2. Trouble Brewing
Either with them or against them
Heretics and the Inquisition
Shifts in priorities
Thearts
Defending Papal States
Celibacy?
Corruption
Especially in Germanic Areas
John Wycliffe
John Huss
3. When the timing is right…
The Printing Press
By 1500, 250 cities printing 9-10 million books
Erasmus a harsh critic
People begin reading the Bible on their own
4. Martin Luther
Was a devout Catholic, served as a
monk, tried to continually bring
himself closer to God
Struggled with his faith
Puzzled and inspired by “The just
shall live by faith”
Angered by Johann Tetzel
http://www.luthertour.com/
5. Johann Tetzel
Sale of Indulgences
“Heaven Insurance” for you
and your loved ones –
dead or alive!
“No sooner than the coffer
ring, than a soul from
purgatory doth spring”
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2009/02/13/opinion/13indulgences.large.jpg
6. The 95 Theses
Nails his Ninety-five Theses to http://media-
cdn.tripadvisor.c
the door of the Castle Church in om/media/photo-
s/01/63/41/87/95
Wittenberg, Germany on All -thesis-of-martin-
luther.jpg
Hallows Eve, 1517
Salvation by faith alone; he
opposed the Catholic Church’s
beliefs in penance and good
works
Bible is the only authority for
Christian life; Pope is a false
authority
Priesthood of all believers –
each person should have an
individual relationship with God
and should read/interpret the
Bible for him/herself
All people are equal in the eyes
of God
http://www.the-highway.com/95Theses.gif
7. Luther’s ideas diffuse quickly
Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which
are quickly printed and spread throughout
Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake
Europe
He did not originally intend to start an entire
new branch of Christianity
8. Pope Leo X
Giovanni de Medici, son of
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull
June 15,1520 and threatens to
excommunicate Luther unless he
recanted
Luther and his students at the
University of Witten berg
burned the Papal Bull in a
bonfire
Pope excommunicates Luther
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/
09/Cardinal_Giovanni_de%27_Medici.jpg
9. Who do you think said this?
“A single friar who goes counter to
all Christianity for a thousand years
must be wrong…I will proceed
against him as a notorious heretic”
10. Charles V – HRE
1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at
Worms to stand trial
Refuses to recant his ideas,
“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain
reason…my conscience is captive to the Word
of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything,
for to go against conscience is neither right nor
safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise.
Amen.”
Charles V replies –
“A single friar who goes counter to all
Christianity for a thousand years must be
wrong…I will proceed against him as a
notorious heretic”
Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring
Luther an outlaw and heretic
https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/sp09
/subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg
11. Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony,
protects Luther in his castle for the first year after
the Diet of Worms
Spendsthe year translating the New Testament into
German
Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began
leading worship in German, calling themselves
“ministers”
People give up on trying to reform the Catholic
Church and become a group known as Lutherans
12. Group of princes loyal to the Pope join forces and
create an alliance against Luther’s ideas
The princes who support Luther sign a statement
protesting this alliance – become known as the
Protestants
13. Spreading Luther’s Ideas
Luther becomes friends with Erasmus who refused to
fully support the Reformation
Rising humanistic influences lead people to
emphasize the role man should play in religion
Peasants embrace the ideas and Luther’s criticisms
of monastic landowners; rebel and solicit Luther’s
support; demand release from serfdom
Writes“Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
Peasants” to the nobles; denounces peasants
Why?
He needs the princes support for Protestantism to survive
14. Spreading Ideas, cont.
European rulers want to reduce the influence of the Church and the
HRE
Princes continue to protect Luther from the Catholics
What is in it for the princes?
Want to weaken the HRE. Want as much power as possible.
Diet of Speyer 1526
Emperor (distracted) agrees that each German territory was free
to enforce the Edict of Worms against Luther
Gives the German princes territorial sovereignty in religious
matters
Buys the Reformation concepts to take hold in Germany and
Switzerland
15. Women and the Reformation
Which idea do you think appealed to women the most?
