This document provides a list of 17 inventors from different countries who made important contributions throughout history. It includes brief biographies of inventors such as John Logie Baird from Scotland who invented the first working television system, Štefan Banič from Slovakia who patented an early parachute design, and Ignacy Łukasiewicz from Poland who was the first person to distill petroleum and use it for lighting. The document also mentions inventors like Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Edison, Joseph Gayetty, Peter Carl Goldmark, and Henryk Magnuski among others. It contains pictures and sources related to the inventors and their contributions.

1. Inventors who changed the World
eTwinning project 2022

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Contents:
1. Baird John Logie, Scotland (UK) (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 9 im. M. Kopernika,
Dzierżoniów)
2. Banič Štefan, Slovakia ( Private primary school, Ružomberok, Slovakia)
3. Bożek Józef, Poland (Szkołą Podstawowa im. Józefa Wybickiego w Janówku)
4. Da Vinci Leonardo, Italy (Szkoła Podstawowa Nr 3 w Czechowicach-
Dziedzicach)
5. Edison Thomas , USA (Szkoła Podstawowa im. Bronisława Malinowskiego w
Bystrzycy)
6. Gayetty Joseph, USA (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4 w Bydgoszczy)
7. Goldmark Peter Carl, Hungary/USA (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4 im. Jana
Brzechwy w Swarzędzu)
8. Łukasiewicz Ignacy, Poland (Publiczna Szkoła Podstawowa im. Jana Pawła II
w Krościenku Wyżnym)
9. Łukasiewicz Ignacy, Poland (Szkoła Podstawowa im. Wspólnej Europy w
Zalesiu Górnym)
10.Magnuski Henryk , Poland (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4 im. Jana Brzechwy w
Swarzędzu)
11.Murgaš Jozef, Slovakia ( Private primary school, Ružomberok, Slovakia)
12.Newton Isaac, Great Britain (Niepubliczna Szkoła Podstawowa im. I.
Newtona w Przemyślu)
13.Prószyński Kazimierz, Poland (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 16 z Oddziałami
Dwujęzycznymi w Mysłowicach)
14.Rubik Ernő, Hungary (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 9 im. M. Kopernika w
Dzierżoniowie)
15.Sendzimir Tadeusz, Poland (Szkoła Podstawowa im. Wspólnej Europy w
Zalesiu Górnym)
16.Stephenson George, Great Britain (Niepubliczna Szkoła Podstawowa im. I.
Newtona w Przemyślu)
17.Żegleń Kazimierz, Poland (Szkoła Podstawowa nr 39 im. S. Moniuszki w
Kielcach)

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Baird John Logie
John Logie Baird was born in 1888 in Helensburgh, Scotland, in Argyll. He was the
engineer who invented the first working television system and night vision. He
studied at Larchfield Academy, Glasgow and gow but did not complete his studies
before World War I. In 1924, using an old hat box, scissors, a few needles, bicycle
lighting lenses, a box for tea and wax and glue, he constructed the first working
monochrome television. In 1925, he sent the first television picture which looked
like this:

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He died in 1946 in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex Until now, people underestimate him, but
they should. He changed the whole world through televisions, people still perfect
his works despite not knowing about the original pattern.

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Štefan Banič
* 23.11.1870, Neštich (today Smolenice) near Trnava
† 2.1.1941, Neštich (today Smolenice) near Trnava
Štefan Banič was a Slovak inventor who patented an early parachute design.
He worked as an agricultural worker and later as a mason.
In 1907, poverty drove him to the United States.
In 1912, he witnessed a tragic accident. She shook him to such an extent then he
began to think about the parachute structure. In 1913 the U.S. Bureau submitted
a design for a parachute design for consideration. The principle of this parachute
was a telescopic umbrella-type construction which is not a fabric cover.The
parachute was attached with body straps to the chest below the shoulders.
The design which was radically different from others - it was a kind of umbrella
attached to the body - but it is sometimes claimed that he successfully tested it in
Washington, D.C. jumping first from a 15-storey building and subsequently from
an airplane in 1914 He donated his patent to the U.S. Army - but there is no
evidence that it was ever used.
After World War I Banič returned to Czechoslovakia where he helped to explore
the Driny karst cave in the foothills of the Little Carpathian Mountains, close to his
hometown of Smolenice.

