Composite Structure And Its Effect On Weight And Hardness...

Composite Structure And Its Effect On Weight And Hardness...
Wonder composite materials, with a power and universal lightweight relative to weight and hardness
properties fell over most of the store of metals and alloys recently. Properties composite depends
largely on the characteristics of its constituent materials, the distribution and the interaction between
them. In general, filler is the main load bearing Members, while the matrix keeps them in the desired
location and orientation, as pregnancy transfer means between the fillers and protects them from
environmental damage. The composite characteristics may be part of the total volume of the
characteristics of components or the ingredients may interact cooperatively resulting in improved or
better properties. Apart from the nature of the constituent materials, engineering promote ( The size
and size distribution) affects the properties of composite greatly. Composite structure is a
combination of two or more different constituents that can be physically distinguished, resulting in a
final product that has better performance than each individual constituent does. Composite materials
consist of a matrix (polymer, metal or ceramic) and one or more reinforcing phases (fibers, particles,
flakes or fillers). The different constituents are combined judiciously to achieve a system with better
structural or functional properties than can be attained by any of the constituents alone. Composites
are becoming an essential part of today's materials due to advantages such as low weight, strong
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Application Of Shape Memory Alloy Properties
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Definition 1
1.2. Displacive Transformations 1
1.3. Hysteresis 2
1.4. Crystal structures of Ti–Ni based martensites 3
1.5. Spectroscopy techniques to determine composition of SMA 4
1.5.1. Energy Dispersive X–Ray Spectroscopy 4
1.6. Phase diagram of Ti–Ni Alloys 5
2. APPLICATION OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN INTELLIGENT REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES (IRCS) 7
2.1. Concept of IRCs 7
2.2. Important Shape Memory Alloy Properties Applied in IRC 7
2.2.1. Shape Memory Effect 7
2.2.2 Thermal Actuation Ability 7
2.2.3 Damping 7
2.3. Experimental Approach 7
2.3.1. Material Used 7
2.3.2 Test Specimen 7
2.3.3 Method 8
2.3.4 Results and Conclusions 9
2.4 Outcomes 11
2.5. Practical Cosiderations 11
2.5.1. Practical Limitations 11
2.5.2. Stoichiometric Considerations 11
2.5.3. Effect of Heat Treatment and Cold Work on SMAs 12
3. A FINAL WORD ON SMAS 14
REFERENCES 15
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definition
Shape memory alloys (SMA) have attracted much attention in recent years, since they are smart (or
intelligent) materials, as well as functional materials, which already exist. These alloys possess the
characteristics of the shape memory effect (SME) and super–elasticity (SE) which are caused by the

martensitic (or displacive) transformation (MT) and its reverse transformation to the parent austenite
phase; we define the characteristic transformation temperatures as follows; Ms: martensite start
temperature upon cooling; Mf: martensite finish

Reflection And Discussion On Absorption Spectra
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Absorption spectra study of 5–aminopyridine Schiff base (L1 and L2):
The absorption spectrum of probes L1 and L2 (40 μM) were investigated in the presence of metals
ions in DMSO solvent. As shown in Fig. 1, Schiff base L1 exhibited absorption band at 269 nm, 310
nm, 323 nm and 347 nm; and L2 at 264 nm, 319 nm, 341 nm, 439 nm and 462 nm, that may be
attributed to π–π* charge transfer transition. However, no remarkable changes were observed in
absorption spectra after the addition of 1 equivalent various metal ions such as Ag(I), K(I), Li(I)
Na(I), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Mg(II), Hg(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Cr(III), Gd(III) and Nd(III) ions.
Interestingly upon the addition of zinc and nickel ions to the probe L1 absorbance peak shifted to
higher wavelength (red shift) from 347 nm to 413 nm and 410 nm, respectively. Thus, L1–Zn(II)
and L1+Ni(II) complexes exhibited color change from colorless to intense yellow color. Similarly,
the addition of Fe(III) and UO2(II) to the probe L2, absorbance peak lead to decrease at 439/462 nm
while new peak appear at 355 nm and 366/ 515 nm, respectively. Consequently, the absorbance
peaks of L2–Fe(III) complexes shifted to UV–region, thus light yellow color turned to colorless, and
in case of L2–UO2(II) complex absorbance peak showed red shift effect, that resulted in dark
yellow color (Fig. 2a and b). Thus, absorption spectral changes were enabled to detect Ni(II), Zn(II),
Fe(III) and UO2(II) as a naked eye

Reflection Paper
Whenever I hear the word Transition I immediately get this feeling of butterflies in my stomach.
Most of the time transitioning means that something is about to change and change can sometimes
be a scary thing. College is something I always knew I wanted to do when the time came, but it was
also something I always pushed away in my mind because it was not in my comfort zone. Since
neither of my parents went to college I never really heard about the experiences of college but if I
would have based my opinion on college from my parents I probably would not be here at ECU.
Coming to college has been a change but it is something that I knew I needed to do to achieve my
dreams and goals for my future. My parents are my biggest supporters and they have always told me
to go college and get an education. I feel that life is one enormous risk and sometimes those risks
will change your life forever. Somewhere around the fifth of December is when I completed my
admissions application for ECU. Even when I was in middle school I always knew that I wanted to
attend East Carolina University and be a pirate. The morning of December 17th as I walked back
from my mailbox with tears streaming down my face I recieved the letter that offered me admissions
to my dream college. This was the day that marked the huge transition that I was about to make. I
was not the person that thought "I am so ready to go to college and get away from my parents"
because I have always been considered as a

Disappearing Spoon Chapter Summary
The Disappearing Spoon written by author Sam Kean, is a book in where it talks about how the
elements from the periodic table play a huge role into where we stand today. Kean digs deep down
into where and how these elements were discovered or created. From the stories of the elements he
can tell the reader how it led to other stories of science, history, finance, mythology, the arts,
medicine, and more
Ch. 1
In Geography is Destiny, the author Sam Kean begins by going into the organization of the periodic
table. From there, he states that every element in the periodic table has a specific location where
they serve a purpose just like bricks in a castle. Deriving out of this analogy, he explains that from
the specific locations of the elements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He goes off and tells the story of Marie Cruz's findings of new elements and her deep love for
chemistry. Although Marie passes away, her legacy lives on through her daughter Irene Joliot–Curie.
Irene and her husband found a way to cultivate radioactive elements which allowed her to earn
Nobel Prize. Kean states that a great injustice was done to Lise Meitner, her discovery of
protactinium was not awarded with a Nobel Prize.
Ch. 13 In Elements as Money, Kean begins the chapter with the story about the famous prince
Midas, informing us that people during 3000 BC were unable to identify the distinct types of metals.
This lead to the creation of counterfeiting, asides from this idea came the fascination for gold.
Although these gold rushes were quite glorifying they had an aftermath, which consisted of the need
for housing supplies. From the gold rush, came the urgency for tellurium since it was able to be
broken down into gold. Towards the end of the chapter, aluminum is highlighted as important, at one
point it was valued more than gold.
Ch.