Concept of equality in God’s eyes
Protestant teachings emphasized more compassionate
marriages
More compassionate
Increased education for women
More grounds for divorce if a husband violated his vows
During the early years, women were major writers and
preachers
As Protestant groups become more formal, women’s
opportunities decrease
16. Religious Warfare
Charles V decides to fight against the Protestants
Diet at Augsburg 1530 – meeting of the princes
Diet ended with a blunt order to revert Lutherans to Catholicism
Augsburg Confession –Protestants enter a defensive alliance called the
Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic Articles – Luther
League reaches a stalemate with Charles V
1547 – Charles V unleashes the military on the Protestants, crush the
Schmalkaldic League, imperial law mandates Protestants reconvert
Peace of Augsburg 1552 – allows each German ruler to decide what their
region’s religion will be
Latin phrase “cuius regio, eius religo” – he who rules establishes religion
Technically only allows Lutheranism or Catholicism
Ecclesiastical reservation added – prevents converters from taking church
lands with them
17. Charles is worn out
Gave Spain (including land in the Americas, part of
Italy, and the Netherlands, to his son Philip II
Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand
Retires to a monastery in Spain before dying in
1558
18. The Reformation Ripple…
For each of the following construct a chart that
addresses:
Who, where, and when
What they believed
Significance in the Protestant Reformation and beyond
Zwingli
John Calvin
Anabaptists
John Knox
Henry VIII
19. Reformation Skits
Please write a script for a skit that demonstrates the
dialogue for 2-4 Protestant Reformation
theologians (depends on group size) and one
political figure.
You may choose the setting and the purpose of the
meeting/dialogue, but must have a dialogue that
demonstrates an understanding of the different
reformation ideas and challenges.
Each dialogue should last 4-5 minutes. Everyone
must have a speaking part.
20. Ulrich Zwingli
First major reformer to follow Luther
(no denomination though)
Preached in Zurich, ideas spread
outward to Switzerland and S.
Germany
“community discipline”
Churches become more
“puritanical”
Transubstantiation?
Consubstantiation? Symbolic?
http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/am/v2/n4/reform_ulric
h_zwingli.jpg
21. John Calvin
The Elect
Predestination
City of Saints – set up
a model gov’t in
Geneva
Inspires Puritanism
http://www.davepohl.com/calvin.gif
22. John Knox
Inspired by Calvin
Brings Protestantism to
Scotland
Presbyters
Leads a coup d’etat to
overthrow Mary Stuart
Nationalizes Calvinism
http://www.rampantscotland.com/colour/graphics/knox_john_edinburgh01665s.jpg
23. Henry VIII
Overview: Six Wives
Catherine of Aragon – divorced (1533)
Daughter - Mary
Anne Boleyn – beheaded (unjustly accused of adultery)
Daughter – Elizabeth
Jane Seymour – died (12 days after giving birth)
Son - Edward
Anne of Cleves – divorced
Catherine Howard – beheaded (actual adultery)
Catherine Parr - survived
24. The Church of England
Requested divorce from Pope Clement VII
Asks Cardinal Wolsey for the same, fires him
Charles V (Cath. Of Aragon’s nephew) marched into Rome and held the
Pope hostage to prevent divorce
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer will annul the marriage
Reformation Parliament
Asks them to strip the Pope’s power in England
Legalize Henry’s divorce, Pope not supposed to interfere
Act of Supremacy 1534
Declares King as the head of England’s Church
25. William Tyndale – new English version of the Bible
Henry VIII
Closed Catholic monasteries and other church lands
Sells the land for profit
Church of England (Anglican or Episcopal)
“Six Articles” affirm CofE doctrines
celibacy, literal confession etc (this will change)
26. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Docu
The Kids
ments/king_edwardVI_gallery.htm
Edward VI
crowned at 9
reigned for six years
1st Protestant King
Mary – Bloody Mary
Reigned five years
M. Felipe II of Spain http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarc
hs/elizsister.jpg
Very Catholic
Had over 300 murdered
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-
ermine.jpg
Elizabeth – The Virgin
Queen
27. Elizabeth I
Converts England back to Protestantism – for good.
Church of England
39 Articles – define Anglican doctrine
Move away from some traditional Catholic practices
(literal confession, Latin, allegiance to the Pope, clerical celibacy,
etc)
Include elements of Protestantism
Book of Common Prayer
Created under Edward VI
Officialized under Elizabeth I
28. The Spread of Protestantism
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_longman_lwcdemo_1/23/5988/1533007.cw/index.html
29. Protestant Work Ethic
Protestant Bourgeoisie – middle class (especially in the North) tended to
react against authority (like the Church and the Nobility); thus, they usually
chose to become Protestant
A new value system develops
Every man (rich or poor) can serve God in his job
Labor and thrift are Godly virtues
Profits are permissible if used to benefit society and to glorify God
Results?
Explosion of capitalism from Dutch, English, and Swiss Protestants
Capitalism = economy based on competition and individual acheivement
“Protestant Work Ethic”
30. Don Quixote – Miguel de Cervantes
William Shakespeare