Reliable Computation And Fault Tolerance Web Application...

Reliable Computation And Fault Tolerance Web Application...
Reliable Computation and Fault Tolerance Web Application Design on Amazon EC2 Keshav
Khandelwal and Pravesh Shah Department of Computer Science, California State University Long
Beach, USA Group number 11 Abstract– As Cloud Computing is considered as the most influential
technology in IT world which provides many facilities and increases the capability of our system
without any extra hardware installment. So this paper focuses on the fault tolerance of web
application by one of the major cloud service provider Amazon. We will provide the ways on the
process adopted by Amazon and how we can improve the existing techniques of fault tolerance. We
provide the detail infrastructure of the Amazon Web application design. Also the important part
covered in this paper is the computation done in cloud computing. As it is required that the
computation should be in complete secure way and also doesn't get infected by malicious and faulty
cloud. So we define the ways to employ the method and how to distribute the data to different
clouds. We will demonstrate this using the calculation of matrix multiplication. I INTRODUCTION
As today, IT world is heavily based on cloud computing and most of the companies had earned
billions through this technology like Google, Salesforce and Amazon. As Amazon is considered the
top E–commerce company of the world so customers expect 24*7 services from them. Even the
server drop of single minute
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Analysis : The Tony Chips Website
Executive Summary The Tony Chips website is going to be transformed from and external hosting
solutions to the internal hosting solutions. This website will also be redesigned in order to allow the
clients for placing online orders. These are two different tasks and there is need for treating them
differently and also needs different people in the team to handle them. Several alternatives are
available for this purpose that can give use solutions of hosting the website internally. These options
are related to both software and hardware options. The purpose of this paper is to assess the tasks
that are needed to perform in this case, documenting the procedure of all the tasks carried out and
also the justification for the choice of the hardware and software made in this project.
Hosting Solutions There are two different options for the hosting of this website. The website of
Tony Chips can be hosted by getting the services of some external firms who control their own
servers and services. This kind of option is good for the start–up ventures and those websites which
don't need a lot of bandwidth, storage customization and monitoring. When the firm wants to control
the website and the method it is controlled and hosted, they may choose to get the service of servers.
Along with these types of services, firms can employ large forms of servers which can be rented out
to one or more servers to the firm. This will allow the firm to the contributed servers that they
themselves

Fuzzy Logic Based N Version Programming For Improving...
Fuzzy logic based N Version Programming for improving Software Fault Tolerance Introduction:
The N–version software concept attempts to parallel the traditional hardware fault tolerance concept
of N–way redundant hardware. In an N–version software system, each module is made with up to N
different implementations. Each variant accomplishes the same task, but hopefully in a different
way. Each version then submits its answer to voter or decider which determines the correct answer,
(hopefully, all versions were the same and correct,) and returns that as the result of the module. This
system can hopefully overcome the design faults present in most software by relying upon the
design diversity concept. An important distinction in N–version software is the fact that the system
could include multiple types of hardware using multiple versions of software. The goal is to increase
the diversity in order to avoid common mode failures. Using N–version software, it is encouraged
that each different version be implemented in as diverse a manner as possible, including different
tool sets, different programming languages, and possibly different environments. The various
development groups must have as little interaction related to the programming between them as
possible. N–version software can only be successful and successfully tolerate faults if the required
design diversity is met. The dependence on appropriate specifications in N–version software, (and
recovery blocks,)

The Components Of Centralized Expretation In The...
3.4. Centralized approach
The centralized approach is to recognize the most frequently used approach and to diagnose
abnormal data readouts caused by a monitoring process, malfunctions of the components of the
sensor node, or environmental events. In the centralized failure detection, each sensor node
periodically collects its read and sends a packet on the radio to the central base node responsible for
identifying faulty sensor nodes in WSN. In this concern, there are many research activities were
reported. Gupta and Younis tried to provide a tolerant grouping mechanism to fail to provide the
sensor by performing a sensor recovery in the runes in which the bridge has recovered. The
mechanism is separated into two phases: 1) detection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CNBD analyzed the aggregated data to the sink by the transfer time from end to end to obtain a
higher battery power of each node [83]. Guo and et. al. have suggested a Faulty Node Detection
(FIND) to WSN. FIND is a method for nodes with data errors capturing a centralized approach,
without specific recognition model taking into account. It is measured to measure the signal
attenuation distance [84]. Saihi and et al. used to create a centralized error detection method based
on clustering approach, the exchange of messages heartbeat actionable scalable and balanced
applications for WSN [85]. In April 2016, Tahir and et al. evaluated a nominal power consumption
in wireless sensor networks through a system through which a small number of high energy nodes
collect both location information and the residual power state of the read nodes, then they are
transmitted to the base station (BS). The authors suggested an algorithm in which a minor
proportion of the high energy nodes are used to transmit each node's information to the Base Station
(BS) [86].
3.5. Distributed approach
The decentralized approach is about capturing central resources for detection and faster localization
and healing. It combines the availability of the information back to leverage the central approach
and low overhead communication. In distributed detection of errors, the sensor nodes

Server Clustering Technology And Cloud Computing Essay
Introduction The current report focuses on Server Clustering Technology and Cloud Computing.
Server clustering and cloud computing are the latest technology used in the world widely. A cluster a
parallel or distributed system that consists of a collection of interconnected computer systems or
servers that is used as a single unified computing unit. Members of a cluster are referred to as nodes
or systems. The invention of Cloud computing has helped in ever–faster and ever–cheaper
computa¬tion. Analysis  Cluster A Cluster is defined as a group of independent server (nodes) in a
computer system, which are accessed and presented as a single system and in turn enables high
availability and, in few cases, cluster also plays important role in load balancing and parallel
processing. Since it is hard to predict the number of requests that will be allocated to a networked
server, clustering also plays vital role for load balancing to distribute processing and
communications activity consistently across a network system so that no particular server is
overloaded. Server clusters can be used to make sure that users have constant access to important
server–based resources. Types:– Server clusters are of three types, depending on how the nodes are
connected to the devices that store the cluster configuration and state data. It should be stored in a
way that allows each active node to obtain the data even if single or more nodes are down. The data
that is stored on a resource, it is

