Peripheral Nervous System Report

Peripheral Nervous System Report
The nervous systems of the body consist of the Central nervous system (CNS), Autonomic nervous
system (ANS), and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS). But in this weeks discussion we're
centering on the Central and Peripheral nervous systems. The CNS as a whole is known to be the
most organized system in the entire body consisting the brain and spinal cord. Its job is to form a
communication from the stimuli's located around our body. From there the brain deciphers the info
given and carries out the activities.
In the Peripheral nervous system, the PNS job is responsible for transmitting or receiving info from
the nerves that attach to the brain and spinal cord. All by two peripheral systems: the afferent
system, and the efferent system. The afferent neurons job is to transmit nerve impulses from the
periphery to the CNS, while the efferent neurons send out impulses from the CNS towards the
muscles to create movement. Overall, both of these systems are accountable for the emotional,
mental, and physical activities in the human body.
I. Cotton Balls ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procedure is as follows. Pull out a wisp of cotton and ask the patient to stare straight ahead of
them. Once the patient is looking straight forward, gently use the shred of cloth to brush against the
patient's sclera and note if the patient blinks after the wisp touches the eye. If the patient flashes, it is
a clear indicator that the ophthalmic branch of the CN 5 functions appropriately, since it receives the
sensory input from the eye, leading to blinking. In a case where the patient does not blink, this
means that there is a possibility his sensory neurons may not be functioning
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Sensory Processing And The Central And Peripheral Nervous...
1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Sensory processing (SP) refers to how the central and
peripheral nervous systems manage incoming sensory information, including the reception,
modulation, integration, and organization of sensory stimuli (Miller et al., 2000). Based on the work
of Ayres, Dunn (1997; 2001) developed a model of sensory processing. According to Ayres (1995),
senses provide information about the body and surrounding environment to the brain which then
organizes and integrates the sensory input. Well organized sensations are believed to contribute
towards the formation of perceptions that facilitate behavior and learning. In contrast, poor
organization and integration of sensation will result in learning difficulties and behavioral problems
(Bundy et al., 2002; Schaaf et al., 2010). Sensory processing disorder refers to a set of impairments
where sensory information is not adequately processed in the brain resulting in different functional
difficulties in many aspects of the daily lives of the affected persons. Sensory Processing Difficulty
can affect more than one modality of sensation including auditory, tactile, taste, olfactory, visual,
proprioception or vestibular (Bar–Shalita et al., 2005; Lane, 2002; Schaaf et al., 2010), resulting in
detrimental effects on an individual's participation in daily activities, social interaction and play
(Bar–Shalita et al., 2008; Bundy et al., 2001; Dunn, 1997; Engel–Yeger and Ziv–On, 2011; Nadon,

Neurophysiology Study: The Peripheral Nervous System
Emily Crocker
Prof. Bauer
Human Physiology
9 September 2015
Neurophysiology Study The Nervous System is a complex system comprised of two parts: The
Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Each system is then comprised of
nerves and specialized cells, called neurons. The function of a neuron is to transmit messages
throughout the body. The brain has approximately 100 billion neurons, ranging in many different
sizes and shapes. Neurons are classified as cells because they have a cell membrane, nucleus,
cytoplasm, and mitochondria, as well as carry out many of the same processes as a cell (i.e protein
synthesis). But, a neuron is unlike a cell in that they have special structures such as dendrites and
axons, communicate through electrochemical processes, and contain special chemicals called
neurotransmitters (instead of hormones). On average, a neuron fires 200 times per second. When it
is not firing, the neuron is at rest. At rest, the neuron has an overall negative charged ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you were to graph the data, you would see spikes at stimulation patterns 8, 15, 16, 21 and 22. This
shows that the action potential was reaching the threshold point at those patterns. It also looked as
though the connection between the different neurons had a domino effect. If neuron A made neuron
X fire, then neuron B would make neuron X fire in the next stimulation pattern and so on (which
might just be a coincidence). But why did the weak exhibitory, and inhibitory neurons show greater
stimulation, and the strong exhibitory and inhibitory neurons make neuron X fire more times?
Overall, neurons A and D had the overall greatest number of fires and neuron D showed the greatest
amount of stimulation. A and D were both excitatory neurons which could explain why the neuron
fired the most times in those

The Neurological System And The Central Nervous System
The nervous system is what helps communicate with the entire body and its activities. The nervous
system is made up of two major parts of the system; the central and the peripheral. The central
nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and spinal cord, (Get Healthy Stay Healthy, n.d). The job
of the CNS is that is to integrate the information that is coming back from the body and peripheral
nervous system. It works subconsciously and consciously to control all the activities. The work that
the peripheral nervous system carries out is to communicate messages between the central nervous
system and the body, (Ptdirect, 2010).
The nervous system and the skeletal system support one another. The many instances of how
nervous system and skeletal

The And Underlying Pathophysiology Of Lbpp
The term lower back and pelvic pain (LBPP) is defined as the recurrent or continuous pain
experienced between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold (Bergstrom et al., 2014). It is
considered a common complication of pregnancy and often poorly treated and understood, affecting
daily activities and mode of birth (University of Queensland, 2014). Therefore, it is important for
midwives to identify and diagnose the pain early, with appropriate management to decrease
discomfort and impact on the woman's quality of life (Katonis et al., 2011). This assignment will
provide information on the aetiology and underlying pathophysiology of LBPP, its relation to
randomised controlled trials and how to recognise and support women with this ... Show more
Lastly, reproductive hormones have been found to be related with LBPP (Katonis et al., 2011).
Levels of the hormone 'relaxin' significantly increases during pregnancy. The hormone is heavily
induced in the pelvic joints to increase mobility for preparation upon delivery. However, this can
cause instability of the ligaments and muscles due to stress, leading to pain in the lower back and
pelvis (Olsen et al., 2009).
The pathogenic mechanisms leading to the development of LBPP remain poorly understood.
However, ongoing research is advancing the understanding on the pathophysiology and many
explanations have been advocated. Studies suggest that low back pain is commonly caused by
disorders of the vertebrae and intervertebral joints, back muscles and ligaments, and spinal
mechanics (Porth, 2011). The lower back (lumbar) is made up of five vertebrae (L1–L5) containing
fibro cartilaginous discs to prevent the vertebrae from colliding, and protecting the spinal cord. The
spine is stabilised by the multifidous muscles and ligaments of the back and abdomen. Additionally,
facet joints support and enable spinal movement (Hughes et al., 2012) (Salzberg, 2012). An
intervertebral disc consists of a gelatinous core covered by a fibrous ring (Hughes et al., 2012).
Normally, the blood vessels and nerves flows outside of the disc, however if the discs loses its
ability to manage physical forces, it

