3. The Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) was developed by WHO and
UNICEF as a framework for strengthing national immunization programs and
protecting as many people as possible against more diseases by expanding the reach
of immunization, including new vaccines, to every eligible person.
The introduction of new vaccines poses challenges to the existing logistics and cold
chain requirement due to their current presentations.
The prefilled glass syringes is exceeding the central cold chain storage capacity of
some countries and the safe use and disposal of glass syringes poses a waste
management challenge.
These challenges seek more suitable formulation and presentation of new vaccines.
4. Newer vaccine means any vaccine outside the traditional EPI
schedule.
New vaccines for India may not be new vaccines for
developing countries.
It may be context-specific and subjective.
New vaccines for immunization programs can be called new
vaccines in general.
5. 1.Circulated for long but existance ignored:
Hepatitis B virus
Hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
Pneumoccus
Rota virus.
2.Changed geographical habitats and introduced in newer areas:
Chickungunya virus
West nile virus
6. 3.New pathogens have emerged:
Swine flu virus
SARS
Avian flu virus
4.Remerged
M tuberculosis
Polio virus
Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles virus
7. Two new oral, live attenuated Rotavirus (previous vaccine
withdrawn from the market because of adverse events).
Vaccines in Cancer
Melanoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Colorectal, Breast, Ovarian,
and Lung cancers (under experimental therapeutic trial).
8. Currently two HPV vaccines (marketed internationally using
recombinant technology- both prepared from purified L1 structural
proteins)
Live Intranasal and injectable H1N1 (flu shot) - available in
India.
Oral cholera vaccine (OCV)- for travelers having good efficacy .
Other include DTaP, Hib, IPV, Bivalent OPV, MMR,Varicella,
Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Tdap, and Td.
9. Fungal Vaccines
Two vaccine (phase I and phase II trials)
1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis ( ribosomal
preparation)
2. Cryptococcosis (tetanus toxoid conjugate of the
capsular polysaccharide).
A more extensive efficacy trial was done with a
vaccine against Coccidiomycosis.
10. Antiobesity vaccines
Under trial in the western world.
Novel second-generation somatostatin vaccines
(GH and insulin like growth IGF-1).
Chikunguniya vaccine
Under trial in India from 2006.
11. Schistosomiasis and Hookworm
vaccine
Necator americanus-glutathione-
S- transferase-1 (Na-GST-1)- a
multivalent antihelminthic vaccine.
This vaccine will serve as a new
tool for combating disease and
poverty.
12. Tuberculosis
MVA85A/AERAS-485 (boost immunity in children)
Evolving vaccines ( recombinant BCG vaccine, DNA vaccine and
fusion proteins with novel adjuvant and delivery systems).
M72/AS01E -under Phase 3b trial in few
countries.
13. Dengue fever
Tetravalent due to four serotypes
(D1-D4) of this virus. (1920)
- Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV)
- s.c. route
- 9-16 yrs.
- attenuated
- endemic area
- Developed by
Sanoffi Pasteur Inc.
- Qdenga
14. Hepatitis E virus vaccine
Currently there are no vaccine availaible commercially.
Under trial
HIV vaccine
Under trial for 2 serotypes
Leishmania vaccine
Under trial
15. Leprosy Vaccine
Urgent need for a safe and effective immuno prophylaxis for
ultimate eradication of the disease-under trial.
Earlier - Mycobacterium indicus pranii
Recent - LepVax ( subunit recombinant vaccine-Phase 1a
clinical trial done successfully)
16. Malaria Vaccine
80 vaccine constructs (either at preclinical or clinical development stage).
Mosquirix- RTS, S/AS01(Protein subunit) is the first vaccine to be developed
in phase -3 trial (consisting of P.falciparum circum sporozoite protein fused
to Hepatits B virus surface antigen, expressed in Saccaromyces cerevisial
yeast shells.)
- Given at 6 weeks to 17 months - i.m. route(0.5 ml)
- Gives protection against Hepatitis-B virus.
17. Leptospirosis Vaccine
Designed in the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR)
Regional Centre, Andamans (under trial).
Vaccine available only for dogs and other terresterial animals.
18. H. pylori Vaccine
Helico Vax (epitope based therapeutic vaccine developed in a
mouse-under trial).
NCT00736476 (three recombinant antigens, VacA, CagA and NAP).
VacA- Vacuolating Cytotoxin A
CagA- Cytotoxin-associated gene A
NAP- Neutrophil-activating protein
19. Oral Rabies vaccine
Broad geographic scale to manage the disease
in specific terrestrial wildlife reservoirs, as
well as in free-ranging populations, where
parenteral vaccination is impractical.
Till now applicable only in stray dogs (baits)
- Dog Population Management (DPM).
20. 1. World Health Organization.
Availaible from:https://www.who.int [Last accessed on June
2023 Jun 21 at 14:00].
2. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
Available from: https://www.cdc.gov.in [Last accessed on 2023
Jun 21 at 14:00].
3. Newer vaccine, Dr. JP,Asst prof,ICH,MCH,Kottayam.
21. 4. Duthie MS, Pena MT, Ebenezer GJ, Gillis TP, Sharma R,
Cunningham K, et al. LepVax, a defined subunit vaccine that
provides effective pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis
of M. leprae infection. Npj Vaccines [Internet]. 2018 Mar 28
[cited 2023 Jun 21];3(1):12.
Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-018-
0050-z
