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5/21/15	
  
1	
  
CcTLD and IDN Operations
John Crain & Champika Wijayatunga | BDNOG3| 19 May 2015
| 2
History & Basic
Concepts
Policy Decisions
Operational
Decisions
IDN Program
1 2
3 4
Agenda
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2	
  
| 3
History
1983 DNS was designed/invented by Paul Mockapetris (RFC882 &
883)
1984 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server developed
Original Seven Generic TLDs (.com,	
  .edu,	
  .gov,	
  .int,	
  .mil,	
  .net,	
  and	
  .org)	
  
1985 First country codes assigned .us,	
  .uk,	
  and	
  .il
1986 .au,	
  .de,	
  .fi,	
  .fr,	
  .jp,	
  .kr,	
  .nl	
  and	
  .se	
  	
  
1987  RFC1034 (Considered the first full DNS Specification)
…….. Country Code TLDs continue to be added….
2000 Seven new TLDs added
(.aero,	
  .coop,	
  .museum,	
  .biz,	
  .info,	
  .name,	
   	
   	
   	
  and	
  .pro)	
  
2012 New round of applications for gTLDs opened by ICANN
Some Basic Concepts for a
CcTLD
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| 5
Designation of codes
ccTLDs	
  are	
  given	
  a	
  DNS	
  string	
  based	
  on	
  the	
  Alpha-­‐2	
  codes	
  within	
  
ISO-­‐3166
hMp://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes.htm	
  
| 6
CcTLD as a Public Trust
ccTLDs	
  are	
  designated	
  to	
  operators	
  who	
  would	
  
operate	
  them	
  in	
  the	
  best	
  interests	
  of	
  the	
  local	
  
communiQes	
  they	
  served.	
  
Operators	
  should	
  strive	
  to	
  tailor	
  operaQons	
  to	
  best	
  
serve	
  the	
  users:	
  
	
  
	
  ‣	
  Ensure	
  minimum	
  technical	
  standards	
  are	
  met	
  
	
  ‣	
  Strive	
  to	
  meet	
  best	
  pracQces	
  
	
  ‣	
  Operate	
  with	
  policy	
  that	
  suits	
  local	
  
requirements	
  
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| 7
Who Currently Operate CcTLDS
Many	
  of	
  the	
  CcTLDs	
  were	
  assigned	
  in	
  the	
  1980’s.	
  
They tended to be assigned to whomever was involved in
building the Internet in a specific country
Some changed hands over the years
What types of organisations?
Universities
ISPs/Telcos
Regulators
Dedicated entities
http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
| 8
Types of Contacts that IANA is aware of
.BD
Sponsoring Organisation:
Ministry	
  of	
  Post	
  &	
  TelecommunicaQons	
  
Bangladesh	
  Secretariat	
  
Administrative contact:
Director	
  (Telecom)	
  
Ministry	
  of	
  Post	
  &	
  TelecommunicaQons	
  Bangladesh	
  Secretariat
Technical Contact:
Divisional	
  Engineer	
  (Telex	
  &	
  TP)	
  
Bangladesh	
  TelecommunicaQons	
  Company	
  Limited	
  (BTCL)
http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bd.html
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5	
  
Policy Decisions
What are they?
| 10
What do I mean by “Policies”
Anything	
  that	
  defines	
  how	
  and	
  by	
  
whom	
  names	
  can	
  be	
  registered.	
  
	
  
Typically CcTLDs have no contract with ICANN
And are bound by local rather than ICANN
policies
Can participate in global discussion through
ICANN’s CCNSO
http://ccnso.icann.org
	
  
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| 11
There is no ONE model for CcTLDs
Different models work well in different
environments.
This is driven by many things including
operational considerations on the ground, local
business practices and local culture.
Policy and operations of a CcTLDs are often built
over time and reflect the local environment.
| 12
Who should decide the policies
Whoever	
  has	
  the	
  role	
  of	
  Sponsoring	
  organisaQon	
  has	
  the	
  role	
  of	
  
ensuring	
  that	
  policies	
  are	
  developed	
  and	
  implemented.	
  
Many CcTLDs have a model that follow a multi-stakeholder
Solution.
This can take many forms from formal “Policy boards” to
processes for gathering public input.
Often inclusive of Government, Industry and Civil Society
as well as registrants
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| 13
Some policy discussions
Which	
  sales	
  model?	
  
Direct	
  registra2on:	
  
	
  
‣	
  No	
  middle	
  man	
  -­‐	
  easier	
  to	
  control	
  most	
  aspects	
  of	
  
RegistraQon	
  
	
  
Registry-­‐registrar	
  model	
  
	
  
‣	
  Requires	
  an	
  interface	
  between	
  registry	
  and	
  registrar	
  
‣	
  Offloads	
  end-­‐user	
  interface	
  from	
  registry	
  
	
  
Both:	
  
| 14
Some policy discussions
Scope	
  of	
  Registra2ons?	
  