Neurological Disorders Are Diseases Of The Central And...
INTRODUCTION
Neuropsychological Disorder: Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral
nervous system. In other words, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots,
automatic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. These disorders include epilepsy,
Alzheimer diseases and other dementias, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and
other headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuro infections, brain tumours,
traumatic disorders of the nervous system such as brain trauma, and neurological disorders as a
result of malnutrition.
Stroke: A more mechanical term for stroke is Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). The term stroke
itself is not clearly defined and is not a precise medical term. In simple terms, stroke 'suffocates'
brain tissue and often produces an area of dead or dying brain tissue. A stroke always occurs in the
brain and is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease. The most frequently encountered of
the cerebrovascular diseases is the Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It was earlier called apoplexy
or an apoplectic attack and is now commonly referred to as stroke. Medically speaking a stroke is a
"focal neurological disorder of abrupt development due to a pathological process in blood vessels"
(J. N. Walton, 1994).
There are 2 types of stroke:
Transient Ischemic Attacks: The term ischemia was coined by Rudolf Virchow, a German physician
and the founder of German medicine.

Brain Nervous System
Understanding the Brain and Nervous System
The brain plays an important role in regulating and controlling the body's functions. In the brain
there are billions of nerve cells or what can also be called neurons and support cells which are called
glia.
You can think of the brain and the nervous system as a computer and network. The brain is the
computer and the nervous system is the network which sends messages from the brain to the body.
The nervous system transmits the messages through the spinal cord which houses very thin nerves
which connect to all body parts.
There are many parts that work together that contribute to the function of the nervous system.
There are two main parts to the nervous system which are the central nervous system ... Show more
For example, if you touch a very hot surface the nerves in your hand will send a message to the
brain and the brain will send a message back to the muscles in your hand to quickly remove your
hand from the danger of the hot surface.
What protects the brain and spinal cord
The brain is protected by the skull bones and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae which are
made up by round like shaped bones. Both the brain and the spinal cord are also protected and
cushioned by layers of membranes called meninges and fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which keeps
the nerve tissue healthy and clean by removing waste products.
What can go wrong?
The brain may be well protected but things can go wrong with it. Disease, disorders associated with
mental illness and head injury can play a role in damaging the brain and how it works. Any damage
to the brain can greatly affect how the brain communicates with the rest of the body functions. There
are preventable steps one can take to protect the brain and limit damage to the

The Two Main Networks Of The Human Nervous System
The human nervous system is divided into two main networks that work in harmony with each
other. First, the Central Nervous System that consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the
Peripheral Nervous System that is made up of the nerves comings out of that Central Nervous
System. The Central Nervous System's main task is to integrate sensory information that the
Peripheral Nervous System collects from all over the body and responds to it by coordinating both
conscious and unconscious activity. In the Central Nervous System, the brain is responsible for
sorting through all in coming sensory information, giving orders to other parts of the body, and
carries out the complex functions of thinking, feeling and remembering. While, the spinal

The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system made up of sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages to and
from the central nervous system. The main functions connect to the CNS as well. The PNS is not
protected by the bone of the spine and the skull. Which leaves it's open to the exposed of toxins and
mechanical injuries. The PNS is divided into two man parts, which are the somatic and autonomic
nervous system. The somatic nervous system is there to transmit messages through the body. It
transmits messages to the CNS like sight, sound, smell, temperature and body positions. When the
message is transmitted to the CNS, that's how a human is able to raise a hand, walk, wink or even
run. The somatic system is even able to make a human keep its

Nervous System Synthesis Essay
Do you ever wonder; how do you accomplish every day's simple task? For instance, caching the ball
or answering the phone. Each simple task that you complete is because of your nervous system;
which determine your surroundings and helps you to finish simple tasks. Furthermore, if your
perceptions indicate the danger, your ability to act on that information also depends on your nervous
system. Example pulling your hand away from sharp object is because of nervous system.
The nervous system is made up of neurons, or nerve cells. The neurons communicate with each
other by receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals, called neurotransmission. All human
behavior is made possible by the activity of individual neurons working together in the ... Show
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The sensory neurons get information about what's going on inside and outside of the body and bring
that information into the CNS so it can be processed. For instance, if you touched the sharp object,
your sensory neurons, which are endings in your fingertips would convey the information to your
CNS that object is very sharp. The motor neurons get information from CNS through other neurons
and convey commands to your muscles, organs and glands. For instance, if you picked up a sharp
object, then your motor neurons stimulate the muscles in your fingers with nerve impulses, which
would cause your hand to let go the object. Interneurons, which are found only in the CNS, connect
one neuron to another. They receive information from one neurons and transmit information to the
other neurons. For instance, if you picked up a sharp object, the signal from the sensory neurons in
your fingertips would travel to interneurons in your spinal cord. Some of these interneurons would
signal to the motor neurons controlling your finger muscles (causing you to let go), while others
would transmit the signal up the spinal cord to neurons in the brain, where it would be perceived as
pain. Then brain stores the information and next time prevent you from touching the