Fault Tolerance – Application Software Essay examples
Fault Tolerance – Application Software
Introduction
Today's business requirements drive the necessity for software applications that enable organizations
to maintain constant and continuous availability. We are living in a 24/7 world. Brick and mortar
businesses that only needed to worry about the security of their hard assets after closing for the day
now have websites allowing customers to shop online at their convenience. Simply establishing a
web presence is not enough to compete in the market. Business–to–business (B2B) and business–to–
customer (B2C) commerce requires a high–availability strategy with planning and solutions for a
fault tolerant system with 24–hour access. An organization offering goods and services on the ...
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The business operation's systems performance can be severely impacted by software faults, so it is
essential to limit, control and contain the (possible) damage by faulty software.
For some applications, software fault tolerance is more of a safety issue than reliability. There can
be legal or regulatory requirements to fault tolerance. For many B2B and B2C transactions, fault
tolerance is a business decision. There are other organizations whose charter is driven by the
implementation of a fault tolerant system. For example, the aviation industry is required to meet
strict specifications for hardware and software. Airlines board over 500 million passengers per year.
The transportation of such large numbers of human life would demand fault tolerance environments
of robust safety and reliability. In the nuclear industry, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
developed a tool to assess software reliability systems by modeling redundant systems with analysis
of failure data and calculations of availability. The International Society for Pharmaceutical
Engineering provides risk–based guidance to encourage cost effective error detection and failure
prevention. Companies that strive to maintain accurate and comprehensive environmental data are
regulated with

Security And Privacy For The Cloud Essay
Abstract: One of the main reasons to deliver security and privacy for the data in cloud computing is,
as it utilizes distributed resources in an unsecured location or environment to allocate their services
among people that belong to different organizations [1]. Enlargement in cloud adoption rates will
result in increased computing security problems [2]. The greatest terror of cloud clients is that, most
of the companies are not relaxed or comfortable accumulating their data and applications on systems
that exists outside of their own assumed data centers [3]. Increased security of potential unwarranted
approach and discovery to customer's personal information is caused by relocating workloads to a
distributed infrastructure. Data security and privacy protection issues are relevant to both hardware
and software in the cloud architecture. This study is to review different security challenges and
solutions for protecting data in the cloud and also aims at enhancing the data security and privacy
protection for the trustworthy cloud environment. In this paper, we made a research analysis of an
overview of security and privacy levels in secure provisioning and composition, about the interfaces
which are been provided to user throughout the data storage and recovery and backup techniques
which have been developed in the cloud p province where the data of the clients can be backed
up[4] Key Words: security, privacy, cloud computing, threats, data integrity. Introduction: Cloud

Control Strategies for Quad-Inverter Multiphase-Multilevel...
4.1 Minimization of power loss in faulty condition with balanced power sharing between the two
three–phase windings {1} and {2}
Balanced current sharing between the two three–phase windings {1} and {2} can be realized in
post–fault con¬ditions by simply setting ki = 1/2. Power (voltage) sharing co–efficient kv(2) to
synthesize v(2) between inverters VSIH(2) and VSIL(2).
Subsequently, the usage of VSIH(2) and VSIL(2) allows not an optimal from the point of inverter
losses, when the desired output voltage can be synthesized with just one VSIH(2) or VSIL(2).
Therefore, inverters VSIH(1) can propagate with just VSIH(2) and VSIL(2) set to zero voltage
output or vice versa providing exactly the same operating characteristics. Now, the ... Show more
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(20)
In the next section, numerical simulation tests with complete ac motor drive system and
experimental tests are conducted in open–loop configuration to validate the proposed quad–
in¬verter control scheme in healthy and post–fault conditions.
5. Simulation and Experimental Implementation Results
The main motor numerical simulation pa¬rameters are given in Table 1. Whole quad–inverter
multiphase–multi¬level six–phase asymmetrical open–end stator windings motor system was
numerical implemented by the PLECS/ Matlab simulation package.
The main hardware prototype parameters of the four 2–level VSIs and six–phase R–L impedance
load are given in Table 2. For simplicity in implementation, experimental tests are carried out by
two DSP TMS320F2812 processor, each one controlling two three–phase inverter (H and L) in
open–loop scheme with six–phase R–L impedance load in open–ends con¬figuration [24–26].
In detail, the DSP–1 (modulates inverters VSIH(1) and VSIL(1)) board serves as master control unit
performs all calculations. DSP–2 (modulates inverters VSIH(2) and VSIL(2)) board serves as slave
control unit, receives the modulating signals from the DSP–1 modulates inverters VSIH(2) and
VSIL(2)) through multi–channel buffered serial port communication channel protocol (McBSP)
interconnected by data cables between DSPs, details include synchronization, individual

Security and Information Protection
Q1. NAME AND DESCRIBE THREE AUTHENTICATION METHODS.
Authentication is defined by Essentials Guide as is the process of determining whether someone or
something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be.
Authentication means verifying the identity of someone (a user, device, or an entity) who wants to
access data, resources, or applications. Validating that identity establishes a trust relationship for
further interactions.
Authentication is the first step in access control, and there are three common methods used for
authentication:
What you have method: – Examples of this method includes keys, badges, ID, pass cards/smart
card, tokens. These are physical objects and go towards identifying you by what you physically
"own". A smart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intrusion detection systems monitor the most vulnerable points or "hotspots" in a network to detect
and deter unauthorized intruders. These systems often also monitor events as they happen to look for
security attacks in progress. Sometimes they can be programmed to shut down a particularly
sensitive part of a network if it receives unauthorized traffic.
Antivirus software is a computer program that detects, prevents, and takes action to disarm or
remove malicious software programs, such as viruses and worms. These tools are critical for users to
have installed and updated because a computer without anti–virus software installed will be infected
within minutes of connecting to the internet. Antivirus software is designed to check computer
systems and drives for the presence of computer viruses and worms and often eliminates the
malicious software, whereas antispyware software combats intrusive and harmful spyware
programs. Often the software can eliminate the virus from the infected area. To be effective,
antivirus software must be continually updated.
Q3. EXPLAIN HOW ENCRYPTION PROTECTS INFORMATION.
From Wikipedia: Encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext)
using an algorithm (called a cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special
knowledge, usually referred to as a key. Encryption, the coding and scrambling of messages, is a
widely used technology for

Planning Of Implementation Of Proposed Work Essay
Planning of Implementation of proposed work This plan is the basis for the execution and tracking
of all activities that are components of the project. An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to
initialize with a full specification of requirements. Instead, development of the software begins by
specifying and implementing just part of it, which can then be verified and reviewed in order to
identify further requirements. This process is then repeated many times iteratively, producing a new
version of the software for each cycle of the model by improving it step by step. In iterative model
we are building and improving the product step by step. Hence we can identify the defects at early
stages of the project development.This helps to avoids the downward flow of the defects. In iterative
model, we can get the reliable user feedback time to time. While presenting sketches and blueprints
of the product to users for their valuable feedback, we are effectively asking them to imagine how
the product will work. In iterative model little time is spent on documenting process and more time
is given for designing part. We can use the iterative mode for software development when the
requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood and also the project is big
scale. Figure 3.1: Iterative Waterfall Model GHRIET–Pune, Department of Computer Engineering,
2016 Fault Tolerant System For 3 hop routing protocol in HWN's 11 Table 3.1: Implementation Plan
Task

