzerland
Women and the Reformation
   Which idea do you think appealed to women the most?
     Concept of equality in God’s eyes

   Protestant teachings emphasized more compassionate
    marriages
     More compassionate

     Increased education for women

     More grounds for divorce if a husband violated his vows

   During the early years, women were major writers and
    preachers
     As Protestant groups become more formal, women’s
      opportunities decrease
Religious Warfare
   Charles V decides to fight against the Protestants
   Diet at Augsburg 1530 – meeting of the princes
       Diet ended with a blunt order to revert Lutherans to Catholicism
       Augsburg Confession –Protestants enter a defensive alliance called the
        Schmalkaldic League
         Schmalkaldic Articles – Luther
         League reaches a stalemate with Charles V
       1547 – Charles V unleashes the military on the Protestants, crush the
        Schmalkaldic League, imperial law mandates Protestants reconvert
       Peace of Augsburg 1552 – allows each German ruler to decide what their
        region’s religion will be
          Latin phrase “cuius regio, eius religo” – he who rules establishes religion
          Technically only allows Lutheranism or Catholicism
          Ecclesiastical reservation added – prevents converters from taking church
           lands with them
Charles is worn out
   Gave Spain (including land in the Americas, part of
    Italy, and the Netherlands, to his son Philip II
   Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand
   Retires to a monastery in Spain before dying in
    1558
The Reformation Ripple…
   For each of the following construct a chart that
    addresses:
     Who,   where, and when
     What they believed

     Significance in the Protestant Reformation and beyond
       Zwingli
       John Calvin
       Anabaptists
       John Knox
       Henry VIII
Reformation Skits
   Please write a script for a skit that demonstrates the
    dialogue for 2-4 Protestant Reformation
    theologians (depends on group size) and one
    political figure. 
   You may choose the setting and the purpose of the
    meeting/dialogue, but must have a dialogue that
    demonstrates an understanding of the different
    reformation ideas and challenges. 
   Each dialogue should last 4-5 minutes.  Everyone
    must have a speaking part. 
Ulrich Zwingli
   First major reformer to follow Luther
    (no denomination though)
   Preached in Zurich, ideas spread
    outward to Switzerland and S.
    Germany
   “community discipline”
   Churches become more
    “puritanical”
   Transubstantiation?
    Consubstantiation? Symbolic?


                                  http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/am/v2/n4/reform_ulric
                                  h_zwingli.jpg
John Calvin
                                        The Elect
                                        Predestination
                                        City of Saints – set up
                                         a model gov’t in
                                         Geneva
                                        Inspires Puritanism




http://www.davepohl.com/calvin.gif
John Knox
   Inspired by Calvin
   Brings Protestantism to
    Scotland
   Presbyters
   Leads a coup d’etat to
    overthrow Mary Stuart
   Nationalizes Calvinism


                        http://www.rampantscotland.com/colour/graphics/knox_john_edinburgh01665s.jpg
Henry VIII
   Overview: Six Wives
     Catherine   of Aragon – divorced (1533)
         Daughter - Mary
     Anne   Boleyn – beheaded (unjustly accused of adultery)
         Daughter – Elizabeth
     Jane   Seymour – died (12 days after giving birth)
         Son - Edward
     Anne of Cleves – divorced
     Catherine Howard – beheaded (actual adultery)

     Catherine Parr - survived
The Church of England
   Requested divorce from Pope Clement VII
     Asks Cardinal Wolsey for the same, fires him

     Charles V (Cath. Of Aragon’s nephew) marched into Rome and held the
      Pope hostage to prevent divorce
     Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer will annul the marriage

   Reformation Parliament
     Asks them to strip the Pope’s power in England

     Legalize Henry’s divorce, Pope not supposed to interfere

   Act of Supremacy 1534
       Declares King as the head of England’s Church
   William Tyndale – new English version of the Bible
   Henry VIII
     Closed    Catholic monasteries and other church lands
         Sells the land for profit
     Church of England (Anglican or Episcopal)
     “Six Articles” affirm CofE doctrines
         celibacy, literal confession etc (this will change)
http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Docu


      The Kids
                              ments/king_edwardVI_gallery.htm




   Edward VI
     crowned   at 9
     reigned for six years

     1st Protestant King

   Mary – Bloody Mary
     Reigned  five years
     M. Felipe II of Spain     http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarc
                                hs/elizsister.jpg