Skeletal Muscle Contractions
The nervous system of the human body is an organized network of nerve cells and fibers that
receive, transport, and respond to stimuli. Skeletal muscle movement involves components of the
nervous system. The nervous system is an organized network of nerve cells and fibers that is
subdivided into the central and the peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS)
consist of the brain and the spinal cord. This system is considered to be the information processing
center of the body. On the other hand the peripheral system (PNS) is made up of the nerves and
ganglia. The peripheral system is considered to be the communicator between the central nervous
system and body parts. This system is then further subdivided into somatic and autonomic
components. The somatic component is associated with skeletal ... Show more content on
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Neurons are responsible for receiving, interpreting, and responding to stimuli. Neurons are classified
into three groups: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Sensory neurons are
responsible for detecting stimuli from the body's internal and external environment.Think of sensory
neurons as the input. Interneurons also called association neurons and are responsible for the
distribution of sensory input and the coordination of motor output (Bartholomew and Martini 2007).
Motor neurons carry the information received from the central nervous system and carry the
information to organs. These organs that receive the information are also classified as effectors
which are the bodily responses to a stimulant (BBC 2014). Examples of effectors include muscles,
glands, and even adipose tissue (Bartholomew and Martini 2007). The target effector in this case
study would be skeletal muscle. The interneurons and the motor neurons are the only two neurons
involved in the transfer of impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous

Peripheral Nervous System
The human nervous system is complex one that is composed of two main parts: the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and
the spinal cord, that both serve different purposes. The brain intercepts and stores information as
well as send actions to the muscles, organs, and glands. The spinal cords serves as a connecter for
the brain and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is separated into two
different parts: the autonomic and somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is
responsible for regulating functions in the body automatically without conscious thought about it.
The Somatic nervous system is responsible for carrying sensory information

Research Paper On The Nervous System
The nervous system is one of the most important systems in your body. The functions of the nervous
system consist of sensory input, which means to gather information. Sensory input monitors the
changes occurring inside and outside of the body. Another function is integration. This processes
and interprets sensory input and decides if any action is needed. The last major function of the
nervous system is motor output. Motor output is a response to integrated stimuli. The response
activates muscles or glands. The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. The nervous system also
contains the Central and Peripheral nervous system.
The nervous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peripheral nervous system is abbreviated as PNS. This system is the part of the nervous system
that consists of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord. In this system the
nerves extend from the brain and the spinal cord. Two nerves that are included in the peripheral
nervous system are spinal and cranial nerves. The spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the
spinal cord. The cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. The function of the peripheral
nervous system is to serve as a communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal
cord, and glands or muscles. This system consists of mixed, sensory and motor nerves. The mixed
nerves consists of both sensory and motor nerves. The sensory nerves run from stimulus receptors
that inform the central nervous system of the stimuli. The sensory nerves are considered afferent.
The motor nerves run from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands, called effectors
that take action. The motor nerves are considered efferent. The peripheral nervous system is split
into the sensory–somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The sensory–somatic
nervous system consists of twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty–one pairs of spinal nerves. This
nervous system transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor movements
from the brain to the body. The autonomic nervous system is the

Comparison Of Neurons And The Peripheral Nervous System
Inside human brains contain around 100 billion neurons, which primarily connect to other neurons
in order to communicate. Nevertheless, neurons help us perform simple, everyday tasks like
answering your telephone or opening a door. With the help of many different structures, neurons, for
the most part, let us communicate efficiently. (cite,book)
The nervous system is made up of two sections, the Central Nervous System, which is composed of
the brain, cerebellum, and the spinal cord. Whereas, the Peripheral Nervous System contains nerves
that allows your body to move, also known as sensory and motor nerves.
Similar to other cells, neurons inhabit a cell body, called the soma, which includes a nucleus.
(cite,neuron) The neuron also features

Critical Review Of Interfaces With The Peripheral Nervous...
Summary of 'Critical Review of Interfaces with the Peripheral Nervous System for the Control of
Neuroprostheses and Hybrid Bionic Systems':
Various neuroprostheses were developed to substitute artificially in patients with neurological
disability which allows neuromuscular stimulation and also neural signal recording. As there is
much development in the electronic implants and study of neural functions which helped in
introduction of interfaces that work by interchanging the information between Central nervous
system and instruments which are connected to the computer.
Many architectures are developed and they were also tested to regulate totally different platforms:
To artificially replace central motor control, FES systems are ... Show more content on
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There are different advantages and disadvantages of peripheral nerve electrodes:
Advantages: Nerve electrical activity can be recorded with the help of same electrodes, Electrical
characteristics don 't seem to be suffering from changes in muscle length throughout the movement,
Reduction of dangerous electrochemical processes. Disadvantages: Chance of damage to nervesdue
to implantation of electrode, Implantation also requires sensitive surgical process, which depends
upon the availability of the nerves.
In this paper, the main aspects of interfaces with the PNS are reviewed.
Organization of PNS:
Peripheral nerves consists of different types of nerve fibers.Sensory fibers convey numerous sensory
inputs which are mainly mechanicaland harmful stimuli. The type of nerve fibers is always different
as it depends on the nerve and the anatomical location. Somatic peripheral nerves are sensory and
also mixed. The fascicular architecture varies the length of the nerve and it also increases the
number of fascicles of smaller size. The normal activities of the body are controlled utilizing the
efferent neural signs going from the CNS to the PNS to enroll distinctive muscles. Every spinal
motoneuron creates synaptic contact with large number of muscle fibers, which constitutes of a
motor unit. Nervous system generates the graded contraction of each and every muscle by
increasing

