1. THE WORLD IS
THE SCREEN
Elements of Information Environments
IA Summit 2013 | Baltimore, MD | Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Iām Andrew Hinton, and Iām an information architect with The Understanding Group.
Today weāre going to be talking about information environments -- and as a way into that
conversation, Iāve titled this talk āthe world is the screenā -- so letās start by considering what
I mean by that.
2. Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Weāre surrounded by screens these days. Theyāre proliferating to the point where weāre
interacting with them as often as any other objects in our surroundings.
So, in a way, we might say that screens are ļ¬lling up the world to the point that itāll feel like
the world is made of them.
Thereās some truth to that. But itās just one facet of the issue.
kiosk: kodak.com
table/phone: android.com
gps: garmin.com
3. Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Another way the world is the screen is because of technology like Google Glass, which
essentially lays a screen over the world around us, mediating between our perception and the
stuff weāre perceiving.
This is certainly worth considering, but it, too, is only a facet of how the world is the screen.
Itās also the case that these things -- all sorts of device screens and augmented displays -
are getting integrated into our environmental experience.
left image wired.com / others from google
4. Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The way we use these things isnāt conļ¬ned to the things themselves. Theyāre part of a larger
context.
Here, on an airliner, I surreptitiously snapped a picture while waiting for take-off. I did it
because itās a good example of how we donāt just sit in front of screens alone, in a vacuum.
We do it as part of our activity in the world around us.
5. Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
In this case, this guy was talking to friends about a football game in progress -- a game that
had a mirror-world of itself happening in a little avatar of itself on a smartphone.
Thereās a relationship between the digitally generated āinformationā environments we use,
and the non-digital environments we live in. We live in both. I wondered, at the core of how
we understand the world, are there differences between them? Do they matter?
6. INFORMATION
ENVIRONMENT
INFORMATION
ENVIRONMENT
6 Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
For example. What is the difference, really, between shopping for office supplies in a brick
and mortar retail store, and shopping for them through an online retailer like Amazon?
If we frame both of these as āinformation environmentsā -- does that help us understand why
one might be eating the otherās lunch?
If we think of the physical store as an information interface, how much information is
conveyed, and of what kind, through one interface versus another?
7. A CURATED, ENCLOSED, BLENDED
INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
What about when information environments use all sorts of methods for communication, all
at once?
Weāve had blended information environments for a while. Hereās a marvelous exhibit at the
American Museum of Natural History in New York. It has a whole taxonomy -- the old-school
meaning of taxonomy, meaning an organized hierarchy of creatures. But this one is
instantiated on the wall. It also has it represented in written form, in a printed document, and
in digitally presented form, in a kiosk. (These were taken when I took my daughter there
some years back.)
This is a curated, complex information environment.
Physical objects, digital interfaces, lots of language and labels around. All connected together
to form a whole experience.
Itās is a highly controlled version of the world we now live in -- which is more emergent,
messier, but even more pervasively connected & digitally enabled.
photos by andrew hinton
8. AN OPEN-ENDED, CUMULATIVE,
BLENDED INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Hereās an everyday intersection in Dublin.
This is an environment that also has many different layers and modalities, but itās not
controlled and curated in the same way as the museum. Itās been added to, streets have been
widened, signage added, infrastructure installed. And on top of that, lots of other information
is pouring through it in the form of newspapers, or advertisements on buses and vans.
The digital signs are something relatively new for our environments. It used to be that signs
said one thing, and you learned what they said, and then you could forget about them until
somebody put up a new one. These days, we canāt depend on surfaces being stable,
persistent homes for written information. The stuff is embedded in all sorts of places. This
street intersection in Dublin has digital signage mixed in with everything else.
Pervasive computing technology means that the world is only getting weirder and more
complex. Weāre not talking about just consumer devices, but whole infrastructures, urban
networks, and wired economies.
photo by andrew hinton
9. What do we mean by
āInformation Environmentā??
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
For over a decade, weāve been saying that IA is, in part, the structural design of shared
information environments. But what do we mean by that phrase? It sounded right at the time,
because even when most of what we were doing were static websites, we knew the scope
could be bigger, and that the world was going to change toward more complexity.