Local	
  or	
  Global	
  sales?	
  
	
  
There	
  are	
  examples	
  of	
  CcTLDs	
  of	
  both	
  types	
  
Decide	
  which	
  best	
  serves	
  the	
  community	
  
	
  
‣	
  Consider	
  that	
  the	
  legal	
  implicaQons	
  are	
  different	
  
‣	
  Consider	
  that	
  the	
  risks	
  are	
  different	
  
	
  
	
  
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| 15
Some policy discussions
Dispute	
  Resolu2on:	
  
Ensure	
  that	
  local	
  law	
  prevails?	
  
	
  
You	
  don’t	
  want	
  to	
  be	
  arguing	
  in	
  foreign	
  courts	
  
	
  
Alternate	
  Dispute	
  Resolu2on	
  (ADR)?	
  
	
  
Design	
  to	
  be	
  lightweight!	
  
	
  
UDRP	
  is	
  ogen	
  used	
  as	
  a	
  base	
  model	
  
	
  
hMp://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm	
  
| 16
Not really Policy matters
Who runs the technical operations?
This is really a business decision.
Policy can define the type of organisation but
business decisions should guide the actual
choice.
Technology choices
These are generally operational matters.
The important factor to ensure that the
“operator” is bound by the policies created and
that choices they make meet those
requirements.
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| 17
Outsourcing
There	
  are	
  an	
  increasing	
  number	
  of	
  companies	
  that	
  
will	
  provide	
  services	
  to	
  TLD	
  managers.	
  
	
  
	
  Whole	
  registry	
  back-­‐end	
  providers	
  
	
  AuthoritaQve	
  name	
  server	
  providers	
  
	
  
ccTLD	
  managers	
  should	
  understand	
  the	
  basics	
  of	
  how	
  to	
  run	
  the	
  services	
  
themselves	
  before	
  they	
  outsource	
  them.	
  
	
  
	
  Allows	
  you	
  to	
  manage	
  and	
  monitor	
  performance	
  of	
  suppliers	
  
	
  
Have	
  a	
  back-­‐up	
  strategy!	
  What	
  if	
  your	
  supplier	
  fails?
Operational Decisions
What does it take to run a
TLD?
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| 19
Technical Requirements for a TLD
‣	
  Networks	
  and	
  Servers	
  (redundant)	
  
‣	
  Back	
  office	
  systems.	
  
‣	
  Physical	
  and	
  Electronic	
  Security	
  
‣	
  Quality	
  of	
  Service	
  (24/	
  7	
  availability!)	
  
‣	
  Name	
  Servers	
  
‣	
  DNS	
  sogware	
  (BIND,	
  NSD,	
  etc.)	
  
‣	
  Registry	
  sogware	
  
‣	
  DiagnosQc	
  tools	
  (ping,	
  traceroute,	
  zonecheck,	
  dig)	
  
‣	
  Registry	
  Registrar	
  Protocol
| 20
Name Server Considerations
‣	
  Support	
  technical	
  standards	
  
	
  
‣	
  Handle	
  load	
  mulQple	
  Qmes	
  the	
  measured	
  peak	
  
	
  
‣	
  Diverse	
  bandwidth	
  to	
  support	
  above	
  
	
  
‣	
  Must	
  answer	
  authoritaQvely	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Turn	
  off	
  recursion!	
  
	
  
‣	
  Should	
  “NOT”	
  block	
  access	
  from	
  a	
  valid	
  Internet	
  hosts
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| 21
Secondary name server choice
	
  Diversity,	
  diversity	
  and	
  diversity!	
  
	
  
‣	
  Don’t	
  place	
  all	
  on	
  the	
  same	
  LAN/building/segment	
  
‣	
  Network	
  diversity	
  
‣	
  Geographical	
  diversity	
  
‣	
  InsQtuQonal	
  diversity	
  
‣	
  Sogware	
  and	
  hardware	
  diversity	
  
	
  
‣	
  How	
  many?	
  
	
  ‣	
  1<x<13	
  (x	
  will	
  vary	
  dependent	
  on	
  circumstances)
| 22
Security, Stability & Resliency Considerations
‣	
  Physical	
  security	
  	
  
	
   	
  	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Deploy	
  stringent	
  access	
  controls	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Fire	
  detecQon	
  and	
  retardaQon	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Other	
  environmental	
  sensors	
  (Flood,	
  Humidity	
  etc.)	
  	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Power	
  conQnuity	
  for	
  48	
  hours	
  (or	
  more)	
  
	
  
‣	
  Backups	
  
	
   	
  	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  MulQple	
  secure	
  copies	
  locally	
  and	
  offsite	
  
	
   	
  ‣	
  Test,	
  test	
  and	
  test!!	
  