Compare And Contrast An Apache Spark Data Set With A Data...
3. Provide short answers (in one to two paragraphs) to the following questions [Part A, 20+40 = 60
marks] Provide a PDF (or Word) file named q3.pdf for this question. Provide two plain text file
Spark/Scala program files q3b–1.scala and q3b–2.scala. Programming Related: a. Compare and
contrast an Apache Spark data set with a data frame. (5 marks) The differences between Apache
Spark dataset and dataframe is based on multiple areas including, representation of data,
immutability, and interoperability, among others. A dataframe refers to a distributed data collection
that has been organized into named columns. On the other hand, dataset refers to dataframe API
extension that offers type–safe functionality, RDD API's object–oriented ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reservoir sampling is a method for choosing an item uniformly at random from an arbitrarily long
stream of data; for example, the sequence of packets that pass through a router, or the sequence of IP
addresses that access a given web page. Like all data stream algorithms, this algorithm must process
each item in the stream quickly, using very little memory. GETONESP1.E(srream S): t 4–0 while S
is not done x i– next item in S if RANDOM(t) = 1 sample.–x (*) return sample At the end of the
algorithm, the variable £ stores the length of the input stream S; this number is not known to the
algorithm in advance. IfS is empty, the output of the algorithm is (correctly!) undefined. In the
following, consider an arbitrary non–empty input stream S, and let n denote the (unknown) length of
S. Framework Related: c. Discuss the main differences between Apache Hadoop with Apache Spark.
(10 marks) Apache Spark is a general–purpose & lightning fast cluster computing system. It
provides high– level API. For example, Java: Scala, Python and R. Apache Spark is a tool for
Running Spark Applications. Spark is 100 times faster than Bigdata Hadoop and 10 times faster than
accessing data from disk. On the other hand, Hadoop is an open source, Scalable, and Fault tolerant
framework written in Java. It efficiently processes large volumes of data

Study Of Hbase A Nonsql Database Essay
Study of Hbase–A NonSql Database
Abstract:
With the expansion of the internet, there has been an exponential growth in the data being collected
from various social media, searching patterns and online transactions. This rapid growth of data has
become difficult to be handled by relational database, thus they have been replaced with NoSql
databases. The NoSql databases are distributed databases that have the ability to store and process
large volumes of data.
This study is focused on HBase database which is a column–oriented NoSql database. HBase is
Apache's open source database that is modeled after Google's BigTable technology. It uses Java as
the API and is developed on top of the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) to store and process
large quantities of data, maintaining reliability and fault tolerance. This database is being used by
many big enterprises including Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo to store and process large quantities of
data in efficient and cost effective manner.
Together HBase and HDFS allow low cost hardware to be used to provide a reliable and fault
tolerant data management solution that is highly scalable solution to meet the challenges of rapidly
growing data efficaciously.
Keywords: BigData, No Sql database, Hadoop, MapReduce, HBase, HFDS
I. Introduction:
The data managed on the internet has been rising exponentially. Everyday companies collect user
data in large volumes from various sources like online transactions, search queries, mobile

What Does Spark Can Give The Better Performance Than...
6. What is spark?
Spark is an in memory cluster computing framework which falls under the open source Hadoop
project but does not follow the two stage map–reduce paradigm which is done in Hadoop distributed
file system (HDFS) and which is meant and designed to be faster. Spark, instead support a wide
range of computations and applications which includes interactive queries, stream processing, batch
processing, iterative algorithms and streaming by extending the idea of MapReduce model. The
execution time is the most important factor for every process which processes large amount of data.
While considering large amount of data, the time it usually takes for the exploration of data and
execution of queries can be thought of in terms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also it manages to reduce the overhead of maintaining separate tools. Spark provides flexible access
as it offers API in different programming languages like Python, JAVA, Scala and SQL and it
provides rich built in libraries to offer different functionalities. It can also be integrated with
different big data tools like it can run on Hadoop clusters.
6.1 A Unified Stack
Figure 1–1. The Spark Stack
Spark is an integration of closely integrated components. These components can be combined to
gather and can be used as if simply including multiple libraries in our project. There are multiple
components in Spark and all are important in their own way and are dependent on each other. Spark
can be considered as a computational engine at its core which is important for scheduling,
monitoring applications and distribution of many applications and contains many computational
tasks throughout the computing clusters. It uses high level components to handle the task workload
such as Machine learning. In Spark, components are closely coupled which has several advantages
such as any improvement in lower layers makes the higher level libraries and component perform
better. Consider the case when the optimization is added, SQL and machine learning libraries also
give better performance. Other most important benefit is that it reduces the costs of running the
stack as it does not have to run different software independently. These costs are mostly related to

The Analysis And Fault Tolerence Of Software Environment
PERFOMANCE ANALYSIS AND FAULT TOLERENCE OF SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
S. Umamageswri* & T. Arulselvam**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts
College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
** Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Thiru Kolanjiappar Government Arts
College, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu
Abstract
Fault tolerance is the characteristic of a system that tolerates the class of failures. It will analysis the
performance and enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level,
rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The system as a whole is not
stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. [1][2] Fault tolerance is the ability
for software to detect and recover from a fault that is happening or has already happened in either
the software or hardware in the system in which the software is running in order to provide service
in accordance with the specification. [3]Fault tolerance is not a solution unto itself however, and it is
important to realize that software fault tolerance is just one piece necessary to create the next
generation of systems. A highly fault–tolerance system might continue at the same level of
performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a
backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power fails
[4].
Keywords: fault tolerance of software,

Network Analysis : The Provided Global Finance Inc. Essay
The provided Global Finance Inc. network diagram scenario offers a layout of the organization's
mission critical systems. From the provided diagram, it's quite evident that Global Finance, Inc. has
implemented a good number of network devices, which basically boost the efficiency and security
of the company's systems. Essentially, the network has been designed in a manner that helps
minimize network failures. Just like the case with any other business, customer satisfaction and
network security is crucial for GFI. Although GFI's network has not experienced any massive
failures or full scale network outages, prevention of risks is important for the firm if it would like
thrive in a world whereby network security plays a significant role as described by Kahate (2013).
As a financial institution, network outages or rather network instability or unavailability can cost the
firm a lot of money since its cash flow and financial systems rely on network stability and
availability. The company has a history of DoS network attacks, whose recovery has been a costly
process for the company. Money is not the only thing lost during a network attack, customer
confidence deteriorates. Clients tend to field unsatisfied or rather less confident if their financial
institution has not implemented the best steps to address vulnerabilities within its information
system so as to curb network breaches.
The purpose of this paper is to re–evaluate Global Finance's network infrastructure in order to