So, here we are in that spot we supposed weād be in -- with all this pervasive information
complexity - and it seems high time to nail this thing down better.
10. Labels
Card Sorting
Mental Models Navigation
Methods,
Facets
Tools, Controlled Affinity Diagrams
Taxonomies Hyperlinks
Processes Vocabularies
Thesaurus
Task Analysis Hierarchies
Ontologies Context Models
Whatās underneath
that makes these things work (or not)?
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Iām actually a bit worried because Iām not sure our current tool sets are really up to the task.
We have a lot of methods, but not a lot of understanding about why or how they actually
work. (Kind of like antidepressants.)
We also tend to talk about a lot of things like āunderstandingā and āinformationā and whatnot
-- but what do we mean by those things? We need more rigor, more science - I donāt mean
information science but science about humans.
Iāve been working on a book about how information creates and shapes context. And in part
of that work, Iāve had the realization that weāre often looking at information and
environments the wrong way around, by starting with the technology ļ¬rst.
(8 min)
11. A STRUCTURALLY DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT
^
INFORMATION
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Especially since all the technology is becoming more and more pervasively integrated into our
surroundings, now Iām thinking we should start with something more basic -- how do we
comprehend our environment generally? What if we start with pre-digital structurally
designed environments?
>>
And even further: is something like this ļ¬eld not just an environment, but an information
environment?
I believe it is. Weāll get to that, but ļ¬rst something from ten years ago.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Derbyshire_Landscape.jpg
12. STEWART BRAND
āPACE LAYERSā
IA SUMMIT 2003
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Back in 2003, at the IA Summit in Portland Oregon, Stewart Brand gave the opening keynote.
One of the things he discussed was āpace layersā - the idea that some layers of human life
move more slowly than others. Nature changes very slowly, and all the stuff weāve built up
from that foundation tends to move and change more quickly -- quicker and quicker still at
each concentric layer.
photo: Mike Lee
http://www.ļ¬ickr.com/photos/curiouslee/15238458/sizes/o/in/photostream/
13. PACE LAYERS OF
INFORMATION ENVIRONMENTS
Start
Here
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Taking that idea and running with it, Iām working out a sort of pace layer stack about
information environments.
At the root is our perception and cognition of environment -- these are things that donāt, at
core, change much at all over millennia.
Then thereās spoken language, something weāve had with us possibly for over a million years
-- to the point that itās probably a shaping factor in our evolution as a species.
Writing and graphical symbolic language come later than speech. Theyāre technologies, in a
sense, for encoding, recording and sharing spoken language.
And only later do we get into information organization and design, or what we call
āinformation technologyā -- digital computing, networks, & devices.
We tend to start our work through the lens of the upper two layers - but theyāre the ones that
change and ļ¬uctuate the fastest.
>> I think we should start with perception/cognition as the lens for understanding the rest.
14. Information in Three Modes
Digital 10100010 10100010
Digital systems transmitting
01001000 01001000 to & receiving from other
01110011 01110011 digital systems.
Semantic People communicating
with people.
Animals (including
Ecological people) perceiving the
environment.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Thereās a long history of people trying to deļ¬ne information. Iām not into deļ¬ning things so
much these days -- Iām more interested in describing them.
And that frees us up to understand a thing in more than one mode or dimension -- to be OK
with grasping something in all its facets.
Rather than deļ¬ning information, Iād like to describe how it operates. I think information
affects perception and understanding in three major modes. Let me mention them all, then
weāll look at each in more detail.
>> First is āecologicalā information. Itās about how animals perceive their environment.
>> The second is āsemanticā information: itās the mode people use to communicate with one
another.
>> Third is digital information: digital information is information used by digital systems to
transmit to and receive from other digital systems. Itās what happens between the black
boxes of our digital infrastructure.
Like I said, weāll look at each of these more closely. Letās start with ecological information.
(12 min)
15. Ecological Information
Digital 10100010 10100010
Digital systems transmitting
01001000 01001000 to & receiving from other
01110011 01110011 digital systems.
Semantic People communicating
with people.