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| 23
Separations of Services
Registries	
  generally	
  start	
  small	
  and	
  evolve	
  
	
  
SeparaQon	
  of	
  services	
  means	
  separaQng	
  the	
  logical	
  
funcQons	
  and	
  elements	
  of	
  the	
  registry	
  
	
  
Two	
  key	
  benefits:	
  
	
  SECURITY:	
  Clear	
  separaQon	
  of	
  services	
  is	
  a	
  manner	
  in	
  
	
  which	
  to	
  create	
  logical	
  security	
  zones	
  
	
  SCALABILITY:	
  You	
  can	
  scale	
  only	
  the	
  services	
  that	
  need	
  
	
  to	
  grow	
  as	
  they	
  need	
  to	
  grow	
  
	
  
| 24
Separations of Services
‣	
  Consider	
  whether	
  services	
  are	
  public-­‐facing	
  
	
  ‣	
  If	
  they	
  are	
  not,	
  place	
  them	
  in	
  an	
  area	
  inaccessible	
  from	
  
the	
  public	
  Internet	
  
	
  
‣	
  Constrain	
  access	
  as	
  much	
  as	
  possible	
  with	
  a	
  basQon	
  
host	
  
	
  
‣	
  Consider	
  finer-­‐grained	
  security	
  
‣	
  Is	
  billing	
  data	
  more	
  sensiQve	
  than	
  WHOIS	
  data?	
  
‣	
  Perhaps	
  separate	
  these	
  services	
  internally?	
  
	
  
5/21/15	
  
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| 25
Separations of Services
Separate	
  by	
  exposure!	
  
	
  
	
  Back-­‐office,	
  Public	
  facing	
  
	
  	
  
Place	
  each	
  funcQon/service	
  in	
  its	
  own	
  logical	
  box	
  
	
  	
  
	
  Work	
  out	
  what	
  interfaces	
  the	
  funcQons	
  must	
  have	
  
	
  between	
  each	
  other	
  
	
  Open	
  firewall	
  to	
  connecQons	
  along	
  these	
  explicit	
  paths	
  
	
  Provide	
  clear	
  APIs	
  between	
  the	
  funcQons	
  
	
  The	
  clear	
  APIs	
  should	
  allow	
  scaling	
  of	
  parQcular	
  
	
  funcQons	
  by	
  adding	
  extra	
  servers,	
  etc.	
  
| 26
Know your SLAs
‣	
  FuncQoning	
  name	
  servers	
  are	
  the	
  most	
  criQcal/visible	
  service	
  
	
  
‣	
  All	
  other	
  services	
  also	
  need	
  to	
  be	
  considered	
  
	
  ‣	
  Billing	
  
	
  ‣	
  Whois	
  server,	
  webservers	
  
	
  ‣	
  Registrar	
  APIs	
  
	
  
‣	
  Consider	
  your	
  service	
  level	
  targets	
  and	
  how	
  you	
  
will	
  meet	
  them	
  
	
  
‣	
  DNS	
  servers	
  always	
  on,	
  other	
  systems	
  mostly	
  on?
5/21/15	
  
14	
  
| 27
When it all goes wrong
DNS is a known target for hackers.
You will be targeted at some point!
Have plans in place to deal with attacks, failures and disasters.
Test those plans regularly!
Other resources
5/21/15	
  
15	
  
| 29
Forums
Regional	
  organisaQons:	
  
	
   	
  	
  
	
   	
  APTLD	
  	
  	
  (www.aptld.org)	
  	
  	
  	
  -­‐	
  	
  	
  Your	
  local	
  group	
  
CENTR	
  	
  	
  (www.centr.org)	
  
LACTLD	
  (www.lactld.org)	
  
AfTLD	
  	
  	
  (www.agld.org)	
  
	
  
	
  
Also	
  see	
  the	
  CCNSO	
  (ccnso.icann.org)	
  
| 30
Useful references
RFC	
  1591	
  -­‐	
  ccTLD	
  governance	
  
	
  	
  
hMp://www.rfc-­‐editor.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt	
  
	
  
RFC	
  2870Bis	
  &	
  RSSAC001	
  -­‐	
  Root	
  Server	
  BCP	
  
	
  
hMps://wiki.tools.ieq.org/html/drag-­‐iab-­‐2870bis-­‐02	
  
hMps://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-­‐001-­‐drag-­‐20nov14-­‐en.pdf	
  
	
  
	
  
