The And The Digestive System Of The Broiler Chickens Essay

The And The Digestive System Of The Broiler Chickens Essay
Abstract
Due to the rapid growth of broiler chickens, skeletal disorders have become a serious problem for the poultry industry. This, in turn, leads to an
unwanted expense for poultry farmers and so they seek out a way to improve the bone strength and welfare of the birds.
Silicon (Si) is an important element to the body as it can improve bones and the immune system. This means it can be used in diets as a cheaper
alternative to calcium and phosphorous. However, there is little understanding of the mechanisms of Si in the digestive system of the broiler chickens.
At NTU, a bioavailable silicon supplement has been produced to alleviate some of the skeletal disorders and to further the knowledge of the
interactions of Si. This project involves analysing bone data and evaluating the effects of the novel feed supplement.
Introduction
Skeletal disorders in broiler chickens has become a major problem for the poultry industry over the past 50 years (Toby G. Knowles, 2008). These
weaknesses are due to selective breeding of the birds which has shown to be less economical than expected for the industry and also displays an
absence for bird welfare (Bennett, Christiansen, & Clifton–Hadley). The pace at which the birds grow has dramatically increased over the years to
accommodate the demand for the tender meat they now produce (Manohar, Omprakash, & Kanagaraju, 2015). This in turn has led to the skeletal
disorders as the weight they gain can no longer be supported by the legs
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A Powerful Philosophy Of The Sacramento Technology Industry
A Powerful Philosophy He was much shorter than I expected when I met him; standing at only five feet three inches. I had woken up that morning
with a feeling of anticipation. Hundreds of questions bounced around in my head and I was finally going to meet the guy whom I hoped had all the
answers. I quickly got dressed in my form fitting suit, ate breakfast, and then eagerly started the thirty minute drive to Folsom. That afternoon I had
lunch with Mr.Lokesh Sikaria. Mr.Sikaria is one of the most prominent business men in the Sacramento technology industry and I reached out to him
because I was extremely interested in pursuing a similar career. Mr.Sikaria, who received a master's in electrical engineering and a minor in business
from the University of California Berkeley, initiated his career at a small consulting firm. He quickly moved to a chief operator position at Rapidigm
Inc where he controlled millions of dollars in company revenue. A few years later, he started his own IT consulting firm, which was wildly successful,
and now operates a venture capital firm in Folsom California. There is no doubt in my mind that Mr. Sikaria is very successful personally, but what
really makes him stand out is his ability to be successful personally and help the community at the same time. The ability to do this is impressive and
should be imitated by everyone in order to have a greater impact on the world.
To succeed personally is to do and accomplish things that enhance your own

Why Do Silicone Rubbers Have Exceptional Weatherability
According to references [48,49,50,51]:
1)Heat and Cold resistance
Silicone rubber withstands high and low temperatures for better than organic rubbers. It can be used indefinitely at 150 В°C with almost no change in
its properties. It withstands use even at 200 В°C for 10000 hours or more, and some products can withstands heat of 350 В°C for short periods.
Silicone rubber also has excellent resistance to cold temperatures. Some products withstand extremely low temperatures of –100 В°C and below.
2)Weatherability
Silicone rubbers have exceptional weatherability. Ozone created by corona discharge rapidly deteriorates most organic rubbers, but has almost no
effect on silicone rubber. In addition, silicone rubber can be exposed to wind, rain and

The Degradation Of Solar Cell
Solar Cell Degradation in Space Abstract:
This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also,
solar cell theory is mathematically modeled and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the
targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple–junction space solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged
particles, especially protons and electrons in the Mega–electron–Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage coefficient
of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub–cell are considered as radiation degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of
high radiation–resistant solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful operation of the satellite.
Acknowledgement:
This Project had been smoothly carried out and implemented at the California State University of
Long Beach. Initially, I would like to thank to Dr. Chu Chow Long for his supervision and support for this research project.
List of the Figure:
Figure 1: Standard Solar Spectra
Figure 2: Cross–section of the typical solar cell.
Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 гЂ–cmгЂ—^2 cell area.
Figure 4: Solar photon effect
Figure 5: A solar panel array of the International Space Station
Figure 6: High

What Is The Similarities And Differences Of The О‘-Fepo4?
Paragraph 1
Between О±–FePO4 and ОІ–FePO4, there are similarities and differences between the crystal structures and crystal chemistry. Starting off with the
differences, one of which is how the quartz behaved at different temperatures. At low temperature, where the О±–FePO4 is formed, generally tend
towards the values obtained for ОІ–FePO4 at high temperature. This is surprisingly true for all alpha quarts at low temperature, where they shift towards
the value of its respective Beta quartz at high temperature.
Moreover, as temperature rises towards 980 Kelvin, the Fe–O–P bridging angles will rise gradually while the tetrahedral tilt angles will decrease
drastically during the О±–ОІ transition phase. Another major difference occurs for the thermal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This as a result, make the О±–FePO4 structure more dynamically unstable as compared to ОІ–FePO4 quartz. Moreover, this change in the crystal
structure of the quartz also resulted in significant changes to the specific density. Given that density of a structure depends on its mass over the volume
of the structure, an increase in the temperature which lead to the atoms having higher kinetic energy would therefore increase the vibrations of the
atoms in the crystal lattice structure.
With faster vibrations would therefore favour the open crystal structures as the particles would require more space for the bigger motion. However, as
the structure is limited by the bond angles, all the quartz isotype crystal structures and their variations with respect to pressure and temperature can be
expressed in terms of the non–bonded radius and its corresponding angle.
Paragraph 2
Between О±–FePO4 and ОІ–FePO4, the symmetrical difference is mainly due to the limiting value of Оґ
=21.5 degree and Оё=137.8 degree. To start off discussing about the symmetry relationship between the
FePO4 polymorphs, we first have to understand how the different quartz is being prepared. For the

Modern Technologies Associated With Ceramics
Modern Technologies Associated with Ceramics
Introduction
Ceramics, what are they? It might seem like a simple question, plates and bricks and expensive cooking knives. People use ceramics every day in their
lives, but they don't understand the huge amount of technology that goes into a nice plate. Before we can go over the cutting edge of ceramics we have
to understand the technology that goes into every ceramic. The technologies associated with traditional ceramics deserve a paper of their own, but they
seem vanilla compared to advanced ceramics, which have new and interesting properties that can make them useful and unlike any ceramic you see
everyday. We can use the understanding of traditional ceramics as a base on which we build an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plasticity is primarily a property ball clays (Stephenson, 1912, p.13). Stephenson says that because the plasticity of clay is destroyed at 450o, the
temperature needed to drive off the water, that plasticity probably has something to do with the combination with water (1912, p.14). The mechanism
of this plasticity has not yet been satisfactorily explained by any theory, At present three theories contest the field–the colloid,the soluble salt, and the
molecular attraction theories (Stephenson, 1912, p. 14).
Traditional ceramics can be divided into three categories based on the chemicals and properties of the clays. These types are china clay which you
know to be porcelain, ball clay which is malleable , and fire clay which is refractory (Stephenson, 1912, p.12).
China clay is our first type of ceramic. China clay is used to make porcelain (Stephenson, 1912, p. 12). China clay is unique from the other clays
because it has large amounts of kaolinite (Stephenson,1912, p.12) Kaolinite is a white mineral, giving porcelain it's unique look, with a chemical
formula of Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (Stephenson,1912, p.12).
Ball clay is the next type of clay. Ball clay is unique because of its malleability (Stephenson. 1912, p.13). Ball clay is the clay you see potters working
on potter's wheels. It's useful to potters because it can be molded into complex forms and made permanent by firing (Stephenson, 1912, p.13).
Fire clay is the final type of