Animals (including
Ecological people) perceiving the
environment.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
So, starting with ecological information. The word ecological means having to do with the
relationship between an animal and its natural environment. Iām using the term this way
because many of the ideas Iām using are based on ecological psychology and embodied
cognition, which is different from mainstream cognitive science.
16. Mainstream Cognitive Science
Assumes the brain ...
ā¢ Works like a computer to āprocess
information.ā
ā¢ Uses symbolic logic, āimagesā &
representational models.
ā¢ Is primarily (if not exclusively)
responsible for cognition.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Mainstream cognitive science, which still forms the foundation for most HCI theory and
practice, assumes that the brain works like a computer as a sort of information processor.
The brain takes sensory inputs from a sort of dumb, robotic body, processes those inputs as
āinformationā -- representational images and symbols of the world, along with images and
symbols stored in memory -- and once it has ļ¬gured out what to do, it tells the body how to
respond.
This is still the predominant way of seeing how the brain works. Itās part of the assumptions
built into many of our methods and training.
17. Embodied Cognition (not yet mainstream)
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Then thereās embodied cognition theory. Embodied cognition argues that cognition is not
brain-exclusive, but actually uses the body and even the environment around the body for
cognitive activity.
There are many ļ¬avors and schools of thought even within the embodiment movement; but
one in particular is what some call āradical embodied cognitionā that says we should not try
to marry embodiment with the traditional cognitive science perspective, but replace it
entirely. Full disclosure: the āradicalā or āreplacementā camp is the one I ļ¬nd myself aligning
with.
18. James J Gibson - Ecological Psychology of Perception
Long sidelined, now hailed as pioneer of embodied cognition.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The so-called āradical embodimentā movement has adopted the work of James J Gibson, who
was a scientist of something called āecological psychologyā in the mid 20th century..
He started out studying WWII pilots - and found that centuries-old assumptions about how
people comprehend their environment were simply wrong. His ideas have been acknowledged
and quasi-appropriated here and there, but now many are starting to see his whole corpus of
thought more clearly -- he was really writing about embodied cognition (but calling it
ecological psychology).
19. A few key ideas from Gibsonās theories
We perceive elements in the environment as
invariant (persistent) or variant (in ļ¬ux).
We perceive the environment in human-
scale terms, not scientiļ¬c abstractions.
We perceive environment as
ānested,ā not in logical hierarchy.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Thereās no way to cover all the important stuff from Gibson in this talk, but here are a few
key ideas.
>> We perceive elements in the environment as invariant or variant. Invariant elements are
necessary for orientation of everything else. They include at the widest scale, the earth and
the sky. Or perhaps a mountain range. Or even the occluding edge of oneās nose. Variant
elements are things that are in ļ¬ux that we donāt rely on for their persistent structures.
>> We perceive the environment in human-scale terms, not scientiļ¬c abstractions.
Perception doesnāt grasp the abstraction of space or time. Our bodies donāt perceive a fallen
tree limb in terms of centimeters, but in terms of whether it will ļ¬t in the hand, or if itās too
heavy to pick up.
>> We perceive the environment as nested. A stream is nested between banks, which are
nested between hills, which are nested within a range of larger hills, all of which is nested
within the canopy of sky. This is importantly different from strict hierarchy, though. It
overlaps and shifts depending on the activity of the perceiver. A cave might feel like āinsideā
but then feel like āoutsideā when rain starts leaking in. A stone may just be clutter to me
when I walk by it the ļ¬rst time, but when I need a stone to pound something, it becomes an
object I can pick up. Then when I pick it up, it becomes an extension of my body.
All of these are important ideas for the structures we make for digital and other systems,
because our cognition expects the world to accommodate these ways of perceiving.
20. AFFORDANCE
ā... the perceived functional properties of objects,
places and events in relation to an individual
perceiver.ā - JJ Gibson
Perception exists only insofar as we
perceive affordances.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
JJ Gibson invented the concept of affordance. Others have since popularized it, but gotten it
somewhat wrong -- mainly because theyāre coming at it from a traditional cognitive-science
perspective, not an embodied perspective.