Xebec Research Paper
This is a model of an 18th century Arabian chebec. Chebecs were originally Arab constructions that
were famous for their speed and maneuverability. They were primarily fast, light sailing warships,
but in calms could also be rowed by means of oars through smaller ports in the bulwarks between
each two adjacent guns. They are thought to have originated in Algeria, and were used by corsairs of
the Maghreb from the beginning of the 17th century. The chebec's proved very useful as fast raiders,
dispatch boats and merchant ships. The Barbary States of that time were to a large extent
autonomous outposts of the Ottoman Empire and attacked the ships of the merchant fleets of those
nations, which unlike England and France did not have strong navies. ... Show more content on
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Xebecs were similar to galleys used by Algerian corsairs and Barbary pirates having both lateen
sails and oars for propulsion. Early xebecs had two masts; later ones three. Xebecs featured a
distinctive hull with pronounced overhanging bow and rarely displaced more than 200 tons, making
them slightly smaller and with slightly fewer guns than frigates of the period. The Chebec was a
typical ship with roots in North African countries. It was the typical format for ships frequenting the
ports of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. The Chebec was armed with 24 cannons. This particular ship
model is based on the French Chebec design of the ship 'Le Requinto'. The French and Spanish both
copied the North African ship design for its speed. Le Requinto was one of eight chebecs built in
France between 1750 and 1762. Le Requinto was built by Joseph Caubet, a native of Majorca, and
the build lasted eight months. The amazing aerodynamic profile of this ship speaks for its speed
capabilities. Chebecs were used in the Mediterranean by French corsairs mainly for quick
interception and getaway. This is a fantastic plank on frame ship model of the chebec based on the
original plans with all its ornaments being hand carved pieces which took hours to

Progress Monitoring Assessment
For the progress monitoring assignment, I first reviewed the students' assessments data provide for
the assignment, and using the provided decision tree guide I determined the students' levels based on
the FSP (RC, Maze, and WA) scores. Once I had determined their level or "box results" I filled the
decision tree form in by order of the box results column. I chose to order the results by that column
to help make choosing student groups easier. Once all the students' data was filled in the next step I
took was to fill in the suggested curriculum and suggested strategies for each student based on their
maze and word analysis assessment results. Once I had all that information entered I decided to
create an extra column on the decision tree form ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All groups would meet three times a week, so we would meet every other day to work on the
required skills. I broke my level one students up into two different groups. Group 1 consists of
student 1, student 6, student 15, student 20, and student 23 while group 2 consists of student 9,
student 17, student 22, and student 25. All of group 1 students scored a ninety percentile or higher in
reading comprehension (RC) so I put these students together so I can provide them with more
challenging strategies and higher–level skilled work in order to help them continue to grow
academically. Some of the strategies I would use with these students during small group instruction
would be using context clues to, learning new affixes, and root words to help students read and
understand unfamiliar words. I would also work with these students on different grade appropriate
text structures, text features, summarizing, and main idea to build reading comprehension skills.
While my group 2 students are still overall, high leveled students they scored below the ninetieth
percentile but above the eighty–fourth percentile. These students would also receive many of the
same instructional strategies that would challenge them, but also help build upon their existing skills
in reading comprehension, vocabulary, and reasoning

Post-Communist Transition Economies Touched by the Euro...
The focus of this paper is on post communist transition economies touched by the Euro Zone crisis.
The negative influence it has made to economic dynamics was felt by everyone living in Central and
Eastern Europe. Despite the actual collapse of some economies in Central and Eastern Europe,
lower standards of living in parts of the region, protests and social anxiety, little attention was paid
to the crisis and the recession in the post–communist countries that joined the European Union in
2004 and 2007. With their currencies, banking systems and economies on the verge of collapse of
the Republic of the Baltic Sea, formerly known as "Baltic Tigers", were affected by the crisis in the
form of the sharpest in the whole European Union. The deeper integration of these economies into
the global market and full integration into the world economy (and the EU in particular) meant that
these countries have become much more vulnerable to the crisis and recession. The foundations of
the weakness were in the broad assimilation of neoliberal policies of the economies of Central and
Eastern Europe, high dependence on investment and, in particular, in their specific exposure to the
operation of international finance.
In the second part of the essay I would like to recall the examples of successful and unsuccessful
companies operating in European Union. The positive
Unfortunately the collapse of Malev Hungarian Airlines, who has ended its operations in the
beginning of 2012, was mostly

The Specificity of Albumin Binding Experiment
The specificity of albumin binding experiment was to determine the binding interactions that occur
between serum albumin and three synthetic dyes with the use of electrophoretic procedure. Whole
blood, or plasma. Clots upon standing and if the clot is removed, the remaining straw colored fluid
is called serum. The major protein in serum is albumin which functions as a carrier molecule for the
transport of certain small molecular weight compounds in blood. Molecules that bind to serum
albumin are fatty acids, hormones and some synthetic dyes. In this experiment the synthetic dyes
used are Bromophenol Blue, Ponceau S and Orange G. we observed that free dyes not bound to
albumin migrate faster that albumin or dyes bound to albumin. This ... Show more content on
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The 2nd half for the gel is our experiment compared to Anderson group 6. The 1st layer in all 3
pictures is the bound dye, the 2nd layer is the free dye.
Fig1 shows on the right group one next to it, 1st half of our result on electrophroresis gel. The 2nd
half for the gel is our experiment compared to Anderson group 6. The 1st layer in all 3 pictures is the
bound dye, the 2nd layer is the free dye.
Group 1, the gel picture and Andersons experiment are closely related. The binding did occur, in the
1st lane of group 1the dye was free therefore no binding occurred because no Bovine Serum
Albumin (BSA) was present in the mixture. While in lanes 2 to 4 binding did occur because there
was BSA in the mixture, with the higest binding occurring in lane 4, this is because there was no
buffer to interrupt the binding. (saturation).
Group 6, which is the 2nd half of the gel picture, does not correspond with Anderson results, no
visible binding occurred. This group had two different dyes and SDS included in the mixture also. In
Andersons version although two different dyes were used, it didn't affect his results, it's the SDS that