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In 2006, Slovak military paratroopers installed a memorial plaque at his birthplace
in Smolenice.
Trnava - Boleráz airport, near Smolenice, carries Banič's name.
Picture 1 Picture 2
Source:
Picture 1: http://mmeuro2003.szm.com/s_banic_t.htm
Picture 2: https://smolenice.com/navstevnik/osobnosti/stefan-banic/

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JÓZEF BOŻEK’S BIOGRAPHY
Józef Bożek was born on February 28, 1782. in Biery, a village placed in Śląsk
Cieszyński. In Polish literature he is called the "Polish-Czech Stephenson", even
though he was a Pole. However, in the Czech Republic he is appreciated more.
His parents - Mikołaj and Maria who was from the house of Duda, and they
were Christians, due to that Józef was baptised in the church in Grodziec. The
father was not delighted with the boy's love of machine building, he was even
disappointed that his son did not want to engage in the family's milling business.
In 1799 thanks to the help of Fr. Leopold Szersznik was admitted to the
philological gymnasium in Cieszyn. In the register of Fr. Szersznik there are
saved 29 of his discoveries. 29 of his discoveries have been saved in the register
belonging to Fr. Leopold Szersznik. In the years 1803-
1805 he studied mechanics and mathematics in the city
of Brno, after that he was a student of the Philosophy
Faculty of the University of Prague. In Praga he not only
started his job as an inventor, but Praga is where he
created most of his creations, i.e., a precise clock for the
Astronomical Institute (his greatest watchmaking
work), a cloth trimmer, an automatic weaving
workshop he also made prosthetists arms and legs, he
made one of such prosthetics in 1814 for a Russian
officer Daniluk. Despite his talent, he wasn’t lucky, during a show in 1817, his
piggy bank was stolen, as a result of which he couldn’t pay off his loans and he
became bankrupt.
He had attacks of madness, which resulted in the destruction of machines,
e.g., a steam powered car, boat, and tearing of construction plans. The inventor
died on 21st of October 1835. He was alone and in poverty because the city he lived
in had no way of supporting his work. He was treated for gastric poisoning, and
he had pneumonia which was a big mistake made by doctors

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Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452. He was an illegitimate child.
His father's name was Piera da Vinci and his mother's name is still unknown.
However, his mother did not play an important role in his life because at the age
of five he was taken by his father and raised by his grandparents.
He attended a village school. He spent a lot of time outside, fascinated by
nature. He was very close to his uncle Francesco. It was he and his grandparents
who helped him learn to write and read. Paper in those days was very expensive,
so he practiced on wooden tablets. Then Leonardo made paints, which were
usually made of plaster or clay.
A few years later, exactly in 1469, he lived and worked with his teacher
Verocchia. In the years 1473-1475, together with his teacher, he painted "The
Baptism of Christ". Over time, Leonardo became known and the Italian princes
began to strive for him to paint for them.
On January 10, 1478, he established his own studio. In mid-March, he went
to Venice, where he met the artists. In 1503, the most famous of his works, the
painting "Mona Lisa", was created.

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In later years, the artist began to create occasional costume designs or
architectural sketches because his right hand was crippled. His last architectural
project was the castle in Romorantin.
In the following years, apart from making diary sketches, he did nothing,
only went for long walks on sunny days. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. at Cloux
Castle. The artist's funeral took place on August 12 of the same year.
Parachute design The vitruvian man

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Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison - an American inventor, businessman and engineer born on
11 February 1847 in the USA. He developed many devices in fields such as electric,
mass communication and power generation. Father of landmark inventions
including modern light bulb, an electrical grid and motion pictures.
The phonograph - in 1878 Thomas Edison established the Edison Speaking
Phonograph Company. He suggested other uses for phonograph, such as letter
writing and dictation, and phonographic books for blind people.
Hubert klasa 7b SP w Bystrzycy