5/21/15	
  
16	
  
IDN Program @ ICANN
Sarmad Hussain | IDN Program Sr. Manager
| 32
ASCII Domain Name Label
www.cafe.com
Second Level
Domain
Top Level
Domain (TLD)
Third Level
Domain
Forming ASCII Labels
Use LDH
•  Letters [a-z]
•  Digits [0-9]
•  Hyphen (LDH)
Label length = 63
Other constraints (e.g. on hyphen)
Forming ASCII Labels
Use only Letters
•  Letters [a-z]
Label length = 63
5/21/15	
  
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| 33
Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) Labels
ตัวอย่าง‫۔‬ไทย
IDN Second
Level
Domain
IDN Top
Level
Domain
Syntax of IDN Labels
Valid U-Label: Unicode
code points as
constrained by IDNA2008
Valid A-Label - “xn--”
followed by punycode of
U-Label of length 59
Syntax of IDN Labels
Valid U-Label, further
constrained by the “letter”
principle for TLDs
Valid A-Label
বাংলা	
  
Бел	
  
	
  ‫ﺭر‬‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺯزﺍاﺉئ‬
հայ	
  
中国	
  
!ర#	
  
한국	
  
ලංකා
| 34
IDN TLD Program
Reports and documentation of all completed projects available at:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/reports-2013-04-03-en
PHASE	
  1	
  (2011)	
  
Case	
  Studies:	
  
Arabic	
  
Chinese	
  
Cyrillic	
  
Devanagari	
  
Greek	
  
LaQn	
  
PHASE	
  2	
  (2011-­‐12)	
  
Integrated	
  Issues	
  
Report	
  	
  
PHASE	
  3	
  (2012-­‐13)	
  
Projects:	
  
P1	
  LGR	
  XML	
  
SpecificaQon	
  
P2.1	
  LGR	
  Process	
  
for	
  the	
  Root	
  Zone	
  
P6	
  User	
  
Experience	
  Study	
  
for	
  TLD	
  Variants	
  
PHASE	
  4	
  (Since	
  2013)	
  
Projects:	
  
P2.2	
  LGR	
  
Development	
  
P1	
  LGR	
  
SpecificaQon	
  and	
  
Toolset	
  
P7	
  LGR	
  
ImplementaQon	
  
Community agreed to define a Label Generation Rules (LGR)
5/21/15	
  
18	
  
| 35
Label Generation Rules (LGR) for Root Zone
¤  For the Root Zone, single “table” containing data for all scripts
¤  Must be conservative and secure
¤  For each script or writing system:
¤  Which code points are valid for use?
¤  Are any of these code points variants of each other?
¤  Are the any additional constraints on the labels?
| 36
IDN TLD Program
5/21/15	
  
19	
  
| 37
Label Generation Rules (LGR)
¤  Valid code points
¤  Variants code points
‫ﭖپﺍا‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﺱسﺕتﺍاﻥن‬
‫ﭖپﺍا‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﺱسﺕتﺍاﻥن‬
¤  Label constraints
¤  Cannot mix ‫ﮎک‬ and ‫ﻙك‬ in a label
ü  ‫ﮎک‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﮎکﻝلﮎکﺕت‬
ü  ‫ﻙك‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﻙكﻝلﻙكﺕت‬
x  ‫ﮎک‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﮎکﻝلﻙكﺕت‬
x  ‫ﻙك‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﻙكﻝلﮎکﺕت‬
| 38
Root LGR by Generation and Integration Panels
5/21/15	
  
20	
  
| 39
LGR Specification and Toolset
¤  LGR machine-readable specifications at
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-davies-idntables
¤  Toolset functional priority
¤  Create LGR
¤  Use LGR
¤  Manage LGRs
¤  Open source LGR	
  Tool	
  
Code	
  Point	
  Rules	
  
	
  
Variant	
  Rules	
  
	
  
WLE	
  Rules	
  
IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process
Implementation
5/21/15	
  
21	
  
IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process
IDNs at Second Level
5/21/15	
  
22	
  
| 43
¤  IDN registration policies and practices at the second level
¤  Designed to minimize consumer risk or confusion
Respect interests of local languages and character sets
¤  Last updated in 2011: Version 3.0
¤  New IDN terminology due to IDN Variant TLD projects
¤  Consistent machine readable format for language tables
¤  Updated content analysis: IANA IDNA table with Unicode
versions, MSR, LGR
¤  Additional guidelines: informational RFC 6912, IDN TLD
Variants User Experience study
¤  GNSO community at ICANN asked to initiate review
¤  Current status – initiating next revision
IDN Impl. Guidelines for the Second Level
| 44
IDN Tables for the Second Level
¤  IDN Tables submitted by new gTLDs intending to offer IDNs at
second level
¤  Varied in the character repertoire and contextual rules
¤  Develop reference Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) for
facilitation and consistency in Pre-Delegation Testing (PDT)
and the Registry Service Evaluation Process (RSEP)
¤  Promote reuse for secure and consistent end-user experience
5/21/15	
  