The Structure Of The Human Nervous System
The nervous system is critical for human survival. The human nervous system is responsible for
signaling bodily functions, sensory experiences, and information processing. The nervous system
consists of three major structures: the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system
(Brodal 1–18). The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves are responsible for different processes
and have unique structures. The brain is divided into three substructures: the cerebrum, cerebellum,
and brain stem (Nieuwenhuys, and et al). The spinal cord is a bundle of nervous tissue that extends
from the brain; the spinal cord and brain together compose the central nervous system (CNS). The
peripheral nervous system are the nerves that are outside of the CNS, and are responsible for
connecting the CNS to organs and the limbs of the human body (Brodal 1–18). Although each
structure is unique, they all consist of nerve cells called neurons, which are considered the building
blocks of the nervous system and are composed of dendrites and a single axon (Gartner and Hiatt
186–218). The structure of the neuron empowers the nervous system to interpret all incoming
information, such as a smell, pain, or taste, and is responsible for sending critical nerve information
that initiates such functions as breathing and heart rate, all of which are essential to human vitality.
The nervous system consists of three major structures: the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral
nerves. The brain is

Nervous System Vs PNS
In the nervous system we have several systems of cells, tissues, and organs that allow the body to
properly function. Meanwhile, our nervous system is divided into two systems known as the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The PNS consists of nerves and
ganglia, which takes information and send this to the external stimuli. Meanwhile, our CNS consists
of the brain and spinal cord that processes information. When processing this information in the
CNS, the functions orders come from PNS sending back to the CNS to the correct body function or
organ. Our central nervous system is an involuntary action, while our PNS is a voluntary action.
Examples of our PNS can range from sitting down, picking an item up,

The Nervous System And Peripheral Nervous Systems
The nervous system has three general functions: a sensory function, an interpretative function and a
motor function. Sensory nerves gather information from inside the body and the outside
environment. The nerves then carry the information to central nervous system (CNS). Nervous
tissue consists of two main types of cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons also so known as nerve
cells ") transmit nerve impulses that move information around the body. Central Nervous System
and Peripheral Nervous System are Identified as the two major groups of nervous system organs
while CNS = brain & spinal cord and PNS nerves that extend from the brain (cranial nerves) and
spinal cord (spinal nerves). Sensory receptors respond to stimuli and transmit data about them to the
brain. In the skin, receptors detect touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain. Elsewhere in
the body, more specialized receptors detect light (see How the eye works), sound (see The
mechanism of hearing), smell, and taste. The body nervous system detects the changes affecting the
body, make decisions, and stimulate muscles or glands to respond. The responses counteract the
effects of the changes, where the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. Neurons vary in size
and shape and also differ in the lengths and sizes because of their axons and dendrites. A neuron has
4 basic parts: the dendrites, the cell body which is also called the soma, the axon and the axon
terminal. Dendrites – Extensions from the neuron

Peripheral Nervous System Analysis
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of many complex cell types that work together to
transmit electrical signals from the body's sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)
and vice versa. Peripheral nerve cells relay the electrical signals through the long, thin part of the
cell called an axon. To increase the speed of which the signal is sent, the axon is insulated with a
myelin sheath produced by Shwann cells (SCs). Without an intact axon and myelin sheath,
peripheral nerve cells are unable to activate target muscles or relay sensory information from the
limbs back to the brain.
When damage to a nerve occurs, SCs take the lead role in supporting nerve regeneration. During
nerve injury, SCs break down the myelin and the axon, guides regeneration of a new axon, and
eventually re–myelinates the new axon. This feature makes them invaluable for aiding in the neural
repair of patients suffering from nerve damage due to trauma, however, the number of SCs is
limited, making a traumatic injury difficult to repair.
To increase the number of SCs to aid in repair, an in vitro derivation of SCs is proposed by Cai et al,
by using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells. BMSCs are
multipotent cells that are capable of differentiating into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BMSCs were checked for mesenchymal markers CD73, CD90 and CD105. BMSCs were then
differentiated into SC like–cells (SCLCs). Showed morphological and marker expression as well as
their ability to produce myelin in vitro. Furthermore, SCLCs supported neurite growth via secretion
of neutrotrophic factors and formed PNS–type myelin segments along neurites in in vitro test of
function. Also tested in vivo in a rat model that had sciatic nerve injury. New SCs showed repair
phenotype for guiding axonal regrowth and the myelinating phenotype with expression of human
MBP and formation of compact

Leprosy: The Peripheral Nervous System
Introduction: Leprosy is a bacterial infection that causes various problems. In some cases leprosy
can be very dangerous without treatment. Leprosy can be treated, but it is a long process. Leprosy
was once one of the most feared diseases, but with medical advancement leprosy is not as feared as
it once was. Leprosy affects the nervous system which causes loss of felling in limbs. Leprosy also
cause skin disfigurement and lesions (Brenda Wilmoth1, 2, 3).
Body System Most Affected: The peripheral nervous system is highly affected because Leprosy
cause harm to nerves away from the spinal cord and brain. The peripheral nervous system allows
people to respond and react to their environment around them. Without the peripheral nervous
system we wouldn't be able to detect pain heat and other things that cause harm our body. If we can't
detect them our brain will not know to stop what we are doing to cause this pain (Carnagie 1, 2). ...
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The bacteria cell looks like a pill capsule with a long tail called a flagella. Attached to the outside of
the capsule like cell are spaghetti like pili. Around the cell is a cell wall. The cell wall, capsule
cytoplasmic membrane are all like a wall around the cell. The Ribosomes are like a bunch of tiny
little dots within the cell wall. In the middle of the cell is the nucleoid. The cytoplasm is a jell like
structure contain of the cells interior parts. The nucleoid is scattered strands of DNA. I looks a lot
like pieces of hair woven