What Is Spray Solventing?
Introduction In many pharmaceutical industries, spray drying is used to create particles that are
utilized to form many oral or inhaled drugs. Thus, these particles are designed to be pressed into
tablets or dispersed in aerosols. A spray dryer is a processing unit that produces a mist where the
solvent is quickly evaporated, leaving particles that are collected in a cyclone. This quick
evaporation leaves the molecules fixed in their current positions, preventing the molecules from
finding their stable locations and generating a less stable structure. The structure of the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) affects how the pharmaceutical drugs interact with the body
(Vicente). Hence, bioavailability is the extent and rate at which an ... Show more content on
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Thus, a metastable polymorph is unstable at ambient conditions. Metastable polymorphs are
characterized by having a higher energy than the more stable form and will transition to stable
polymorphs over time. As a result of this higher energy state, these metastable polymorphs are more
soluble and bioavailable. A substance may exhibit more than one type of structure at any given time.
For instance, a sample could have regions of different crystalline structures or have some crystalline
structure and some amorphous structure. With an irregular structure that has no long range order, the
amorphous state has a higher energy than both metastable and stable polymorphs (Savolainen).
Amorphous particles have a greater solubility and bioavailability than crystalline particles
(Temtem). Similar to metastable polymorphs, the amorphous state will convert to the more stable
crystalline form over time (Savolainen). Although amorphous and metastable polymorphs tend to
thermodynamically favor the stable form, the rate at which they transition varies and can be slowed
down with the addition of excipient. An excipient is an additive that affects the kinetic rate at which
the particle transitions from a less stable to a more stable form.
These amorphous and metastable polymorphs can be formed in the spray dryer. Since a spray drying
quickly evaporates the

Examples Of Alienation In The Road
Wole Soyinka's play, The Road, touches upon on varied issues prevalent in society. Culture, society,
humanity, spiritualism and religion are some of the issues focussed upon. Life's meaninglessness
and absurdity in a postcolonial world forms the hoof of human character. It results in linguistic,
mental and spiritual alienation of modern man. Quintessential man holds on to the contents within
his reach. The transition is the only source on which he keeps the foothold. This paper is an effort to
throw light on the predicament and dilemma of man beset with multifarious projections of self and
society. It also leads the path to spiritual state of man through transition and also surfaces Soyinka's
quest in live transition between life and death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
INTRODUCTION
Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" , occupies a prominent place among the African writers. Soyinka is the
best known of Nigerian playwrights, the Nobel Laureate, the first in Africa and the Diaspora to be so
honoured. He is probably the most prolific of modern African writers and the most varied in his
achievements. His achievements have placed the drama of Africa and the Africans on the world
stage. He is admired for his established contribution not only to the art of drama, but also to fiction,
poetry and criticism.
His prominent works are The Jero Plays (1960,1966), The Road (1963), The Lion And The Jewel
(1966), The Madmen and Specialists (1971), Death and the King's Horseman (1975), A Play of
Giants (1984), A Scourge of Hyacinths (1991), From Zia ,With Love (1992) and The Beatification
of the Area Boy (1995). His collections of poems are Idanre (1967), A Shuttle in the Crypt (1972),
Mandela's Earth (1990) and the latest collection Samarkhand and Other Markets I have Known

Why Do People Use Silver?
Silver (Ag) is a metallic element with the atomic number of 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition
metal possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any
metal. Silver occurs in its pure, free form as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals
such as argentite and chlorargyrite. More abundant than gold, silver metal has functioned in many
pre modern monetary systems as coinable specie, sometimes even alongside gold.
Archaeological evidence suggest that people have been using silver for atleast 5,00 years. Silver and
silver compounds have many uses, but the main use of silver is in electronics, jewelry and
silverware,and photography.First off, in electronics, small quantities of silver are

What Are The Advantages Of Acrylic Mugs
Plastic & Acrylic
Using promotional acrylic and plastic mugs is a practical way of marketing your business since the
products will be appreciated by the recipients who'll use them on a daily basis.
Difference Between Plastic And Acrylic
Plastic is a general term for material consisting of a wide range of synthetic and semi–synthetic
organic compounds that are malleable, hence can be moulded into different solid objects. Depending
on the chemical process used in their synthesis, different types of plastic can be made, characterised
by their hardness, resistance to heat, tensile strength, density and glass transition temperature. One
such type is acrylic plastic.
Acrylic is moulded plastic that has great clarity and transparency, making it a great substitute for
glass since it's also shatter proof. You should however be careful when handling acrylic mugs
because they could crack or break when dropped. This type of plastic is safe to use given that it's
BPA–free, and will not yellow with time. Additionally, its colours are weather and sunlight resistant,
making it a high quality material for personalised promotional mugs. ... Show more content on
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This makes them ideal promotional items which Santa can distribute to kids during office Christmas
parties. Parents will definitely appreciate them because they'll not only last long, but will be
appropriate kids' drinkware. Plastic mugs are also scratch–resistant, giving them a long life span.

The Shape Memory Effect And Super Elasticity
INTRODUCTION
The Shape Memory Alloys are quite fascinating materials characterised by a Shape Memory effect
and Super–elasticity, which ordinary metals and alloys do not have. This unique behaviour was first
found in Au–47.5%Cd alloy in 1951, and was publicised by its discovery in a Ti–Ni alloy in 1963.
After much research and development thereafter, shape memory alloys are now being practically
used as new functional alloys for pipe couplings, antennae for cellular phones and various actuators
in electrical appliances, etc. Furthermore, they have attracted keen attention as promising candidate
for smart materials since they function as sensors as well as actuators.
The shape memory effect and super–elasticity are based on the diffusion less transformation called
martensitic transformation. The Shape memory effect is a unique property of certain alloys
exhibiting martensitic transformations. Even though the alloy is deformed in low temperature phase,
it recovers its original shape by reverse transformation upon heating to a critical temperature called
reverse transformation temperature. Many other alloys such as In–T1, 3, 4 Cu–Zn and Cu–Al–Ni
were also found. The same alloys have another unique property called Super–elasticity at a higher
temperature, which is associated with a large (18%) nonlinear recoverable strain upon loading and
unloading. Since these alloys have a unique property in remembering the original shape, having an
actuator function and having

An Investigation of Chemical Vapour Deposition of Graphene...
Graphene exhibits numerous unique properties, which have caused large–scale research of the
material. For example, its charge carriers have zero effective mass (called Dirac fermions) and
exhibit ultra–relativistic effects , therefore possess mobility's of up to 200,000 cm2V–1s–1; the
material shows the half–integer quantum Hall effect and shows absorption of 2.3% of the visible
spectrum of light .
Graphene of the highest quality and best structural integrity is acquired by mechanical exfoliation of
highly oriented graphite . As graphene produced in this method is structurally superior, it is used as a
reference and new methods are compared relative to it. However, although mechanically exfoliated
graphene exhibits low amounts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This phenomenon is a result of the separation of carbon from the metal carbide, which occurs at a
high rate upon cooling, in Ni grains and occurs heterogeneously at the various grain boundaries.
Thus, carbon can precipitate out of the grain boundaries, resulting in greater thickness of graphene
at the edges of a layer. However, extremely high quality uniform monolayers of graphene have been
deposited using polycrystalline copper foils, on diameters of up to 76 cm2,10. Raman analysis
shows that copper foils treated at atmospheric pressure, show up to 95% monolayer coverage, with
5% bi–layer or tri–layer graphene10. These values are not related to the growth time or the rate of
heating and cooling. In addition, copper foils are relatively cost–efficient and are etched simply with
solvents that are readily available. Chemically etching the transition metal is the best method to
transfer graphene deposited on the substrate, resulting in free floating graphene membranes.
Copper is used as it has the lowest affinity and solubility of carbon, as it does not form a carbide
phase, relative to Ni and Co . This is attributed to copper's filled 3d electron shell, possessing an
electron configuration of [Ar] 3d104s1, which due to its symmetrical electronic configuration
reduces reciprocal electronic repulsions. In addition, copper is able to transfer charge from the π
electrons of the sp2 carbons to the empty 4s orbital of

