The document discusses crisis intervention, including defining a crisis as a period of psychological disequilibrium caused by stressful changes. It outlines the history and development of crisis intervention from ancient physicians to modern theorists. The document also covers crisis intervention models, strategies, goals and common reactions experienced during different crisis situations such as robbery, terrorist attacks, sudden death and broken relationships.

1. INTERVENTIONS
I
I
C S
AQSA SHAHID
R S

2. Question answers? At the end
please
5/7/2023 2

3. CRISIS
INTERVENTION
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
STRATGIES &
MODEL
REAL LIFE
CASES
3

4. Definition and types
4
A crisis can be defined as a
period of psychological
disequilibrium,
experienced when an individual
is unable to deal effectively with
stressful changes in the
environment. It has two types
Developmental crisis Situational crisis

5. Crisis-inducing or trauma-
provoking events
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 5
Violent crimes (e.g.,
terrorist bombings,
murders and attempted
murders)
Traumatic stressors or
crisis-prone situations
(e.g., becoming divorced
or separated from one’s
spouse, losing one’s job)
Natural disasters (e.g.,
floods, earthquake)
Accidents (e.g., airplane
crashes, multiple motor
vehicle and truck
crashes)
Transitional or
developmental
stressors or events
(e.g., moving to a new
city, changing schools in
the middle of the year)

6. CRISIS INTERVENTION
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 6
Crisis intervention refers to the methods used to offer immediate, short-term
help to individual who experience an event that produces emotional, mental,
physical and behavioural distress problems.
Crisis intervention can lead to early resolution of acute stress disorders or crisis
episodes, while providing a turning point so that the individual is strengthened
by the experience.
Crisis and traumatic events can provide a danger or warning signal, or an
opportunity to sharply reduce emotional pain and vulnerability.

7. GOAL OF CRISIS
INTERVENTION
• To decrease the emotional stress and protect the crisis
victim from additional stress
• bolster available coping methods or help individuals re-
establish coping and problem-solving abilities
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 7

8. AIMS OF CRISIS INTERVENTION
• reduce lethality and potentially harmful situations and
provides referrals to community agencies.
• To assist the individual in recovery from the crisis and to
prevent serious long-term problem.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 8

9. Individual differences in intensity:
• Roberts and Dziegielewski (1995) have noted that crisis
precipitants have different levels of intensity and duration; likewise,
there are wide variations in different individuals’ ability to cope.
Duration:
• It may last for 4-6 weeks, according to several therapist it may lasts
for weeks to several months
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9

10. HISTORY:

11. HISTORY
• As far back as 400 b.c. physicians have stressed the significance
of crisis as a hazardous life event.
• Hippocrates himself defined a crisis as a sudden state that
gravely endangers life.
• The movement to help people in crisis began in 1906 with the
establishment of the first suicide prevention center
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 11

12. Lindemann
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 12
Lindemann and his
associates introduced
the concepts of crisis
intervention & time-
limited treatment in
1943.
Their clinical work
focused on the
psychological
symptoms.
They found that many had 5 related
reactions:
*Somatic distress
*Preoccupation with the image of the
deceased
*Guilt
*Hostile reactions
*Loss of patterns of conduct

13. Gerald Caplan
• He was the first psychiatrist to relate the concept of
homeostasis to crisis intervention and to describe the
stages of a crisis.
• He expanded Lindemann’s work in 1940-1950
• Caplan studied various developmental crisis reactions, as
in premature births, infancy, childhood, and adolescence,
and accidental crises such as illness and death.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 13

14. Four stages of crisis
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 14
The 1st stage (warning)
The 2nd stage (acute)
3rd stage (chronic)
The 4th (resolution).

15. Lydia Rapoport (1962)
she defined a crisis as
“an upset of a steady
state” that places the
individual in a dangerous
condition.
She pointed out that a
crisis results in a problem
that can be perceived as
a threat, a loss, or a
challenge.
She then stated that
there are usually three
interrelated factors that
create a state of crisis:
1. dangerous event
2. A threat to life goals
3. An inability to respond
with adequate coping
mechanisms
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 15

16. Contin…
• Rapoport (1967) asserted that during the interview, the 1st task of
the therapist is to develop a diagnosis of the presenting problem.
• It is most critical during this first interview that the crisis therapist
convey a sense of hope and optimism to the client concerning
successful crisis resolution.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 16

17. Crisis theory (Naomi Golan 1978)
• Crisis situations can occur episodically during “the normal
life span of individuals. They are often initiated by a
dangerous event.
• The impact of the hazardous event disturbs the individual’s
homeostatic balance and puts him in a vulnerable state
• If the problem continues and cannot be resolved, avoided, or
redefined, tension rises to a peak the individual enters a
state of a disequilibrium.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 17

18. MODEL &
STRATEGIES

19. Crisis intervention model and
strategies
Crisis oriented treatment
is time limited and goal directed, focus on resolving immediate
problems and emotional conflicts through a minimum number of
contacts.
Crisis intervener:
“adopt a role which is active and directive without taking problem
ownership” away from the individual in crisis prematurely displays
acceptance and hopefulness
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 19

20. Roberts’s seven-stage model of
crisis intervention
• Developed in 1991
• It has been utilized for helping persons in acute psychological
crisis, acute situational crises, and acute stress disorders.
• In order to become an effective crisis intervener, it is important
to gauge the stages and completeness of the intervention.
• The following model should be viewed as a guide, not as a
rigid process, because with some clients the stages may
overlap
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 20

