Peripheral Muscular Disease Research Paper

Peripheral Muscular Disease Research Paper
Peripheral Vascular disease (PVD) is a circulatory condition that narrows the blood vessels to the
body except heart and brain. Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body in the circulatory
system and it have three main types which it is arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries is strong and
flexible that convey blood away from the heart. Capillaries is tiny and thin that help oxygen and
nutrients go from the blood though the tissues and take the wastes out from tissues into the blood.
Veins is larger that convey blood toward the heart. If blood vessels breaks or in cut, the blood may
leak out that causes bleeding in the skin that lead petechiae or purpura.
The cause of Peripheral Vascular disease is atherosclerosis when fatty deposits
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Acetyl L-Carnitine Research Paper
Acetyl L–Carnitine is naturally produced by the body, and it helps the body turn fat into energy.
Your body makes most of its L–Carnitine in the liver, and kidneys. It then stores it in the heart,
brain, skeletal muscles, and sperm. Normally, your body makes most of the L–Carnitine it needs, but
in some instances people need more, and choose to take supplements. Carnitine comes in three–
forms: L–Carnitine: the least expensive and most widely used. Acetyl L–Carnitine: Often used in
studies for Alzheimers, other brain disorders, and Diabetic Neuropathy. Propionyl L–Carnitine:
Most widely used in the studies for peripheral vascular disease, and heart disease. Personal
Experience: I started using Acetyl L–Carntine about a year ago for Peripheral ... Show more content
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Hyperthyroidism – Symptoms of an over overactive thyroid are: insomnia, heart palpitations,
tremors, and nervousness. Research has shown that L–Carnitine may help reduce, or remove those
symptoms altogether, but further research is needed. Male Infertility – Men who have low sperm
counts tend to also have low Carnitine levels. Consequently, supplementation with Carnitine may
help men increase their sperm counts. Erectile Dysfunction – Early studies indicate that Propionyl
L–Carnitine may help reduce erectile dysfunction when taken with Viagra. Peyronie Disease – One
study showed that men who took Acetyl L–Carnitine, had better results with Acetyl L–Carnitine
than the leading drug (tamoxifen). Precautions: People with: Peripheral vascular disease, hight blood
pressure, liver disease, diabetes, kidney disease, or a history of seizures may want to speak to their
doctor before taking Carnitine. Possible Interactions with Medications: You should consult your
doctor before starting Carnitine if you are taking any of the following medications: AZT
Doxorubicin Isotretinoin (Accutate) Theyroid Hormone Valproic acid (Depakote) Blood Thinning

COPD Case Study Essay
What clinical findings are likely in R.S. as a consequence of his COPD? How would these differ
from those of emphysematous COPD? Patients that do have chronic bronchitis ( B COPD) typically
exhibit shortness of breath on exertion, excessive amounts of sputum, chronic cough, and evidence
of excess bodily fluids (edema, hypervolemia). Chronic cough tends to be most severe in the
mornings, is productive, and occurs for more than 3 months and occurring each year for at least 2
consecutive years. In addition, patients tend to complain about chills, malaise, muscle aches, fatigue,
loss of libido, and insomnia. Smoking is also a typical clinical manifestation and is the leading cause
of B COPD (accounting for 90% of cases). Late signs include right–sided heart ... Show more
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is stated to have a history of prolonged smoking, a leading cause of B COPD. R.S. has a PaO2 of 50
mm Hg and PaCO2 of 60 mm Hg, showing elevated PaCO2, and decreased levels of PaO2 that are
consistent with that of B COPD. Patient is taking inhaled β2 agonists and theophylline which are
treatments of COPD. Since R.S.'s PaO2 is less than 50 mm Hg, it is recommended that R.S. be
treated with low–dose oxygen therapy. Since PaO2 is decreased in R.S., excess strain on the heart
would occur in order to move oxygen throughout the body which could go along with coronary
artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease as these are diseases of the arteries and arteries
pump oxygenated blood away from the heart. Smoking is also a possible involvement of coronary
artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease. Coronary artery disease and peripheral
arterial vascular disease are usually caused by atherosclerosis of coronary arteries unrelated to
COPD. Additionally, patients with B COPD often exhibit bacterial colonization that causes
pneumonia. Since R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe that is thought to be
consistent with pneumonia, patient is as risk of

The Silent Killer : Hypertension
The Silent Killer: Hypertension
Bernice, is an 80 year old, African American, female, who presents to the inpatient unit for further
therapy after undergoing a colostomy reversal. Her history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus,
stage 3 chronic kidney disease, and hypertension, for which she is taking a calcium channel blocker
and a beta blocker. Her family history indicates that both her sisters and brother, had diabetes, as
well as hypertension. Another key element is that Bernice is a former smoker. Physical examination
reveals a healthy weight women, with a blood pressure of 153/71 mmHg and a heart rate of 64 bpm.
Lungs are clear, and cardiac examination reveals a regular rate and rhythm. Abdomen is without
bruits and peripheral pulses are equal. Laboratory results are significant for a non fasting glucose of
182 mg/dL. The patient's blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine are 26 mg/dL and 1.82 mg/dL.
Pathophysiology of Hypertension
After the analysis of this case study, I have chosen to perform research on the patient's diagnoses of
hypertension. Hypertension, also known as, high blood pressure, is a global problem. The desired
blood pressure, according to the Joint National Committee are, below 150/90 mmHg for individuals
60 years and older, and below 140/90 mmHg for individuals under 60 years of age (Beeman, 2013,
p. 334). Thus, individuals not meeting this criteria have to be treated with drug therapy.
Understanding the mechanisms in which normal blood pressure is maintained, will aid in the
understanding of hypertension. Systemic arterial pressure is a product of cardiac output and total
peripheral vascular resistance. To maintain a balance between these factors, there are four control
systems that play a role: the arterial baroreceptor system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin
angiotensin aldosterone system, and vascular autoregulation (Beeman, 2013, p. 337).
Arterial baroreceptors are responsible for monitoring the levels of arterial pressure. When these
baroreceptors sense a rise in arterial pressure, they counteract by slowing down the cardiac system
and vasodilating (Beeman, 2013, p. 338). Changes in body fluid volume also affect arterial pressure;
a rise in pressure occurs