23	
  
Get Involved:
Speak up for your language
| 46
¤  IDN Program sessions at ICANN meetings
¤  IDN Program updates to SOs/ACs at ICANN meetings
¤  Presentations at meetings
¤  APTLD, APrIGF, ArabIGF, IGFs, TLDCON, AFRINIC, RIPE NCC
¤  Email communication to SOs/ACs – call to action
¤  Blog for general community:
http://blog.apnic.net/2014/09/30/speak-up-for-your-language/
¤  IDN pages at ICANN Community Wiki and ICANN Website
¤  IDN mailing lists
¤  {vip, lgr, ArabicGP, ArmenianGP, ChineseGP, …}@icann.org
Communication and Outreach Efforts
5/21/15	
  
24	
  
| 47
How to get involved?
Volunteer for your script Generation Panel (GP)
To contribute expertise, contribute to the GP for your script. You
can get involved by simply emailing your CV and a brief statement
of interest to idntlds@icann.org
Volunteer
Review
Listen
Review work through public comments
Sign up for the IDN mailing list vip@icann.org (to sign up, visit
https://mm.icann.org/listinfo/vip) and participated in the review of
IDN work being done at ICANN through the public comments
Keep yourself updated
Attend regular IDN Program Update sessions at ICANN meetings
and sign up on the IDN mailing list vip@icann.org to get updates
on the IDN Program at ICANN
| 48
Useful Links for IDN Program @ ICANN
	
  
•  To join a Generation Panel for your language, submit CV and statement of
interest at: idntlds@icann.org; Call for Generation Panels:
http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-11jul13-en.htm
•  LGR Document Repository:
https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Document+Repository
•  Community Wiki for LGR Project:
https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Root+Zone+LGR
+Project
•  IDN ccTLD Fast Track Page:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19-
en
•  IDN Implementation Guidelines:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/implementation-guidelines-2012-02-25-en
5/21/15	
  
25	
  
| 49
Reach us at:
Email: john.crain@icann.org
champika.wijayatunga@icann.org
Thank You and Questions
gplus.to/icann
weibo.com/ICANNorg
flickr.com/photos/icann
slideshare.net/icannpresentations
twitter.com/icann
facebook.com/icannorg
linkedin.com/company/icann
youtube.com/user/icannnews
Come talk to us!

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ccTLD Infrastructure & IDN Operation