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Joseph C. Gayetty
We do not know exactly what was the beginning of Joseph C. Gayetti.
His first signature is the 1850 census in the US. It included information:
-about the date of birth - 1817.
-place of birth - Pennsylvania
-place of residence - New York
-marital status - husband of Margaret Louis Borgat.
He and his family, containing a daughter, 4 sons and a wife, owned a personal
servant and a small fortune of 1,000 dollars. The census says he was born in
Pennsylvania, but the records do not identify the date or place of his birth. The
date and place of Joseph's death have also never been established.
In 1850 Joseph Gayetti worked in a brothel. However, almost ten years later he
began his toilet paper business. He was the producer of "healing paper". In 1857
he came up with idea of producing soft paper to wipe. At first, he sold it in
pharmacy as “medical paper for hemorrhoids”. To encourage people to buy his
product crafty Joseph spread rumor that formation of hemorrhoids is caused by
using printed newspaper and more precisely harmful ink. His delicate aloe paper
from banana fiber was supposed to work as medicine.

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His youngest son, Henry K. Gayetta, took over the business after his father's death
until 1891.
https://wielkahistoria.pl/kto-i-kiedy-wynalazl-papier-toaletowy-nastapilo-to-
znacznie-wczesniej-niz-myslisz/
https://pl.wikiqd.com/721644-joseph-gayetty-FGQODR

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Goldmark Peter Carl
Peter Carl Goldmark urodził się 2 grudnia 1906 r. w Budapeszcie (Węgry), a zmarł
7 grudnia 1977 r. w hrabstwie Westchester w USA.
Był on węgiersko-amerykańskim inżynierem, który opracował pierwszy komercyjny
kolor telewizyjny systemu i odegrał kluczową rolę w opracowaniu długogrającej
płyty fonograficznej z mikrorowkiem 331⁄3 rpm, standardu umieszczania wielu lub
długich nagranych utworów na jednej płycie przez dwa pokolenia . która
zrewolucjonizowała branżę fonograficzną .
Goldmark dołączył do Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) Laboratories w 1936
roku. Tam rozpoczął pracę nad systemem telewizji kolorowej, który został po raz
pierwszy zademonstrowany w 1940 roku. W oparciu o obracający się, trójkolorowy
dysk, jego system sekwencyjny został ulepszony po 2 wojnie światowej i
zatwierdzony do użytku komercyjnego przez Federalną Komisję Łączności w 1950
roku. Chociaż wkrótce zastąpiono go całkowicie elektronicznymi systemami
kolorowymi, które były kompatybilne z transmisją czarno-białą, jego system znalazł
szerokie zastosowanie w telewizji przemysłowej, w przemyśle, placówkach
medycznych i szkołach, ponieważ jego kolorowa kamera jest znacznie mniejsza,
lżejsze i łatwiejsze w utrzymaniu i obsłudze niż kamery używane w telewizji
komercyjnej.

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Goldmark Peter Carl
Peter Carl Goldmark was born in December 1906 in Budapest. The Hungarian
inventor invented “Colour Television System Development” and vinyl. Goldmark
was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1969. He received the Golden Plate
Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1970. He died in a car accident
in 1977 and in that year he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
Bartek 7d SP4 Swarzędz

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Ignacy Łukasiewicz
Ignacy Łukasiewicz was born on March 8, 1822 in Zaduszniki.
He was a Polish pharmacist, founder of the first oil mine in the
world and the inventor of the kerosene lamp. He was coming
from a poor noble family. His father’s name was Joseph
Łukasiewicz, and his mother was Apolonia (maiden name
Świetlik). He had two sisters: Mary and Emilly, and two
brothers: Aleksander and Franciszek. Łukasiewicz was the first
person in the world to distil petroleum in Poland and use it for lighting. His invention
led to the creation of a street lamp in 1853. In 1854, together with Tytus Trzecieski
and Karol Klobassa-Zrencki, Ignacy- a modest pharmacist- founded the first oil
company in Bóbrka in the Podkarpacie region.