The United Height Of The Transition Of Philadelphia 's...
At the height of the transition of Philadelphia's economy from agricultural to industrial, Philadelphia
experienced a period of economic prosperity for almost all its citizens. Businesses were booming,
new projects and development were established, the banking and commerce industries soared and a
record number of jobs were created enabling the city to reach full employment rate, something that
the city has yet to experience since. Citizens were confident in the government and financial
institutions were equally confident in their citizens as evident by lax lending habits. As all good
things typically come to an end, Philadelphia had an economic turn for the absolute worse. In 1920,
the stock market crashed with several major bank failures and employment rate plummeted. The city
then went through the worse financial time in the history of the U.S. known as the Great Depression.
Citizens looked to their government for ways and means of ending the suffrage wreaking havoc on a
once thriving and prosperous city. The significant increase in unemployment rate resulted in citizens
losing trust and hope in the Republican Party, the party in power at the time. The New Deal
initiative was then developed under President Roosevelt, which slowly ushered in the recovery of
the economy and the city as a whole. The effects of the Great Depressions were alleviated to some
degree; nevertheless the city struggled to achieve economic stability once more, but there was hope
in sight. Despite the

Uncle Tungsten Summer Reading Assignment
Uncle Tungsten Summer Reading Assignment General Overview Uncle Tungsten is Oliver Sacks's
description of his early life filled with the logic, excitement, and anomalies of chemistry. In the
beginning, Oliver Sacks is fascinated with metals and their properties, largely influenced by his
Uncle Dave, who is better known as Uncle Tungsten. He asks Uncle Tungsten, his parents, and
many others, questions about anything that intrigues him typically with chemistry in mind.
Throughout his boyhood, he is constantly learning and studying everything dealing with chemistry
including the important men and women (heroes) that contributed to this field. As he matures, his
interests jump from metals to light bulbs, chemical reactions, Humphry Davy, photography, the
elements and their discoveries, Dalton, Mendeleev, and other chemists, electricity, fluorescence, and
radioactivity. Oliver Sacks also writes of some difficult times in his boyhood, including his exile to
Braefield, a boarding school, during the WWII, beginning in 1939. Sacks's house was near London,
which was expected to be bombed, so he left along with his brother Michael. During this time in his
life, he felt abandoned by his family, tortured by his all–powerful headmaster, and bullied by his
classmates. It was at this time in his life that he discovered that chemistry would always be
something he could hold on to, and it remained his life force until he turned 14. Sacks's entire family
was strictly of medical background

Naomi
[pic]
LITT11234G – Graphic Novels: the invisible art
Wired Comics: a Comic Casebook, or a Collaborative Comic
This assessment opportunity is worth 20% of your final grade
Collaborative Comic
For this assignment, you are also welcome to create a short comic of your own. You may do this in a
small group. Your comic should be in either black and white or in colour. Please consider the
following for your group submission:
✓ Your work is a minimum of two A4 pages (at the very least) if you are working manually. Your
work must be saved as a PDF so that it can upload to SLATE, and be downloaded for evaluation. If
you are using an online tool to create a comic then you should also save the result as a PDF, which,
again, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though the |This effort has not met the requirements of this|This effort does not meet expectations
for this |
|talents of individuals in the group. There is a |comic could be longer, to tell a more complete
|course. Visuals are weak, or muddy, and it may |assignment. Visual work is weak, or sloppy, and|
|sustained high quality to line and composition, |story, this effort is satisfactory. Line and |be difficult
to follow the comic's main |it is not saved in the correct format. There is|
|as well as a clearly interesting use of |colour (if used) are executed with skill. At |assertions/ideas as
the visual style and use of |little evidence that the group has undertaken |
|panelling and bleeds to make the work visually |least two different types of transitions are |gutters is
weak, or needs revision, to make this|this collaborative opportunity with sufficient |
|compelling. At least two–three types of |used in the construction of this comic. The |comic
communicate itself more clearly. |effort to be

Outline Of AAnd Bound Water On The Molecular And Cellular...
Janice Ferreira NUID: 001900862
Take home assignment (PMST5700)
Assignment 3
SUBMISSION DEADLINE: Nov 30, 2014 by 4 pm.
Total: 15 marks
Instructions: All questions below are compulsory. Please refer to the class lecture slides and
additional reading materials provided for guidance. Answer the following questions based on the
slides and available literature. Please cite references wherever necessary. Please do not hesitate to
contact if you have any doubts/questions.
Question 1: (Dr. Kazo) 5 marks
Please describe in detail the role of free and bound Water on the molecular and cellular interactions
of peg modified drugs.
Role of bound water on the molecular and cellular interactions of peg ... Show more content on
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Role of free water on the molecular and cellular interactions of peg modified drugs:
These free water molecules enhance solubility making the protein soluble in water. This leads to
improvement in its performance in hydrogels
The protein stability is also influenced because of the presence of unbound water.
Reference:
Parag Kohle et al, Sterile Product Development: Formulation, Process, Quality and Regulatory
Considerations http://www.bioprocessintl.com/upstream–processing/biochemicals–raw–
materials/pegylation–of–biologics–340623/#CIT0015 Question 2: (Dr. Zhou) 5 marks
Briefly describe the important processes in lyophilization and what are the main objectives of
"freezing step"?
Lyophilization is the process of removing water and/or solvents from a product by the method of
sublimation and desorption. By this method, no biological or chemical reaction can happen. The

process involved in lyophilization are described as follows:
Pre–treatment Pretreatment involves any method of treating the product prior to the freezing step.
This could possibly include concentrating the product, formulation revision, decreasing a high vapor
pressure solvent or increasing the surface area. Addition of any of cryo or lyo–protectants is done in
this step. This step also helps to maximize contact with the shelves and eventually helps in
minimizing