Peripheral Vascular Disease Research Paper
PVD can be hereditary and if a person suspects that there is a family history of this disease, he or
she should discuss with their doctor.
It starts when there is excessive plaque buildup in one of the leg arteries. Once the plaque increases,
a person will have pain when walking. If you or your child have a poor diet, this may be a huge
factor contributing to PVD.
What is the disease? PVD is a condition affecting the arteries in the legs or arms. It happens when
plaque builds up in one or more of the arteries.
Causes
A few causes of peripheral vascular disease include having a family history of the disease, lack of
exercise, smoking, poor diet, and high blood pressure.
Symptoms
The symptoms can range from mild to feeling nothing at

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a nearly pandemic condition, it has the potential to cause loss
of limb or even loss of life (Stephens E., 2016). Peripheral vascular disease is also known as
peripheral arterial disease, Peripheral artery occlusive disease or Peripheral atherosclerosis
(Peripheral vascular disease, 2015). Peripheral arterial disease is a manifestation of systemic
atherosclerosis (Thuy, Jonathan, Philip,et al., 2013).
The Heart Association of Australia considered PAD as a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk
equivalent, thus screening and treatment is considered important. There are currently no Australian
guidelines recommending routine screening for PVD, although screening should be considered in
people over 50 years of

Mr Jones Case Study Essay
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
Mr. Jones is a 68 year–old–man with a history of impaired glucose tolerance. His only other medical
problem is hypertension treated with a small dose of angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor. He
quit smoking 20 years ago. He has no dyslipidemia and has had stress electrocardiograms every 2
years with normal results. He does not use alcohol. Approximately 3 months ago, he noticed some
burning and tingling in his feet. He admitted that he had not felt well as usual and that his walking
was becoming more of a chore. He denied chest pain or shortness of breath. He denies any other
symptoms had no fever, or chills, cough, blood stools, or hematuria. When seen in the office, he had
gained 5 lbs.
CONCERNING SYMPTOMS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jones would be his weight gain and the fact that he has burning and tingling in his feet. His weight
gain and complaints of not feeling well with walking becoming a chore could be a sign of heart
failure. Further investigation should consist of asking Mr. Jones if he has been experiencing
shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, swelling, difficulty breathing, coughing or wheezing, lack of
appetite and increased heart rate ("Warning Signs," n.d.). He also has hypertension, which can
ultimately lead to heart failure if not treated properly. The heart has to work hard and as a result, can
lead to thickening of the heart and decreased function.
Burning and tingling in his feet is another red flag when thinking about diabetic neuropathy. When a
patient does not properly watch his or her blood sugar levels it can lead to damage within the
circulatory system. Signs of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include numbness, tingling, sharp
pains or cramps, "increased sensitivity to touch, muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, loss of balance
and serious foot problems" ("Diabetic Neuropathy,"

Peripheral Arterial Disease Research Paper
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects 20% of adults over the age of 55 in the United States1.
Research has found that this disease strongly correlates with the prevalence of myocardial
infractions, strokes, and other vascular problems that result in death. With an increase in survival
rates among Americans in general there will likely be more patients who are living with peripheral
arterial disease. Primary care physicians currently under–diagnose PAD, which limits the options to
manage this disease with secondary preventative measures2. In order to manage and prevent the
effects of this disease it is important to understand the pathology, incidence, etiology, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, prognosis, and the treatment options for ... Show more content on
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Those who have peripheral arterial disease are 46% to 71% more likely to have coronary artery
disease, depending on the study, which dramatically influences the success of interventions4. Since
this is a slow progressive disease it is hard to give a definitive timeline as to how long a person can
survive with PAD. The severity of the disease and dedication to interventions all play a role in the
prognosis. Studies have shown that long–term survival is rare in patients with peripheral arterial
disease since it has common comorbidities with coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular
disease3. Death in patients who have PAD is usually the result of the two previous comorbidities in
conjunction with the complications that arise from peripheral arterial disease. Only 10% of patient
death is the result of a vascular problem such as an aortic aneurysm, while 55% is related to CAD
and 10% related to

Is Diabetes A Chronic Metabolic Disorder?
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, affects 9.3% of the U.S population. The prevalence is much
higher in the population of age 65 or older, reaching 25.9%. It was the seventh leading cause of
death in the U.S in 2010, evidenced by a total of 234,051 certificates including both underlying
causes and contributing causes. Multiple factors contribute to the development of diabetes, although
the exact pathogenesis is still undetermined. Patients with diabetes usually require a lifestyle
change, diet modification, medication management, or even surgery to control symptoms or disease
progression. Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM) is classified into four types: type I, type II,
gestational diabetes and other types. Of all DM, 9 out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patients usually present with significant weight loss as well as classical symptoms, including
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The causes of type I DM are uncertain, although emerging
evidence demonstrates that genetic susceptibility, virus, environment, as well as chemical materials
contribute to the development. The interplay of these various factors ends in destroying the
pancreatic cell, resulting in lifelong insulin requirement to keep patient survival.
Gestational diabetes, affecting approximately 3–10% of pregnancies, is diagnosed by hyperglycemia
during pregnancy in women without a history of diabetes. The underlying cause of gestational
diabetes remains unknown, although the interference of pregnancy hormones, such as human
placental lactogen, with susceptible insulin receptors, has been considered. The patients usually have
few symptoms, and they are often diagnosed by screening during routine pregnancy check–up. For
the mother, glucose intolerance typically disappears after the baby is born. However, gestational
diabetes often places the body at risk. Babies born to mothers with poor hyperglycemia control are
often at increased risk of series problems including macrosomia, which associates with a high
chance of C–section, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia after birth, polycythemia as well as multiple
chemical disorders.
Other forms of diabetes include congenital diabetes, infection related

Management And Leadership Track Of The American Sentinel...
As nursing leaders, the empowerment of staff to improve the delivery of safe quality care is
imperative in today's healthcare environment. The Management and Leadership track of the
American Sentinel MSN program has provided the guidance to cultivate and prepare future nurse
leaders to develop a sense of ownership and commitment to their work and organization. The
evidenced based practice (EBP) project that is proposed will be implemented at the Veterans
Administration Medical Center (VAMC); it will support the staff to improve the quality of care for
the veteran population at this facility. The proposed EBP is a practice change project that will focus
on improving diabetic foot related problems in the End Stage Renal Disease population that receive
hemodialysis at the VAMC. End Stage Renal Disease is a slow progressive loss of kidney function
resulting from structural damage to the kidneys leaving the body unable to excrete metabolites. As
the disease process reaches that point the patient must choose hemodialysis or some other form of
renal replacement therapy (Medical News Today, 2014). I am a Nurse Manager in the hemodialysis
unit. The unit has eleven stations with a patient population of 40. The age range of veterans that
receive care in this unit is 40 – 92. Most of the hemodialysis patients have difficulty managing their
chronic illness and usually receive treatment three times a week for five hours of each visit. Most of
them have