For Gibson, affordance isnāt a thing you add to something. Affordance is the organizing
principle behind *ALL* perception. We donāt perceive anything unless it affords meaningful
action for a given context.
21. Information Pickup Theory
Perception
Ambient,
structured
Agent energy arrays
Action
Ecological Information
"Pick-up"
The perception-action loop.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
We perceive affordance through something called āinformation pick-up.ā
A perceiver, or agent, takes *action* in an environment in order to discover its affordances.
The action part is very important. Gibson rails against traditional cognitive science
laboratories that strap people into chairs to keep their heads still -- cognition doesnāt
function from stationary positions. We evolved as active, moving, interacting creatures that
perceive through action.
And when we act in the environment, we perceive, which then affects our action, which then
affects what we perceive, in a continuous loop of cognitive activity.
This is a very different way of thinking about āinformationā - but itās valid, and forms the
basis for all the other sorts of information in our lives.
22. Sigmund
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Iāve seen this with my dog, Sigmund. When I try taking him for a walk, heāll stop as if the
ground has grabbed him. Sometimes Iāll let him explore to see whatās up, and itās almost
always something that I didnāt perceive the way he did - either because it wasnāt relevant or
because I physically canāt perceive it. Iāve learned a lot by watching my dog ļ¬gure out the
world. Itās not that different from us. He just doesnāt have the rich layer of language draped
across the world like we do.
Itās that layer of language that humans have added to the environment that makes up the
next information mode.
(+7 = 19 min)
23. Semantic Information
Digital 10100010 10100010
Digital systems transmitting
01001000 01001000 to & receiving from other
01110011 01110011 digital systems.
Semantic People communicating
with people.
Animals (including
Ecological people) perceiving the
environment.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The semantic mode, in short, is language. But I mean language in the broad sense of things
we put into the environment to communicate with people. This can be all sorts of stuff:
speech, gestures, text, iconography, even buildings have semantic qualities.
24. flickr - uicdigital
SEMANTIC INFORMATION CHANGES HOW
WE EXPERIENCE ENVIRONMENT
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Information (in the sense we tend to mean it colloquially) is what creates and changes much
of what we consider to be contextual reality.
Look at this photo -- thereās information everywhere in this scene.
>>The lines on the road tell us where to drive; the traffic light is a virtual barrier that affects
our behavior; the road signs give us a layer of instruction that adds meaning to the city
around us. without the information here, it would quite literally be a different place.
Really, you could have civilization without cars, lightposts and buildings, but you couldnāt
have it without language. Language is our reality in many ways. And a city is as much a
construct made of language - speech as well as labels, signs, other semantic artifacts - as
one made of atoms.
http://www.ļ¬ickr.com/photos/uicdigital/5410417461/
25. WE LIVE IN LANGUAGE STRUCTURES
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
In a presentation last year, I heard Peter Merholz talk about how a cube farm in an office
building is like the org chart āmade manifest.ā
Thatās due to the fact that language structures are an architecture that we live within
together, whether we know it or not. Whether these structures are deļ¬ned explicitly like in
this early IBM management diagram, or deļ¬ned tacitly through the collective assumptions
within a shared culture, the way we talk and write about our shared environment is also a
structural feature of that environment.
26. LANGUAGE IS
ENVIRONMENT
Language is āa form of
cognitive scaffolding...ā
- Andy Clark - Supersizing
the Mind
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Language is not information. Language is environment.
When I am speaking Iām vibrating the air - affecting the environment, putting structures into
it that werenāt there before. The same goes for writing - itās environmental structure weāre
adding to the world.
We then pick up information about what those environmental features mean; you hear the
vibrations and, because youāve learned what those words mean, they have affordance for you.
27. Ecological & Semantic Information In Conflict
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Don Norman famously talks about the affordances of door handles.
In this case, a similar affordance situation can help us understand how different modes of
information can be in conļ¬ict.
I was walking into a store and did not even notice the sign.
The language of āPullā had an intended affordance -- Iām supposed to read it and allow it to
control my action.