  • 1. 5/21/15   1   CcTLD and IDN Operations John Crain & Champika Wijayatunga | BDNOG3| 19 May 2015 | 2 History & Basic Concepts Policy Decisions Operational Decisions IDN Program 1 2 3 4 Agenda
  • 2. 5/21/15   2   | 3 History 1983 DNS was designed/invented by Paul Mockapetris (RFC882 & 883) 1984 Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server developed Original Seven Generic TLDs (.com,  .edu,  .gov,  .int,  .mil,  .net,  and  .org)   1985 First country codes assigned .us,  .uk,  and  .il 1986 .au,  .de,  .fi,  .fr,  .jp,  .kr,  .nl  and  .se     1987  RFC1034 (Considered the first full DNS Specification) …….. Country Code TLDs continue to be added…. 2000 Seven new TLDs added (.aero,  .coop,  .museum,  .biz,  .info,  .name,        and  .pro)   2012 New round of applications for gTLDs opened by ICANN Some Basic Concepts for a CcTLD
  • 3. 5/21/15   3   | 5 Designation of codes ccTLDs  are  given  a  DNS  string  based  on  the  Alpha-­‐2  codes  within   ISO-­‐3166 hMp://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes.htm   | 6 CcTLD as a Public Trust ccTLDs  are  designated  to  operators  who  would   operate  them  in  the  best  interests  of  the  local   communiQes  they  served.   Operators  should  strive  to  tailor  operaQons  to  best   serve  the  users:      ‣  Ensure  minimum  technical  standards  are  met    ‣  Strive  to  meet  best  pracQces    ‣  Operate  with  policy  that  suits  local   requirements  
  • 4. 5/21/15   4   | 7 Who Currently Operate CcTLDS Many  of  the  CcTLDs  were  assigned  in  the  1980’s.   They tended to be assigned to whomever was involved in building the Internet in a specific country Some changed hands over the years What types of organisations? Universities ISPs/Telcos Regulators Dedicated entities http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db | 8 Types of Contacts that IANA is aware of .BD Sponsoring Organisation: Ministry  of  Post  &  TelecommunicaQons   Bangladesh  Secretariat   Administrative contact: Director  (Telecom)   Ministry  of  Post  &  TelecommunicaQons  Bangladesh  Secretariat Technical Contact: Divisional  Engineer  (Telex  &  TP)   Bangladesh  TelecommunicaQons  Company  Limited  (BTCL) http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bd.html
  • 5. 5/21/15   5   Policy Decisions What are they? | 10 What do I mean by “Policies” Anything  that  defines  how  and  by   whom  names  can  be  registered.     Typically CcTLDs have no contract with ICANN And are bound by local rather than ICANN policies Can participate in global discussion through ICANN’s CCNSO http://ccnso.icann.org  
  • 6. 5/21/15   6   | 11 There is no ONE model for CcTLDs Different models work well in different environments. This is driven by many things including operational considerations on the ground, local business practices and local culture. Policy and operations of a CcTLDs are often built over time and reflect the local environment. | 12 Who should decide the policies Whoever  has  the  role  of  Sponsoring  organisaQon  has  the  role  of   ensuring  that  policies  are  developed  and  implemented.   Many CcTLDs have a model that follow a multi-stakeholder Solution. This can take many forms from formal “Policy boards” to processes for gathering public input. Often inclusive of Government, Industry and Civil Society as well as registrants
  • 7. 5/21/15   7   | 13 Some policy discussions Which  sales  model?   Direct  registra2on:     ‣  No  middle  man  -­‐  easier  to  control  most  aspects  of   RegistraQon     Registry-­‐registrar  model     ‣  Requires  an  interface  between  registry  and  registrar   ‣  Offloads  end-­‐user  interface  from  registry     Both:   | 14 Some policy discussions Scope  of  Registra2ons?   Local  or  Global  sales?     There  are  examples  of  CcTLDs  of  both  types   Decide  which  best  serves  the  community     ‣  Consider  that  the  legal  implicaQons  are  different   ‣  Consider  that  the  risks  are  different      
  • 8. 5/21/15   8   | 15 Some policy discussions Dispute  Resolu2on:   Ensure  that  local  law  prevails?     You  don’t  want  to  be  arguing  in  foreign  courts     Alternate  Dispute  Resolu2on  (ADR)?     Design  to  be  lightweight!     UDRP  is  ogen  used  as  a  base  model     hMp://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm   | 16 Not really Policy matters Who runs the technical operations? This is really a business decision. Policy can define the type of organisation but business decisions should guide the actual choice. Technology choices These are generally operational matters. The important factor to ensure that the “operator” is bound by the policies created and that choices they make meet those requirements.
  • 9. 5/21/15   9   | 17 Outsourcing There  are  an  increasing  number  of  companies  that   will  provide  services  to  TLD  managers.      Whole  registry  back-­‐end  providers    AuthoritaQve  name  server  providers     ccTLD  managers  should  understand  the  basics  of  how  to  run  the  services   themselves  before  they  outsource  them.      Allows  you  to  manage  and  monitor  performance  of  suppliers     Have  a  back-­‐up  strategy!  What  if  your  supplier  fails? Operational Decisions What does it take to run a TLD?