Human Body Continuously Need Blood Supply Essay
Human body continuously need blood supply to the cell in order to deliver oxygen and nutrient to
the cells and carrying out carbon dioxide out of the cell. In order to have good perfusion in tissue, a
person has to have good cardiac health and patent vessels. Edema also affect tissue perfusion. There
are many reasons that disturbed the normal flow of blood like ECG rhythm, congestive heart failure,
hypertension, gestational hypertension, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery disease, and
peripheral vascular disease, which are also the exemplars of perfusion. There are many risk factors
that can be modified to prevent the perfusion problem.
Blood pressure greater than 140/90 is known as hypertension. Excessive sodium intake,
hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, extreme tobacco and alcohol use, over activity of sympathetic
nervous system, and over production of sodium retaining hormones and vasoconstriction substances
are major contributing factors of hypertension. Heredity, age, and gender are also the risk factors for
hypertension (Bucher & Dirksen, 2014). Hypertension is one of the most underlying cause of
impaired perfusion. High blood pressure for long period of time can shore up smooth muscles of
artery as a result of building up the strength through hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which results in
decrease size of arterial lumen. In older adult, the wall of artery become thick and hard due to above
contributing factors that I mention. This alter vasomotor tone and blood

Parkinson Disease Research Paper
Matthew Quick Parkinson's disease is a disease that affects the way a person moves. Movement for
a parkinson's sufferer can be slow and shaky. There are different types of parkinson's, multiple
system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP),normal pressure hydrocephalus and
tremors including essential tremors, dystonic tremors, indeterminate tremors and atypical tremors.
These tremors are all part of this disease and affect all patients in different ways. Parkinson's is a
progressive neurological condition that affects approximately 70,000 people Australia wide, it is
seen more in males than females. The average age for somebody to be diagnosed with parkinson's is
over 65 but there have been cases of diagnosis in people under the age of 50. When there is
something like this it is referred to as young onset parkinson's and the average life expectancy after
diagnosis is 7 to 14 years. A diagnosis should always be done by a specialist. A diagnosis is not any
easy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Levodopa does begin to become less effective as time goes on but another drug Dopamine Agonists
takes Levodopa's place in slowing the loss of neurons. It has been proven that a set diet and forms of
rehabilitation like exercise can improve symptoms of parkinson's disease. When the drugs become
ineffective sufferers of parkinson's can undergo surgery to place microelectrodes for deep brain
stimulation which reduce motor symptoms. Other symptoms which aren't as big an issue like sleep
disturbances and emotional problems can be effected by the medication that is taken. Sleep
disturbances can be worse and somebody with parkinson's can also suffer sleep insomnia, 13% of
people with parkinson's have sleep attacks or narcolepsy which is a neurological disorder which
makes a sufferer randomly fall

Physical Examination And Health Assessment Course
In this reflection, I will provide a brief description of the simulation laboratory scenario that I
underwent, my thoughts and feelings from this experience, and analysis of important learning
opportunities.
Description
As part of the Physical Examination and Health Assessment course, I participated in the laboratory
simulation on week 7, learning heart and peripheral vascular system's assessment. I was presented
with a clinical scenario of a 56 years old truck driver coming for routine screening at the health
clinic at mall. His medical diagnoses were obesity, hypertension, smoking, borderline high
cholesterol, and unhealthy diet. He was experiencing stress while caring for his mother who suffered
from stroke. His medications were angiotensin II receptor antagonist (Olmesartan medoxomil) and
diuretic (Hydrochlorothiazide); which he did not take regularly. During health assessment and
interview process, our group discovered that patient suffered from peripheral edema, pain in low
extremities, palpitation, and fatigue. On auscultation, crackles were heard in both lungs. Based on
careful assessment, past medical history, and interview our group concluded that patient had
symptoms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) of arterial origin.
Feelings and Thoughts
I was really anxious before the skills assessment while I was waiting outside the simulation
laboratory. Despite multiple simulation scenarios I experienced so far, I was unsure what to expect.
Even though we were given this

Cardiovascular Disease And Its Effects On The Heart
Cardiovascular disease is conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to
stroke, heart attack, and chest pain. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in
the United States (CDC 2015). Numerous problems in the heart lead to atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is an active process involving molecular signals that produce altered cellular
behavior as well as endothelial dysfunction and a subsequent inflammatory response (Swain 2013).
Atherosclerosis is a condition that is developed when plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries.
The blood is not able to flow correctly because of the buildup of plaque narrows the arteries. Plaque
is a combination of cholesterol, cells, and debris. Atherosclerosis is the most common type of heart
disease, killing over 370,000 people annually (CDC 2015). It is the cause of strokes, heart attacks,
and peripheral vascular disease. High blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol damage the
endothelium and it begins atherosclerosis. The damage starts the creation of plaque. LDL enters the
wall of artery when it crosses the endothelium, which causes the white blood cells to digest the
LDL. There are many ways to prevent and treat atherosclerosis like the change of lifestyle, healthy
eating, exercising, and medications. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood years. It starts with the
development of low–grade lesions and is present in late adolescence (Robinson & Gidding 2014).A
fatty streak is formed

Pathophysiology Of Essential Hypertension
1. Describe the pathophysiology of essential hypertension.
Ans: Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn't have a known secondary cause. It is
also denoted as primary hypertension. It is the result of interaction between genetics and
environment. Hypertension is defined as elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure where the
blood pressure is consistently above 140/90. It is caused by an increase in cardiac output or total
peripheral resistance or both. Increased heart rate or stroke volume raises cardiac output. Increased
blood viscosity or reduced vessel diameter raises peripheral resistance. There are several
mechanisms bring about high blood pressure such as the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin–
angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and natriuretic hormones. Inflammation, endothelial
dysfunction, obesity–related hormones, and insulin resistance are the factors that increase peripheral
resistance or blood volume. Insulin resistance and neurohumoral dysfunction (SNS, RAAS, and
natriuretic hormones) cause vasoconstriction and increased peripheral resistance. While
inflammation causes renal dysfunction that leads to ineffective salt excretion and water retention and
increases blood volume.
2. Explain the possible problems associated with the high diastolic pressure.
Ans: Over a long period of time, the increased blood pressure increases work for the heart causing
left–side heart failure, damage to cerebral arteries causing stroke, damage to