But the ecological information I picked up from the structure of the handle had a stronger
effect on my action. I was talking with someone as I was entering the store, so my language
perception was preoccupied; also I could see through the glass into the store toward the
context I intended to enter -- essentially seeing right past the sign.
28. Digital-Ecological & Semantic Information
In Conflict
Which red x????
Looks like a
āconfirmā action.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Graphical user interfaces are essentially simulated ecological information. Objects with
affordances, simulated on screens.
But theyāre also performing semantically. It can get very confusing.
Logically speaking, the red Xās in the ļ¬rst example are all very different -- but ecologically,
they require too much thought to disambiguate. In this app I found myself always deleting
rather than declining, closing rather than deleting, etc. When Iām in a hurry, I just reach for
the closest red X to do whatever Iām trying to do - close the message, decline an invite, or
delete it entirely. About half the time, I end up clicking the wrong one if I donāt stop and
think about it explicitly.
>>In an unsubscribe interface for fab.com, my wife discovered that she was apparently re-
subscribing without realizing it, because that big red button -- like a big berry you canāt help
but pick -- contextually feels like itās a conļ¬rmation, not a cancellation/re-subscription
action.
29. Which of these will accidentally tweet publicly?
Very little
semantic or
ecological
information
about what
context Iām
in
Ecological
Information /
Affordance
for action.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The infamous Twitter āDM Failā problem is largely caused by users responding to DMs via
SMS.
In this case, itās hard to tell: which of these is a Twitter app that will safely allow me to DM
someone, and which is my SMS app that will tweet to everyone who follows me? The
physicality of the interface can easily override my perception of the semantic informationās
differentiating cues.
30. Digital Information
Digital 10100010 10100010
Digital systems transmitting
01001000 01001000 to & receiving from other
01110011 01110011 digital systems.
Semantic People communicating
with people.
Animals (including
Ecological people) perceiving the
environment.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
So the examples we just looked at werenāt just any sort of semantic information, they were
semantic information driven by digital technology. And digital technology relies on digital
information.
Digital information is how the black boxes talk to the other black boxes. Itās the lifeblood of
information technology. The whole point of digital information is to strip human meaning out
of it to make it efficient for transmitting and storing encoded information.
This isnāt stuff we see face to face very much. Mainly we encounter its *effects* in the
environment.
31. Digital Information Mode Leaking into Semantic Environment
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
We see machines around us trying to get us to perceive what they are saying, or what they
want to hear from us. We see them murmuring to each other in weird, noisy machine-only
semantics that we do not comprehend either ecologically or semantically.
ā¢The gas pump above has to have a sticker added to it that explains what āEnter Dataā
means.
>>The Twitter proļ¬le with the iPhone coordinates expresses my location not in a semantic
way (the name of a city, for instance) but in a Cartesian grid that I have no contextual
orientation for, either semantically or ecologically.
>>The Delta app has information that I, as a human, can read, but it gives priority to the
machines that I encounter in the workļ¬ow of the airport.
32. Digital information enables
pervasive semantic place-making.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
I donāt mean to paint digital information as a villain. It isnāt.
The ability to transmit, store and retrieve information in this way is a miracle.
An platform I like a lot is Avocado - it lets a couple keep in touch and share a place together,
pervasively.
It has nice touches that key into embodied experience of semantic information, like sending a
hug by touching the screen to your heart.
Another nice touch: the couple shares the same password - making a word into a very real
link of co-ownership of the place, like having the same keys to your home.
This sort of pervasively available place would be impossible without digital information in the
background. But it also requires a lot of discipline with semantic information structure to
make the place coherent.
33. INFORMATION MAKES PLACES,
KIND OF LIKE THIS PICTURE MAKES A PIPE.
IF YOU COULD SMOKE THE PIPE.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
This is the famous Magritte painting -- it says āthis is not a pipeā
The picture deļ¬nitely shows a pipe but itās not a real pipe you can smoke.
>>Information is kind of like this in the way it makes places.
>>Except for a key difference that, with
Information, you can smoke the pipe.
34. LABEL
LANGUAGE IS LABEL
LABEL
INFRASTRUCTURE RULES
LABEL
LABEL
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
And Language is Infrastructure.