Determination Of Solubility Of Fenoprofen
RESULTS
Determination of solubility of fenoprofen The solubility data is shown in Table I and it is presented
in Figs.1, 2 and 3. The solubility of fenoprofen amongst various oils investigated was found to be
highest in oleic acid (198.93±2.91mg/ml) followed by triacetin, labrafil M1944, capryol 90. The
solubility of drug was insignificantly different between labrafac lipophil, IPM, and labrafac PG.
Amongst surfactants, labrasol showed maximum solubility (129.17±1.4mg/ml) followed by tween
80, and span 20. Propylene glycol showed highest solubility among the cosurfactants
(210.5±1.57mg/ml), followed by glycerol, plurol oleique, and lauroglycol 90.
Preliminary screening of surfactants for emulsification ability The % transmittance values of
dispersions are given in Table II. These studies indicated that tween 80 had good ability to emulsify
oleic acid followed by labrasol, while span 20 failed to emulsify oleic acid.
Preliminary screening of cosurfactants The % transmittance values of surfactant/cosurfactant
combinations are given in Table III. These studies revealed that no significant difference between
propylene glycol and glycerol ability to improve nanoemulsification of tween 80. However,
propylene glycol was selected because it showed better drug solubility than glycerol.
Construction of pseudo–ternary phase diagrams The transparent to translucent microemulsion region
for each investigated system are presented in phase diagram with one axis representing

Keep It Liquid
Keep It Liquid
Introduction:
The objective of this lab was to witness the change in temperature of cyclohexane with different
substances added. There are certain techniques for a solid, liquid, and a gas to have a certain phase
change (Hall, 15). There are also different ways for there to be a phase change when it involves a
solid, liquid, or a gas. The process of phase change is usually being witnessed in the different
weather changes we have. When snow begins to fall in the winter it falls as a liquid, starts to freeze
from the atmosphere, then fully freezes when it is set on the ground from the winter temperature. It
then begins to melt and turn back into a liquid as the temperature begins to heat up, then evaporates
as the liquid starts to boil and steam up. (Phase Change, 17). In this experiment, we hypothesized
that our trial three with 0.612 grams of benzoic acid would have the greatest effect on temperature
change since it held the greatest amount of mass.
Methods:
Due to safety hazards that can occur with this lab, start by placing on our safety goggles before we
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In results, we see how much each trial had been effected with the different substances and different
amounts added to cyclohexane.
In an experiment similar to ours, after their data has been obtained, the enthalpy curve is calculated
to be calculated (Haun, 2017). In our experiment, the freezing point of cyclohexane is 6.55 °C
(Solvents, 2017). With trial two and three, we calculated the molarity and molality. For trial two, we
had the molarity of 0.637160081 M and had the molality of 8.188m, which is provided below.
In this equation shown above, our trial three our molarity ended up as 0.63716014 M and our
molality ended up being 8.18627m.
Table 1.1
Trials
(grams of cyclohexane)
Additive Substance
Mass of Additive
Lowest Temperature (°C)
Highest Temperature (°C)
1. 4.947

Structure Properties Of The Polymers
I. Concept – Properties of the polymers are determined by the molecular structure that comprises
these polymers (Structure–Property Relationships).
A precise conclusion of the properties can be obtained if we have exact information about its
chemical structure and the force that prevails between the atoms and the molecules (intermolecular
and intramolecular forces)
Structure of the polymer can be described at various levels. From the chemical structure (i.e. its
molecular formula) it can be determined which elements are present and in what ratio.
Properties that can be determined based on their chemical structure
i. From backbone – Linearity, Flexibility, Strength, Oxidation stability, etc.
Examples:
C ¬– C: helps determine flexibility, Low barrier to torsion, but sensitive to chemical attack.
C = C: helps determine Stiffness, Higher Strength, and High barrier to torsion in solids.
Aromatic Rings: Helps determine rigidity in liquids, and higher strength in solids.
Aromatic Ladder: Helps determine Ultimate rigidity. Etc.
ii. From side groups – Solubility, Crystallinity, Surface properties, Steric properties, Polar
interaction between same chain or different chains, etc.
Examples:
Hydrogen as side group
C – H: Helps determine hydrophobic, sensitive to free radicals, insensitive to various chemicals. If
side group with backbone C – C than determines minimum barrier to torsion, etc.
Alkyl groups as side units
Aryl groups as side units
Mesogenic side groups.

Gender Earnings Gap and Economic Transition Essay
Literature review: Gender Earnings Gap and Economic transition
Economic theories of discrimination proffer different perspectives for understanding gender pay
gaps. One ¬widely cited perspective discussed by Polachek (2004) emphasizes the role of human
capital theory, which suggests that improvements in skills and productivity through investments in
human capital characteristics such as education and job training are beneficial to individuals in that
they increase lifetime income. Given that more years of work experience reflect higher earnings and
that, on average, women work fewer hours than men in their lifetime, Polachek (2004) predicts that
women are subject to lower hourly wages compared to men. In this way, distinctions in human ...
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Independent variables used in Oaxaca's (1973) study are "potential experience" and "years of
schooling completed," as well as dummy variables for "class of workers," "industry," "occupation,"
"health problems," "part–time employment," "migration," "marital status," "size of urban area" and
"region," as the explanatory variables for his model (698). Consistent with human capital theory of
discrimination, Oaxaca's (1973) decomposition method involves breaking down the average wage
differentials into "effects of differences in individual characteristics" and "effects of discrimination"
(Oaxaca 1973, 696). "Effects of differences in individual characteristics" is the "explained" effect on
the wage differential that occurs due to an average difference in individual characteristics, such as
potential experience or education, between men and women receiving equal treatment (Oaxaca
1973). "Effects of discrimination" indicates the "coefficient effect" on the wage differential that
occur either due to different treatment of men and women given that they possess the same
individual characteristics, or due to differences that cannot be explained by the regression model
(Oaxaca 1973).
Reviewing the empirical and theoretical methods of the Oaxaca–Blinder wage decomposition
(1973), Ospino et al. (2009) provide a summary of methodological criticisms observed by prior
studies. One noteworthy limitation of the decomposition method is a possibility of

A Brief History Of Alzheimer 's Disease
1. Introduction 1.1 A brief overview of Alzheimer's diseases The life expectancy is now doubled
from the last century in the developed countries due to the revolution progress in medicine and
health mainly to chronic diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most well–known and
familiar diseases in the modern societies AD was first reported by Alois Alzheimer in 1907.The AD
is the most common type of dementia and a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the damage
of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. The health statistics report that AD disease affects more than 50
million people worldwide in 2003, it is expected this number to increase to 114 million by 2050.(1)
It is reported that AD disease affect one in three people over the age 85.(2) The symptoms of AD
include depression, apathy, anxiety, agitation, aggression, delusions, hallucinations, wandering, and
inappropriate sexual behaviours.(3) AD patients suffer from decrease in cognitive function and short
term memory. AD is characterised by the formation of insoluble clumps of protein or plaques,
formed by proteins known as β–amyloids. These attach to the cell surface of neurons and disabled
nerve transmission. These plaques have been demonstrated to contain relatively high levels of Zn2+,
Cu2+ and Fe3+ (1 mM, 0.4 mM and 1 mM respectively).(4) While the precise role of these metals is
still uncertain, they appear to bind to so–called β–amyloid peptides that constitute the bulk of plaque
deposits. Cu2+