Mental Health Case Study Essay
It has been reported in the case study that Mr Jones engages in in 1 episode of brisk walking with a
neighbour for approximately 1 hour on one day of the week. The goal behind the motivational
interview and brief interventions is to develop a plan that increase Mr Jones' exercise from 1hour per
week, to at least 30miniutes a day, 5 days a week (Department of Health, 2014). Therefore the
rationale behind increasing Mr Jones physical activity is to decrease his body weight as he is
classified as obese, and decrease his hypertension. (Harsha & Bray, 2008; Pescatello, 2005, Bacon,
Sherwood, Hinderliter & Blumenthal, 2004; Blumenthal et al., 2000) In doing so this reduces Mr
Jones' future risk of developing congestive heart failure or peripheral ... Show more content on
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However in order in increase his frequency of exercise to at least 5 days a week, the practice nurse
conducting the motivational interview and brief intervention will need to empathetically understand
Mr Jones' perspective, thoughts and feelings towards increasing his exercise regime (Elwyn et al.,
2014). For example the nurse can state that they understand that it has been difficult for Mr Jones to
lose weight in the past; and that other people in Mr Jones' position also find it difficult. The nurse
will then follow up by stating that it is important to try and find strategies to work on this, but also
asking Mr Jones about what he can do increase his exercise regime (Hall, Gibbie & Lubman, 2012;
Welch, Rose & Ernst, 2006). As stated by Mr Jones, he enjoys his neighbours company when
engaging in his 1 hour walk. Thus the nurse will need to harness Mr Jones' enjoyment of having the
company of his neighbour for the walk and suggest that he perhaps can arrange a walking group
with a group of his friends to walk for at least 30 minutes every day. The rationale of this is to
encourage positive sentiments towards reaching Mr Jones goal of reducing his weight by increasing
his exercise

Vascular Disease Research Paper
Educate Yourself With the Vascular Diseases
The vascular system is the network of the blood vessels in our body. It includes the veins, arteries
and capillaries for the blood circulation in the entire body (to and from the heart). And if any issue
occur in the vascular system, then it will cause the disastrous outcomes. As the illustrations, if the
arteries can become thick and stiff, then a problem called atherosclerosis will arise. Or, if it is the
blood clotting, then it will clog the vessels and cease the blood flow to the heart or brain. Or, if the
weakened blood vessels can burst, causing the internal bleeding.
Moreover, if the fatty stuff are built up in the blood vessels, then also the vascular disease can cause
the major problem. As a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything is right, then what is peripheral vascular disease? Let's see...
Peripheral Vascular Disease: It is the blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside
of the heart and the brain to narrow, block, or spasm.
The symptoms are in the form of the pain in the legs, during exercising. However, it will overcome
by doing proper rest. But still, get it checked using the peripheral vascular Doppler diagnosis
instrument and acquire the accurate treatment in order to be spared form the future health issues.
Distinct medical specialists or the agencies provide the peripheral vascular laboratory equipment.
Now, it is your duty to spot the ethical one.
Steps of Preventions:
 In case of peripheral vascular diseases, consult the doctor and follow his/her instructions
carefully. Normally, he will suggest you the regular exercise problem that comprises the walking, a
balanced diet, and losing the weight.
 And, in case of the normal vascular disease, find the checklist...
1. Quit smoking and the intake of tobacco products
2. Regular Exercising
3. No

Essay On Coronary Intervention
Abstract:
Aim: Combined PCI and TAVR placement through a non conventional access in an elderly male
with multiple co–morbidities along with difficult access.
Methods and Results: 68 year old male with Society for Thoracic Surgeons score 4.55% and Euro
score II 2.92% due to the presence of myriad of diseases such as severe aortic stenosis, NYHA class
II, CCS class III angina, HIV, stage III COPD, severe peripheral vascular disease with prior right
axillary–femoral and femoral– femoral artery bypass with occluded abdominal aorta and
cerebrovascular disease with carotid stenosis underwent transaortic valve replacement through a
nonconforming transaxillary route simultaneously with a percutaneous coronary intervention with
immensely enhanced quality of life objectively one month post procedure.
Conclusion: Percutaneous coronary intervention and TAVR execution as a single procedure can
occur in discerning patient population as it does not increase the risk of mortality even in the setting
of severe multi–organ involvement.
Introduction:
In a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His past medical history was remarkable for hypertension, stage III COPD by GOLD criteria, HIV,
severe peripheral vascular disease with prior right axillary to femoral and femoral to femoral artery
bypass with occluded "lead–pipe" abdominal aorta, cerebrovascular disease with moderate–to–
severe carotid stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, spinal stenosis and several previous orthopedic
procedures. Moreover he had an elevated Charlson Comorbidity Score and a prolonged 5–meter
walk test. The predicted operative mortality for surgical aortic valve replacement based on the
Society for Thoracic Surgeons score and Euro score II was 4.55% and 2.92% respectively. He was
deemed inoperable in light of his history and predicted surgical

Peripheral Vascular Disease Research Papers
Overview
Peripheral vascular disease, also called peripheral artery disease, is a common condition related to
the circulatory system. The patient's extremities are unable to receive enough blood flow due to
narrowed arteries, which reduce the amount of blood that reaches the limbs. The condition is more
commonly noticed in the legs but can also appear in the arms.
In some cases, peripheral vascular disease could hint at another underlying problem. Arteries might
be narrowed because of fatty deposits throughout the vessels. In addition to reducing blood flow to
the body's limbs, the heart and brain may not be receiving as much blood as they need to function
properly.
Symptoms
Indications of peripheral vascular disease can range from absolutely

Blood Vessels Of The Body Form A Closed Delivery System
Blood vessels of the body form a closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart. There are
three major types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. If any of those arteries or veins
become damaged or blocked, you'll be at risk of developing heart disease, heart attack or stroke. It's
important that you do all you can to take care of your circulatory system, and exercise is an
invaluable tool that can help you keep the road to a long and healthy life free and clear.
A healthy diet is a major factor in many health issues, on such type of health issue is when the
arteries or blood vessels have a build up or harden. Diets that include fruits and vegetables, five
servings or more, as well as low fat starches and healthy proteins with the addition of healthy fats
will go a long way to keeping your blood vessels in healthy shape. Eating healthy foods as well as
watching your calorie intake will not only keep your weight at a healthy level but will help keep
your blood vessels clear and functioning at their best. (1)
Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the inside of the artery is narrowed by a buildup of
atherosclerotic plaque (comprised of cholesterol and calcium deposits) between the inside lining of
the artery and the smooth muscle layer. Symptoms of coronary artery disease are generally not felt
until the plaque reduces the artery opening by 75%. People who do not engage in strenuous exercise
may not notice the chest pain or tightness until