We essentially make things out of labels, connections and rules.
Too often, we assume the labels are something to add later - but in reality theyāre the thing
we have to ļ¬gure out ļ¬rst.
This is why issues like ontology and taxonomy are so important - they establish the
āinvariantā features of the environments we make.
35. ONTOLOGY
What am I? What is my world?
How do I exist in it?
Please describe a formal,
explicit speciļ¬cation of a shared
conceptualization for purposes of
structuring semantic data.
00101011100100101110100101
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Behind the scenes of all this is Ontology.
Ontology can be the philosophical sort -- about the nature of oneās being and the
relationship of the self to the environment.
Or it can be the information-technology sort - developed for digital information work, to
deļ¬ne the formal speciļ¬cation for data purposes.
A big part of what IA should be doing is bridging these two planes of existence.
36. ONTOLOGY
The
Thing
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Presently our various ļ¬elds are preoccupied with how to have content and functionality make
sense in various contexts.
Ontology is at the heart of this problem.
In many organizations and project teams, thereās an over-obsession with things like layout in
each of the instantiations of a thing, but not enough discussion about how to deļ¬ne the
nature of the thing in abstract. That requires an ontological perspective.
And, done properly, it forms the main structures of an information environment - the
invariant pillars, so to speak - that allow language to stitch together coherence across
channels.
37. What is ācardā in this environment?
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Hereās an ontology example.
Lowes launched a service called MyLowes -- that requires the registration of a card. But they
also have a āLoweās Cardā thatās a consumer credit card.
Conversations at checkout can end up like a āwhoās on ļ¬rstā routine -- ādo you have your
Loweās card?ā āMy Loweās card? Thatās what Iām paying with.ā āNo I mean your āmy loweāsā
card.ā āThis IS my loweās card!ā
38. Semantic-information āplaceā signified by āaccountā
Digital architecture determining ecological & semantic context.
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
If I walked into a bank and asked to access an account, itād be clear what I meant. But online,
it can mean different things (my proļ¬le-account represents me in the digital context -- and
needs a label, which happens to also be āaccountā). The digital systems behind the scenes at
Kohls require that these two things we call āaccountā be separate - requiring disambiguation.
The ontology of āaccountā is in question here. Itās one of the many sorts of things we have to
sort out with language, when weāre working in an environment thatās made of almost nothing
*but* language.
39. Shopping Simultaneously in a Store & the Cloud
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
Now that retailers are trying to be in the cloud and on the ground at the same time, context
is especially confounding. It requires a great deal of work to situate the userās perception of
place.
For many retailers, product price and availability are driven by location - yet shoppers online
tend to come to the experience as if itās a cloud-based store, not thinking about geography
yet. It puts the user in a strange environmental position of being in a local store and in an
amorphous web-shop experience simultaneously. The ontology of place is dissonant.
40. Subway station + Food store
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
And here we have a situation where a subway station is also ļ¬lled with pictures of products
that you can actually buy -- not unlike Magritte pipes that you can smoke.
With the QR code sprinkled throughout -- digital information wrapped in massive simulacra
of ecological information -- plus the semantic information of labels/brands. This could have
just been a list of words with QR codes next to them, but perhaps wisely, the retailer decided
to create the place in our image, to help bring the ārealityā of shopping for groceries into
what would otherwise override perception as a subway station.
41. INFORMATION MODES & PACE LAYERS
Digital
Semantic
Ecological
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The examples weāve looked at are going to seem primitive in a matter of just a few years.
So we need ways of breaking down whole environments into their essential elements - and
those elements are bound up in human perception & cognition.
This has been a very cursory overview of what I hope are a useful beginning for principles
and frameworks for doing this work into the future.
42. THANKS!
Digital
Semantic
Ecological
Andrew Hinton | @inkblurt
The examples weāve looked at are going to seem primitive in a matter of just a few years.
So we need ways of breaking down whole environments into their essential elements - and
those elements are bound up in human perception & cognition.
This has been a very cursory overview of what I hope are a useful beginning for principles
and frameworks for doing this work into the future.