Ltcc Based High Voltage 3 D Power Module
LTCC Interposer Based High Voltage 3
–D Power Module
Atanu Dutta, Simon Ang, and Zhong Chen
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
Abstract–In this paper, a low temperature co–fired ceramic (LTCC) interposer based high voltage (13 kV) half–bridge power module is proposed. The
proposed power module utilized multi–layer LTCC interposers to perform 3–D stack, which provides series connection between devices to achieve high
voltage rating of the power module. The proposed 3–D stack can be implemented through wafer–level packaging using silicon (Si) and silicon carbide
(SiC) devices where paralleling of multiple devices is required to achieve high current. In the proposed high voltage package design, through–hole vias
are implemented to form electrical connections between multi–layer self–aligned LTCC interposers. The LTCC interposers also provide excellent high
voltage breakdown insulation for the proposed package design. The package exhibits lower parasitic inductance compared to the traditional
wire–bonded counterpart. In this paper, the feasibility of the proposed power module design was simulated.
Index Terms–High voltage power module, wafer–level packaging, 3–D power module, wire bondless power module
I.INTRODUCTION
High power modules require multiple power semiconductor devices to be connected in series and parallel to achieve both high voltage and current
rating. There are several challenges associated with packaging of

The Use Of Silicone Products For Breast Implants
Background
Biomaterials, whether from natural or synthetic origin, have been used for many biomedical applications ranging from surgery to drug delivery (1). Of
particular interest is the use of silicone products for breast implants, which are medical prostheses serving to augment or reconstruct breasts (1). To date,
silicone is one of the most commonly used materials for plastic surgery procedures in North America (1, 2). The first silicone breast implants were
developed in 1961 and were available for use by 1962. At that time, there was limited awareness on the safety and efficacy of silicone in breast
implants, but this view changed when attention was drawn to repeated reports involving adverse reactions after implantation (1, 3–5). This led to a
moratorium on silicone breast implants in 1992 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (5). After extensive research, the majority of results
concluded that there were no major harmful effects associated with silicone products. In 2006, FDA approved the use of silicone products in breast
implants, which currently leaves silicone as the only available material for this purpose (3, 5, 6). Since that time, there has been controversy around the
nature and associated complications related to silicone products in breast implants (1, 2, 5). This is reflected by the current body of literature, and
seems to result from a lack of consistency in the methodologies used to determine the mechanisms underlying silicone transport, uptake,

Hp Is A Consumer Electronics Company
Hewlett–Packard more commonly known as HP is a consumer electronics company. Since their humble beginnings they have had a focus on inventive
thinking and creativity. Last year this company celebrated its 75th anniversary. 75 years is a major accomplishment for any company, but it is
especially significant for a company in an industry as competitive and prone to change as the technology industry. HP has been inventing and
manufacturing electronics for almost twice as long as several of the industries major players such as Apple and Microsoft. With a research and
development budget rivaling that of much larger companies such as Apple, HP still places a lot of emphasis on the creation of new technology.
Throughout this project we will be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shortly after starting his job at General electric Dave Packard took a leave of absence and moved himself and his new wife to Palo Alto California,
and began working with Bill Hewlett to start their own company using an idea Bill had during his time as a student.
The Idea that would start not only HP but all of Silicon Valleywas the subject of Bill Hewlett's thesis subject at Stanford. Bill envisioned an audio
oscillator that would be cheaper to make, easier to operate, more accurate, and more portable than what was available at the time. The key to this
new oscillator was a small light bulb. By glowing brighter or dimmer the light bulb could stabilize the signal strength, cancelling unwanted
variations. This gave Bill's design a great advantage over other companies. After more experimentation and testing Bill and Dave were able to take
the thesis project and make HP's first product, the 200A Oscillator. The name was chosen to make it appear that they had designed other similar
devices and that this was not the company's first product. The first major buyer to benefit from Bill's new design was Walt Disney. Before their
purchase Disney requested some design changes which lead to the 200B oscillator. Disney needed a new kind of audio oscillator to get movie theaters
ready for the upcoming release of their new movie fantasia. Due to the musical nature of the movie,

Essay On Polyphenolics
As shown in Fig. 1, the bonds about 278 and 335 nm were related to the presence of polyphenolics as the antioxidant for green synthesis of
nanoparticles, which assigned to the ПЂ в†’ ПЂ* transitions [40]. The addition of the Safflower extract to the HAuCl4 solution was resulted in the
Au3+ reduction and visual color change from light yellow to reddish brown is meaning the formation of Au–NPs. Therefore, this color change is due to
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) excitation the collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field.
The strong SPR band was observed near 520 nm. These bands are centered in the ideal wavelength range reported for Au–NP colloidal solutions [41].
3.2. XRD
The wide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3. BET–BJH
The porosity and volumetric characteristics of the materials were evaluated by volumetric analyses. In both materials (Fig. 4), the "Type IV" N2
adsorption–desorption isotherms with "H1–type" hysteresis corresponded to condensation and evaporation steps, and were characteristic of periodic
mesoporous materials. The textural properties of SBA–15, NH2–SBA–15 and Fe3O4–SBA–15–Cya–Cit–Au–NPs have been summarized in Table 1. It
is noteworthy that the surface area, pore volume, and pore size decreased following the modification, confirming that the surface modification occurred
on the inner surface of the silica wall [23]. A considerable decrease in the BET surface area upon grafting of cyanuric–citric acid and Au
nanocrystallites at the surface of the functionalized SBA–15 material (B) clearly suggests that the cyanuric– citric acid and Au nanoparticles have been
anchored on the inner surface of the mesopores.
3.4. IR
For identification of Fe3O4, SBA–15 and SBA–15–CA–Fe3O4/Au functional groups were studied FT–IR analysis (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 5a, Fe–O
bond at 580 cm–1 and 634 cm–1 and –OH bond at 3398 cm–1 indicate the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In addition, in Fig. 5b, at around 800
cm–1, 950 cm–1 and 1090 cm–1 were related to the Si–O symmetric stretching, Si–OH and Si–O–Si asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration
respectively, which confirms