21. Plan and conduct a thorough
psychosocial and lethality assessment
Make psychological contact, establish
rapport, and rapidly establish the
relationship
Examine the dimensions of the problem
in order to define it
Encourage an exploration of feelings and
emotions.
Generate, explore, and assess past
coping attempts.
Restore cognitive functioning through
implementation of action plan.
Follow up and leave the door open for
booster sessions 3 and/or 6 months later.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 21

22. Plan and conduct a thorough
psychosocial and lethality assessment
• Determine whether the crisis caller needs medical
attention
• Is the crisis caller thinking about killing herself or himself?
• Determine whether the caller is a victim of domestic
violence, sexual assault, and/or other violent crime. If the
caller is a victim, ask whether the batterer is nearby or
likely to return soon.
• Determine whether any children are in danger.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 22

23. Make psychological contact and
rapidly establish the relationship
Establish rapport by conveying genuine
respect for and acceptance of the client
The client also often needs
reassurance that he or she can be
helped and that this is the appropriate
place to receive such help.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 23

24. Examine the dimensions of the
problem in order to define it.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 24
the “last straw,” or the precipitating event that led the client
to seek help
previous coping methods
dangerousness or lethality.

25. Encourage an exploration of
feelings and emotions
 examining and defining the dimensions of the problem,
particularly the precipitating event
 It is extremely therapeutic for a client to ventilate and
express feelings and emotions in an accepting,
supportive, private, and nonjudgmental setting.
 The primary technique for identifying a client’s feelings
and emotions is through active listening.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 25

26. Explore and assess past coping
attempts
• Most youths and adults have developed several coping
mechanisms—some adaptive, some less adaptive, and some
inadequate—as responses to the crisis event.
• One of the major foci of crisis intervention involves identifying
and modifying the client’s coping behaviors at both the
preconscious and the conscious level.
• it is useful to ask the client how they handle certain situations
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 26

27. Solution-based therapy
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 27
Solution-based therapy should be integrated into crisis intervention at this stage
Solution-focused therapy and the strengths perspective view the client as
resilient.
It is important to help the client to generate and explore alternatives and
previously untried coping methods or partial solutions.
In cases where the client has little or no introspection or personal insights, the
clinician needs to take the initiative and suggest more adaptive coping methods

28. Restore cognitive functioning through
implementation of an action plan
• The ways in which external events and a person’s
cognitions of the events turn into personal crisis are
based on cognitive factors.
• Helps the client focus on why a specific event leads to a
crisis state and, simultaneously, what the client can do to
effectively master the experience and be able to cope
with similar events should they occur in the future.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 28

29. Follow-up.
At the final session, the client should be told that if at any
time he or she needs to come back for another session, the
door will be open, and the clinician will be available.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 29

30. REAL LIFE CASES

31. ROBBERY
Mubashir was a student. He went to the mosque for prayer. He was coming
back home after prayer. One man came to him. He put the gun on his head
and take his phone. And then gone. Mubashir got scared. He started to
tremble. He came back home. Go to his mother and started crying. This
event made him anxious. After that event, he doesn’t take his phone to the
mosque.
The most common reaction shock, anxiety, helplessness, vulnerability,
anger, despair and flashbacks. You may also experience emotions such as
Fear.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 31

32. TERRORIST ATTACK
Mauz Khan was a survivor of the Peshawar school attack. He
was in school when that terrible thing happened to the kids. He
got 3 shots in his arm. Before the injuries, he liked playing cricket,
badminton, and other sports. After that incident, his left arm didn’t
work.
The common reaction was PSTD, mental illness, flashbacks
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 32

33. SUDDEN DEATH
Hajra Bibi was the mother of 9 children. And her youngest child who
was in a 3rd class met an accident. And died on the spot. This event
made her so depressed. She started to find him. She started having
nightmares about him or the accident. She was gone crazy.
• The most common reaction to a sudden death is shock and
uncertainty. This results in feeling disconnected to your
feelings or to other people; it can seem as if you are living in a
dream.
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 33

34. BROKEN ROMANCE
Afia was in a relationship with a boy. They were together for
7 years. The boy started losing interest in her. That made
her curious and then she found out he was cheating on her.
That event made her so depressed. At that moment she just
wanted to finish her life.
• The most common reaction fear or uncertainty for the
future, sadness, Trust issues, depression, loneliness,
mood swings.
5/7/2023 34

35. CRISIS INTERVENTION UNITS & 24-HOUR
HOTLINES
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 35
Domestic Violence & Child Abuse (Bedari)
Helpline: 0300-5251717Operating hours: Monday - Friday, 9am-5pm
Ministry of Human Rights (MoHR)
Helpline: 1099, 03339085709 (WhatsApp)Operating hours: All week, 10am - 10pm
PSCW Women’s Protection Helpline
Helpline: 1043Operating hours: 24/7 (services only for Punjab Dastak Foundation Helpline: 0333-4161610 Operating Hours:
Monday - Saturday, 9am - 5pm
The Punjab Women’s Toll-Free Helpline 1043 is available 24/7.
Workplace harassment Domestic violence Hostels, day-care centers and other facilities for working women
For rape victims dar-ul-aman
voluntary service oversees
SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO CENTER FOR WOMEN, ISLAMABAD

36. Answer to your question is
5/7/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 36