Peripheral Nervous System Essay
1. Describe the basic functions of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe.
Frontal lobe is responsible for mental functions such as planning, language, and decision making.
The temporal lobe is responsible in understanding language. The parietal lobe is responsible for our
sense of touch, temperature and body position. The occipital lobe is responsible for vision.
1. Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It sends information to (and
receives information from) the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of all of the nerves
that lie outside the CNS. The PNS collects information about the environment, sends it to the CNS
and transports output from the CNS to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the second half of an action potential the sodium channels close, potassium channels open,
potassium diffuses out of the neuron, and the membrane repolarizes.
4. Describe the functions of neuroglial cells.
Neuroglial cells provide physical support and protection to neurons. In the peripheral nervous
system, neuroglial cells called Schwann cells produce a lipoprotein called myelin which insulates
the neuron, speeds up the transmission of impulses, and assists in axonal regeneration in the event of
an injury. Neuroglial cells of the central nervous system are called oligodendrocytes.
Oligodendrocytes also provide myelin, to insulate neurons and speed up transmission of impulses,
but oligodendrocytes do not assist in regeneration.
5. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the function of neurons.
Neurotransmitters are required for an action potential in one cell to be transmitted to another cell.
They are chemicals that are released by a neuron, diffuse across the synaptic gap, and attach to
binding sites on the post synaptic

Neurons: The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system includes two separately functioning additives: the sensory
department and the motor division. The sensory division gives suitable responses from sensory
receptors to the relevant worried gadget. Sensory neurons transmit reactive responses from the
periphery to the imperative fearful device even as the motor division conducts action potentials from
effector organs which include muscular tissues and glands. In assessment, motor neurons transmit
motion potentials from the vital worried device toward the periphery .The nervous gadget consists
of tens of millions of nerve cells referred to as neurons. Neurons are the parenchyma of the
apprehensive gadget which performs each feature of the nervous device from easy sensory features
to complicated thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals
to different neurons or to effector organs. the anatomy of a neuron consists of four foremost parts;
the mobile frame, the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of every of the
neuron additives, it's far important to talk about how every paintings separately and in tandem to
achieve green and appropriate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axons are surrounded by cell processed of oligodendrocytes inside the primary fearful gadget and
Schwann cells inside the peripheral nervous gadget. Myelin sheaths are again and again wrapped
round axon segments to form tightly wrapped cellular membranes. Myelin sheaths prevent nearly all
electric current go with the flow through the cellular membrane. Gaps exist between the myelin
sheaths known as the nodes of Ranvier. it can be visible approximately every millimeter between the
oligodendrocyte segments or between man or woman Schwann cells. Contemporary flows
effortlessly among the extracellular fluid and the axon on the nodes of Ranvier, and movement
potentials can

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Nervous System, also known as the Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of two
complex parts, the brain and the spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the system
especially designed from the branching off of the Central Nervous System. The PNS is also a
complex and extensive nerve network comprised of spinal nerves, thirty one pairs to be exact, and
twelve pairs of cranial nerves located outside the brain and the spinal cord.
The spinal nerves are conceived from the spinal cord whereas the cranial nerves stem from the base
of the brain. Spinal nerves are known for their function of transporting information in from the
peripheral vertebrate they are branched from on to the central nervous system. This information is
then read and translated into instructions for any necessary changes to the system for that time. The
cranial nerves of the PNS consists of the twelve pairs. The first set cranial nerves goes to the back of
the nose for the ability of the smell sense, the olfactory nerve. The second pair of the cranial nerves
is mapped to the eyes, this is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sensory branches are divided into two different portions, the Parasympathetic Division and the
Sympathetic Division. The Parasympathetic Division or "Cranio/Sacral Division" handles the
sensory impulses, such as the ones from neurons, and bringing that information into the CNS. In the
"Thoraco/Lumbar Division", another term for the Sympathetic Division, mostly deals with one's
motor abilities and functions going out toward the organs and such tissues causing changes in these
particular organs. This division can also be referred to as the Automatic Peripheral Visceral Portion.
The Parasympathetic and the Sympathetic Divisions are two separate yet cohesive part of the ANS
that exemplifies afferent or sensory pathways to efferent or motor pathways. One division would
cease to positively function without the

The Nervous System ( Cns )
Introduction: (Widmaier, E., & Raff, H. )The nervous system is a complex system our body uses to
make decisions and perform actions. It is made up of cells called neurons and special cells called
glial cells (or neuroglia). Neurons produce responses by generating action potentials. Action
potentials are formed when graded potentials are summated at the initial segment (integrating
center) of a neuron cell body. The action potential then propogates through the axon. The nervous
system has two main branches: the Central Nervous System, and the Periphreal Nervous system.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The neurons in the CNS
cannot heal itself when damaged ,and the majority of cells (around 90%) are ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The nervous system can "call" other muscles through a process called recruitment if a load is to
heavy. Efferent neurons cause acetylcholine to be released at the neuromuscular junction ,which
causes the muscle to contract. The autonomic division (ANS) innervates "involuntary" actions such
as heart beat. The ANS is divided into two divisions , the sympathetic and parasympathetic division.
The sympathetic is often referred to as the "fight–or–flight" response ,because it is more active when
one is in a dangerous situation. The parasympathetic division is often referred to as the "rest–or–
digest" state ,because it is more involved in digestion and during a relaxed state. It is worth noting
that both of these systems are always working simultaneously ,just sometimes one is more powerful
than the other. (Widmaier, E., & Raff, H. End Citation)Afferent neurons are responsible for
sensations of touch. The neurons branch out and innervate areas of tissue. Tissue where the neurons
have a smaller area of innervation (like the fingers) are capable of feeling with greater precision
,whereas areas where one neuron covers a greater area (such as the back) have less precision.
(Cutaneous Receptors and Referred Pain handout Part B) Since the nervous system uses electrical
activity ,brain activity can be measured using electrodes. A recording of brain activity is called an
electroencephalogram (EEG). There are four EEG rythms that can be detected: alpha ,beta ,delta
,and