Martha Mccaskey
Abstract: Martha McCaskey has been consistently outperforming herself maintaining high levels of integrity in each project assignment. Currently, she
was the project lead for a critical project entitled 'Silicon 6' which apart from having high significance for her personal career also had high
significance from her company's future perspective. The project required Martha to research upon manufacturing technologies and plant setup costs for
a computer chip that the client's competitor was planning to launch soon. Martha has been promised a promotion to group manager and the
organization has been offered interest in assigning approximately 10 new projects. The project presents an ethical dilemma in front of Martha wherein
she needs access ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The case speaks about a project wherein McCaskey was able to get project critical information just 3–4 days before the final presentation and hence I
feel the best alternative for McCaskey would be to best utilize the week available at hand in gaining additional information. In doing so, she can first of
all begin with interviewing Devon but not to gain proprietary information about the target company but utilize him as a professional consultant who
could assist them in researching upon the latest manufacturing technologies used in computer chips manufacturing and the associated operating costs.
Devon had recently helped a European company in setting up a manufacturing plant and seemed extremely intelligent and knowledgeable about the
semiconductor industry. The discussion can be focused to revolve around the key trends and technologies affecting the semiconductor industry.
Interviewing Devon with direct questions to seek proprietary information about the target company would compromise McCaskey's business values
and also possibly tarnish her name in the consulting industry. Devon had been extremely supportive and informative in the first meeting but as a good
business professional without giving away any proprietary information about any company and hence could have taken legal action against IAD once
he realized the intentions of McCaskey. Also, there was no guarantee that

The Sustainability Of The Solar Energy
The purpose of this memo is to define sustainability in relation to solar energy. We will do this by informing you of our definition of sustainability,
followed by providing you with the economic efficiency, environmental impacts, and sociological perception.
Team Definition of Sustainability
Economical
Cost Effective
Reasonable alternative for non–sustainable energy.
Does it save money in the long run?
Will the improvement of technology out–date current implementation?
Environmental
Manufacture (green practices)
Recycle
End of Life
Remanufacture?
Low Waste
Easy to Obtain Materials
Recyclable/ Biodegradable Materials?
Social
Population Bias
Government Push
Availability (Between Different Countries) Risk–Benefit Analysis
Those that are manufacturing the product have access to the product.
How the solar panels are being used?
Definition:
A sustainable technology is one that is affordable, available, environmentally safe, socially accepted, and helpful. It is affordable and available enough
that it may be used by the general public. It is easy to manufacture using renewable materials and it does not pollute; it improves the quality of life for

present and future generations.
Environmental
Availability
China is the leading manufacturer of solar panels. To protect the industry 's reputation the manufacturers of photovoltaic panels in china has set
standards for recycling their waste instead of casually dumping them. These standards are easily met if they explored

High-Tech Workers in the Silicon Valley Essay
Brief History of the Valley
The Silicon Valley area became a major manufacturing power after World War II. The Cold War furthered this development, as industries involved in
defense, aerospace, steel, oil, automobiles, and so on prospered (Hossfeld 405–406). The high–technology industry began in the laboratories of
corporations such as Bell Laboratories, American Telephone and Telegraph, Fairchild Camera and Instrument, and General Electric during this Cold
War era (Bacon, "Organizing"). Employment in California, especiallySilicon Valley, grew rapidly between 1950 and 1980 due to technical innovation
that characterized the postwar prosperity. Furthermore, federal spending expanded California's economy, placing it in the... Show more content on
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Although the Silicon Valley is not limited to the production of cell phones, many of the components of cell phones are manufactured by workers in the
Silicon Valley. Several corporations that manufacture cell phones or the components of cell phones have their plants located in the Silicon Valley.
Some corporations include Intel, Altera, 3com, Applied Materials, Agilent Technologies, Juniper Networks, Linear Technologies, National
Semiconductors, and Xilinx ("Silicon Valley Companies").
Who are these workers?
"Silicon Valley is home to large, well–paid professional workforce, but the Valley's high–tech companies directly and indirectly employ a vast number
of poorly paid workers locally, nationally, and internationally" (Siegel 91). Most of these workers are Third World women and the industry is stratified
by race, nationality, and gender (Hossfeld 407). A 1990 census and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data showed that white and
Japanese–American men are at the top and non–white women are at the bottom (Siegel 98). Today, thirty percent of the skilled production workforce,
forty–seven percent of the semiskilled workforce, and forty–one percent of the unskilled workforce are Asian. Additionally, eighteen percent of the
skilled workers, twenty–one percent of semiskilled workers, and thirty–six

Essay On Nanowires
Abstract– This paper provides an overview of the ongoing developments and research efforts on nanowires. It is a brief survey of the types of
materials used and the applications associated with nanowire research. It is a method combining laser ablation, cluster formation and vapour liquid
solid growth
(VLS). In this process, laser ablation was used to prepare nanometer–diameter catalyst clusters that define the size of wires produced by VLS growth.
This approach was used to prepare bulk quantities of uniform single–crystal silicon and germanium nanowires with diameters of 6–20 and 3–9 nm.
Studies carried out with different conditions and catalyst materials confirmed the central detail of the growth mechanisms and suggests that face ...
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Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology
Krishnadevarayanagar, Hunasamaranahalli, Bangalore –562 157 India
(prakriti.adhya97@gmail.com)
II. NANOWIRE SYNTHESIS
Many of the papers included in this survey concentrated on methods or materials used to synthesize nanowires. Most nanowire synthesis occurs via
Vapor–Liquid– Solid (VLS) processes. VLS processes use a liquid catalyst to draw components out of a vapor phase and deposit them in a solid
phase. While terms such as "laser ablation" and "chemical vapor deposition" may often be used to describe the synthesis technique used in a
particular experiment, this commonly refers only to the means by which the vapor phase is produced or transported. For example, laser ablation uses
a laser to vaporize a source material, forming the vapor phase that is absorbed and later deposited by the catalyst droplet as the nanowire grows.
Silicon nanowires often are synthesized through VLS processes [1–3]. Specifically, a substrate is coated with gold nanoparticles and then heated until
the gold melts and forms tiny droplets. A silicon–containing vapor, typically silane, or
SiH4, is then passed over the substrate. At the vapor–gold interface, silicon atoms are stripped from the silane and are absorbed into the nanoparticles.
When the saturation limit of silicon in gold has been reached, the silicon precipitates out of the droplet onto the substrate.
This precipitate builds up and lifts the catalyst away from the substrate, giving