A Novel Fault Tolerant Redundancy Policy
Computer Networks Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: COMNET–D–14–2511 Title: A Novel
Fault–tolerant Redundancy Policy in Information Centric Network Article Type: SI:Fault Tolerant
Comm Nets Abstract: Information–Centric Networking (ICN) is a new emerging concept, in which
the principal paradigm shifts from the traditional end–to–end connection to the information–centric
communication model. The common characteristic of ICN is leveraging in–network caching by
equipping all routers with storage to achieve efficient content distribution. The character of in–
network caching makes the ICN architecture very different from traditional IP network in the aspect
of network redundancy, which play a vital role in the reliability and availability of network services.
However, how to employ appropriate redundancy in ICN to enable a high level of reliability remains
unknown. In this paper, we present a novel fault–tolerant redundancy policy that takes the caching
performance of ICN into account to solve the aforementioned problem. Extensive experiments
carried out on a real–world network topology have been performed to evaluate the proposed
scheme, and experiment results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the
network performance. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 A Novel Fault–tolerant Redundancy Policy in Information

Low Power Noise Tolerant Latch Design
In this paper an ultra low power and probabilistic based noise tolerant latch is proposed based on
Markov Random Field
(MRF) theory. The absorption laws and H tree logic combination techniques are used to reduce the
circuit complexity of MRF noise tolerant latch. The cross coupled latching mechanism is used at the
output of the MRF latch inorder to preserve the noise tolerant capability of MRF latch. The
proposed latch is faster than the latches presented in the literature and provides low power and high
noise immunity.
Hence we can achieve good trade off in terms of performance, robustness and cost. The latches are
evaluated in 180nm CMOS technology. The results obtained show that the proposed latch consumes
low power and highly noise tolerant.
Finally the proposed latch is applied in transmission gate based full adder circuit. In 180nm
technology the proposed adder can operate reliably with superior noise tolerance and low power
compared to conventional latch based full adder circuit. Keywords–Markov Random Field (MRF)
latch, Markovian Property, C–element, Single Event Upset (SEU), Soft error tolerant, Root Mean
Square (RMS) noise voltage.
1. INTRODUCTION
CMOS technology is approaching the nano–electronics range nowadays, but experiences some
practical limits. High dynamic power dissipation and leakage current in deep submicron
technologies contribute a major proportion of total power dissipation in CMOS circuits designed for

The New Dimension Of Cloud Computing
ABSTRACT THE NEW DIMENSION OF CLOUD COMPUTING HAS BRING US TO THE
WORLD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. AND ALSO CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDE A
VARIETY OF BENEFITS LIKE FASTER, IN THE NEED OF PROVISIONING OF
RESOURCES, REDUCED COST, MULTI–TENANCY, THERE ARE SAME RISKS AND FAULT
RELATED WITH IT, THE KEY RESEARCH CHALLENGE IN CLOUD COMPUTING IS TO
ENSURE CONTINUOUS RELIABILITY AND MAKE SURE AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES
PROVIDED,FAULT TOLERANT (FT) SYSTEM IN CLOUD COMPUTING THERE IS A NEED
FOR A ROBUST TO BETTER UNDERSTAND FAULT TOLERANT IN CLOUD COMPUTING,
IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS IN THIS
RESEARCH PAPER, WE SHOW UP THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF FAULT TOLERANCE BY
UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT FT POLICIES LIKE REACTIVE FT ... Show more
Based on the services provided, Cloud is differentiated into Software as a Service Platform as a
Service and Infrastructure as a Service In, Cloud providers develop, host and Operate domain speci
fic applications which can be accessed by the end users on a pay–as–you–go demand basis. In, the
platform is provided as service where application developers can build application without any
stress of managing or buying large servers or underlying developing tools. And in, infrastructure
resources like operating system, storage, processors and networking compo–nents are offered as
service where companies can deploy and run random software. 1. Resubmission: When a fault is
identify, the task issubmitted either to the same or to a different resource at aruntime without
interrupting the workflow of the system Both proactive and reactive fault tolerance metho–dology
have advantages and disadvantages, there are some test results which clearly points out that steps
technique proactive fault tolerant method are efficient than checkpoint/restarttechnique reactive fault
tolerant method Even though proactive And also it provide fault tolerance platform is capa–ble of
executing messages using Message Passing Interface In order to hold fault tolerance in a Distri–
buted Multithread. Check pointing is used to enables the end user pro–pose a fault tolerance modelin
the cloud computing. In this model, the faults are managedbase on the re–liability of

Prototyping Approach For Design Analysis And Testing Of...
Aktas, Y. O., Ozdemir, U., Dereli, Y., Tarhan, A. F., Cetin, A., Vuruskan, A. . . . Inalhan, G. (2014,
May). A low cost prototyping approach for design analysis and flight testing of the TURAC VTOL
UAV. Paper presented at the International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS),
Orlando, FL. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842354 Presented at the 2014 International
Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICAUS), this paper identifies the need for a low cost
approach that is effective in building commercial based small unmanned VTOLs. The researchers'
discuss and analyze the TURAC, which is an easily reproduced tilt rotor VTOL. The paper details
the design, manufacturing process, and platform architecture of the TURAC. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The paper also presented a design which reduces the number of actuators compared to more
traditional models. Since this design configuration suggests newer development strategies, further
comparison research is necessary to develop an optimal baseline configuration. Research
considerations also need to include under what conditions the platform will be operating and overall
objectives. Muranoka, K., Okada, N., & Kubo, D. (2009, April). Quad tilt wing VTOL UAV:
Aerodynamic characteristics and prototype flight test. Paper presented at AIAA Infotech Aerospace
Conference, Seattle, WA.. Retrieved from https://arc–aiaa–
org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/doi/pdf/10.2514/6.2009–1834 This paper was written to describe
an unmanned quad tilt wing VTOL which is capable of both efficient hover and forward cruise
performance. The researchers' goal is to design and build a small prototype to demonstrate the
operational capabilities and applications of such a design throughout all phases of flight. Extensive
wind tunnel testing was conducted to determine the optimal aerodynamic characteristics needed for
a quad tilt–wing VTOL UAS. The results of research and testing validated the authors' concept but
further development is required in the areas of flight control and wind configurations. This paper
supports further research into the concept of VTOL UAS because the proof of concept was validated
through actual flight testing. Stable flight was achieved throughout all