Case Study 1 Cardiovascular Failure
PART ONE Medical–Surgical Cases
1
1 Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular Disorders
Case Study 1 Heart Failure
Difficulty: Beginning
Setting: Emergency department, hospital
Index Words: heart failure (HF), cardiomyopathy, volume overload, quality of life
X Scenario
M.G., a "frequent flier," is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart
failure
(HF). She was discharged from the hospital 10 days ago and comes in today stating, "I just had to
come to the hospital today because I can't catch my breath and my legs are as big as tree trunks."
After further questioning, you learn she is strictly following the fluid and salt restriction ordered
during her last hospital admission. She reports gaining 1 to 2 pounds every day ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increased urine output
Daily weight, looking for weight loss
Intake and output (I&O)
Decreased dependent edema
Decreased shortness of breath, diminished crackles in the bases of the lungs, decreased work of
breathing, and decreased O2 demands
Decreased jugular venous distention (JVD)
6. What laboratory tests should be ordered for M.G. related to the order for furosemide

(Lasix)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Magnesium level
b. Sodium level
2
Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2001, 1996, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 1
c.
d.
e.
f.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
CASE STUDY 1
Complete blood count (CBC)
Serum glucose levels
Potassium level
Coagulation studies
1 Cardiovascular
Answers: A, B, D, E
Furosemide is a potent diuretic, especially when given IVP, and may cause the loss of electrolytes
such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium. These electrolytes will need to be supplemented if the
levels are low. In addition, furosemide may increase serum glucose levels, which is an issue,
considering that M.G. has diabetes. It is not necessary to monitor CBC or coagulation studies while
on furosemide.
7. What is the purpose of the beta blocker carvedilol? It is given to:
a. increase the contractility of the heart
b. cause peripheral vasodilation
c. increase urine output
d. reduce cardiac

Evaluation For Candidacy For A Kidney Transplant
Chief Complaint: Evaluation for candidacy for a kidney transplant. Medical History: A 48–year–old
Caucasian female, with history of CKD stage 5 in the setting of longstanding insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus type 1, presented for evaluation for candidacy for a kidney transplant. The patient
has multiple cardiovascular comorbidities including peripheral vascular disease, aortoiliac disease,
complications from diabetes including nephropathy, and neuropathy and vascular [_1:14], limited
physical capacity.
Renal History:
The patient was not seeking medical help for many years. She started to follow the physicians for
the last few years. She had some CKD that is progressing to stage 5 recently. Her kidney disease is
attributed to longstanding insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. She has never had a kidney biopsy
done. Her last creatinine is 3.8 with an estimated GFR of 13. She had 4.5 proteinuria in July 2015.
She is still not on dialysis yet. She will be starting peritoneal dialysis when it is medically indicated.
She has not been evaluated for kidney or pancreas transplant in the past.
Cardiovascular History:
The patient has never had a cardiac catheterization done. No history of coronary artery disease. She
has had hypertension diagnosed for the last few years, but prior to that, she was not seeking medical
attention. Currently, her blood pressure is controlled with medications. No history of stroke. She has
extensive history of peripheral vascular

Diabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications
Introduction
The idea of this paper is to give a general idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and
complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I & type II
diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due
to the complications & identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus & the long term
complications that may transpire.
Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolic diseases
that affect about 6% of the population. The number of diabetic patients will reach 300 million in
2025. (International Diabetes Federation, 2001)
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Rosella L, 2012) The environmental factors include: drugs and toxic agents, obesity, viral infection
and physical inactivity. Genetic factors include inheritance, for example, if the parents have type II
diabetes, the child would have a much higher chance of having it as well. (Karin C. VanMeter, 2014)
Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type I diabetes mellitus is a diverse disorder characterized by destruction of pancreatic beta cells,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency. The majority causes related to an autoimmune–mediated
destruction of beta cells; small minority causes are related to an idiopathic destruction or failure of
beta cells. This type of diabetes is more severe. (Karin C. VanMeter, 2014)
Patients that are diagnosed with this type of diabetes are dependent on insulin. The amount of
insulin required is equaled to the metabolic needs of the body based on the patient's dietary intake
and their levels of metabolic activity. Acute complications include hypoglycemia or diabetic
ketoacidosis. (Karin C. VanMeter, 2014)
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels
of blood acids called ketones. This complication develops when the body does not produce enough
insulin. Type I diabetes is a major factor predisposing to cerebrovascular accident, myocardial
infarction, peripheral vascular disease, amputation, kidney failure and blindness. (Karin C.
VanMeter, 2014)

Carnitine Research Paper
Carnitine is a chemical found in red meat and whole milk. It is also an over–the–counter
supplement. It can be found on animals, bacteria, and some plants. It is a nutrient found mostly in
the liver and kidneys that transports fat to the mitochondria so that the fat can be turned into energy.
This energy is then stored in the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain. Carnitine is an amino acid that
can be found as a white crystalline powder. Carnitine can be found in three forms L–carnitine,
acetyl–L–carnitine, and propionyl–L–carnitine.
L–carnitine is the most widely available and least expensive. It helps to increase the amount of fat
the body burns, increases the energy level and promotes a healthy heart and circulation along with a
healthy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ten years later was the first documentation of patients with inborn errors in carnitine metabolism:
muscular carnitine deficiency and carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency. In 1977 was the
discovery of the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase–I by malonyl–CoA and the discovery of
carnitine palmitoyltransferase–II deficiency and the presence of carnitine palmitoyltransferase–I and
not carnitine palmitoyltransferase–II in erythrocytes.
Carnitine is used to help with heart conditions, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic neuropathy,
Alzheimer disease and memory impairment, kidney disease and dialysis, dietary sources, and
hyperthyroidism. Most people's bodies can make enough carnitine without any help but some like
babies that are born premature can not produce enough carnitine for their bodies. This is why some
people are prescribed to have more carnitine in their diets and sometimes they are also prescribed
carnitine

Does the Lack of Exercise and Healthy Eating Habits...
I am writing this paper to inform my reader of lifestyles that can contribute to PAD My audience
will be caregivers who care for people with this disease I will take the angle on what causes this
condition I need to know can this disease be prevented?
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a secondary result of atherosclerosis and it can develop in any of
your arteries. When atherosclerosis affects your arms and legs, it is called Peripheral Artery Disease.
Atherosclerosis is when the arteries become clogged with clumps of fat, cholesterol and other
material called atherosclerotic plaques which causes the arteries to become hard and narrow. These
plaques can make arteries so narrow that less blood flows through. You feel pain because your leg
muscles are not getting enough oxygenated blood. Oxygen is the fuel that muscles need to contract.
Oxygen is also needed to keep your cells living and when oxygen is not present your cells began to
die.
I am writing this paper because our family is dealing with my dear grandmother who is suffering
from PAD. She has been in daily pain for over 2 years now and the disease is progressing rapidly.
My mother, who is my grandmother's caregiver, has been living with her for about two years: caring
for her who despite losing all of her toes on both feet