Brocade-Powered Customer Deployment Strategy: Case Study
Brocade–Powered Customer Solution Wins Additional Award for Most Innovative NFV Deployment Strategy SAN JOSE, CA
––(Marketwired – Jun
23, 2015) – Brocade (NASDAQ: BRCD) today announced that it has been named a winner in the Light Reading 2015 Leading Lights awards
program in two distinct categories: its unique approach for the BROCADEВ® SDN CONTROLLER won for Most Innovative SDN Product
Strategy and the Brocade Virtual Evolved Packet Core (vEPC) solution won for Best New Product for Mobile. In addition, Brocade customer Telekom
Austria Group was awarded Most Innovative NFV Deployment Strategy for Network/Data Center Operators for its Brocade–powered solution. The
Leading Lights program focuses on next–generation communications technologies, applications, services, and strategies. The winners were announced
at an awards dinner at Chicago's Field Museum on Monday, June 8 to coincide with the BIG TELECOM EVENT.... Show more content on
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"These awards signify the tremendous innovation enabled by the New IP and the networking technologies that Brocade is delivering today to
customers worldwide." Brocade is fully invested in making SDN completely modular to deliver New IP networks based on an open ecosystem. The
Brocade SDN Controller is continuously built from the OpenDaylight code, with a virtuous cycle of contributions back to the OpenDaylight
community. Physical and virtual networks from multiple vendors can be managed within the Brocade SDN Controller, and organizations can gradually
introduce ever–larger portions of their existing networks into the controller domain with single–source technical support for the entire

Semiconductors: The Silicon Chip Essay
Semiconductors: The Silicon Chip
Silicon is the raw material most often used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication. It is the second most abundant substance on the earth. It is extracted
from rocks and common beach sand and put through an exhaustive purification process. In this form, silicon is the purist industrial substance that man
produces, with impurities comprising less than one part in a billion. That is the equivalent of one tennis ball in a string of golf balls stretching from the
earth to the moon.
Semiconductors are usually materials which have energy–band gaps smaller than 2eV. An important property of semiconductors is the ability to change
their resistivity over several orders of magnitude by doping. Semiconductors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They began studying the electrical properties of semiconductors which are non–metallic substances, such as silicon, that are neither conductors of
electricity, like metal, nor insulators like wood, but whose electrical properties lie between these extremes. By 1947 the transistor was invented. The
Bell Labs research team sought a way of directly altering the electrical properties of semiconductor material. They learned they could change and
control these properties by "doping" the semiconductor, or infusing it with selected elements, heated to a gaseous phase. When the semiconductor was
also heated, atoms from the gases would seep into it and modify its pure, crystal structure by displacing some atoms. Because these dopant atoms had
different amount of electrons than the semiconductor atoms, they formed conductive paths. If the dopant atoms had more electrons than the
semiconductor atoms, the doped regions were called n–type to signify and excess of negative charge. Less electrons, or an excess of positive charge,
created p–type regions. By allowing this dopant to take place in carefully delineated areas on the surface of the semiconductor, p–type regions could be
created within n–type regions, and vice–versa. The transistor was much smaller than the vacuum tube, did not get very hot, and did not require a
headed filament that would eventually burn out.
Finally in 1958,

Personal Statement: My Philosophy Of Mechanical Engineering
Living in hope, with our beliefs and with little expectation of others is the way forward. My parents, simple and honest people, have high
expectations of me wishing that I grew to be an honorable human being, just like them. Martin Luther King's life inspires the determined and I agree
that to give up in life or stop is deplorable. Irrespective of the hurdles, to push forward with all of one's might is the only way to succeed. Living this
philosophy, my father, a genuine rags to riches story, altered my life, leading by example and encouraging me to follow the path of righteousness.
In school, I excelled in academics and sport. Thus, with a keen and intelligent disposition, I have always favored the sciences. An active cricketer, I
represented my school in the Harris Shield, a tournament managed by the Mumbai Cricket Association, Mumbai's local cricketing body. Where cricket
strengthened my attitude as a team player, Lawn Tennis helped to amplify my originality and individual capacities. In Junior School, when I made
Prefect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory is intriguing and I believe that with a finger in every pie around the world, Mechanical Engineering is an obligatory study for the visionaries.
My quest for knowledge ended in Chennai where SRM University's unparalleled curriculum provides a detailed introduction of the elaborateness of the
subject, exposing us to a variety of fields such as Fluid Dynamics, Gas Dynamics and Space Propulsion, Materials Technology and Computer Aided
Manufacturing. Laboratory assignments and presentations intensified schoolroom education, implementing conceptual learning and putting to practice
founding principles, thus enhancing my understanding. Active and energetic, I was always in the driver's seat for any exercise our group produced. In
fact, in the first year, a faculty member recognized my academic competence and encouraged me to keep advancing ahead towards

Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Essay...
Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide
INTRODUCTION:
The empirical formula is the simplest and lowest whole number ratio of the different atoms in a sample of compound. To work out the empirical
formula, the value of moles of the different atoms in a compound is needed. Mole is just simply a unit used to measure the amount of atoms, just like
how the unit "dozen" is used to measure things such as eggs. One mole is 6Гѓ–10^23 atoms and this number is called the Avogadro number. The mole
can be also defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon.
In this experiment, the magnesium will be heated and this magnesium will react with the oxygen in the air to form magnesium ... Show more content on
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7. When the crucible cooled down so that one was able to hold it, the crucible with lid containing the magnesium oxide was measured. The mass was
recorded.
RESULTS:
QUANTATIVE RESULTS:
Mass of empty crucible and lid
(g)
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium
(g)
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium oxide

(g)
35.40
35.74
35.94
OUALATATIVE RESULTS:
– White fume was coming out of the crucible, when the lid was lifted.
– When the magnesium was first heated, the magnesium was glowing slightly orange, but it turned into a strong glow later.
– Short after the magnesium had started to be heated, the magnesium turned black. However, as the reaction was beginning to finish, the magnesium
became an ashy white color.
CALCULATIONS:
Mass of magnesium:
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium – Mass of empty crucible and lid
35.74g – 35.40g
= 0.34g
Mass of oxygen:
Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium oxide – Mass of crucible and lid with magnesium
35.94g – 35.74g
= 0.2g

Moles of magnesium:
Mass of magnesium
Ar of magnesium
0.34g
24
= 0.014167 (6 D.P)
Moles of oxygen:
Mass of oxygen
Ar of oxygen
0.2g
16
=0.0125
Mole ratio of magnesium : oxygen:
Magnesium : oxygen
0.0141... : 0.0125
0.0125 0.0125
1.1333Гўв‚¬В¦