Mobile Cloud Technology And Technology
Abstract– the great emergence of mobile cloud computing has gained lots of interest in these recent
years. Mobile cloud computing consists of mobile devices and cloud computing offering mobile
cloud environment by using a huge number of different mobile devices. Any device uses mobility
such as laptops, tablets, and smart phones is considered as a mobile device. Due to the great
improvement of wireless networks like 4G and the expansion of use of mobile device, many
researchers are interested to provide different methods to use mobile resources for distributed
processes to compute many applications in mobile cloud environment. Although the last mobile
devices have improved processing power, there are some limitations in power capacity,
unpredictable network conditions, and connections availability that must be considered in order to
use mobile devices as resource. These dynamic changes may disconnect a mobile device from the
cloud computing and then prevent applications from completion. In other words, these problems
may cause a system to fault more frequently due to these changes. Therefore, in order to increase the
stability of these devices, there should be a monitoring technique to tolerate system faults. In this
paper, we focus on Markov Chain, which precisely collects and analyzes the information of states
and proactively predicts the status of future state in order to solve the volatility and instability of
mobile devices. Also, we study two fault tolerant methods,

A Brief Note On High Performance Computing ) Frameworks...
HPC (high performance computing) frameworks are based on both software and hardware
platforms. The mechanism called fault tolerance is nothing but process which allows system
(frequently software based) to continue working properly in case of failure of its components (one
or more faults) on MPI (message passing interface). In HPC systems like grid computing, cloud
computing etc. fault tolerance method highly applicable in order to ensure that long operating
applications are finished their tasks according to time. Therefore, there are different types of fault
tolerance methods introduced in literature.
The goal of this section is to present the study on various fault tolerance methods with its working
and issues associated for HPC systems on MPI computations. Fault tolerance methods are basically
divided into five main research points listed below:
– Migration methods
– Redundancy methods
– Failure masking methods
– Failure semantic methods
– Recovery methods
Paste your text here and click on "Next" to look at this text redact do it 's factor. don 't have any text
to check? don 't have any text to check? Click "Select Samples".Data migration is the method of
transferring data between storage types, formats, or computer systems. Data migration is typically
performed programmatically to attain an automated migration, liberating up human resources from
tedious tasks. It is needed once organizations or people amendment laptop systems or upgrade to
new systems, or

Apache Spark Resilient Distributed Datasets
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Spark Core 2
 2.1 Transformations 2
 2.2 Actions 2
3 Spark SQL 3
4 Spark Streaming 4
5 GraphX 4
6 MLlib Machine Learning library 4
7 How to Interact with Spark 5
8 Shared Variables 5
8.1 Broadcast Variables: 5
8.2 Accumulators: 5
9 Sample Word Count Application 6
10 Summary 8
References 8
Abstract
Cluster computing frameworks like MapReduce has been widely successful in solving numerous
Big data problems. However, they tend to use one well none map and reduce pattern to solve these
problems. There are many other class of problems that cannot fit into this closed box which may be
handed using other set of programming model. This is where Apache Spark comes in to help solve
these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Spark 's RDDs function as a working set for distributed programs that offers a (deliberately)
restricted form of distributed shared memory. [3]
The availability of RDDs facilitates the implementation of both iterative algorithms that visit their
dataset multiple times in a loop, and exploratory data analysis, which is the querying of data
repeatedly. The latency of applications builds with spark compared to Hadoop, a MapReduce
platform may be reduced by several orders of magnitude. [3]
Another key aspect of apache spark is that it makes writing code easy and quickly. This is as a result
of over 80 high level operators included in with spark library. This is evidence as spark comes with a
REPL an interactive shell. The REPL can be used t0 test the outcome of each line of code without
coding the entire job. As a result, ad–hoc data analysis is possible and code is made much shorter.
Apache Spark is well complemented with set of high–level libraries that can be easily used in the

same application. These include Spark SQL, Spark Streaming, MLlib and GraphX which we will
explain in details in this paper. 2 Spark Core
Spark core is at the base of the apache spark foundation. It provides distributed task dispatching,
scheduling, and basic I/O capabilities which is exposed through a common API (JAVA, Scala,
Python and R) centered on the RDD concept. [1] As the core it provides the following:
 Memory management and fault recovery.
 Scheduling,

Information Systems : An Essential Component Of All Modern...
Introduction Information systems are an essential core component of all modern organizations,
providing organizations with the additional efficiency and effectiveness to compete within their
marketplace or simply keep up with the demands of their customers, partners, and the business
environment in which they reside. The integration of information systems within the business
processes of these organizations creates a dependency upon the information systems such that
without them the organization simply cannot operate. Similarly, organizational operations can be
severely hampered if other components of the business systems and processes such as paper files,
physical work space, physical business artifacts, and physical assets (office ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Business information classifications and handling should also be included in the plan. Personnel
issues such as mandatory job rotation must also be covered in the plan. Regulatory compliance
issues are also an important component that is often overlooked rather than included within a policy
that is part of the comprehensive security plan. Of all the areas to address in a comprehensive
security plan, disaster recovery, business continuity, and employee security training programs for the
same may be the most essential simply because if an organization is not operational, it can fail
quickly due to a lack of income to cover financial obligations. The following discussion identifies
the key components that should be included in the disaster recovery and business continuity plan of
every organization. Policy Statement The policy statement of a business continuity plan may sound
like a formality, however it is actually the primary component used to record the primarily
objectives of the business continuity plan specific to the organization. The policy statement
identifies the primary objectives at a high level and although custom to the organization, should also
include specific aspects that are common to all organizations. For example, it is essential that the
policy statement identifies exactly what the business continuity plan must address and also what,
exactly, the organization is intending to accomplish (setting the expectations) by

Data Center Network : Neha Maid Essay
Data center networks
Neha Maid
Abstract – Presented here is a survey paper that puts light on the recent work and research done in
the field of Data Center Networks. This survey paper is divided into sections describing each aspect
of data center networks. The aspects covered are Routing in data center networks, networking
infrastructure inside a data center, five generations of datacenter networks, congestion control
protocol, Green data centers. Brief description has been provided regarding the power consumption
of data center networks and the need for research in this area to make the data center networks
environmental friendly by optimized energy utilization.
INTRODUCTION
In today's world each sector of industry need the internet services. The way we enjoy the deep
services provided by the internet is only possible because of data centers. They play a critical role
for enterprises by helping them expanding their capabilities. Incorporating software abstractions
with DCN has helped with the evolution of DCN. As the need for cloud based applications increase
so does the need of DCN to work more efficiently increases as well. Because of cloud computing
the DCN are growing even larger in size and will grow further more in future. DCN contains
thousands of servers. Interconnecting all these servers is the challenge the researchers face. They are
generally connected via network interface cards, cables, routers and switches. Placement of all these
devices

