Life During The Trenches On Wwi Essay

Life During The Trenches On Wwi Essay
Life in the Trenches on WWI World War I, also known as the Great War start on 1914, it was the
first time largely using modern model firearm in the war. WWI have result a totally different war
style under the new firearms, because the machine gun could take hundreds of people in really
couple minutes, and the artillery have let each side could boom enemy in long range. The old way
standing against each other's block and shot each other doesn't work in WWI anymore, so people
invented Trenches, it basically is dig in to the ground so it can avoid the machine gun on the ground.
Trenches warfare takes months and months to fight, and the trenches have become where those
soldier live during the war. The life in trenches is terrible, one of the things trenches have known
well know is trench foot, basically let the solider lost legs. Other issue on trench is cleaning, like
lice, which end up most cloth solider wear have tons lice on it. There also have some uninvited
guest such as trench rat, a huge rat that can ear injury solider alive.
Trench warfare, although trenches were used in ancient and medieval warfare, in the American Civil
War, and in the Russo–Japanese War (1904–5), they did not become important until World War I
(Trench Warfare). The introduction of rapid–firing small arms and artillery made the infantry
charges of earlier wars virtually impossible, and the war became immobile, with the contenders
digging thousands of miles of opposing trenches fronted by barbed wire
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Don Nardo's The History Of Weapons And Warfare: Ancient...
The book "The History of Weapons and Warfare: Ancient Greece" by Don Nardo would be a good
read for many students. It teaches a student about a historical nation, which would benefit a student
for a history class. This book was an entertaining read as well, and could certainly spark an interest
for a student. It's also a very good book due to its educated point of view. To summarize, this book
would be a good read because it educates, entertains, and provides an interesting point of view. "The
tremendous effectiveness and success of Western Warfare over the span of the last two millennia,
says Hanson, can be traced to 'a series of practices created at the beginning of Western culture by the
Greeks.'" (pg. 11) Quotes like these are reasons

Hamlet Asymmetrical Warfare Essay
Shakespeare in Hamlet wrote, "by indirection finds direction out." Although used in a different, the
quote directly relates to the principle of asymmetric warfare. Andrew J. Mack first used a name for
this tactic of war in his 1975 book, "Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars." Asymmetric simply means
that two sides are not the same. This type of warfare can be used between groups of people or
countries. Just like any war, the motivation can be economic, religious, or political. Asymmetrical
warfare is usually exemplified in long, drawn out wars, rather than short battles. More small groups
are turning to this idea, making "the world more uncertain, unstable, and difficult to anticipate."
(Grange)
Conventional wars, such as the Iran–Iraq ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asymmetrical warfare is an umbrella term that describes the same type of manners. The modern
pirates of Malaysia, Nigeria, and Somalia use asymmetrical warfare tactics to carry out their
robberies. Admiral Arun Prakash also sees the similarities between land terrorist that demonstrate
this type of warfare and the rise of piracy in the twenty–first century. He claims "as things get hotter
for the terrorists on land...its quite logical that they will move seaward." Terrorism is defined as
"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombat targets by subnational
groups or clandestine agents," according to the United States (Winn and Govern). The difference
right now between terrorists on land and on the sea is the amount of media recognition the land
terrorists receive compared to the pirates. The public is simply unaware of the maritime side of this
issue. Pirates demonstrate terrorism when the crews of innocent ships are killed so that the pirates
will not be caught and tried. The United States Transportation Security Administration even realizes
piracy is upon us because of their belief that the September 11th attacks could just as easily be done
through maritime means, rather than in air if a bomb pulls into a major harbor. Although pirates and
terrorists have separate motives, both demonstrate asymmetrical warfare and must be

`` Weapons, Technology Determination And Ancient Warfare ``
Technological Determination and Hoplites
Logically, it makes sense that the army with the most advanced technology would win battles
against a less equipped one. However, in his paper titled "Weapons, Technology Determination and
Ancient Warfare," Fernando Echeverria Rey brings to light the paradox of this idea in ancient
warfare, as well as undermine the modern idea of 'technological determinism' by claiming that it
does not have an ancient equivalent. His argument approaches the study of ancient warfare from
different perspectives as he "[offers] alternative ways to explain technological and tactical change in
warfare" (Echeverria 2010: 24). Echeverria Rey makes strong points for his arguments and supports
his ideas clearly. While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the 'political' level and 'structural' level entail that "ancient communities were determined by
military factors" (Echeverria 2010:22) and that these military factors "produce and explain broader
socio–political change" (Echeverria 2010:22) respectively. By focusing in on the 'battlefield' level in
his paper, Echeverria Rey stresses the distinction between these three levels and maintains clarity in
his argument. He supports his argument by also putting "to the test the assumptions, that first some
kinds of weapons and tactics are objectively 'superior' to others and that secondly, societies are
always trying to create or import such superior weapons and tactics" (Echeverria 2010:24.) While
hoplites may not be the epidemy of ancient warfare technological innovation, they are an important
part of the history of ancient warfare and exemplify Echeverria Rey's argument.
A hoplite is "commonly interpreted as the quintessential Greek heavy armed infantry man
(Echeverria 2012:292). Originally, the hoplite soldiers were "generally expected to provide his own
arms and armor" (Bertosa 2003:361). Because of the monetary demand of being a hoplite soldier, a
hoplite had to provide their own equipment such as a spears or shields, the majority of early hoplites
were wealthy farm owners whose main goal was to protect their own land from enemies. The role of
a hoplite was critical in ancient civilization