Essay On Interdigitated Electrode
field between individual digits of electrodes. Using these simulations, it was observed that gold nanoparticles bound closely to IDEs can lower the
electric field magnitude between the digits of the electrode. The simulations are also shown to be a useful design tool in optimizing sensor function.
Various different conditions, such as electrode dimensions and background ion concentrations, are shown to have a significant impact on the
simulations.]. From being a simple interface, the properties of the electrodes used in electrical and electrochemical biosensors can have a remarkable
impact on the function and effectiveness of the resulting biosensor system. The use of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) in biosensor systems is one
prominent... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They involve interdigitated fingers (IDT) to increase the edge coupling length. Also called as comb–drive device. This study involve fabrication of
aluminium IDE because of it cost low and common electrode in biosensor technology. The design of IDEs consist of twin electrode which are
arranged in a comb like finger structure between twin electrodes to form gap distance between electrodes as shown in figure 2. Technically, the IDEs
structure is easy to fabricate, simple operation, ultra–sensitive and low cost is main point to develop of sensor for clinical application. In other word,
IDEs sensor is expected to provide are better performance and ultrahigh sensitive and selective of biosensor detection in smaller gap sizes3.Literature
review In multiple applications the interdigitated electrodes thin film are a useful tool for enhancing the analytical parameters and taking advantages of
their inherent properties such as low cost & disposables, reusable, high fabrication resolution, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption as well as
non–tedious pre–cleaning procedures Figure 3 shows the design structure of an IDE. There are two sets of electrodes are placed in the same plane to
the substrate. Generally, it is referred to comb–drive device because it is shaped like tooth of combs. Figure 3: Geometric parameters of IDE
structureIn this work, a sensor to evaluate sterilization processes with hydrogen peroxide vapor has been characterized. Experimental, analytical and

Global Warming And Its Impact On The Contemporary World
Global warming has been deteriorating, and criticised by the entire world environmental organisations throughout the contemporary world. This
phenomenon is mainly associated be human made pollutions and wastes emitted through the global industrialisation. Out of this global issue, modern
architects has started to design architectures which included the concern of sustainability. Sustainable architecture can be divided in three different core
parts: sustainable materials, sustainable construction and sustainable technologies. Moreover, sustainable architectural materials will be the aim in this
report due to the reasons that exploring various types of sustainable architectural materials and how architects had applied those materials on the
architecture design are always a popular topic, also materials would be an important section that people could be easily understood and noticed in their
daily life. Furthermore, the research will be tended to focus on researching new kind of sustainable materials in the contemporary architectural world
based in some article and books written by the architectural professionals, and seek for innovate sustainable materials that might have not been in
common used for architecture. The research on this project aims to examine sustainability in architectural aspect, also, the advantage that sustainable
architecture has been made in modern architecture.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The topic of green designs and global warming has been springing up as

Personal Network Enhancement : Personal And Professional...
Paraj Mathur BOS 315 Prof. A. Merryman Memo #2 Personal Network Enhancement Personal and professional relationships are the catalysts of growth
and success. Thus, it is important to constantly cultivate and develop your network, building new relationships and strengthening old bonds. The first
step towards building an effective network is to assess your existing network for its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. I found three major
weaknesses in my network after conducting a thorough network self assessment – a very high percentage of inbred relations, lack of non–work
interactions, and absence of relationships in the startup industry. To address these weaknesses in my current network, I developed and implemented a
two week plan... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4). Thus I had discovered my first problem – a heavily in–bred network. As I further analyzed my network, I realized that while my networks
encompassed relationships with people across a broad range of levels, it was limited by required interactions. In her notes, Ibarra (1996) articulates that
'...managers whose network contacts extend beyond their required work–related interactions and immediate work groups or departments tend to be
more powerful and mobile" (p. 2). Therefore, I was able to diagnose the second major problem with my network – lack of relationships beyond work
interactions. In addition to these two problems another major gap in my network was the absence of a relevant task network. While I had dependable
career related relationships for advice and mentorship, and an extensive social network, I had no relationships in the consulting and entrepreneurship
industries which is my industry of choice for my career. Thus I was severely short handed in my search for jobs and internships opportunities. So I
had to develop a plan to solve the three major issues with my network which would enable me to interact with people with different backgrounds and
views, expand my relationships to those beyond work–related interactions, and help me develop relationships with people in the startup world. I
developed a two

High Demand For Computer Chips
Computer chips are widely used today in computers, phones, tablets, and other electronics. The high demand for computer chips requires a
manufacturing process that is accurate as well as efficient. In the past, chips have been manufactured out of many different materials including copper
oxide and germanium. Today, computer chips are manufactured usingsilicon due to its versatility as a semiconductor and how readily available it is in
the environment. This paper includes how silicon became an important semiconductor, a brief history on the process of integrated chip manufacturing,
an analysis of the shrinking of manufacturing process, and newer methods of three dimensional lithography. Silicon and germanium are used as
semiconductors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different combinations of n and p–type doping are used to create electronic components such as transistors, capacitors, and diodes. Silicon became the
top semiconductor in the 1960s due to the oxide layer it forms, its ability to perform at higher temperatures, and its availability in nature. When
exposed to air, silicon forms a silicon dioxide layer on its surface that serves as an excellent insulator allowing for small interference between
different components. Compared to germanium, silicon is able to perform at higher temperatures which becomes important when there are several
different components on a chip operating and generating heat. Silicon is also readily available in nature, as it is a main component in sand whereas
germanium is difficult to extract in large quantities making it more expensive. Computer processors and graphics processors have become
increasingly advanced over the past 15 years, and require a process that is able to lay billions of transistors in a short amount of time. This process
starts out with a silicon wafer, which is made from sand that it is melted down and extruded into a cylinder of perfect silicon lattices. This cylinder is
cut into several eighteen inch diameter disks that are close to one millimeter thick. The silicon wafer is then annealed to remove the internal stresses of
the lattice and then an

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zinc Oxide
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor material II–VI studied since the middle of 20the century. Most of the physical properties of massive ZnO are therefore
well known for several decades. The interest of the researchers then declined, partly because of a major technological lock for the use of ZnO in
optoelectronics, namely the impossibility of doping the p–type ZnO.
The ability to grow thin layers and low dimensional hetero structures (quantum wells, nano–columns, etc.) of good crystalline quality recently
revitalized the research effort on ZnO, particularly with the aim of obtaining effective devices for optoelectronics in the blue and near ultraviolet, in
complement gallium nitride. For this purpose, the main advantage of ZnO GaN is a lower cost, enabled by the relative abundance of zinc over gallium.
Zinc oxide powder is also used as an additive in numerous products, for example plastics, ceramics, paints, pigments, cosmetics, etc.
In material science, another major benefit of zinc oxide is its strong exciton binding energy which allows to preserve the exciton properties up to Room
temperature. The cohesion energy of the exciton is indeed twice greater in ZnO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the growth of quantum wells along non–polar axes. These axes, perpendicular to the axis c, make it possible to overcome the internal
electric field. The main axes used in growth are axes a and m. The first samples quantum wells of ZnO / (Zn, Mg) O non–polar plan A were grown in
2007 on sapphire substrates [Cha07]. The other axis is to reduce the density of defects crystalline, responsible for non–radiative losses. Most of the
centers non–radiative are crystal dislocations, which arise from mesh clash inherent to the heteroepitaxy method. Homoepitaxy, and therefore the use of
massive ZnO substrate, theoretically promises a clear improvement in quality crystalline. A significant improvement was observed only very recently