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Recipient of the Order of St. Gregory the Great,
papal chamberlain, member of the Diet of Galicia
and Lodomeria. He was an honorary member of
many societies. He gave financial support to the
poor. He died on 7 January 1882 in Chorkówka and
he was buried in the
parish cemetery in Zręcin near Krosno.
Źródła/Source:
https://bobrka.pl/en/about-lukasiewicz/
https://pixabay.com/pl/illustrations/
Patryk, Publiczna
Szkoła
Podstawowa im.
Jana Pawła II w
Krościenku
Wyżnym, kl. 4 c

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Henryk Magnuski i jego walkie-talkie
Henryk Magnuski urodził się w Warszawie w stolicy Polski. W 1926 zdał maturę w
gimnazjum im. Stanisława Staszica w Warszawie w 1934 roku ukończył studia na
Politechnice Warszawskiej i rozpoczął pracę w Państwowych Zakładach Tele i
Radiotechnicznych. W czerwcu 1939 został wysłany na szkolenie do Nowego Jorku.
Wybuch II wojny światowej uniemożliwił mu powrót do kraju.
Tam w 1940 rozpoczął pracę w Motoroli (do 1947 firma nazywała się Galvin
Manufacturing Corporation). Opracował m.in. projekt radia Walkie-Talkie Motoroli
SCR-300.
SCR-300 – pierwsza na świecie plecakowa radiostacja z manualnie ustawianą
częstotliwością FM zaprojektowana w czasie II wojny światowej przez zespół
inżynierów firmy Motorola. Radiostacja była powszechnie używana przez
amerykańskie siły zbrojne w Europie i podczas walk na Pacyfiku z Japończykami pod

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popularną nazwą walkie-talkie Ciężar tej mieszczącej się w plecaku radiostacji
wynosił 17 kg. Urządzenie mające zasięg blisko 15 km, umożliwiało komunikację
piechoty, artylerii oraz broni pancernych. Stabilność częstotliwości SCR-300 była
duża, przy czym istniała możliwość dostrajania radiostacji do różnych
częstotliwości. Przez blisko dwa lata – od 1943 roku do końca wojny – firma
Motorola wyprodukowała 43 tys. urządzeń.
Był autorem wielu publikacji w języku angielskim dotyczących techniki
telekomunikacyjnej, autor 30 patentów USA z tej dziedziny. Wniósł duży wkład w
dziedzinę łączności wojskowej, techniki radiowej i telekomunikacji. Był członkiem
IEEE.
Zmarł na raka w swoim domu w Glenview w stanie Illinois.
Henryk Magnuski
Henryk Władysław Magnuski was a Polish telecommunications engineer who
worked for Motorola in Chicago. He was a primary contributor in the development
of one of the first Walkie-Talkie radios, the Motorola SCR-300, and influenced the
company's success in the field of radio communication.
Magnuski was born on January 30, 1909, in Warsaw. In June 1939 he was sent by
his company to New York in order to study the latest American projects of radio
transmitters. Being there the War started. After the war he did not return to Poland
and stayed in the USA.
He died on May 4, 1978.
The Henry Magnuski Electrical and Computer Engineering professorship at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is named in his honour.

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Josef Murgaš
* 17. február 1864, Tajov
† 11. máj 1929, Wilkes Barre, Pensylvánia, USA)
Jozef Murgaš was born in Tajov, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now
Slovakia). He studied theology in Prešporok (Pressburg, present Bratislava -1880–
82), Esztergom (Ostrihom) (1882–84) and in Banská Bystrica, where he graduated
in 1888. From his youth he was bright, skillful and good at painting and
electrotechnology.
Murgaš had to emigrate to the United States in 1896, where he was assigned a
Slovak parish in the city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Having no possibility for
painting, he started to deal with natural sciences again, especially
electrotechnology. He established a laboratory in Wilkes-Barre, in which he
primarily investigated radiotelegraphy. His article in the Tovaryšstvo magazine of
1900 shows that his radiotelegraphy studies had achieved a high level. In 1904, he
received his first two US patents: the Apparatus for wireless telegraphy and The
way of transmitted messages by wireless telegraphy. Further 15 patents followed
between 1907 and 1916.
When the United States entered World War I, private radiotelegraphy stations
were prohibited which put an end to Murgaš's pioneer work in this field. After the
creation of Czechoslovakia, he returned to Slovakia in 1920, where he taught
electrotechnology at a high school but since he did not find appropriate
understanding by the Ministry of Education in Prague, he returned to Wilkes-Barre
four months later. He was nominated to be a member of the Federal Radio