Drying Is A Mass And Heat Transfer Process Essay
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Drying is a simultaneous mass and heat transfer process that converts a liquid, solid or semi–solid
feedstock into a solid product having lower moisture content. This is usually done by applying heat
to evaporate the liquid into a vapor phase. Sometimes drying takes place below the triple point of
the liquid to be removed and the solid phase is directly converted to vapor phase via sublimation as
in case of freeze drying. [1]
As drying must involve a phase change of the liquid to be removed, it is considered as one of the
most energy–intensive unit operations. This is due to the high latent heat of vaporization, as well as,
the inefficiency of using hot air as the most common drying medium. Hence, the operating cost of
dryers represents their major cost item.
Drying is an important process in many fields such as chemical, agricultural, ceramics and
pharmaceutical industries. It may be done to have free–flowing solids that are easy to handle, to
facilitate the preservation and storage of different materials, to reduce the transportation costs or to
achieve desired quality of products. [2]
Regeneration of adsorptive beds is an important drying application. The operation of such beds
includes three periods. During the first period adsorption takes place till breakthrough. This is
followed by steaming period where live steam is blown through the bed to remove the adsorbate
from the solid desiccant. In the third period; regeneration period, the hot, moist

The Story Of Tom Brennan Essay
Individuals respond in various ways to transitioning into a new phase of life and society, these
transitions can be challenging and confronting. They can also be transformative and thus some
individuals accept and others reject because it'll often initiate a series of consequences that may
accelerate one's personal growth and involuntarily change one's perspective and/or attitude. These
ideas are manifested in J.C Burke's, 'The story of Tom Brennan,' a move about the transitions that
characters face after an indelible accident. In correspondence to the short story, 'Neighbours' by Tim
Winton and is about a young couple moving from the city to the village and finding it difficult to
reside with the European migrants.
Both texts, while exhibiting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They find it difficult to fit in with the new environment. This is in correlation when 'Tom moves
from hometown to Coghill and finding it hard to cope'. Primitively, the young couple entrenches a
negative attitude towards the village, evident in "When they first moved in, the young couple were
'wary' of the neighbourhood," which uncover their cautiousness towards the place and people and
also showing that they are judgemental. Their negative attitude is fortified in the simile, "It made the
newly–weds feel like sojourners in a foreign land", the word 'foreign' has a derogatory nature
because the couple feel like outsiders which coincidentally/fortuitously expose the couples fear of
the neighbourhood, thus creating a physical barrier between them. As they live together longer, they
experience the kind side of human nature, the neighbours helped fix the couple's broken chicken pen
and generously offered them free vegetables. Eventually, the couples "no longer walked with their
eyes lowered. They felt superior and proud"–depict a sense of liberation as the couple no longer
need to live with wariness, the emotive language 'superior and proud' delineate their reshaped
positive attitude toward the

China's Transition Economy Essay examples
China's transition from a planned economy to a market economy began at the end of 1978. When
China started the process, the government did not have a well–designed 'blueprint', and so the
approach to reform can be characterized as experimental. The process of reform has been gradual
and incremental in nature and is still incomplete. In fact, China can't be treated as a full market
economy nor can it be treated as a centrally planned economy in which the Government
substantially influences prices of goods or monopolises international trade. It is somewhere in
between.
Reform measures:
1) The introduction of enterprise taxation.
2) The new wage system which linked with the productivity of workers (this would give workers
incentive to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trade was monopolised by centrally controlled Foreign Trade Corporations, under the control of the
central Government ministries. Other trade was not permitted.
Also, exports had state controlled prices set by the Foreign Trade Corporations under the foreign
trade plan. Similarly, imports were sold to domestic firms and consumers at state controlled prices.
Fortunately, the trade regime has been significantly liberalised. China's Open Door policy has
dramatically reversed the 'self–sufficient' position of pre–1978, welcoming foreign investment and
trade. Increasingly, China's imports and exports are being determined by market forces. The ratio of
imports and exports to Gross Domestic Product is 42:100 and China is now the 10th largest trading
nation.
Formal trade planning has been abolished, but a number of central foreign trade corporations and
large state–owned enterprises have been given selective monopoly powers to export and import
strategic commodities (important resources that China had to ensure a steady supply of). This
process has been termed as 'canalisation' by the World Bank (1994).
These commodities, shown in the table, represented approximately 4.6% of China's exports and
19.4% of imports in

Models of Organizational Change
Organizational Models of Change
Olympia Ross
Grand Canyon University
Organizational Development and Change
LDR–615
Dr. Jerry Griffin
August 14, 2013
Organizational Models of Change Organizational change is occurring at an intense rate within
modern organizations, as demands to stay current with technology and marketplace trends are ever
increasing. Although knowledge exists amongst management and leadership regarding the need for
change, the ability to deliver the expected results of proposed changes often fails. Recent literature
actually suggests that failures are frequently attributed to the level of employee involvement and
commitment, and that employees actually "play a major role in the success or failure of change
within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5).
Three–Phase Change Model and Communication Communication is truly the most central
component to Lewin's model. It is highlighted at each of the three phases, with lack of
communication being a barrier to successfully transitioning between phases. That said, it must not
be discounted the impact that strong lines of communication have on successful change initiatives,
as high percentages of change failures are often attributed to poor communication, thus hindering
the transition process (Shin et al., 2012, p. 727).
Harris's Five–Phase Model Ben Harris developed a five–phase organizational change model in the
mid 1970's. According to Harris, the phases are sequential; however, they often overlap one another
(Lunenburg, 2010, p. 4). The five–phases are as follows: planning & initiation, momentum,
problems, turning point, and termination.
Five–Phase Model: Role of the Leader Unlike Lewin's three–phase model, Harris's model is less
dependent upon concrete leadership initiatives at each phase. For example, per the five–phase
model, the role of the leader is accentuated most at phases II–IV; posited by Lunenburg when he
acknowledged "the importance of leadership at various phases of program implementation"
(Lunenburg, 2010, p. 5). During planning and initiation,