How Ceramic Cutting Tools Have Been Around For Over 100 Years
David Golding
Term Paper
Mech 4320
Dr. Lewis
Advanced Cutting Materials Ceramic cutting tools have been around for over 100 years. The most common materials used prior to this were iron and
steel. These metals are effective in cutting but have limitations that ceramics do not. There are many different types of materials used in the production
of ceramic–based cutting tools. The production of ceramics have seen various advancements since its birth, and continues to be more dependable as
new technologies are applied to lower cost and boost efficiency in development. Advanced cutting ceramics is a $30 million (US) industry per the
Department of Energy and has seen increased growth in the last 10 years. Alumina (гЂ–AlгЂ—_2 O_3) and Silicon Nitride (гЂ–SiгЂ—_3 N_4) are
most commonly found in a ceramic cutting material. Their attributes differ for their own specific purpose, but they all have the same core
characteristics. They all demonstrate elevated hardness, strength, and thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is one of the main advantages in
using ceramics over other materials. Ceramics can withstand temperatures over 4000в„‰ in its operation, while Carbide can only reach 1600в„‰.
Cutting materials at this heat allows for the material being cut to be softened, allowing for a smoother, easier pass. These high temperatures are
unattainable for carbide tools because they exceed its melting point. Ideal–machining temperatures (e.g., 2200В°F for nickel alloys) can be
accommodated by

Physics Of The M N + 1 Ax N
The M n+1 AX n , or MAX phases are ternary carbides or nitrides with a hexagonal crystal structure, wherein the M n+1 X n layers are interleaved
with A layers. M is an early transition metal, A is an A
–group element, which is mostly 13 and 14 groups and X is carbon or nitrogen. MAX phases
exhibit a unique combination of properties arising from their atomic bonding and structural characteristics which situates them on the boundary
between metals and ceramic bridging the gap between them [1–6]. Due to the metallic nature of the M and A elements, MAX phases tend to be
relatively soft and readily machinable (due to weak
M–A bonds), with good thermal shock resistance as well as damage tolerance, and in addition are excellent thermal and electrical conductors.
Conversely, being carbides and nitrides they exhibit typical ceramic properties and are good refractory materials, are very stable thermodynamically at
high temperatures, have good chemical resistance and have relatively low thermal expansion coefficients. These properties make MAX phases
amenable for use in the automotive and aerospace industry[2, 3, 5].
The 'n' in the M n+1 AX n phases, denotes the number of M layers sandwiched between the A layers.
Researchers have reported M 2 AX, M 3 AX 2 , and M 4 AX 3 phases, which refer to the 211, 312, and 413 phases, respectively. In 1967, Ti 3 SiC 2
and Ti 3 GeC 2 were first synthesized by Jeitschko and Nowotny in powder form
[7]; but it wasn't until two decades later that the

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are systems that are...
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are systems that are designed on a micro metre scale and have become more popular as the demand for
devices to get smaller has increased. The main uses of these systems are for sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes and other such devices
like microscopy and inkjet nozzles for example. There are many materials that can be used for MEMS as the cost of the material is almost eradicated
due to the micro size of the systems being produced. This brings materials such as gold, platinum and diamond can be used, as these materials have
some properties which are very desirable for a MEM systems. The most common material that is currently used in MEMS is silicon and silicon based
compounds as they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The piezoresistivity properties of diamond allow it to be used for a variety of applications at temperatures of up to 700oC . Also diamond films can
actually be used as the active sensor layer themselves in certain situations . This has been found useful for strain gauges and accelerometers as well as
other areas. It is due to the piezoresistive gauge factor of diamond to be between 70–4000 and remains as such even at high temperatures. Another
advantage of using diamond in these situations is that because its elastic modulus is much greater than other materials that would be used such as
Silicon or silicon based compounds the diamond films can operate at much higher frequencies. Although it has been believed that only polycrystalline
materials have these piezoresistive properties, in recent times the same properties have been found in amorphous films of both silicon and diamond.
As devices get smaller the surface to volume ratio increase dramatically down to the micrometre scale which means that at these levels of design the
surface phenomena become more important. The forces which create these surface phenomena such as Van der Waal's capillary and local shear forces
due to the viscosity become the main factors at a

The Future of Solar Technology
The future of solar technology clearly lies away from the expensive rigid structure of extensive silicon crystalline structures, and towards the
non–silicon based technologies. Governments and private firms must continue to invest the capital needed to fund research and development in these
fields of more flexible and versatile solar cells in order to acheieve higher efficiencies and improve the manufacturing process of these technologies; as
currently they remain in their infancy.
3.4Non Silicon Based Polycrystalline cells
Research into non silicon based solar cells is an exciting stage, with labs all over the world making advances in this field. It has been hypothesized
and proven that other semi conductor materials can be doped to provide the conductive layer necessary for a solar cell to work. Copper oxide was used,
but it was found to not retain the doping agents well; to overcome this a new type of cell called screening–engineered field–effect photovoltaics
(SPFV's) were produced. These require a small electric field to be present in order to keep the p–n junction functioning, this electric field is far less
than the electricity that can be generated from the cell, and the reduced cost of not having to use silicon makes this a more than viable resource.
(Anthony, 2012)
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide cells (CIGS) are another branch of thin film photovoltaics being researched, with laboratory prototypes achieving
efficiencies of approximately 18%. CIGS cells have a huge

Investigating The Mechanism Of Decomposition, Reaction...
Abstract:
Thermal analysis data is used to determine the mechanism of decomposition, reaction energetics, and gas evolution of a material, specifically calcium
silicate, also called limestone. Based on the basic rules of thermodynamics, a hypothesis can be formed that, as limestone is heated, it decomposes into
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide due to heat transfer and the creation of impurities. The addition of silicon oxide, or quartz, can also cause limestone
to decompose in the same manner. This was tested using experiments including Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Figures 1–3 confirm this hypothesis through extensive logging of data. Future work can include data ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike pressure, temperature is a simple variable to alter. This is why it is preferred when analyzing controlled reaction rates, such as heat transfer. An
increase in temperature causes certain materials, commonly salts, to decompose, controlling the free energy that is released. Salts, which are unstable
at high temperatures, are ideal subjects for thermal analysis. For example, when CaCO3 decomposes into CaO and CO2, the nucleation of CaO causes
a "decrease in temperature [that] represents the endothermic heat absorbed by the reaction." The decomposition of a material is affected by various
factors, such as the pressure exerted on the material while it is heated, the amount of time the material is exposed to heat, and the rate of heat transfer.
(Kingery).
On a macroscopic level, as limestone is heated, it will darken in color as it separates into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. As it decomposes,
calcium oxide will be formed into a solid and carbon dioxide will be released as a gas. The calcined powder will retain its darker color, but would
otherwise look similar to the initial limestone. Decomposition is a reaction to the impurities caused by the heating of the material. (Thermogravimetric).
Experimental Methods:
After collecting samples and placing the calcium silicate, limestone, into each machine for the duration of time needed to collect 230 data points,
testing is completed. While in the