Central Nervous System Research Paper
The nervous system is compose by the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
.The central nervous (CNS) include the brain and spinal nerves and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS) is formed by the cranial nerves that begin on the brain and the spinal nerves ascending from
the spinal cord. The brain reads all the information that we receive from our senses, internal organs,
processes them telling to our body how to react. The spinal cord acts as the main duct, between the
brain and the body. So, it is by the spinal cord that the messages travel from the brain to the body.
(Mcgraw–hill, page 163 7.1)
The neurons and neuroglia cells compose the nervous system and both are structure in different way.
The neurons are the normal

The organs of the nervous system can be divided into two groups. One group consisting of the brain
and spinal cord, forms the central nervous system. The other, composed of the nerves ( bundles and
axons) that connect the central nervous system to other body parts, is called the peripheral nervous
system. Together, these systems provide three general function: sensory, integrative, and motor. The
sensory function of the nervous system derives from sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral
neurons. These receptors gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body.
Sensory receptors monitor external environmental factors, such as light and sound intensities, and
conditions of the body's internal environment, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second pair of cranial nerves are the optic nerves, they are affiliated with vision, they lead from
the eye to the brain. The third pair of cranial nerves are the oculomotor nerves, they arise from the
midbrain and pass into the orbits of the eye. The fourth pair of cranial nerves are the trochlear
nerves. They are the smallest cranial nerves and they arise from the midbrain. The fifth pair of
cranial nerves are the trigeminal nerves. They are the largest cranial nerves and they arise from the
pons. The sixth pair of cranial nerves are the abducens. They are near the medulla oblongata. The
seventh pair of cranial nerves are the facial nerves. They emerge on the side of the face. The eighth
pair of cranial nerves are the vestibulocochlear nerves. They are the sensory nerves. They arise from
the medulla oblongata. The ninth pair of cranial nerves are the glossopharyngeal nerves. These
nerves are associated with the tongue and the pharynx. The tenth pair of the cranial nerves are the
vagus nerves. they start in the medulla oblongata and extend downward through the neck into the
chest and abdomen. The eleventh pair of cranial nerves are the accessory nerves. They also start in
the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Last but not least the twelfth bone pair of cranial nerves
are the hypoglossal nerves. They arise from the medulla oblongata and pass into the tongue. In

Central Nervous System Analysis
In the human body the nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system, and the
peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, and
the peripheral nervous system is composed of the nerves that lie outside and connect to the central
nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into the afferent and efferent
division. The afferent division brings information back toward the central nervous system, and the
efferent division takes information from the central nervous system to the effector cells. The efferent
division can further be subdivided into somatic motor and autonomic motor nervous system. Note,
this does not mean they are a separate nervous system, but another branch. The somatic motor ...
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The autonomic nervous system integrates everything that is not skeletal muscle, such as cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle tissues, etc. (Widmaier et al. 2014). As stated previously, skeletal muscles
are controlled by the somatic nervous system. A skeletal muscle has connective tissue that holds the
muscle fibers. The brain or spinal cord can carry impulses via cranial nerves or spinal nerves to the
skeletal muscle. The impulse is carried to the intended skeletal muscle by way of a peripheral nerve
after leaving the spinal or cranial nerves. Motor neurons have myelinated axons that innervate a
skeletal muscle. The myelination allows for faster conduction, but there is still a latent period
between the stimulus and response. Latent periods (reaction times) can improve with practice, but
this is not true for all responses due to biochemical processes. Once in contact with a skeletal muscle
a motor neuron's axon branches, creating a junction. One of these

Homeostasis: The Central Nervous System
Homeostasis is the dynamic process that enables optimum conditions to be maintained for cells,
regardless of changes that take place internally and externally (Doherty, 2006). Homeostasis keeps
the physiological parameters balanced for cells to function efficiently. The purpose of Homeostasis
is to consistently control the internal conditions of the body such as temperature, which allows set
processes within the body to occur (Turtle, 2015). Many variables of the body need to be
homeostatically regulated, therefore survival of the body and its organs is dependent on how
homeostasis is maintained (Colbert et al, 2012). A desirable environment for a process to occur is
referred to as a norm.
External Influences can cause deviation away from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furosemide is absorbed 60–70% on oral administration and works quickly once inside the body with
its effect is within an hour of administration. When administered submucosally, onset of action after
the injection is five minutes and the duration of excretion is two hours (Omudhome, 2014). The
optimal absorption site is the upper duodenum (eMc, 2014). Furosemide is excreted in the first 4
hours after the drug is given. Furosemide is eliminated via the kidneys although a small fraction of
the dose undergoes biliary elimination and 10–15% of the activity can be recovered from the faeces
(eMc,

The nervous system comprise of the CNS and peripheral nervous system. The brain and spinal cord
make up the CNS, while the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system makes up the
peripheral nervous system illustrated in figure 1 below. Figure 1. structure of the nervous system
The bone shelters the structures in the CNS and the cerebrospinal fliud mitigates them from injury.
Shaped like a mushroom and lying within the skull, the brain weighs around 1.35kg and has two
types of matter. The impluses are recived and stoted in the grey while white matter trasmits impulses
to and from the grey matter. There are three main parts of the brain which are forebrain, midbrain
and hindbrain. The brain stem is one inch long and located ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
More so, the impulse passes to the motor area and then down the spinal cord with the voluntary
action, while on the other hand for the reflex action, impulse passes up the dendrite and axon of the
sensory neurone. The reflex action impulse passes on to relay neurone in the grey matter near to the
centre of the spinal cord. A voluntary action's impulse passes over to opposite side of the body,
while a reflex action controls the same side of the body. A voluntary action is controlled by the
forebrain while the reflex action is controlled by the hindbrain. During a voluntary action, the
cerebrum coordinates incoming information and initiate impulses sent to the effectors. A voluntary
action has a lot of cells and synapses and long pathway leading to the slower reaction, while reflex
only has 3 cells and 2 synapses leading to the quicker reaction. An example of a voluntary action is
that of when we want to answer a question we raise our hands while reflex is a knee jerk. A
voluntary action may result in various responses while the reflex always results in the same
response.
In conclusion, the nervous system tells the body when something occurs. A change in temperature or
light, pain, or pleasure, tension