New High School Graduation Requirements
Introduction
In 2007 the Oregon Department of Education (ODE) adopted new high school graduation
requirements. In addition to completing the state's credit requirements and demonstrating
proficiency on state standardized assessments, students must meet three personalized learning
requirements (PLRs): 1) completion of an education plan and profile; 2) participation in career–
related learning experiences; and 3) extended application of personalized learning knowledge and
skills in activities relevant to postsecondary and career goals. This process is intended to begin in
grade 7 and continue through a student's senior year. See appendix A for more details on Oregon's
requirements.
ODE and the Oregon Education Investment Board (OEIB) view the PLRs as critical to Oregon
students' postsecondary readiness and success. The two agencies are partnering with REL Northwest
and the Oregon College and Career Readiness Research Alliance (OR CCR) to develop
recommendations for increasing and improving PLR implementation at public schools across the
state.
This report provides a review of research on personalized learning and promising practices
occurring across the country. In this brief, we use "personalized learning" to refer to the entire
process of completing PLRs. The process is often documented in and/or referred to as a personalized
learning plan and includes participation in a variety of learning activities and experiences. This brief
is intended for policymakers and

Smoke Signals Elements Of Symbols
Clayton J. Walp Mr. Morill American Lit. and Comp. 25 September 2017 Smoke Signals: Elements
of Representation Natural elements will often be viewed as symbols to represent a cycle of life
changing experiences that will ultimately change the character forever on a deeper, spiritual level
than what scratches the surface. Going through life, major events that change that person's sense of
direction and demeanor, for better or for worse, can be visualized as an element. Anger, sadness, loss
of hope can all be expressed as a natural element, all in a cycle of the characters life, knowing that
one day that person will experience life changes and the elements that represent them will one day
change. Fire symbolizes rage. Fire symbolizes anger, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time may help the character realize either the wrong in their ways or someone who they've had
conflict with. This may help them learn the true meaning of forgiveness, and letting go of the past,
and moving forward. (..." Do we forgive our fathers in our age, or in theirs? Or in their deaths,
saying it to them or not saying it. If we forgive our fathers, what is left?"). Victor begins to realize
that despite the ups and downs that he and his father had in the past, that his father really did love
him. He learns that when his father left, he always intended to return. He didn't mean to die when he
was away. He wanted to see Victor again. This is when Victor really begins to learn forgiveness and
to let go of the past. Water symbolizes the return, or the rebirth of the character. This represents the
cycle of life making its full circle back to where it started, bringing this journey of thoughts and
confusion to an end. Mentally, this is ending the journey, and reaching the final destination. As an
element, water rushes through what was once a burning, roaring fire that tore through the forest of
Victor's life and thoughts, and allows for new growth. This forest is starting all over again more
beautiful and amazing than ever before. Fire burns away old, dead debris. This allows for more
space for new plants to grow, and the forest ends up

Shlossberg Transition Theory
Part III: My Theory as it Relates to Other Theories When comparing student trailblazer theory to
other, popular student development theories, I find that Schlossberg's transition theory is related to
the different phases students will go through as they proceed through their collegiate careers.
According to this theory, events, both anticipated an unanticipated, as well as non–events can play a
role that results in changed relationships, routines, assumptions and roles (Patton, Renn, Guido, &
Quaye, 2016). When applying Schlossberg's theory to student trailblazer theory, I believe the phases
with the greatest level of transition include the shift from the college entry phase to the vulnerability
phase, the shift from the initial defining phase to the rebuilding phase, and the transition phase.
However, in contrast to Schlossberg's transition theory, student trailblazer theory emphasizes any
transitions as an opportunity for growth. For instance, although both transition theory and student
trailblazer theory can be used to explain my experiences when I lost my friends to graduation and
got a new coach, student trailblazer theory assumes that students will have the support in place to
overcome any obstacles. Furthermore, as a student progresses through each phase, they are expected
to use their previous experiences to build off of their development.
Additionally, when Bjornsen & Dinkel (2017) apply transition theory to the difficulties student–
athletes face when

Case Manager Ms. Gilgen For Intake Assessment And Initial...
Social Services: On 12/08/2016, client Lissy Figueroa met with assigned Case Manager Ms. Gilgen
for Intake Assessment and Initial Independent Living Plan (ILP). Client is 21 years Hispanic female.
Client has a 3 year old son named Maxwell. Case Manager asked client how and why she became
homeless. Client stated that she was Living with her mother; however her mother asked her to leave
the premises. Case Manager asked client, why her mother asked her to leave. Client stated that they
got into an argument. Client stated that they have been arguing on a daily basis. Client stated that
she doesn't want to raise her child in that environment. Client stated that she has being living with
her mother all her life. Meeting: During intake Client ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Client stated that she understands. Case Manager also explained to client that once she becomes
eligible she will be expected to obtain permanent housing by 08/2017. Client stated that she
understands. Housing: Case Manager informed client that she must meet with assigned Housing
Specialist on a weekly basis to discuss her housing opportunities. Employment: Case Manager
inquired to client regarding her employment background. Client stated that she was working for 3
weeks as childcare provider. Client stated that she was getting paid $100.00 per day.
Legal/Immigration: Client is undocumented. Entitlement/ Benefits: Client's PA case is closed. Case
Manager explained to client that all clients are expected to open and maintain active and open a PA
case. Client was referred to HRA for the purpose of opening of PA case. Client is expected to apply
for public assistance by 12/12/2016. Childcare: Case Manager asked client if she has childcare in
place for her child. Client stated yes. Client stated that a friend of her was providing childcare
services for her while she was working. Client provided childcare provider name and phone number.
Education: Case Manager asked client about her educational background. Client stated that

Metal-Only Lewis Pairs with Transition Metal Lewis Basas
Metal–Only Lewis Pairs with Transition Metal Lewis Basas
Introduction:
History of Metal–Metal Dative Bonding Concept In 1961, Vaska and Diluzio synthesized a lemon–
yellow compound known as the organometallic complex trans–[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2]. This was
achieved by reducing iridium(III) to iridium(I) using just triphenylphosphine and an alcohol. This
was significant because they had prepared an iridium carbonyl complex without the use of carbon
monoxide. This complex has reversible dioxygen coordination, but more importantly, it is extremely
reactive with acids, halides, and dihydrogen yielding stable Ir(III) addition products. The discovery
of this Iridium complex meant that laboratories across the globe could now easily create, in one step
and several hours, an air–stable compound that could undergo oxidative addition reactions. Also, the
reaction could be monitored by watching the carbonyl C–O stretching band in the IR spectrum and
NMR spectroscopy later on. Because Vaska's complex was so stable, its reactivity was limited. The
complex serves as an excellent molecular platform for defining how oxidative addition reactions
make homo– and heterogeneous catalysis a reality. While the term "oxidative addition is a staple in
inorganic chemistry and catalysis, the step transition metal Lewis basicity is almost never seen.
There are numerous methods that a metal can cleave an element–element bond, from concerted,
side–on cleavage to backside attack. Most oxidative addition