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Commission of the United States in 1925. Murgaš died in Wilkes-Barre four years
later.
Murgash´s most famous attempt was a radio link between the mayors of Scranton
and Wikes-Barre, 30 miles apart. The transfer was successful, as confirmed by both
mayors. Him radio successfully connected to a distance of 200 kilometers,
inBrooklyn. The experiment was successful thanks to Universal Aether Telegraph
Co., which they fouded in Philadelphia precisely becouse of Murgash´s inventions.
Togheder with him, they could practically use them. For this experiment, they built
two stations- a test and transmission station, which had sixty- meter antenna
masts.
The most important patents
· "Wireless-telegraph apparatus" (1904)
· "The way of transmitted messages by wireless telegraphy" (1904)
· "Constructing Antennas for Wireless Telegraphy" (July 16, 1907).
picture 1 picture 2
Source: picture 1: https://www.startitup.sk/jozef-murgas-slovensky-vynalezca-
knaz-ktory-prispek-vzniku-wifi/
picture 2: https://www.startitup.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/adj-towers-
1.jpg?x85532

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Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton, an English physicist, mathematician and astronomer who
invented the reflecting telescope in 1668. A new type of telescope, he
presented to his colleagues in England’s Royal Society in January 1672.
Instead of glass lenses, Newton’s telescope
used two polished metal mirrors. Telescope
has a 2.54-m diameter primary mirror. The
telescope sends an image to the back of the
tube and then reflects it off an angled
mirror back up the tube. The image then
goes into an eyepiece and into the person's
eye. The eyepiece uses one or more lenses
that are used to make the image larger. His
design, called a Newtonian telescope, is still in common use today.
The Isaac Newton Telescope was a very large telescope for its day, and
the largest in England.
Today, the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) sits proudly at the Roque de los
Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma.
Filip, NSP im. I. Newtona, Przemyśl
A short biography of Isaac Newton by Kuba, NSP im. I. Newtona, Przemyśl
Isaac Newton was educated at Grantham Free Grammar School, where he
showed no aptitude for study. His mother removed him from school and
gave him the task of managing her estate, but at this, he also proved
unfortunately inept. He was allowed to return to school, and he must have
improved his study habits, for his mother was persuaded to allow him to
enter university at Trinity College, Cambridge. Newton intended to study
law, but his taste quickly turned to mathematics. He received his

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bachelor's degree in the spring of 1665, but then an outbreak of the
plague forced the university to close, and Newton returned to his
Lincolnshire home. It was during this time of retreat that the famous
incident of a falling apple gave Newton the first glimmerings of the ideas
he later developed into his study of gravitational
forces.
More information on Newton here.
Michał, NSP im. I. Newtona, Przemyśl
activity

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Ernő Rubik
Ernő Rubik (Hungarian: [ˈrubik ˈɛrnøː]) was born in Budapest, Hungary, 13
July 1944, during World War II, and has lived all his life in Hungary.
His father, Ernő Rubik, was a flight engineer at the Esztergom aircraft factory, and
his mother, Magdolna Szántó, was a poet. He has stated in almost every interview
that he got his inspiration from his father.
Ernő Rubik is a Hungarian inventor, architect and professor of architecture.
He is best known for the invention of mechanical puzzles including the Rubik's Cube
(1974), Rubik's Magic, Rubik's Magic: Master Edition, and Rubik's Snake.
Rubik studied sculpture at the Academy of Applied Arts and Design in
Budapest and architecture at the Technical University, also in Budapest. While a
professor of design at the academy, he pursued his hobby of building geometric
models. One of these was a prototype of his cube, made of 27 wooden blocks; it
took Rubik a month to solve the problem of the cube.
Almost all of us have had to deal with Rubik's cube, called by the Hungarians the
magic cube (bűvös kocka). The standard consists of 26 squares in six different