Nt1330 Unit 3 Problem Analysis Paper
Hadoop is a free, Java–based programming framework that supports the processing of large data sets
in a Parallel and distributed computing environment. It makes Use of the commodity hardware
Hadoop is Highly Scalable and Fault Tolerant. Hadoop runs in cluster and eliminates the use of a
Super computer. Hadoop is the widely used big data processing engine with a simple master slave
setup. Big Data in most companies are processed by Hadoop by submitting the jobs to Master. The
Master distributes the job to its cluster and process map and reduce tasks sequencially.But nowdays
the growing data need and the and competition between Service Providers leads to the increased
submission of jobs to the Master. This Concurrent job submission on Hadoop forces us to do
Scheduling on Hadoop Cluster so that the response time will be acceptable for each job. II.
EXISTING SYSTEM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first strategy is to split the cluster resources equally among all the running jobs and this strategy
in Hadoop is called Hadoop Fair Scheduler. The second strategy is to serve one job at a time, thus
avoiding the resource splitting. An example of this strategy is First–In–First–Out (FIFO), in which
the job that arrived first is served first. The problem with this strategy is that, being blind to job size,
the scheduling choices lead inevitably to poor performance. Both strategies have drawbacks that
prevent them from being used directly in production without

An Error Based Data Acquisition System Used For Carbon...
An Error Residual Generator for Fault Detection and Isolation in a Data Acquisition System Used
For Carbon Mono–Oxide & Nitrogen Oxide Monitoring
Abstract– clean air is a basic necessity for all human beings living on earth, yet about 80% of
world's population breathes air that has pollutants which exceed the World Health Organization's
recommended level. Environmental air pollution has significant influence on the concentration of
constituents in the atmosphere leading to effects like global warming and acid rains. To avoid such
adverse imbalances in nature, an air pollution measuring system is of utmost importance. This paper
presents fault detection and isolative model implemented in a novel fault tolerant microcontroller
based data acquisition system design for air pollutant concentration measurement in industrial
facilities in Nigeria. A supervisory control unit was incorporated in the data acquisition system
design in an attempt at robust control. The model utilizes weighted standard deviation /data variance
method to detect anomalies and correlation in measured data, with a view to data intelligence
elicitation, an error residual generator was designed to handle fault isolation and accommodation.
The overall system implements corrective procedures in the event of a fault or failure with
appropriate indicators showing in–process operation. Microcontrollers, gas sensors, capacitors,
resistors, connecting wires, transistors, voltage regulator, transformer, Light

Fault Systems : Fault Tolerant Computing
FAULT–TOLERANT COMPUTING
"Fault tolerant computing is the art and study of building figuring frameworks that keep on
operating agreeably within the sight of issues". A fault tolerant framework might have the capacity
to endure at least one faults including – i) transient, irregular or perpetual equipment faults, ii)
programming and equipment plan blunders, iii) administrator mistakes, or iv) remotely prompted
upsets or physical harm. A broad technique has been produced in this field in the course of recent
years, and various fault tolerant machines have been created – most managing arbitrary equipment
issues, while a littler number manage programming, outline and administrator deficiencies to
fluctuating degrees. A lot of supporting research has been accounted for.
Adaptation to non–critical failure and trustworthy frameworks explore covers a wide range of
applications are embedded real–time systems, commercial transaction systems, transportation
systems, and military/space systems etc., The supporting exploration incorporates framework
engineering, plan methods, coding hypothesis, testing, approval, confirmation of accuracy,
modeling, software reliability, operating systems, parallel processing, and real–time processing.
The primary forum for presenting research in this field has been the yearly IEEE International
Symposium on Fault–Tolerant Computing (FTCS) and the papers in its Digests give an essential
reference source.
Essential Concepts:
Hardware Fault–Tolerance –

Swot Analysis : Target Marketing
SWOT analysis of Target: Strengths: Target has a lot of services and product as well as red card
which use for 5% save and free freight. Company's website includes entire store and provide plenty
of offers in every week. Many features like ability of verifying if product is in a particular location.
For client refreshment providers inside target Coffee house. Though, online strike was a black
section in Target's history, still able to sustain clients even after data violation. They provide give 5%
of benefit to local neighborhoods. Weakness: Target customer service– not as delightful as the
presentation, low salary with high turnover rate can be a reason of it. Target receives a red dog as a
reward instead of a monitory reward. Recent activities have shown little preparedness for prevention
against cyber–attacks and fraud activity. In globally, only India has target stores. Opportunities:
Target express in testing and collaboration with designing. Shops, artists, enable red credit cards
with master credit cards chip and pin to secure payments. Target carry natural and organic brand,
besides the company is developing in Canada. Threats: Target's number one competitor is Wal–Mart,
which also competition with general retail stores. Plans to prevent Cyber Attack: Defending
organization's and customers' details from crime, lack of availability, or details loss is essential in
maintaining your ability to provide essential alternatives to organization and customers. As part of

Technology Infrastructure Failure
It's crucial for enterprise to protect data. However, at some point, something in your information
technology infrastructure is going to fail – it's inevitable. Downtime – the scourge of the information
technology (IT) professional. Your users don't care why they can't access their data, they just want it
fixed...and now! To avoid having an end–user riot on your hands, Your main goal is to restore
normal business operation as soon as possible.
Let's look at some potential causes for computer downtime and possible solutions first:
Equipment Failure – A hard drive fails in the network server. If you built fault tolerance into your
network. A fault tolerant system has an online redundant component ready to go; if the primary dies,
the system switches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Look at what could possibly happen and determine what your budget allowance is for protection.
Then rank the threats in order of probability, begin to consider what you can do to reduce or
minimize your risk from these threats. Put the policies in writing, with clear steps to be taken when a
triggering event occurs. The main thing is to make sure everyone knows their roles and
responsibilities. Just like businesses run fire drills periodically, elements of the IT contingency plan
need to be tested to make sure they're effective. Things change, your plan should adapt as well.
It's not the question of if, it's the question of when something will happen to cause your business
some IT downtime. Your contingency plan is the road map to get your systems back up and running.
Things like equipment failure, theft/vandalism, cybercrime, environmental impacts and human error
can all play a part. You need to assess your current IT infrastructure, rank the threats, and develop an
action plan. Related employees need to know their roles and responsibilities, the plan needs to be
periodically tested (run drills), and it should also be audited to make sure it's