History and Physical Examination Case 8 Essay
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION_______________________ Patient Name:
Chapman Robert Kinsey Patient ID: 110589 Room No.: 322–B Date of Admission: 23 February –––
Admitting Physician: Martha C. Eaton, MD, Geriatrics Chief Complaint: Admitted from Dr. Max
Hirsch's office due to deep ulcer on left toe. Admitting Diagnoses 1. Severe peripheral vascular
disease, status post deep ulcer on left toe. Rule out thrombolysis. The patient was admitted to a
regular floor. Condition is serious. 2. ALLERGY TO PENICILLIN, which puts patient into
anaphylactic shock. 3. Continue with home medications. DETAILS OF PRESENT ILLNESS: Mr.
Kinsey is an 87–year–old white gentleman with history of (1) Chronic atrial fibrillation, on
Coumadin. (2) Chronic deafness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PAST MEDICAL/SURGICAL HISTORY: As above. SOCIAL HISTORY: Status post heavy
smoking, 50+–pack–year history. He quit 10 years ago. Status post alcohol abuse, quit 3 or 4 years
ago. He lives by himself and no longer drives but has 2 daughters here in Miami who take him
where he needs to go. FAMILY HISTORY: Patient's wife died 14 years ago of COPD due to lifelong
smoking. Brother has diabetes mellitus. Unremarkable family history otherwise. REVIEW OF
SYSTEMS: No fever, no nausea, no vomiting. Patient has incontinence of bowel. No shortness of
breath, no chest pain, no palpitations. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Well–developed, well–
nourished white male who is alert and oriented x3. Wears bilateral hearing aids. Afebrile with blood
pressure 130/70. NECK: No carotid bruits. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation bilaterally. HEART: S1,
S2 normal. No murmur. No S3 or S4. ABDOMEN: Soft, nontender. No arterial bruits. No masses,
no organomegaly. EXTREMITIES: No edema. No pulses present in the lower extremities. The right
great toe is absent. The left great toe shows a 2 x 1 cm deep ulcer with redness around the toe with
pus extruding. PLAN 1. Get consult with Dr. Beth Brian, Infectious Disease. 2. Follow up with Dr.
Hirsch, Orthopedics. (Continued)
©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole
or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a passwordprotected

Nkda Case Studies Summary
Allergies: NKDA.
Family History:
Father: Deceased at the age of 48 from pulmonary embolism. He had diabetes and peptic ulcer
disease, peripheral vascular disease.
Mother: Died at age 63 from COPD.
Siblings: She had two brothers and one sister between 45 and 47–years old and they are healthy.
Children: No children.
Relatives: Her maternal grandmother and aunt had breast cancer.
Review of Systems:
General: No fever, chills, or fatigue, no weight change.
Eyes: No blurry vision, no double vision.
Ears/Nose: No ear pain or hearing loss. No sinus problems.
Mouth/Throat: No sore throat, no hoarseness. Good dentition.
Cardiovascular: No chest pain. She has dyspnea on exertion if she walks more than 20 steps. No
orthopnea or claudication. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has colostomy bag.
Extremities: No clubbing or cyanosis. She has bilateral pedal edema.
Neuro: Alert, awake, and oriented to place, time, and person. No motor or sensory deficits. Good
short and long–term memory.
Psychological: Affect is appropriate.
Medical records received and reviewed.
Assessment: A 48–year–old Caucasian female with history of end–stage renal disease secondary to
type 1 diabetes, multiple comorbidities, including severe peripheral vascular disease, recurrent
neurotrophic foot ulcers, status post multiple debridements, aortoiliac vascular disease, status post
aortobifemoral bypass, bilateral femoral popliteal bypass, history of vaginal warts secondary to
HPV, status post incomplete radiation and chemotherapy.
Plan: Given the patient's age and history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, she will have to be evaluated in
a center that is certified to perform kidney and pancreas transplants. I explained the process to the
patient. She understands our inability at this moment to proceed with kidney and pancreas transplant

evaluation and she is willing to be referred to another center with her nephrologist guidance. All the
patient's questions were answered [__17:30__]

Lab Report
Patient #1 will need several lab and diagnosis test ran on the current medication list. A CBC and
culture & sensitivity test is needed for the Vantin to determine if still needed for bacterial infection.
Potassium level along with renal function, bicarb and pH level should be monitored for mineral and
electrolyte replacement of potassium Chloride. Furosemide (Lasix), which is a diuretic, is being
administered 40mg PO daily. Electrolytes, renal function, hepatic function, glucose levels along
with uric acid level should be checked before therapy begins. Also, check for decrease in potassium,
sodium, calcium and magnesium. Patient #1 is on several benzodiazepines Librium 25mg Q8h,
Ativan 1mg every 1–2hrs orally as needed. And Serax 15mg ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Assessment of lung sounds, blood pressure and pulse, along with notation of color and character of
sputum production. Instruct patient to rinse mouth after use and practice proper oral hygiene. Lab
test required for Atorvastatin (Lipitor) a lipid lowering drug is evaluation of triglycerides and
cholesterol levels before therapy. Liver function should also be monitored, if serious liver injury
occurs such as hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice, discontinue use. Obtain assessment of diet history
including fat consumption. Celecoxib may cause an increase in AST & ALT levels. Also can cause
hypophosphatemia and rise in BUN. Assess swelling in joints and allergy to sulfonamides, aspirin,
or NSAID's. Monitor range of motion as well. Aspirin and Chopidogrel (Plavix) act as anti–platelet
and should be stopped 5–7 days prior to surgery if possible. With Plavix monitor bleeding time as
well as CBC with differential and platelet count during therapy. It may also cause an increase in
bilirubin, hepatic enzymes and total cholesterol. Assess for signs and symptoms of stroke, peripheral
vascular disease or MI. Glipizide and Metformin are both anti diabetic medications for type 2
diabetes. Glucose monitoring daily and renal functions should be test should be monitored
periodically. Observe and assess for hypoglycemia (sweating, hunger, weakness, dizziness,
tachycardia,