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colors. The challenge is to arrange them so that there are squares of the same
color on each wall.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernő_Rubik
Pola, SP9 Dzierżoniów

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TADEUSZ SENDZIMIR Polish mechanical engineer, metallurgist, inventor,
industrialist. In metallurgy, he made a revolution similar to Nicolaus Copernicus.
His discoveries and inventions were used
all over the world and revolutionized the
methods of metal processing.
Calendar
On July 15, 1894 he was born in Lviv
1918–29 he ran a factory for screws, nails
and wire in Shanghai
1933 the Z rolling mill was launched in
Huta "Pokój" in Nowy Bytom, he created a
line of continuous cold rolling and galvanizing of steel sheet in Kostuchno near
Katowice
1939 moved to the USA
1945 founded his own company, Armzen, in Waterbury, Connecticut
1977 designed the first spiral looper in the USA
On September 1, 1989, he died in Jupiter near Palm Beach (Florida)
Interesting facts:
● Sendzimir has obtained a total of around 120 patents (73 of them in the US)
in a wide variety of fields. They mainly relate to plastic processing methods,
but also, for example, anti-corrosion coatings of metals and heat shields,
which have been used, among others, in spacecraft, and even such surprising
ideas as floating artificial islands for fishermen participating in deep-sea
fishing.
● The Sendzimir Foundation was established to counteract environmental
degradation resulting from the development of industry and human activity.
At the end of the 1980s, when the scale of the devastation of the
environment in the countries of the Eastern Bloc was revealed, he decided
to set up a foundation to support sustainable development in Poland.

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KAZIMIERZ PRÓSZYŃSKI
Kazimierz Prószyński (ur. 4 kwietnia 1875 w Warszawie, zm. 13 marca 1945 w obozie
Mauthausen-Gusen) – polski przedsiębiorca, operator filmowy, reżyser, inżynier jak
również wynalazca. Konstruktor pionierskich aparatów kinematograficznych oraz
kamer filmowych. Pionier polskiej oraz światowej kinematografii.
Kazimierz Prószyński edukację swoją
rozpoczął w Warszawie, tam też
ukończył gimnazjum. Rodzice, widząc
jego zainteresowanie naukami
ścisłymi, wysłali go na politechnikę w Liège
w Belgii.
Tam już jako student dał się poznać jako utalentowany wynalazca, konstruując w
1894 roku swój pierwszy aparat do rejestracji i odtwarzania filmów – pleograf.
Urządzenie to robiło ok. 50 fotografii na sekundę co powodowało płynność ruchu. W
tym czasie inne istniejące urządzenia
robiły 16 lub 25 zdjęć na sekundę –
ruch był spowolniony, a obraz
przeskakiwał. Podstawą pleografu
było urządzenie do przesuwania taśmy
filmowej w środku - aby
przesuwała się z odpowiednią
prędkością i niezawodnością.
Musiał skonstruować każdy drobny element: chwytaki, korbki itd. Sam pleograf nie
działał jeszcze idealnie i wymagał dalszych udoskonaleń.
W 1914 r. Kazimierz poślubił Angielkę, Dorothy Abrey, z którą miał dwoje dzieci, syna
Kazimierza i córkę Irenę. Jego rodzina przeżyła wojnę. Podczas okupacji Polski podjął
działalność konspiracyjną. 22 sierpnia 1944 roku wywieziony został do obozu
koncentracyjnego w Gross-Rosen. Zmarł jako więzień numer 129957 w wieku 70 lat w
hitlerowskim obozie koncentracyjnym Mauthausen-Gusen.