What Is An Algorithm That Exploit The Sensor Network...
Sensor Network Lifetime Authors in [58], introduced an algorithm that exploit the sensor
redundancy in the same zone by dividing the network into clusters thus the maintaining of the
backbone connectivity can be done by retaining an important set of working nodes and close the
redundant ones. Regarding the communication RTCP denotes equivalent nodes based on the
connectivity information of one–hop neighbors which causes in reducing the communication
overhead and then the scheduling of the nodes is done based on that equivalence. RTCP allows only
to the elected node to be active in each cluster. The simulation results reveal that the proposed
algorithm outperforms some other existing algorithms in terms of power consumptions and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the Bloom filter becomes the name of the node. DINAS addresses the problem of binding
between a name and its IPv6 address, so that the nodes can analyze a name to obtain the address.
The results show that DINAS outperforms the centralized solution. Towards efficient distributed
service discovery in low– power and lossy networks EADP [61], proposed a service discovery
mechanism suitable with 6LoWPAN networks. EADP realize fast discovery times, low energy
consumption and low produced overhead with timely interaction to network dynamics. To assure
these qualities, EADP adopts a fully–distributed approach based on an adaptive push–pull model.
EADP was implemented, evaluated and the simulation results clarify that EADP's capability to
ensure all objectives, in terms of high speed of discovery, low energy consumption and overhead.
RTCP Redundancy aware Topology Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network Author in [62],
proposed Redundancy aware Topology Control Protocol (RTCP), the authors exploits the existence
of redundant sensor in one area by organized them into groups, so the connected backbone
maintained by keeping some active nodes and turning off the redundant nodes. Moreover, RTCP
aggregate redundant nodes together depend on the node redundancy degree with considering the
Threshold of Connectivity level T¬cl. However, the value of Tcl,

Software Testing And Its Commercial Effectiveness
Software Testing
Task1.1
Describe the purpose of software testing and provide examples of its commercial effectiveness.
Purpose of Software Testing:–
The main purpose of software testing is to ensure that the software package that has been created is
running as it has been programmed, to work out any glitches or code that prevent the program from
completing the actions and functions that it has been set within the code, although this is the purpose
of software testing, this is not the aim, the aim of software testing is to ensure that all of the
functions of a piece of software will not impact on the user in a negative way, the ease of usability
and the maintainability of a piece of software.
There are a number of different styles/types ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fault Tolerant Testing:–
Fault Tolerant testing is used to verify that the packages actions does not perform in detrimental nor
unexpected ways for input parameters that could be illegal or out of range, and have the required
catches in place to help prevent these input parameters being used; fault tolerant testing ensures that
the software works smoothly and as elegantly as possible.
Integration Testing:–
Integration testing is used to make sure that the software package can be used with subsystems and
other software packages sharing data and or converting information between multiple sub systems,
as well as verifying that they can be used together with other packages and the parameters which are
passed between them can and are handled correctly.
Regression Testing:–
Regression Testing is used to retest the sub systems /units/modules and also help ensure that any
modifications that have been applied to any or all of these areas do not cause any unwanted or
unexpected results within the current system or a connected subsystem or software package that is
linked to the one being tested.
Software Testing Examples
There are a number of examples that I can use to show situations where software testing has been
correctly completed and where software has not and I shall

Energy Aware Fault Tolerance Essay
Energy Aware Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks
Nisha Narayanan
CECS Department
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, CA, United States nishas6@gmail.com Disha Gupta
CECS Department
California State University, Long Beach
Long Beach, CA, United States gdisha777@gmail.com Abstract
Technological developments have to such an outbreak in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), they
are used in a wide variety of today's industrial and consumer applications and holds limitless future
potentials for any type of ambience surveillance, hence fault tolerance in WSNs which are easily
prone to failure, is crucial. WSN's comprised of tiny sensor devices (sensor nodes) and the wireless
network itself. A node consists of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keywords component: WSN, network lifetime, fault detection algorithm, node energy consumption,
secure routing, communication faults, reliability
1. Introduction The sensor nodes in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are used for surveillance of
ambient environment, which can be unpredictable. The sensor nodes are often exposed to harsh
surroundings, which could lead to many problems like failure of the sensing unit, radio transceiver,
and processors; not just that, also sensor node death occurs due to energy crunch eventually. So it's
understood that faults directly affect the network lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless
Sensor Network Lifetime means the time period required for the network to function with the
collective effort of sensors even if some of the nodes have failed. When this percentage of failed
nodes increases, fault prevention and avoidance strategies are needed to be applied to improve
reliability and performance of the network. A reliable WSN yields accurate results. For fault
tolerance in WSN, maintenance of a consistent quality of service (QoS) is necessary. Also energy
efficiency comes into picture, which is a difficult task to achieve.
There are also some software failures related to the operating system or embedded programs in the
sensor. WSN has a tolerance level that defines the capacity it would have to deal with the various
faults of the sensors. The degree of tolerance depends on the three

Centralized Failure Detection In The Monitoring System
The centralized approach is to recognize the most frequently used approach and to diagnose
abnormal data readouts caused by a monitoring process, malfunctions of the components of the
sensor node, or environmental events. In the centralized failure detection, each sensor node
periodically collects its read and sends a packet on the radio to the central base node responsible for
identifying faulty sensor nodes in WSN. In this concern, there are many research activities were
reported. Gupta and Younis tried to provide a tolerant grouping mechanism to fail to provide the
sensor by performing a sensor recovery in the runes in which the bridge has recovered. The
mechanism is separated into two phases: 1) detection step for detecting whether or ... Show more
CNBD analyzed the aggregated data to the sink by the transfer time from end to end to obtain a
higher battery power of each node [83]. Guo and et. al. have suggested a Faulty Node Detection
(FIND) to WSN. FIND is a method for nodes with data errors capturing a centralized approach,
without specific recognition model taking into account. It is measured to measure the signal
attenuation distance [84]. Saihi and et al. used to create a centralized error detection method based
on clustering approach, the exchange of messages heartbeat actively scalable and balanced
applications for WSN [85]. In April 2016, Tahir and et al. evaluated a nominal power consumption
in wireless sensor networks through a system through which a small number of high energy nodes
collect both location information and the residual power state of the read nodes, then they are
transmitted to the base station (BS). The authors suggested an algorithm in which a minor
proportion of the high energy nodes are used to transmit each node's information to Base Station
(BS) [86]. 3.5. Distributed approach The decentralized approach is about capturing central resources
for detection and faster localization and healing. It combines the availability of the information back
to leverage the central approach and low overhead communication. In distributed detection of errors,
the sensor nodes themselves monitor their conditions