Using Algan / Gan For Biosensing Applications
Among a variety of sensing mechanisms and device architectures, field effect transistors (FET) based devices are ideal biosensors for point–of–care
systems since they can directly convert the specific binding between receptors on the gate surface and target analytes to an electrical signal for
low–cost, rapid, and sensitive detection, for which signal acquisition and processing units can be simply integrated. Although silicon based metal oxide
FETs (MOSFETs) (planar or nanowire) [45,46], carbon nanotube based FETs and graphene based FETs [47
–49] have been widely studied as
candidates for advanced biosensing applications, they are somewhat limited in various facets.
In the first section of this chapter, limitations of current biosensors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These Si–based devices are low–cost and can be easily integrated with signal processing and communication circuits on the same chip.
Ion Diffusion in Silicon Dioxide
SiO2 is the most widely used gate material of silicon–based bioFETs. Since the SiO2 surface is hydrophilic, it serves as a good substrate for cell
membranes deposition or receptor immobilization.
However, the applications of Si/SiO2 based biochemical sensors are limited since these devices, when in aqueous solutions, suffer from various
difficulties such as chemical instability and degradation of gate dielectrics. Na+ or K+ ions from physiological buffer can diffuse into SiO2 and
contribute to mobile charges. These mobile ions can be driven by the applied electrical field, causing a variable drift in the transistor threshold voltage.
This drift results in the degradation of device performance or instability of device operation, thus making these devices difficult to detect target analytes
in physiological buffers or fluids with high ionic strengths. Figure 2.1 shows comparison of normalized time–dependent DC current measurements
between a Si MOSFET biosensor and an AlGaN/GaN HFET biosensor with the gate area exposed to 1Г— phosphate buffered saline (PBS)

Chemistry Advances in Computers with the Work of...
Chemistry and technology has allowed so many advancements in today's society. It has allowed us to have faster computers, better displays, bigger
hard disks(hard drives),and it gives us the ability to work, to create, and to play. The main focus point of my research is how chemistry has advanced
computers with the work of transistors. Atransistor is a semiconductor device that can amplify, control and generate electrical signals. Transistors
look like integrated circuts. They are placed in micro processors, known as the heart of a micro processor. As times go on transistors decrease in size
and increase in capability.
What was society like before the discovery of your technology? The discovery of transistors has been around ever since ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How is your technolgyaffecting society today? In my opinion technology is having a negative affect on society. You walk into resturants and you
see a family everyone of their faces shoved into a phone. But on the flip side it can be a positive affect. You see what all transistors do in all sorts
of technology. You have computers with games that look as if they are real life. Like if you were living in the right part of the world you could
look outside your window and see the same thing you are seeing and hearing on the screen. You have an iPod that can fit in the palm of your hand
yet it can hold tens of thousands of songs. That is enough to play for a whole year! Technologly has come so far with it's pros and cons of the world
affect to all the advancements. You can have the world at your fingertips, as long as you do not have a flip phone. But if you had an iPhone you could
hold music, apps, and much much more.
In your opinion, what impact will your technonly have on the future? In my opinion the future of technolog wil have both a positive and negative
affect, the same as what technology is doing now. The technology of transistors will continue to have society in awe of what ever new product will
come out next. They will become friends with who ever gets the new product first. We will ask for the things for christmas and boast about it too all
of our friends. Because we have most storage for all of our stuff. Transistors

Activated Alumina Research Paper
Silica Gel Silica gel is silicon dioxide (SiO2) manufactured as small round beads with a large pore surface area (Figure 19). The water contained in the
gas vapor is adsorbed by the desiccant at relatively low temperatures. Silica gel is 97% silica and 3% alumina with a porous surface and strong
adsorbing qualities. Silica gel fractures in the presence of liquid water, so it is important to separate the liquid and gas ahead of a silica gel desiccant
unit. Some manufacturers use a pre–bed of activated alumina to protect the silica gel from water droplets that may enter the dryer. In air and gas
drying applications, dew points of –40В°C (–40В°F) and lower can be achieved with silica gel. Figure 19 – Silica gel desiccant beads. Activated
Alumina... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Activated alumina has many applications, including compressed air and gas drying. Figure 20 – Activated alumina desiccant beads. In compressed air
and gas drying applications, activated alumina achieves dew points of –40В°C to –73В°C (–40В°F to –100В°F), depending on the dryer design. In
compressed air desiccant dryers, a 3.2 mm (1/8 in) activated alumina bead is common. The 6.4 mm (1/4 in) activated alumina bead is typically used
as a pre–bed for supporting large desiccant beds or as a buffer for silica gel beds. Molecular Sieve Dehydration Molecular sieves adsorb the highest
amount of water, produce the lowest water dew points and sweeten (remove hydrogen sulfide) and dry the natural gas. Molecular sieves are adsorbents
made up of aluminosilicate crystalline polymers (zeolite) that remove components such as the following:

How Is Sio2 Similar
SiO2 and FePO4 are very similar in terms of their crystal structure. SiO2 consists of a metalloid bonded to oxygen atoms, whereas FePO4 consists of a
transition metal which forms an ionic bond with a Phosphate ion (cation), which itself consists of a non–metal bonded to oxygen atoms. In addition,
the size of Si and FeP relative to oxygen are very similar. These structural similarities mean that the observations made during the thermal transition
from the alpha phase to the beta phase are also similar – loosely. This transition between phases is seen in the form of a change in the structure of the
compounds once they cross a certain temperature.
However, due to differences in chemical structure, the specifics of the change in structure are vastly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
alpha–FePO4 can be said to change more eagerly as compared to beta–FePO4. In alpha–FePO4, the thermal expansion is seen to be largely non–linear
whilst having a significant amount of angular variations similar to the other alpha–quartz types.
However, thermal expansion does not take place in beta–FePO4 as the process does not take place at the extreme K–levels (980K and beyond). The
abrupt absence of the process is said to be caused by dynamic instability, which in turn is related to the idea of rigid–unit mode. This proves that there
has been a chemical restructuring between the range of temperature such that alpha–beta FePO4 becomes two chemicals that are essentially different;
their difference manifesting in the amount of tetrahedral tilt they experience at different points of temperature increment (inter–conversion through
tetrahedral tilting).
Hence, we can see that the mechanism is important as the structural changes related to it
(for polymorphs) affect symmetry. All in all, the behaviour of FePO4 is proven to not mimic that of the other alpha–quartz homeotypes. This
conclusion of its properties itself makes
FePO4 an unsuitable piezoeletrical