27. 27
Gayetty Joseph
(c. 1817-1827 – c. 1890s) was an American inventor credited with the invention of
commercial toilet paper. It was the first and remained only one of the few
commercial toilet papers from 1857 to 1890 remaining in common use until the
invention of splinter-free toilet paper in 1935 by the Northern Tissue Company.
Alicja, SP4 Bydgoszcz

28. 28
George Stephenson
Urodził się 9 VI 1781 w Wylam koło Newcastle upon Tyne.
Pochodził z ubogiej rodziny górniczej, a wyrósł na jednego
z głównych twórców podstaw nowoczesnej techniki —
jego biografia stanowi przykład wielkiej kariery
uzdolnionego przedstawiciela nizin społecznych.Bieda
zmusiła go do zarobkowania, zanim skończył dziesięć lat.
Najpierw pasał krowy, potem poganiał konie w kopalni. Z
czasem awansował na pomocnika mechanika i
zaznajomiwszy się z funkcjonowaniem rozmaitych
urządzeń, szybko nauczył się nie tylko je obsługiwać, ale i naprawiać. Jako
siedemnastolatek zawiadywał już samodzielnie maszyną parową Newcomena.
Dopiero wtedy w szkole wieczorowej nauczył się czytać, pisać i liczyć. W 1812
nastąpił pomyślny zwrot w jego życiu — doceniono jego fachowość i zatrudniono
jako mechanika w miejscowej kopalni High Pit z zawrotną w stosunku do
dotychczasowych zarobków pensją — 100 funtów rocznie. Mając zapewniony byt,
zajął się realizacją swoich pomysłów.W 1829 roku zorganizowano publiczny
konkurs parowozów na równinie Rainhill. Rywalizację tę zdecydowanie wygrała
zaprojektowana przez Stephensona, zbudowana w Newcastle lokomotywa The
Rocket, osiągając momentami prędkość dochodzącą do 48 km/h. Wydarzenie to
przekonało opinię publiczną, że przyszłość należy do koni mechanicznych. A dla
powstającej kolei zamówiono w wytwórni Stephensona 8 parowozów.

29. 29
Rakieta Stephensona (The Rocket) – parowóz będący
pierwszym, który w 1829 roku zbudowali George i Robert
Stephensonowie. Jego konstrukcją kierował jedyny syn
Stephensona, Robert (1803–59).Jemu zawdzięczano
większość udoskonaleń wprowadzanych tam wówczas do
konstrukcji parowozów.„Rakieta” była pierwszym
„nowoczesnym” parowozem, w którym użyto płomieniówkowego (wielorurowego)
kotła.Maksymalna prędkość tej maszyny wynosiła 48 km/h. „Rakieta” Stephensona
wciąż istnieje i na stałe jest eksponowana w Science Museum w Londynie w
znacznie zmodyfikowanej formie w porównaniu do jej stanu z Rainhill Trials. W
1979 została zbudowana przez Enterprises Locomotion replika „Rakiety”.
Max, NSP im. I. Newtona w Przemyślu

30. 30
George Stephenson
George was born in Wylam, Northumberland, 9.3 miles (15 km) west of Newcastle
upon Tyne. He was the second child of working-class parents –
Robert and Mabel. Both his parents were illiterate and they did not
have enough money to send George to school. However, George
was keen to get an education and so devoted his evenings to
learning to read and write.
ɪɴ 1821, sᴛᴇᴘʜᴇɴsᴏɴ ᴡᴀs ᴀᴘᴘᴏɪɴᴛᴇᴅ ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ
ᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ sᴛᴏᴄᴋᴛᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴅᴀʀʟɪɴɢᴛᴏɴ ʀᴀɪʟᴡᴀʏ.
ɪᴛ ᴏᴘᴇɴᴇᴅ ɪɴ 1825 ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ғɪʀsᴛ ᴘᴜʙʟɪᴄ ʀᴀɪʟᴡᴀʏ. ᴛʜᴇ
ғᴏʟʟᴏᴡɪɴɢ ʏᴇᴀʀ sᴛᴇᴘʜᴇɴsᴏɴ ᴡᴀs ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ
ʟɪᴠᴇʀᴘᴏᴏʟ ᴛᴏ ᴍᴀɴᴄʜᴇsᴛᴇʀ ʀᴀɪʟᴡᴀʏ. ɪɴ ᴏᴄᴛᴏʙᴇʀ 1829, ᴛʜᴇ
ʀᴀɪʟᴡᴀʏ’s ᴏᴡɴᴇʀs sᴛᴀɢᴇᴅ ᴀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴇᴛɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀᴛ ʀᴀɪɴʜɪʟʟ ᴛᴏ
ғɪɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇsᴛ ᴋɪɴᴅ ᴏғ ʟᴏᴄᴏᴍᴏᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴜʟʟ ʜᴇᴀᴠʏ ʟᴏᴀᴅs
ᴏᴠᴇʀ ʟᴏɴɢ ᴅɪsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇs. ᴛʜᴏᴜsᴀɴᴅs ᴄᴀᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴀᴛᴄʜ. sᴛᴇᴘʜᴇɴsᴏɴ’s ʟᴏᴄᴏᴍᴏᴛɪᴠᴇ ‘ʀᴏᴄᴋᴇᴛ’
ᴡᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴡɪɴɴᴇʀ, ᴀᴄʜɪᴇᴠɪɴɢ ᴀ ʀᴇᴄᴏʀᴅ sᴘᴇᴇᴅ ᴏғ 36 ᴍɪʟᴇs ᴘᴇʀ ʜᴏᴜʀ.
Tymek, NSP im. I. Newtona, Przemyśl