Group Interactions: Group Counseling Video With Dr. Carroll
Group Interactions Throughout the group counseling video with Dr. Carroll it is clear that her
intention is to foster positive and meaningful interactions with all of the group members
(Association for Specialists in Group Work, n.d.). It is evident that Dr. Carroll is an expert in leading
group sessions, as such there is a lot to be observed and learned from her as well as the participating
group members (Association for Specialists in Group Work, n.d.). During this second video the
group appears more comfortable with one another as they begin opening up about their fears and
expectations (Association for Specialists in Group Work, n.d.). Dr. Carroll uses the new found
comfort as a time to create unity and define individual goals of the group ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If I can stay open minded about the process, then I can continue to grow. Entering into this
profession I believe we are capable of growing and changing; continuously. I will continue to learn
and grow as I continue to explore within myself. Knowing my limitations and the areas that I need
to improve upon will only serve me in this profession. For me, becoming comfortable in my abilities
as a counselor will help me lead a group with confidence. Always maintaining the clients best
interest and acting in a therapeutic manner is essential (Corey, Corey, & Corey, 2010). Lastly;
practice and supervision will give me the confidence and practical knowledge needed to lead a
successful counseling

The Purpose Of Fractional Distillation
Discussion
The purpose of this experiment is to identify two compounds from an unknown given liquid by
separating them into three components using fractional distillation. Distillation is the act of heating
and cooling liquids in order to obtain a pure sample. There are two main types of distillation: simple
distillation and fractional distillation. Simple distillation is the most basic form of a distillation. This
method is more helpful when the separation between a liquid and a solid needs to happen or
between two liquids with boiling points that have a difference of about 50°C or higher. Fractional
distillation is similar to simple distillation; however, it is used to separate two liquids with similar
boiling points. Fractional distillation works by first heating up the solution of the two liquids. Once
the solution begins to boil, the unknown compound that has a lower boiling point will evaporate and
rise into a distillation apparatus. The newly formed gas will travel through the apparatus until it is
cooled down, at which point the gas will not be able to maintain the energy needed for this specific
phase, and will begin to condense back into a liquid. The same process will occur with the second
liquid, the only difference being that it needed a higher temperature in order to transform into a gas.
The two new liquids will each have a higher percentage of the unknown compound, thus making
them have a higher purity rate.
The second technique that will be used to identify

Demographic Trends Of The Demographic Transition Model
The demographic transition model shows historical population trends of two demographic
characteristics such as birth rate and death rate. (Grover, D. 2014). In 1929 a demographic observer
named Warren Thompson decided to make a chart that showed transitions in death and birth rates
changed in an industrialized society of the last two hundred years. (Montgomery, K. 2015). The
demographic model shows if population increased or decreased in all countries due to their economy
stability. If there were countries with high death and birth rate, what the factors that contributed to
the high or low rates such as not enough food, or what diseases people were getting to make those
rates increase. There are four phases of demographic transition. Stage 1 is known as the Pre–
transition stage. This is characterized by birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates. Stage 2 is
known as the Early Transition stage. During this stage rate begins to fall, while the birth rates
remain high, and the population begins to grow. Stage 3 is known as the Late Transition stage. In
this stage birth rate starts to decline, and the population growth begins to decline. Stage 4 is known
as the Post Transition stage. In this stage there is low birth and death rate, and population also
declines. According to demographers, the factors that lead to a decline in CDR during stage 2 and
stage 3 of the demographic transition stages was high birth rate, which mean the population

Sample Resume : Chemical Engineering Lab
Pre–Reflection Assignment #1 I will be completing this assignment for Chemical Engineering Lab 1
as an introduction to the writing and formatting process that is expected by Professor Burrows.
During this writing, I will work to become familiar with the whole process of the lab report. This
will include practicing how to format professional tables and plots, with clear and understandable
information and captions. My previous experience with formatting reports in Microsoft Office and
utilizing Microsoft Excel for tables and plots will be utilized. Strengths that I have come from my
need to make the document have a professional look, as I have not only wanted to provide quality
information, but also to make the report aesthetically pleasing. Places of improvement could include
time efficiency, including effectively gathering data from online or public sources. I believe this first
assignment will be at least sufficient with completing all of the tasks required with proper
formatting, with a hope that what is sought after or expected will be completely understood. By
doing this, a certain rhythm of writing the lab reports and completing further assignments may be
obtained that will benefit me for the remainder of the semester. Abstract There are two main points
of focus of the following material. The first is to develop an understanding of writing professional
reports by collecting data that is used to properly format tables and graphs. The data that is included

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hydroxybutyrate
Materials
Simvastatin (99%) was purchased from Fagron (São Paulo, Brazil). Poly 3–(hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB, Mw = 600 kDa) was supplied by PHB Industrial S.A. (São Paulo, Brazil), and poly–Ɛ–
caprolactone (PCL, Mw = 80 kDa) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Chloroform and ethanol were obtained from Labsynth (São Paulo, Brazil). Water was purified using
a Milli–Q apparatus (Millipore, Billerica, USA). HPLC grade solvents were purchased from
J.T.Baker (Philipsburg, EUA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as
received.
The co–polymer poly(3–hydroxybutyrate–co–ε–caprolactone) (PHB–co–CL, Mw = 2kDa) was
obtained by transesterification reaction from PHB and PCL, and was kindly supplied by Professor
Dr. Juan Pedro ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For DSC measurements, a scan rate of 10°C/min was used at a temperature range of 25–380°C,
under nitrogen purge (50 ml/min). For temperature and enthalpy calibration, we used Indium.
Lyophilized SIM–NP4 were obtained using a freeze–drier (Liofilizador LS300, Terroni®), after
rapid freezing of the formulations into liquid nitrogen . The samples were lyophilized for 24 h at a
temperature of –45°C. After freeze–drying, the lyophilized samples were placed directly in
aluminum pans and all measurements were made using sealed aluminum pans, and an empty pan
was used as reference. Data acquisition and analysis were performed on a microcomputer using an
Isothermal Software Kit provided by TA Instruments. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and the
melting temperature (Tm) were obtained from DSC curves. The crystallinity degree (Xc) of PHB,
PCL and SIM

States of Matter
States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically, the
distinction is made based on qualitative differences in bulk properties. Solid is the state in which
matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed
volume but adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to
occupy whatever volume is available.
This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.
More recently, distinctions between states have been based on differences in molecular
interrelationships. Solid is the state in which intermolecular attractions keep the molecules in fixed
spatial relationships. Liquid is the state in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation.
[edit]Liquid
Main article: Liquid
Structure of a classical monatomic liquid. Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact, yet no
long–range order is present.
The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its
melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the pressure is higher than the triple point of the
substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules
have enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the
shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container. The volume is usually greater than
that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest
temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[5]
[edit]Gas
Main article: Gas
In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is
small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much
greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire
container in which it is confined.

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