     Very Catholic

     Had over 300 murdered
                                 http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-
                                 ermine.jpg
   Elizabeth – The Virgin
    Queen
Elizabeth I
   Converts England back to Protestantism – for good.
   Church of England
     39   Articles – define Anglican doctrine
         Move away from some traditional Catholic practices
              (literal confession, Latin, allegiance to the Pope, clerical celibacy,
               etc)
         Include elements of Protestantism
     Book     of Common Prayer
       Created under Edward VI
       Officialized under Elizabeth I
The Spread of Protestantism




http://wps.ablongman.com/long_longman_lwcdemo_1/23/5988/1533007.cw/index.html
Protestant Work Ethic
   Protestant Bourgeoisie – middle class (especially in the North) tended to
    react against authority (like the Church and the Nobility); thus, they usually
    chose to become Protestant
   A new value system develops
     Every man (rich or poor) can serve God in his job

     Labor and thrift are Godly virtues

     Profits are permissible if used to benefit society and to glorify God

   Results?
     Explosion of capitalism from Dutch, English, and Swiss Protestants
          Capitalism = economy based on competition and individual acheivement
   “Protestant Work Ethic”
   Don Quixote – Miguel de Cervantes
   William Shakespeare

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The Protestant Reformation

  • 1. CHAPTER 11: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION A break from tradition and Catholicism
  • 2. Trouble Brewing  Either with them or against them  Heretics and the Inquisition  Shifts in priorities  Thearts  Defending Papal States  Celibacy?  Corruption  Especially in Germanic Areas  John Wycliffe  John Huss
  • 3. When the timing is right…  The Printing Press  By 1500, 250 cities printing 9-10 million books  Erasmus a harsh critic  People begin reading the Bible on their own
  • 4. Martin Luther  Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to continually bring himself closer to God  Struggled with his faith  Puzzled and inspired by “The just shall live by faith”  Angered by Johann Tetzel http://www.luthertour.com/
  • 5. Johann Tetzel  Sale of Indulgences  “Heaven Insurance” for you and your loved ones – dead or alive!  “No sooner than the coffer ring, than a soul from purgatory doth spring” http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/02/13/opinion/13indulgences.large.jpg
  • 6. The 95 Theses  Nails his Ninety-five Theses to http://media- cdn.tripadvisor.c the door of the Castle Church in om/media/photo- s/01/63/41/87/95 Wittenberg, Germany on All -thesis-of-martin- luther.jpg Hallows Eve, 1517  Salvation by faith alone; he opposed the Catholic Church’s beliefs in penance and good works  Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a false authority  Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the Bible for him/herself  All people are equal in the eyes of God http://www.the-highway.com/95Theses.gif
  • 7. Luther’s ideas diffuse quickly  Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which are quickly printed and spread throughout  Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake Europe  He did not originally intend to start an entire new branch of Christianity
  • 8. Pope Leo X  Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent  Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recanted  Luther and his students at the University of Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire  Pope excommunicates Luther http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/ 09/Cardinal_Giovanni_de%27_Medici.jpg
  • 9. Who do you think said this?  “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”
  • 10. Charles V – HRE  1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at Worms to stand trial  Refuses to recant his ideas,  “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.”  Charles V replies –  “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”  Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/sp09 /subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg
  • 11. Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony, protects Luther in his castle for the first year after the Diet of Worms  Spendsthe year translating the New Testament into German  Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began leading worship in German, calling themselves “ministers”  People give up on trying to reform the Catholic Church and become a group known as Lutherans
  • 12. Group of princes loyal to the Pope join forces and create an alliance against Luther’s ideas  The princes who support Luther sign a statement protesting this alliance – become known as the Protestants
  • 13. Spreading Luther’s Ideas  Luther becomes friends with Erasmus who refused to fully support the Reformation  Rising humanistic influences lead people to emphasize the role man should play in religion  Peasants embrace the ideas and Luther’s criticisms of monastic landowners; rebel and solicit Luther’s support; demand release from serfdom  Writes“Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants” to the nobles; denounces peasants  Why?  He needs the princes support for Protestantism to survive
  • 14. Spreading Ideas, cont.  European rulers want to reduce the influence of the Church and the HRE  Princes continue to protect Luther from the Catholics  What is in it for the princes?  Want to weaken the HRE. Want as much power as possible.  Diet of Speyer 1526  Emperor (distracted) agrees that each German territory was free to enforce the Edict of Worms against Luther  Gives the German princes territorial sovereignty in religious matters  Buys the Reformation concepts to take hold in Germany and Switzerland