Essay about Chemical Warfare
The images are haunting: soldiers in gas masks rapid firing through dusky vapours, people contorted
with a pain that comes from within. Chemical warfare has long been acknowledged as a devastating
tactical weapon, but the origin of this impression is now being debated. While it is a common held
belief that chemical warfare is a form of modern warfare and that the First World War is recognised
for introducing this type of combat, recent archaeological finds show this may prove otherwise.
According to accepted definitions of chemical warfare, newly discovered battle tactics used by
humanity's ancestors may not be so different from those of modern warfare. In the opposite way,
while advancements in science have aided in making chemical ... Show more content on
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Historians consider the use of poison on arrowheads as the beginning of humanity's foray into this
type of tactical warfare. (WIFA. 2005) Toxic substances became the predominant form of chemical
warfare in the ancient world, and it was common for attacking armies to poison the water supply of
besieged cities or use other poison methods to silently dispose of their enemies. However, poison
was only the beginning of "modern" tactics used in the ancient world. By 429 B.C., toxic fumes
made up of sulphur were recorded as used in battle. (WIFA. 2005) Most interestingly though, is
what has come to light in recent archaeological investigations. Credited as the "oldest ... evidence
for chemical warfare" (Syed, 2009), the discovery of twenty Roman soldiers in the city of Dura–
Europos, circa AD 256, at first puzzled archaeologists (Syed, 2009). While each soldier had
apparently died in combat, they bore no marks to suggest violence was the cause and it was not until
the unearthing of bitumen and sulphur crystals nearby that asphyxiation was considered (University
of Leicester, 2009). When bitumen and sulphur are burned together, they create "dense clouds of
choking gasses" (University of Leicester, 2009), meaning that this discovery is the oldest found
form of choking agents. More proof of chemical warfare's early beginnings lies with the

The History of Chemical Warfare and Its Effect on the...
There are so many issues facing the world today that it is sometimes hard to understand why they
occur and what they affect. Today it is apparent that many people take the environment of the earth
for granted. Pollution, energy, and natural resources are all seen as an environmental element that
can threaten our future and destroy the environment. But there is another threat to the environment
that is certainly overlooked by today's society and was overlooked by many in the past. This
element is the act of war. There are many different aspects of war that can affect the environment
and the people of our world, but there is one specific facet of war that could be considered most
detrimental chemical warfare. "Chemical warfare is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The arrow was fired into the target of choice, usually an item of prey such as the antelope, with the
hunter then tracking the doomed animal until the poison caused its collapse. Although this is not
considered warfare between humans, this still provides knowledge on the use of chemicals to cause
harm. From here we can infer that even the use of these chemicals in ancient times had an effect on
the environment. If early humans were using chemicals to hunt and kill their prey, it may have
created an unbalance in the habitat of the time. If the antelope population was to suddenly decrease
with the use of chemicals, the predator of the antelope may starve and die, later causing a possible
extinction of that particular species. Chemical weapons in the form of liquid were not the only type
of chemicals used in the beginning of human history. The earliest recorded use of gas warfare in the
West dates back to the 5th century BC, during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
Spartan forces besieging an Athenian city placed a lighted mixture of wood, pitch, and sulfur under
the walls hoping that the noxious smoke would incapacitate the Athenians, so that they would not be
able to resist the assault that followed. Sparta wasn't alone in its use of unconventional tactics during
these wars: Solon of Athens is said to have used hellebore roots to poison the water in an aqueduct
leading from the Pleistrus River around 590 BC during the siege of