Systemic Scleroderma Essay
Scleroderma, also named Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is considered a rare systemic connective tissue
disease affecting mainly the skin and vascular system in the form of generalized microvascular
obliterative lesions affecting mainly the small and medium sized vessels (Black 1995). Current
thinking of SSc vascular disease suggests an autoimmune contribution, chemical modifications of
the endothelium and a possible viral trigger were proposed (Pandey and Leroy 1998).
In SSc, an imbalance in endothelial signals (increased endothelin release, reduced expression of
endothelial nitric oxide (NO) in the skin microvasculature and impaired endothelial dependent
vasodilatory mechanism, endothelial dependent relaxation factor (EDRF), enhanced platelet
aggregation and deficient sensory neuropeptides lead to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SSc severity scale in which nine organ systems and identified variables for each one which could be
used for defining severity. These systems are general system, peripheral vascular system, skin,
joint/tendon, skeletal muscle system, lung, heart, gastointerstinal tract and kidneys. On each organ
system, severity scales were developed from 0 (no documented involvement) to 4 (end stage
disease) for each organ system. This would be beneficial in disease status assessment (Medsger et al.
2007).
This study aimed to investigate cognitive function in adult patients with SSc who had no manifest
neurological involvement and find out if there is any correlation between cognitive impairment and
other disease severity parameters. Cognitive Function were assessed using a battery of sensitive
psychometric testing in addition to recording event–related potentials (ERPs), a neurophysiological
analogue of cognitive

Carnitine Annotated Bibliography
Carnitine is a chemical found in red meat and whole milk. It is also an over–the–counter
supplement. It can be found on animals, bacteria, and some plants. It is a nutrient found mostly in
the liver and kidneys that transports fat to the mitochondria so that the fat can be turned into energy.
This energy is then stored in the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain. Carnitine is an amino acid that
can be found as a white crystalline powder. Carnitine can be found in three forms L–carnitine,
acetyl–L–carnitine, and propionyl–L–carnitine.
L–carnitine is the most widely available and least expensive. It helps to increase the amount of fat
the body burns, increases the energy level and promotes a healthy heart and circulation along with a
healthy

Peripheral Vascular Disease
Background
Peripheral vascular disease is a disease that affects the peripheral circulatory system. PVD is also
referred to as peripheral arterial disease. PVD includes both the veins and the arteries. In PVD there
is a problem with blood flow due to a narrowing of blood vessels which is occurring from a different
pathology. The most common cause of PVD is atherosclerosis. Patients with PVD can range from
asymptomatic to severe and require amputations (Giorgi 2015).
Etiology
Peripheral vascular disease is divided into subcategories of functional and organic. "Functional PVD
does not involve physical problems in the blood vessels. It causes incidental or short–term
symptoms. These are usually spasms that occur erratically. Organic PVD involves changes in blood
vessel structure. This type of PVD causes inflammation, tissue damage, and blockages" (Giorgi
2015). The number one leading cause of peripheral vascular disease is atherosclerosis. "This is a
gradual process in which a fatty material builds up inside the arteries" (emedicinehealth 2015).
Other contributing factors to PVD include smoking, inactivity, diabetes, obesity, high blood
cholesterol, hypertension, emboli from another location, inflammation of blood vessels, injury to
blood vessels, and stress. (Giorgi 2015)
Pathology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final product is a plaque that then begins to narrow the path of blood flow in the arteries and can
potential cause a complete blockage. This can lead to ischemia and

Cerebral Vascular Disease
Cerebral vascular disease
These are atherosclerotic changes in cerebral blood vessels or the formation of an embolus
elsewhere in the vasculature that then lodges in a cerebral blood vessel which can lead to transient
ischemic attacks and strokes. Recovery from stroke may be impaired in diabetic patients whose
blood glucose level is elevated at the time of diagnosis. The following are symptoms of cerebro–
vascular disease: dizziness, decreased vision, slurred speech and weakness (Smeltzer & Bare
1996:1054).
Peripheral vascular disease
Atherosclerotic changes in the large blood vessels of the lower extremities are responsible for an
increased incidence of occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Signs and symptoms of peripheral
vascular disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Retinopathy is classified as background retinopathy, preproliferative retinopathy and proliferative
retinopathy. Background retinopathy is where there is partial occlusion of the small blood vessels in
the retina which result in microaneurysms in the capillary wall. These microaneurysms are weak and
capillary fluid leaks out causing edema and intraretinal haemorrhages.
Preproliferative retinopathy indicates further destruction of retinal capillaries. Proliferative
retinopathy is the severe form and the capillaries become occluded, and new blood vessels are
formed to supply the retina with blood. It is caused by damage to the sensitive blood vessels in the
eyes. Retinopathy can be worsened by severe hypertension because of the additional stress it places
on the blood vessels. Diabetic patients should be referred to ophthalmolgists for annual eye
examination (Baumann, Chang & Hoebeke 2002:191; Butterworth Medical Dictionary 1990:1467;
Campbell, Pearson, Ratner & Wysham 1997:69; Long term Complications [sa]:36; Recognition
[Sa]:31; Smeltzer & Bare

Testing Methods, Witnessing Of Data And Calculations
Spectranetics was founded in 1984, they provide expert tools, training and support designed to help
successfully manage every cardiac lead and to eradicate restenosis and amputation, saving time,
money and, most importantly, lives. For my co–op my day to day responsibilities include
performing daily testing for the new product at both the CA and MN site using new equipment
currently in the MN site. I will be also helping to manage the flow of the Fremont, CA lab,
reviewing of testing methods, witnessing of data and calculations. For this project, I will be working
directly with Timothy Hom as he is the manager of the Fremont lab. I will also be working closely
with the Maple Grove R&D team and Ying Yang (a Sr. Analytical Development Manager here at
Spectranetics, Fremont, CA) for the validation work required for completion of the project. Since
we are an FDA regulated facility, I must follow the FDA validation protocols in order to have this
equipment ready to be used for our testing purposes.
Project
Objective
The objective of this test method was to evaluate catheter preparation, deployment and retraction in
an iliofemoral tortuous path model and measure the total quantity and size of particulates generated
from the simulated use of Stellarex 035 paclitaxel–coated balloon catheters after catheter
preparation, deployment and retraction. The transferring and validation of particulate testing method
for our new product line from our Maple grove, Minnesota site to our