  • 10. 5/21/15   10   | 19 Technical Requirements for a TLD ‣  Networks  and  Servers  (redundant)   ‣  Back  office  systems.   ‣  Physical  and  Electronic  Security   ‣  Quality  of  Service  (24/  7  availability!)   ‣  Name  Servers   ‣  DNS  sogware  (BIND,  NSD,  etc.)   ‣  Registry  sogware   ‣  DiagnosQc  tools  (ping,  traceroute,  zonecheck,  dig)   ‣  Registry  Registrar  Protocol | 20 Name Server Considerations ‣  Support  technical  standards     ‣  Handle  load  mulQple  Qmes  the  measured  peak     ‣  Diverse  bandwidth  to  support  above     ‣  Must  answer  authoritaQvely      ‣  Turn  off  recursion!     ‣  Should  “NOT”  block  access  from  a  valid  Internet  hosts
  • 11. 5/21/15   11   | 21 Secondary name server choice  Diversity,  diversity  and  diversity!     ‣  Don’t  place  all  on  the  same  LAN/building/segment   ‣  Network  diversity   ‣  Geographical  diversity   ‣  InsQtuQonal  diversity   ‣  Sogware  and  hardware  diversity     ‣  How  many?    ‣  1<x<13  (x  will  vary  dependent  on  circumstances) | 22 Security, Stability & Resliency Considerations ‣  Physical  security              ‣  Deploy  stringent  access  controls      ‣  Fire  detecQon  and  retardaQon      ‣  Other  environmental  sensors  (Flood,  Humidity  etc.)        ‣  Power  conQnuity  for  48  hours  (or  more)     ‣  Backups            ‣  MulQple  secure  copies  locally  and  offsite      ‣  Test,  test  and  test!!  
  • 12. 5/21/15   12   | 23 Separations of Services Registries  generally  start  small  and  evolve     SeparaQon  of  services  means  separaQng  the  logical   funcQons  and  elements  of  the  registry     Two  key  benefits:    SECURITY:  Clear  separaQon  of  services  is  a  manner  in    which  to  create  logical  security  zones    SCALABILITY:  You  can  scale  only  the  services  that  need    to  grow  as  they  need  to  grow     | 24 Separations of Services ‣  Consider  whether  services  are  public-­‐facing    ‣  If  they  are  not,  place  them  in  an  area  inaccessible  from   the  public  Internet     ‣  Constrain  access  as  much  as  possible  with  a  basQon   host     ‣  Consider  finer-­‐grained  security   ‣  Is  billing  data  more  sensiQve  than  WHOIS  data?   ‣  Perhaps  separate  these  services  internally?    
  • 13. 5/21/15   13   | 25 Separations of Services Separate  by  exposure!      Back-­‐office,  Public  facing       Place  each  funcQon/service  in  its  own  logical  box        Work  out  what  interfaces  the  funcQons  must  have    between  each  other    Open  firewall  to  connecQons  along  these  explicit  paths    Provide  clear  APIs  between  the  funcQons    The  clear  APIs  should  allow  scaling  of  parQcular    funcQons  by  adding  extra  servers,  etc.   | 26 Know your SLAs ‣  FuncQoning  name  servers  are  the  most  criQcal/visible  service     ‣  All  other  services  also  need  to  be  considered    ‣  Billing    ‣  Whois  server,  webservers    ‣  Registrar  APIs     ‣  Consider  your  service  level  targets  and  how  you   will  meet  them     ‣  DNS  servers  always  on,  other  systems  mostly  on?
  • 14. 5/21/15   14   | 27 When it all goes wrong DNS is a known target for hackers. You will be targeted at some point! Have plans in place to deal with attacks, failures and disasters. Test those plans regularly! Other resources
  • 15. 5/21/15   15   | 29 Forums Regional  organisaQons:            APTLD      (www.aptld.org)        -­‐      Your  local  group   CENTR      (www.centr.org)   LACTLD  (www.lactld.org)   AfTLD      (www.agld.org)       Also  see  the  CCNSO  (ccnso.icann.org)   | 30 Useful references RFC  1591  -­‐  ccTLD  governance       hMp://www.rfc-­‐editor.org/rfc/rfc1591.txt     RFC  2870Bis  &  RSSAC001  -­‐  Root  Server  BCP     hMps://wiki.tools.ieq.org/html/drag-­‐iab-­‐2870bis-­‐02   hMps://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-­‐001-­‐drag-­‐20nov14-­‐en.pdf      
  • 16. 5/21/15   16   IDN Program @ ICANN Sarmad Hussain | IDN Program Sr. Manager | 32 ASCII Domain Name Label www.cafe.com Second Level Domain Top Level Domain (TLD) Third Level Domain Forming ASCII Labels Use LDH •  Letters [a-z] •  Digits [0-9] •  Hyphen (LDH) Label length = 63 Other constraints (e.g. on hyphen) Forming ASCII Labels Use only Letters •  Letters [a-z] Label length = 63
  • 17. 5/21/15   17   | 33 Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) Labels ตัวอย่าง‫۔‬ไทย IDN Second Level Domain IDN Top Level Domain Syntax of IDN Labels Valid U-Label: Unicode code points as constrained by IDNA2008 Valid A-Label - “xn--” followed by punycode of U-Label of length 59 Syntax of IDN Labels Valid U-Label, further constrained by the “letter” principle for TLDs Valid A-Label বাংলা   Бел    ‫ﺭر‬‫ﺍاﻝلﺝجﺯزﺍاﺉئ‬ հայ   中国   !ర#   한국   ලංකා | 34 IDN TLD Program Reports and documentation of all completed projects available at: https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/reports-2013-04-03-en PHASE  1  (2011)   Case  Studies:   Arabic   Chinese   Cyrillic   Devanagari   Greek   LaQn   PHASE  2  (2011-­‐12)   Integrated  Issues   Report     PHASE  3  (2012-­‐13)   Projects:   P1  LGR  XML   SpecificaQon   P2.1  LGR  Process   for  the  Root  Zone   P6  User   Experience  Study   for  TLD  Variants   PHASE  4  (Since  2013)   Projects:   P2.2  LGR   Development   P1  LGR   SpecificaQon  and   Toolset   P7  LGR   ImplementaQon   Community agreed to define a Label Generation Rules (LGR)