Central Nervous And Peripheral Nervous System
My most interested system is the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of the brain, the
spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your
body's control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body.
Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its
parts. The nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral
nervous system (PNS).
The central nervous system is the primary center of the body. It is composed of the brain, nerves,
and spinal cord. It processes, guide movement and send out sensations throughout the body. The
brain sits right in the skull and have four parts to it, the brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum, and the
diencephalon. The spinal cord is a long tube that connects to the brain and down the back of the
body. It has 31 segments and there are pair of spinal nerves in each segment. Both motor and
sensory nerves are in the spinal cord. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such as eyes, ears, skin, and other "sensory receptors". The peripheral nervous system is made up of
two parts, somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic system picks up
sensory information and its carried to the central nervous system. They also consist of the motor
nerve fibers. It sends messages for movement and acts to the skeletal muscle. It sends messages to
the brain to give the muscle to give action. The autonomic nervous system is made up of three parts;
sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system. System
controls organs in the body where humans cannot. Like, heartbeat, digestion, and

Division Of The Peripheral Nervous System
There are a number of factors that can alter a person's heart rate. It can be environmental, physical,
mental, or chemically–induced (Hjortskov et al, 2004). One such factor that can induce a change in
heart rate is mental activity and stress (Bernardi, et al., 2000). Heart rate, even without any sort of
environmental stimulus such as mental activity, is controlled primarily by the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS). This is a division of the Peripheral nervous system that controls the function and
regulation of internal organs such as the heart (Kamath, Fallen, and McKelvie, 1991). The ANS can
be further divided into two systems: parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.
According to Kamath et al. (1987), the proposed mechanism for how mental

The Nervous Systems ( Cns ) And The Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system is the part of the human body in charge of coordinating the reception of external
stimuli and the response the body gives to them. It is equipped with sense organs called receptors,
which are in charge of transforming the stimuli's energy into nerve impulses [1]. To emit an external
response, the nervous system uses effectors that can be either muscles or glands.
We can divide the nervous system into two separate systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and
the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is
protected by the cranium and the vertebral column, respectively. The PNS is in charge of connecting
the CNS with the receptors and the effectors. To transfer the information from one part of the body
to another, a specialized type of cells called neurons is used.
Neurons are in charge of a communicative function. They perform two different types of activities.
The first one consists in helping the conduction of a signal from one part of the cell to another. The
second activity they perform is synaptic transmission, which means communication between
adjacent cells.
Figure 1.1 – Neuron structure. Source: http://webspace.ship.edu
Neurons are composed of a cell body called soma, dendrites and axon. There is a single axon while
there are multiple dendrites per each neuron. Dendrites are used to conduct the received signals to
cell body. The axon conducts nerve impulses to other neurons or muscle cells. It is

Parkinson 's Disease ( Cns ) And The Peripheral Nervous...
Parkinson's disease "is described as a common disorder of the brain caused by a progressive
deterioration of the areas that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine" (Fischer, 1999). It affects the
nervous system, more specifically it affects the nerve cells in your brain that secrete dopamine.
Dopamine is a chemical that is responsible for the movement and coordination of the
musculoskeletal system.
The nervous system is composed of two separate systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord while the PNS
consists of the nerves that are outside of the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives information
sent from the PNS via neurons. The CNS contains neurons which are the basic units of the nervous
system. There are three different classifications of neurons: motor, sensory, and interneurons. The
motor neurons transfer signals from the central nervous system to the muscles to help with
movements. Sensory neurons transfer information to the central nervous system from external
stimuli such as environmental factors. The interneurons transfer signals between the motor and
sensory neurons. If a person is diagnosed with Parkinson's the neurons that receive the information
begin to fail and eventually die. A person that does not have sufficient amount of neurons is not able
to receive dopamine and begin to lose coordination thus limiting their movement.
There are five different stages in

Compare And Contrast Nervous And Peripheral Nervous System
By comparing our nervous system to that of a computer, there is lots to understand. Our bodies and
the mechanic makeup of a computer are composed of a wiring or nervous system that transmit
information through signals. Our nervous system can be broken into two parts; the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system(CNS). The peripheral nervous system is
responsible for all other parts of the body outside the brain and spinal cord. The nerves in the in the
PNS are connected to our central nervous system. The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal
cord and is responsible for processing signals from all parts of the body and transmitting a response
through neurons. A computer receives signals through an electrical system

The Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system of the human body can be separated into two parts: the Central Nervous System
(CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The brain and the spinal cord make up the Central
Nervous System, which is the nervous system's processing center. The Peripheral Nervous System
"consists of nerves that branch from the Central Nervous System and connect it to other body parts"
(Shier, Butler, Lewis 2015). The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are the
subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System. In this essay, I will distinguish between the Central
Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Central Nervous System serves as the
communication center for the entire nervous system. Therefore, it is the mediator ... Show more
It contains both cranial and spinal nerves which connect the skeletal muscles and skin to the Central
Nervous System. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Olfactory nerves are the first pair of
cranial nerves, and they contain sensory neuron axons. Sense of smell is linked with this pair of
nerves. The second pair of cranial nerves is the optic nerves, which are responsible for vision.
Oculomotor nerves are the third pair of cranial nerves, and they consist of both voluntary and
involuntary muscles. The voluntary muscles function to move the eye and raise the eyelid. The
involuntary muscles focus the lenses of the eye and regulate how much light enters the eye. The
fourth pair of cranial nerves is the trochlear nerves, which carry out motor impulses that move the
eye independently from the oculomotor nerves. Trigeminal nerves are the fifth pair of cranial nerves,
and they can be divided into three separate parts. The maxillary division manages sensory impulses
of the skin of the face, upper teeth, and upper lip. The mandibular division oversees sensory
impulses of the lower lip, lower teeth, and skin of the jaw, as well as motor impulses that control
chewing. The ophthalmic division is in charge of sensory impulses from tear glands, the forehead,
etc. to the brain. The abducens nerves are the sixth pair of cranial nerves, and they stimulate motor
impulses that move