Lower-Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease Case Study
Individuals who are experiencing aching in their legs may have lower–extremity peripheral arterial
disease. The venous surgeons at Advanced Vascular Associates can assist individuals who are
suffering with aching legs through Aching legs treatment Mendham.
Lower–Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lower–extremity peripheral arterial disease occurs when the arteries in the legs are damaged and
have hardened. When the arteries in the legs are blocked or narrowed, adequate blood flow is
impossible. The inability of the muscles to receive the blood they need can lead to cramping and
pain in the lower legs. Another symptom commonly associated with the narrowing or blocking of
arteries is slow wound healing.
This painful cramping and aching frequently occurs as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aorta exits the heart, descending into the abdomen at which point it divides into the iliac
arteries, ultimately splitting into the femoral arteries at the groin.
The femoral artery descends along the back of the femur, knee and then branches into smaller
arteries responsible for providing oxygenated blood to the lower legs, feet and toes.
Individuals who are experiencing cramping and pain in their legs should consider seeking aching
legs treatment Mendham at Advanced Vascular Associates. Dedicated staff members and venous
surgeons ensure that patients receive the best venous care possible in and around Mendham.
Understanding the Venous System of the Leg
The venous system returns the deoxygenated blood to the heart. This deoxygenated blood carries the
waste products of metabolism, including carbon dioxide away from the muscles and up to the torso,
where they are disposed of.
The leg has two sets of veins the deep venous system and the superficial

Cardiovascular Disease: Different Types Of CVD Around The...
Celeah LeBlanc
Professor Wiley
KINE 1338–006
3 March 2018
Title
While some of us do not experience having any kind of cardiovascular diseases, there are others
who have to go through the complications of having one of them. Not only do people have exposure
to having a cardiovascular disease, but there are different kinds of them that can affect different
areas of your body. For example, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), peripheral
vascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart disease are the six
different types of CVDs.
Out of the six, ischemic heart disease is the most common type of CVD around the world. With this
condition, there is a blockage of blood circulation to the heart,

Complications of Diabetes Essay
Complications of Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing primarily vascular complications that
contribute to morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Poor glycaemic control leads to vascular
complications that affect large (macrovascular), small (microvascular) vessels or both.
Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke.
Microvascular complications contribute to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy
(kidney disease) and retinopathy (eye disease).
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone
to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moreover, CVD mortality risk in men with T2D is increased three times comparing with non
diabetic men (Church et al., 2009). Hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity and smoking
are other major risk factor for CVD.
Glucose fluctuations has been suggested as a main contributor to both micro and macrovascular
complications, therefore tight glycaemic control was fought to benefit in patients with type diabetes
mellitus. However, individual results from tree recent clinical trials–the Action to Control
Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease:
Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE trial), and the
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) failed to support a significant reduction in CVD events in
the intensive glycaemic groups (Buse et al., 2007; Patel et al., 2008; Duckworth et al., 2009). In fact,
in those studies intensive glucose control may increase risk in older patients with pre–existing CHD
or longer duration of diabetes.
Furthermore, despite the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) did not show a significant trend
in the reduction of myocardial infarction (MI) rates, the 10–year follow up of this trial

Pathogenesis Of Arthrosclerosis
The pathogenesis of arthrosclerosis is a progressive disease of the vascular system, it starts while we
are young and progresses throughout our lives. The progression of arthrosclerosis, starts with an
injury to the endothelial lining of the arteries, from such diseases as, hypertension, high cholesterol,
diabetes and smoking. The damage to the endothelial cells causes dysfunction and the area with
endothelial cell inflammation draws leukocytes, cholesterol, vascular smooth muscle cells and other
debris, the buildup creates atherosclerotic plaque deposits in areas on an artery wall causing an
inflammatory process (Hoffman, 2007).
Over time the buildup of plaque on the artery walls produces hardening of the vessel walls and
blockages that slow the flow of blood throughout the body. Arthrosclerosis affects the heart,
peripheral arteries and the carotid and cerebral arteries that supply blood flow to the brain
(Arthrosclerosis, 2014). The effect on the body from arthrosclerosis causes other diseases to form,
peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, renal disease and stroke (Story,
2011). If the plaque buildup ruptures or breaks off, it forms a thrombus or blood clot that can cause a
stroke, heart attack or even death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those over forty–years old have a fifty percent chance of developing arthrosclerosis and the chances
increase as we age. Ways to prevent arthrosclerosis or keeping it from worsening are to stop
smoking, eat a healthier diet, exercise and medications. Diabetics are at a higher risk for developing
arthrosclerosis because of the high levels of glucose in the blood that damages the vessel, which
creates inflammation and gives particles in the blood a place to stick and form plaque

Cardiac Overloads
Abstract
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute and depends on heart rate,
contractility, preload, and afterload. Understanding the supply and the practical relevance of each of
these four components is important in interpreting the values of cardiac output.
Afterload is the intraventricular pressure sufficient to open the aortic valve allowing ejection of the
ventricular contents, Or the load against which the ventricle contracts or otherwise stress the wall
during ventricular ejection.
On the right side, it is expressed as Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) and on the left side as
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (SVR). The greater the afterload, the lower the cardiac output, the
greater the pressure of the right atrium.
The higher the aortic pressure, the higher the LV afterload. It is usually measured at the end of
systole. The most common influence on afterload is vascular tone or resistance to blood flow. In
addition, other factors, such as valve stenosis or blood viscosity, can affect the afterload. Vascular
resistance is controlled and manipulated with drugs to increase or decrease afterload.1–2
When considering post–load equivalent to systolic stress, an interrelation and interdependence
between preload and afterload are revealed.
The increase in afterload ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diuretics and digitalis constitute conventional therapy for congestive heart failure, but systemic
vasodilators offer an innovative approach in acute and chronic heart failure by decreasing the
increase in systolic wall ventricular stress by reducing aortic and/or impedance reduces cardiac
venous return. As a result, vasodilators increase cardiac output (CO) by decreasing peripheral
vascular resistance (PVR) and/or decrease left ventricular end–diastolic pressure (LVEDP) by
decreasing venous

Peripheral Vascular Disease Essay
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) indicates to diseases of blood vessels outside the heart and brain.
It's frequently the narrowing of vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys. Two
types of PVD: Functional PVDs these diseases often have symptoms related to "spasm" that may
come and go. Organic PVDs are caused by structural changes in the blood vessels. Instances could
include inflammation and tissue damage. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a type of organic PVD.
This caused by fatty buildups, atherosclerosis in the inner walls of arteries as a result, these fatty
build–ups block normal blood flow
Peripheral artery disease and cancer are prevalent conditions that often coexist. Thromboembolic
complications are the

Peripheral Muscular Disease Research Paper

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