31. 31
Jan Boży Józef Ignacy Łukasiewicz
was born on March 8, 1822 in the village of Zaduszniki
(now Mielec County, Podkarpackie Province) in an
impoverished noble family as the son of Józef and
Apolonia née Świetlik. In 1836, he graduated from the 4th
grade of the Piarist Fathers' gymnasium in Rzeszów and
due to the difficult material conditions in which his family
found himself, he started working in a pharmacy in
Łańcut, and later in Rzeszów. There he joined a secret
patriotic organization and was arrested in 1846 on
suspicion of illegal activities directed against the Austrian
partitioner and stayed in prison until 1848.
After his release from prison, he started working in the pharmacy "Pod Gwiazdą"
by Piotr Mikolasch in Lviv. In the years 1850-1852 he studied pharmacy at the
Universities of Krakow and Vienna. In 1852 in Vienna, he obtained a master's
degree in pharmacy and returned to work in the pharmacy of Piotr Mikolasch,
where he took the position of a commissioner.
In the years 1852-1853, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, together with Jan Zeh, conducted
research on crude oil in the back of the pharmacy.
After cleaning this fluid, he obtained light kerosene. On July 31, 1853, kerosene
lamps, made by Adam Bratkowski, a tinsmith from Lviv, designed by Łukasiewicz,
were lit for the first time in the hospital in Łyczaków in Lviv.
The date of July 31, 1853 is considered to be the date of the emergence of the
Polish oil industry. At the turn of 1853/54, Łukasiewicz left Lviv and moved to the
vicinity of oil-bearing areas - to Gorlice, where he leased a pharmacy. He has not
stopped working on improving the process of obtaining kerosene.
In 1854, together with Tytus Trzecieski, he founded the first oil company in the
world, which started to extract and exploit crude oil in Bóbrka near Krosno.
In 1856, as a result of obtaining significant amounts of crude oil, Łukasiewicz
established the first crude oil distillery in Poland.

32. 32
For his charity work, Pope Pius IX in 1873 awarded him the title of Papal
Chamberlain and awarded him with the Order of St. Gregory.
Ignacy Łukasiewicz died in Chorkówka on January 7, 1882 of pneumonia and was
buried in the parish cemetery in Zręcin.
Students from the Primary School Common Europe in Zalesie Górne

33. 33
Kazimierz Żegleń SP 39 Kielce
Kazimierz Żegleń was born on March 4, 1869. He was the son of Bartłomiej and
Marianna. They lived in the village of Kaczanówka, near Tarnopol in Galicia. In 1890,
at the age of 21, he left for the United States, where he took up the duties of
sacristan at the Polish church of St. Stanislaus Kostka Church in Chicago. At the
beginning of the 20th century, he left the convent, got married and took up

34. 34
business, establishing several companies producing vests and bulletproof
materials. He founded three enterprises and factories. Until the end of his life
(probably in 1910), he lived and worked in Chicago.
Inventions of Kazimierz Żegleń
1. Tubeless and puncture-proof tires
2. A bulletproof armor plate
3. A bulletprof material