Physics Of Semiconductors Essay
The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100
students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor.
The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics,
especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the
many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.
To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper
atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only
one electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This
will then cause the valance electron of that atom to jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large
number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.
Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of materials that will be discussed are insulators. An
insulator is a material that does not conduct electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight electrons in its
valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called
insulators, no more electrons can fit in the valance shell of these atoms.
We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we will now move to a material that lies in between
these two, a semiconductor. The

The Development of New Coating Materials
PECVD
Summary :
Recent advances in science and technology have stimulated the development of new coating materials, surface and interface engineering processes, and
thin п¬Ѓlm systems, that provide ever–improving performance in numerous areas, ranging from optics and optoelectronics to aerospace, automotive,
biomedical, microelectronics, and other applications.
PECVD Process :
In PECVD processing, glow discharge plasmas are sustained within chambers where simultaneous CVD reactions occur. Generally, the radio
frequencies employed range from about 100 kHz to 40 MHz at gas pressures between 50 mtorr to 5 torr. Under these conditions, electron and
positive–ion densities number between lo9 and 101*/cm3, and average electron energies range from 1 to 10 eV. This energetic discharge environment
is sufficient to decompose gas molecules into a variety of component species, such as electrons, ions, atoms, and molecules in ground and excited states,
free radicals, etc. The net effect of the interactions among these reactive molecular fragments is to cause chemical reactions to occur at much lower
temperatures than in conventional CVD reactors without benefit of plasmas. Therefore, previously unfeasible high–temperature reactions can be made
to occur on temperature–sensitive substrates.
Typical cylindrical, radial flow,silicon nitride deposition reactor
The tube or tunnel reactors employed can be coupled inductively with a coil or capacitively with electrode plates. In both cases,

The Synthesis And Processing Of Ceramics And Ceramic...
INTRODUCTION | 1
Polymer derived ceramics (PDC) were first introduced over thirty years ago, and are a fundamental material in high demand today. Over the years, these
materials have been heavily studied to better understand how to manufacture them and determine their desired properties. Such materials include
coatings, ceramic fivers, and ceramics containing properties that allow them to have high stability at high temperatures. Desired properties of PDC
typically include high resistance to decomposition, phase separation, crystallization, high chemical durability, semi–conductivity, and creep. [4]
This paper will discuss the synthesis and processing of ceramics and ceramic composites using soft materials such as pre–ceramic polymers. The
potential for materials for a large variety of applications in harsh environments, pertaining mainly to the mechanical properties of PDCs, will also be
discussed.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES | 2
There are three basic steps in order to process PDC. These include synthesis of preceramic from a specific monomer, crosslinking of polymers at low
temperatures which allow for networks to form, and finally ceramization by pyrolysis.
Some of the most common monomers which can be used consist of polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, polysiloxanes, polysilazanes, and
polysilylcarbodiimides. There are several procedures in order to attain these figure 18.1 indicates some of the methods of creating some preceramics
through various methods outlined [1].
Figure:

Factors Affecting The Metabolism Before Information...
In addition, this theory focuses on building the metabolism before information bearing compounds like RNA, while other theories focus on creating an
RNA world first. However, the idea that hydrothermal vents were the hatchery of life can be compatible for both theories. Similar to how the
micro–compartments in the vents could have concentration chemicals needed for metabolism to arise, the micro–compartments could have also
concentrated products needed for organic synthesis of primitive genetic material (Joyce G.F. 2002). Some RNA world theories were criticized because
the chemicals in the ocean would be in too low of a concentration to react readily. Therefore, using hydrothermal vents as a concentrating mechanisms
would provide concentrations needed to help endergonic reactions proceed (Martin et al. 2008).
To further our understanding of how life could have arisen and the constraints for life, we need to look beyond our planet. A logical choice would
be to look at icy worlds that have a similar oceanic climate to the Hadean Ocean. Recent data obtained by the Cassini spacecraft point to Enceladus as
a possible location to answer these questions. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft discovered plumes of water vapor, salts and ice ejected from Saturn's moon
Enceladus. This plume was sodium–salt rich and the liquid water showed evidence of having been in contact with rock surfaces (Postburg et al.
2009,2011). In addition to water vapor, salts, and ice, dust particles were also

Modeling Of Engineering And Biomedical Sciences
Atomistic modeling of BN nanofillers: a review
Rajesh Kumar* and Avinash Parashar
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee– 247667, India
* Corresponding author: E–Mail: rajeshpawar4u@gmail.com, Ph.: +91–1332–284801
ABSTRACT
Due to their exceptional mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and electrically insulating property, boron nitride nanotubes and nanosheets have
promising applications in the field of engineering and biomedical sciences. Accurate modeling of failure or fracture in a nanomaterials inherently
involves coupling of atomic domains of crack, voids as well as deformation mechanism originating from grain boundaries. This review highlights the
recent progress made in the atomistic modeling of boron nitride nanofillers. Continuous improvements in computational power and parallel processing
have made it possible to study structural properties of these nanofillers in atomistic state. These atomistic simulations are emerging as viable
alternatives to time consuming and costly experimental means.
Keywords: Boron nitride; nanofillers; finite element; density functional theory; molecular dynamics; Tersoff potential; hybrid nanostructures
1.0Introduction
Boron nitride (BN) is a lab–grown binary compound consisting of equal number of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms. BN crystallizes either as a
hexagonal layered structure or as a tetrahedral linked structure, similar to that of graphite and diamond

Nonmetal Silicon Essay
Nonmetal Silicon The second most abundant element on Earth is the nonmetal silicon, which makes up about 28 percent of the Earth's crust. It occurs
only in such combined forms as silica (silicon dioxide) and silicate rocks and minerals. The most common form of silica is quartz, which includes sand
and flint. Silicates are salts in which silica is combined with oxygen and other elements, such as aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and
potassium.
Silicon has a strong affinity for oxygen. Pure silicon can be obtained by breaking down its combined form. It is prepared commercially by reducing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the significance of silicon in microprocessors, the region in California famous for computer technology is called Silicon Valley. (See also
Crystals; Microprocessor; Semiconductor.) Highly pure silicon is also used to make silicones, a group of synthetic resinlike materials (see Silicones).
Silica aerogels are transparent, highly porous substances consisting of tiny spheres of bonded silicon and oxygen atoms joined into long strands. The
strands are separated by innumerable air spaces. Although they are solids, aerogels have remarkably low densities, appearing almost like frozen wisps
of smoke. They are one of the lightest known solids. They also have the highest thermal resistance of any solid ever tested and thus could have
important applications as high–efficiency insulators and radiation detectors.
Symbol Si
Atomic Number 14
Atomic Weight 28.0855
Group in Periodic Table IVa
Specific Gravity at 77o F (25o C) 2.33
Boiling Point 4,271o F (2,355o C)

Melting Point 2,570o F (1,410o C)
coating to protect steel. Many of the billions of cans in use every year are made of tin–plated steel because tin is resistant to corrosion. In many food
containers, however, plastic coatings have replaced tin. And with the increased use of

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