  • 15. Women and the Reformation  Which idea do you think appealed to women the most?  Concept of equality in God’s eyes  Protestant teachings emphasized more compassionate marriages  More compassionate  Increased education for women  More grounds for divorce if a husband violated his vows  During the early years, women were major writers and preachers  As Protestant groups become more formal, women’s opportunities decrease
  • 16. Religious Warfare  Charles V decides to fight against the Protestants  Diet at Augsburg 1530 – meeting of the princes  Diet ended with a blunt order to revert Lutherans to Catholicism  Augsburg Confession –Protestants enter a defensive alliance called the Schmalkaldic League  Schmalkaldic Articles – Luther  League reaches a stalemate with Charles V  1547 – Charles V unleashes the military on the Protestants, crush the Schmalkaldic League, imperial law mandates Protestants reconvert  Peace of Augsburg 1552 – allows each German ruler to decide what their region’s religion will be  Latin phrase “cuius regio, eius religo” – he who rules establishes religion  Technically only allows Lutheranism or Catholicism  Ecclesiastical reservation added – prevents converters from taking church lands with them
  • 17. Charles is worn out  Gave Spain (including land in the Americas, part of Italy, and the Netherlands, to his son Philip II  Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand  Retires to a monastery in Spain before dying in 1558
  • 18. The Reformation Ripple…  For each of the following construct a chart that addresses:  Who, where, and when  What they believed  Significance in the Protestant Reformation and beyond  Zwingli  John Calvin  Anabaptists  John Knox  Henry VIII
  • 19. Reformation Skits  Please write a script for a skit that demonstrates the dialogue for 2-4 Protestant Reformation theologians (depends on group size) and one political figure.   You may choose the setting and the purpose of the meeting/dialogue, but must have a dialogue that demonstrates an understanding of the different reformation ideas and challenges.   Each dialogue should last 4-5 minutes.  Everyone must have a speaking part. 
  • 20. Ulrich Zwingli  First major reformer to follow Luther (no denomination though)  Preached in Zurich, ideas spread outward to Switzerland and S. Germany  “community discipline”  Churches become more “puritanical”  Transubstantiation? Consubstantiation? Symbolic? http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/am/v2/n4/reform_ulric h_zwingli.jpg
  • 21. John Calvin  The Elect  Predestination  City of Saints – set up a model gov’t in Geneva  Inspires Puritanism http://www.davepohl.com/calvin.gif
  • 22. John Knox  Inspired by Calvin  Brings Protestantism to Scotland  Presbyters  Leads a coup d’etat to overthrow Mary Stuart  Nationalizes Calvinism http://www.rampantscotland.com/colour/graphics/knox_john_edinburgh01665s.jpg
  • 23. Henry VIII  Overview: Six Wives  Catherine of Aragon – divorced (1533)  Daughter - Mary  Anne Boleyn – beheaded (unjustly accused of adultery)  Daughter – Elizabeth  Jane Seymour – died (12 days after giving birth)  Son - Edward  Anne of Cleves – divorced  Catherine Howard – beheaded (actual adultery)  Catherine Parr - survived
  • 24. The Church of England  Requested divorce from Pope Clement VII  Asks Cardinal Wolsey for the same, fires him  Charles V (Cath. Of Aragon’s nephew) marched into Rome and held the Pope hostage to prevent divorce  Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer will annul the marriage  Reformation Parliament  Asks them to strip the Pope’s power in England  Legalize Henry’s divorce, Pope not supposed to interfere  Act of Supremacy 1534  Declares King as the head of England’s Church
  • 25. William Tyndale – new English version of the Bible  Henry VIII  Closed Catholic monasteries and other church lands  Sells the land for profit  Church of England (Anglican or Episcopal)  “Six Articles” affirm CofE doctrines  celibacy, literal confession etc (this will change)
  • 26. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Docu The Kids ments/king_edwardVI_gallery.htm  Edward VI  crowned at 9  reigned for six years  1st Protestant King  Mary – Bloody Mary  Reigned five years  M. Felipe II of Spain http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarc hs/elizsister.jpg  Very Catholic  Had over 300 murdered http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1- ermine.jpg  Elizabeth – The Virgin Queen
  • 27. Elizabeth I  Converts England back to Protestantism – for good.  Church of England  39 Articles – define Anglican doctrine  Move away from some traditional Catholic practices  (literal confession, Latin, allegiance to the Pope, clerical celibacy, etc)  Include elements of Protestantism  Book of Common Prayer  Created under Edward VI  Officialized under Elizabeth I
  • 28. The Spread of Protestantism http://wps.ablongman.com/long_longman_lwcdemo_1/23/5988/1533007.cw/index.html
  • 29. Protestant Work Ethic  Protestant Bourgeoisie – middle class (especially in the North) tended to react against authority (like the Church and the Nobility); thus, they usually chose to become Protestant  A new value system develops  Every man (rich or poor) can serve God in his job  Labor and thrift are Godly virtues  Profits are permissible if used to benefit society and to glorify God  Results?  Explosion of capitalism from Dutch, English, and Swiss Protestants  Capitalism = economy based on competition and individual acheivement  “Protestant Work Ethic”
  • 30. Don Quixote – Miguel de Cervantes  William Shakespeare