  • 18. 5/21/15   18   | 35 Label Generation Rules (LGR) for Root Zone ¤  For the Root Zone, single “table” containing data for all scripts ¤  Must be conservative and secure ¤  For each script or writing system: ¤  Which code points are valid for use? ¤  Are any of these code points variants of each other? ¤  Are the any additional constraints on the labels? | 36 IDN TLD Program
  • 19. 5/21/15   19   | 37 Label Generation Rules (LGR) ¤  Valid code points ¤  Variants code points ‫ﭖپﺍا‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﺱسﺕتﺍاﻥن‬ ‫ﭖپﺍا‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﺱسﺕتﺍاﻥن‬ ¤  Label constraints ¤  Cannot mix ‫ﮎک‬ and ‫ﻙك‬ in a label ü  ‫ﮎک‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﮎکﻝلﮎکﺕت‬ ü  ‫ﻙك‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﻙكﻝلﻙكﺕت‬ x  ‫ﮎک‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﻙك‬‫ﮎکﻝلﻙكﺕت‬ x  ‫ﻙك‬‫ﻝل‬‫ﮎک‬‫ﻙكﻝلﮎکﺕت‬ | 38 Root LGR by Generation and Integration Panels
  • 20. 5/21/15   20   | 39 LGR Specification and Toolset ¤  LGR machine-readable specifications at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-davies-idntables ¤  Toolset functional priority ¤  Create LGR ¤  Use LGR ¤  Manage LGRs ¤  Open source LGR  Tool   Code  Point  Rules     Variant  Rules     WLE  Rules   IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process Implementation
  • 21. 5/21/15   21   IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process IDNs at Second Level
  • 22. 5/21/15   22   | 43 ¤  IDN registration policies and practices at the second level ¤  Designed to minimize consumer risk or confusion Respect interests of local languages and character sets ¤  Last updated in 2011: Version 3.0 ¤  New IDN terminology due to IDN Variant TLD projects ¤  Consistent machine readable format for language tables ¤  Updated content analysis: IANA IDNA table with Unicode versions, MSR, LGR ¤  Additional guidelines: informational RFC 6912, IDN TLD Variants User Experience study ¤  GNSO community at ICANN asked to initiate review ¤  Current status – initiating next revision IDN Impl. Guidelines for the Second Level | 44 IDN Tables for the Second Level ¤  IDN Tables submitted by new gTLDs intending to offer IDNs at second level ¤  Varied in the character repertoire and contextual rules ¤  Develop reference Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) for facilitation and consistency in Pre-Delegation Testing (PDT) and the Registry Service Evaluation Process (RSEP) ¤  Promote reuse for secure and consistent end-user experience
  • 23. 5/21/15   23   Get Involved: Speak up for your language | 46 ¤  IDN Program sessions at ICANN meetings ¤  IDN Program updates to SOs/ACs at ICANN meetings ¤  Presentations at meetings ¤  APTLD, APrIGF, ArabIGF, IGFs, TLDCON, AFRINIC, RIPE NCC ¤  Email communication to SOs/ACs – call to action ¤  Blog for general community: http://blog.apnic.net/2014/09/30/speak-up-for-your-language/ ¤  IDN pages at ICANN Community Wiki and ICANN Website ¤  IDN mailing lists ¤  {vip, lgr, ArabicGP, ArmenianGP, ChineseGP, …}@icann.org Communication and Outreach Efforts
  • 24. 5/21/15   24   | 47 How to get involved? Volunteer for your script Generation Panel (GP) To contribute expertise, contribute to the GP for your script. You can get involved by simply emailing your CV and a brief statement of interest to idntlds@icann.org Volunteer Review Listen Review work through public comments Sign up for the IDN mailing list vip@icann.org (to sign up, visit https://mm.icann.org/listinfo/vip) and participated in the review of IDN work being done at ICANN through the public comments Keep yourself updated Attend regular IDN Program Update sessions at ICANN meetings and sign up on the IDN mailing list vip@icann.org to get updates on the IDN Program at ICANN | 48 Useful Links for IDN Program @ ICANN   •  To join a Generation Panel for your language, submit CV and statement of interest at: idntlds@icann.org; Call for Generation Panels: http://www.icann.org/en/news/announcements/announcement-11jul13-en.htm •  LGR Document Repository: https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Document+Repository •  Community Wiki for LGR Project: https://community.icann.org/display/croscomlgrprocedure/Root+Zone+LGR +Project •  IDN ccTLD Fast Track Page: https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19- en •  IDN Implementation Guidelines: https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/implementation-guidelines-2012-02-25-en
  • 25. 5/21/15   25   | 49 Reach us at: Email: john.crain@icann.org champika.wijayatunga@icann.org Thank You and Questions gplus.to/icann weibo.com/ICANNorg flickr.com/photos/icann slideshare.net/icannpresentations twitter.com/icann facebook.com/icannorg linkedin.com/company/icann youtube.com/user/icannnews Come talk to us!