How Does Wallerian Degeneration And Axonal Regeneration...
Kainalu Rista BIO 206 Writing assignment #3
Detailed focus question: How does Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration repair severed
axon/nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
I. Introduction. In order to explain the cellular and molecular features of my focus questions I will
need to introduce and provide background for three key concepts: Schwann cells, Macrophages, and
general information on Wallerian degeneration and regeneration. A. General Information
1. The term Wallerian degeneration refers to the innate–immune response of a traumatic nerve injury
in both central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS); however, the
mechanisms that undergo Wallerian degeneration between the 2 nervous ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A. Anterograde/Degenerating Axon 1. Initial reaction to injury (~24 hours) Demyelination and
a. Upon nerve injury, degeneration is initiated by macrophages which move into injured area to
remove myelination and axonal debris from damaged nerves (Gaudet, A. D., Popovich, P. G., &
Ramer, M. S., 2011).
b. Detached axon segments remain attached for a few days after nerve injury (Rotshenker, S., 2011).
2. Axonal skeleton disintegrates (~1 week)
a. Macrophages Eventually, axons undergo catastrophic granular disintegration of the cytoskeleton,
axon of the neuron, which causes the damaged axon distal to the neuron head to degrade into fine
debris. (Rotshenker, S. 2011).
b. All but the axon's neurolemma which is that the outermost layer of the neuron made up of
Schwann cells don't degenerate and remains as a hollow scaffold/tube providing a path for
regenerating axons (Frostick, S. P., Yin, Q., & Kemp, G. J., 1998).
c. Ca2+ dependent protease, calpains, is a key player and responsible in the degeneration of the axon
and synapse during Wallerian degeneration (Ma, M., Ferguson, T. A., Schoch, K. M., Li, J., Qian, Y.,
Shofer, F. S., . . . Neumar, R. W., 2013).
3. Debris Removal
a. Injured axons activate macrophages which in turn clear myelin and axon debris efficiently away
from damaged nerve. Simultaneously, macrophages produce growth factors that facilitate Schwann
cell migration and axon regeneration (Rotshenker, S. 2011).
III. Axonal Regeneration.

Explain Two Ways To Classify The Structural And Functional...
There are two ways to classify the nervous system: structural and functional classifications.
Structural classification includes all the organs of the nervous system. There are two groups that
forms nervous system: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS
covers the brain and spinal cord of the human body. It unites and gives orders to the nervous system.
It translates incoming sensory information and gives directions based on past experiences and the
current environment. PNS covers parts of the nervous system outside the CNS. It includes the
cranial and spinal nerves which extends from the brain and spinal cord of the human body. Spinal
nerves transports impulses to and from the spinal cord; yet, cranial nerves

Central Nervous And Peripheral Nervous System
Slide #1
The nervous system
The nervous system is a network of nerves and neurons that transmit signals from the brain to
different parts of the body. This system is broken into two main divisions the central nervous system
and the peripheral nervous system (Victoria, 2013).
–The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. Here information is stored and
necessary instructions or an output response is given.
–The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and clusters of ganglion (ganglia). This division
of the nervous system is split into two branches; the somatic and the autonomic nervous system. The
autonomic branch is known as the involuntary nervous system which controls the heart rate,
digestion, respiratory rate, swallowing and pupil dilation just to name a few. The somatic nervous
system however is generally associated with voluntary movement of the skeletal muscle allowing
control of some body movements. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slide #2
Also known as the cardiovascular system, the circulatory system is responsible for the transportation
of oxygen, nutrients and hormones around the body, the regulation of blood flow and heart rate in
order for the body to maintain homeostasis and the body's response to injury (Taylor, 2014).
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to supply all bodily tissue with oxygenated
blood. Stroke and myocardial infarction are generally caused by deterioration of the arterial division
of the circulatory system.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart in order to be oxygenated. There are two different
venous systems the systemic and the pulmonary.
–the circulatory system also works to maintain the body's optimal PH level which is vital in order
for the body to reach homeostasis.
Slide

The Four Components Of The Nervous System
The nervous system is responsible for a variety of tasks that are vital to everyday living, these tasks
range from maintaining the bodies' daily functions to reacting to emergency situations. There are
three general functions that the nervous system carries out: motor function, sensory function, and
interpretative function. The motor function consists of nerves relaying information from the central
nervous to the glands and muscles of the body. Sensory nerves gather information from both inside
the body and the outside environment, the information is then conveyed to the central nervous
system. Information is then processed and interpreted by the central nervous system. There are two
parts that make up the nervous system, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous
system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by
bone and cerebrospinal fluid. While the peripheral system connects the central nervous to the rest of
the body. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four sections of the brain: the cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and the medulla. The
cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain, is the center for intelligence and thought. There are
two hemispheres, the left side controls the right while the right controls the left. Next is the cerebral
cortex, which is the outside of the cerebrum. It controls language, memory, learning, and reasoning.
The cerebellum is below the cerebrum at the back of the skull. Its responsibilities consist of
controlling voluntary muscles, muscle tone, and balance. Lastly the medulla controls breathing,
heart rate, coughing, and vomiting. In conjunction with the midbrain and pons, the medulla
completes the brainstem that connects the spinal cord to the

Peripheral Nervous System Report

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