Connectivity And Topology Of Wireless Networks
Connectivity and topology control: Some approaches tried to improve the system reliability by
carefully designing the connectivity or topology of wireless networks. Paper [50] addresses the
problem of fault tolerant deployment of wireless ad–hoc networks. Based on the pre–assumed
transmission range, the authors propose a scheme to calculate the probability that a given network is
k–connected. Based on the intensive deployment, the redundant sensor nodes are used to cope the
random working nodes failure. Following the similar idea, a distributed algorithm is proposed in
[52]. By deploying calculated necessary number of extra nodes in the given network, the objective
of fault–tolerant topology control can be achieved. However, due to the limited space and cost
constraint, adding redundant nodes to a deployed WSN may not always be an acceptable solution.
Another fault–tolerant topology control algorithm is presented by Li and Hou in [53], in which a
spanning subgraph is computed by each node. If a pair of vertices is not k–connected, an extra edge
will be added between these two vertices. The authors further prove that the resultant global network
is k–connected. In [54], by considering the mobility of nodes, the author shows the mobility resilient
topology control protocols. The author classifies the topology control protocols into two types. 1) In
this case, the topology is built and maintained by each node based on its own knowledge about its
neighbors. According to its own

Hardware Controls, Proper Risk Assessment, And Management...
3. There are many components including each of the general controls, applications controls, proper
risk assessment, and management policies. Each of the previously mentions plays a key roles in the
organizational framework but must be utilized in the proper manner to work reliably and effectively.
– General Controls include software, hardware, computer operations controls data security,
implementation, administrative controls and basically dictate all aspects of the organizations
information technology infrastructure. Software controls monitor systems and prevent access from
authorized users. Hardware controls make sure that the actual hardware is safe and is always
checking to make sure that the equipment doesn't malfunction. This also covers the backup systems.
Computer operations controls keep the data in check by correctly storing it. Data security does just
as it suggests keep the data safe in whatever form so that it is not destroyed or altered.
Implementation is basically the systems checker and makes sure that at each point the controls are
working. Lastly administrative controls are used to create rules and procedures that need to be
carried out in order to keep the system running in proper order.
– Application Controls are more specific and are often more unique to each organization and make
sure that the accurate data is processed for the organization. These controls are input, processing,
and output. Input controls which is just like a fact checker and make

Channel Estimation And Blocking Probability For Multi Hop...
The paper presents the design of channel estimation and blocking probability for multi–hop wireless
communication network (MH–WCN). This work proposed a bidirectional network coding 4−hop
transmission strategy and followed by 2N−hop WCNs. The proposed method follows two steps.
Firstly, assign composite channel coefficients at desired nodes and then derived the MSE
performance expression for the proposed LMMSE estimation scheme, and an optimal training
scheme has been designed to minimize MSE. Secondly, Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment
algorithm. This method checks for the establishment of fault–free path, when path established,
assign a particular wavelength to the established path. The experimental results shows the LMMSE,
blocking probability and ML estimators have demonstrated effectiveness to improve the estimation
accuracy in 4−hop WCNs.
Index term:– Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment algorithm, Multi–hop wireless communication
networks, mobile social networks, network coding, channel estimation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been significant advances in wireless networking. Such advances are
improved by the demand of new practical and military applications as well as advances in wireless
communication technology at the communication layer. These new advances at upper and lower
layers in communication have brought many new research problems for networking researchers.
Among these problems, a fundamental problem is to determine performance limits and

Data Analysis in the Cloud
V. DATAANALYSIS IN THE CLOUD
In this section we descus the expected properties of a system designed for performing data analysis
at the cloud environment and how parallel database systems and MapReduce–based systems achieve
these properties.
Expected properties of a system designed for performing data analysis at cloud:
Performance
Performance is the primary characteristic of database systems that can use to select best solution for
the system.High performance relate with quality, amount and depth of analysis. High performance
helps to reduce cost.Upgrading to a quicker software package will permit an organization avoid
adding further nodes to application continues to scale.
Fault Tolerance.
In transactional workloads fault tolerant means that DBMS can recover from a failure without losing
any data. In the distributed databases fault tolerances means that successfully commit transactions
and make progress even in the worker node failures. For read–only queries in analytical workloads,
query doesn't have to be restarted if a case of one node's query fails.In cloud there is a high failure
rate. It can happen in single node failure during long query processing. Ability to run in a
heterogeneous environment
Due to hardware failures in the system nodes in cloud not act as homogeneous. When the work is
equally divided among all nodes, time takes to complete the task should be equal to time that needed
slowest node needed to complete its portion of work. Because its

Online Failure Forecast For Fault Tolerant Data Stream...
Chapter 5 Online Failure Forecast for Fault–Tolerant Data Stream Processing 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1
Historical background of Failure management in Data Stream Processing In the recent times Data
Stream Management Systems (DSMSs) have been developed to support critical applications that
must quickly and continuously process data as soon as it becomes available. A few of the example
applications include financial stream analysis and network intrusion detection. Fault tolerance and
high availability are the most important for these applications because faults can lead to losses that
are quantifiable. Therefore a DSMS must be equipped with fault tolerance techniques to handle both
node and network failures in order to support such applications. All of the basic techniques that help
to cope with failures involve some kind of replication. Typically the state of a system's computation
is replicated onto independently failing nodes. The system should then coordinate with the replicas
for accurate recovery from failures. Fault–tolerant techniques are most usually designed to tolerate
up to a pre–defined number, say k, of simultaneous failures. If such methods are used, the system is
then said to be k–fault tolerant. Replication and coordination have 2 general approaches. Both
approaches rely on the assumption that computation can be modeled as a deterministic state
machine. The implication of this assumption is that two non–faulty computations that receive the
same input in the

Sensors Allocation Fault
Introduction
Background
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental
conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass
their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired
system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments.
Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an
external antenna micro–controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source,
usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having
limited power to consume, a memory that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this solution is not optimal neither it is minimal. To provide a better solution a
collaboration of different parameter sensors is used to both minimize and optimize sensor usage.
Figure 2 describes a 3–axis graph of the boxes, the x–axis is dimension, the y–axis is the color and
the z–axis is the weight. Figure 2a, 2b and 2c maps objects by the x–y, y–z and x–z respectively.
There 11 different possible sensor positions using the 3 parameters shown in a light grey dashed line
on figure 2 graphs. Using the code described in section 3, the solution set resulted in using a total of
3 sensors (d3, w1, c2) shown on a solid line in figure 2 graphs. This subset of sensors happens to be
both the optimal and minimal solution.
Proposed solution:
The following section describes the code developed to find an optimal sensor solution. The first step
is to consider the cost of each sensor used. The minimal sensor subset is the set with the lowest cost.
The equation [1] describes the cost of the sensor, which simply is the summation of each of the used
sensors. As described previously, most sensors used in this technique are simple and there is no
significant difference in their cost. Thereby since sensors of different parameter are of the same cost,
it is more effective to consider the

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