The Use of Biological Weapons During Combat
The Use of Biological Weapons During Combat The History of Biological Weapons The Ancient
Use Of Biological Warfare The use of living organisms during combat is as old as war itself. The
oldest reference to the use of biological weaponry is seen in the Bible in which,"water holes [were]
poisoned, infected corpses [were] fired across enemy lines and diseased prisoners [were] returned to
infect their colleagues"(Lele 1). Biowarfare is universal and has been referenced in "Ancient Hindu
epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata, which used poison, a toxic pathogen on their enemies "
(Chauhan 157). From Rome and even Greek myths the use of biological warfare has been
references. The greeks in fact stated "that Hercules dipped his arrow in the monster Hydra's venom
after having slayed him creating probably one of the first biological warfare delivery systems"
(Chauhan 157). Through various myths and recorded events humans are able to look back and
observe a developing technology. Humans are consequently able to distinguish the countless tactics
which can be used due to the development of such technology. Medieval Use During the Medieval
times little was known in relation to germs, pathogens, and even basics of disease. They were
however able to draw conclusions from various observations. It was observed that "the stretch of
rotting bodies [were] known to transmit infections"(2) which led to the conclusion that the "corpses
[could be] used as ammunition, they were no doubt intended as

How Weapons Have Changed Warfare
Since prehistoric times humans have learned to build and use weapons. The first archeological
evidence of the use of blunt weapons and spears was around 400,000 BC (Newscientist.com,
"Timeline: Weapons Technology", Michael Marshall, July 7, 2009). Most of these were built for
hunting and gathering food and to defend themselves against large, fierce animals. It was a matter of
survival. Eventually humans turned these weapons on each other. The first organized record of
warfare comes from Greek and Roman times (Griess, Thomas: Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Page
1, 1984). Since then, weapons have advanced steadily over the years. Each new significant
advancement has changed the way battles are fought. As described below, these weapons changed
warfare during ancient times, the 20th Century, and during the modern day. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When used side by side with other members of a formation called the "phalanx", the long spear
made it very difficult for opposing attackers to get close enough to cause any significant injury.
(Griess, Thomas: Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Page 3–4, 1984). This weapon and tactic made the
Greeks extremely difficult to defeat.
During the 100 Years War between England and France, the longbow was crucial to insuring
English victory. These weapons were around six feet tall and weighed about 100 pounds. They
could shoot arrows over 270 yards (Medievalists.net, Oct 8 2015. Daniel Cybulskie. "Why was the
Longbow so Effective?"). This increased range allowed the English to kill French soldiers from
much further away. It also neutralized the French cavalry by forcing them to dismount from their
horses or be killed by a rain of incoming heavy arrows (Medievalists.net, Oct 8 2015. Daniel
Cybulskie. "Why was the Longbow so

Pros And Cons Of Biological Weapons
Bill gates has warned world leaders that Bioterrorism could kill more people than nuclear war, but
do we know what bioterrorism is? Bioterrorism also known as biological warfare is defined as use
of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, germs, fungi or toxins against enemy's soldiers,
civilians, animals or crops as a weapon of war. Small pox viruses and bacterium like Yersinia pestis
which causes plague are examples of such biological agents. As with other forms of terrorism, its
purposes include the undermining of morale, creating chaos, or achieving political goals These
weapons are used for either killing or incapacitating people.. In the past, the weapons employed by
nations were more easily recognizable and defendable. For example, surveillance allows missile
silos to be detected, and counter–strategies put in place to deal with the launch of the missiles.
Microorganisms, however, by virtue of their small size can be readily hidden from detection.
Biological weapons have been called poor nation's atomic bomb, because they can be developed and
used by nations who lack resources to invest in their own nuclear program. Nuclear weapons require
expensive radioactive materials, and both nuclear and chemical weapons require significant
scientific infrastructure to develop and deploy them. On the contrary, biological weapons do not
require rare materials, significant infrastructure or advance scientific knowledge. Biological
weapons can potentially be developed and even

Scythian
The most interesting finding of our research is the relatively high risk of death in young adulthood,
plausibly a result of warfare. However, it arises a question how the Scythians managed to embrace a
domination over other human groups if there were at the same time characterized by the high
mortality of an adult and the low fertility, as well as, how did they maintain fighting strength. The
possible explanation of this situation could be a recruitment by Scythians the local people into their
army (especially in the regions where they have direct contact with Phracians, Meotioans and so
on). Such strategy was common among other human past societies with a successful military track
record, like e.g. the Roman Empire (Delbruck 1990, Whately, 2010; p.227–230) or Macedonian
Empires (Ashley 1998). Moreover, the same phenomenon was also applied by The British during
rule India, who very likely they had a lower fertility rate than the subject peoples (see Marshall,
2006 p. 283–284; Roy 2013). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Series of Scythian burials with one bladed swords of Thracian type from one point of view can be
determined as Thracian influence on Scythian weaponry, but from another pas a trace of recruit of
Thracians into the Scythian army.
Since ritual treatment suggest that Scythians could recruitment local people into the army to
maintain fighting strength despite high mortality of an adult and the low fertility, it would be worth
to check if some of the individuals ascribed to commoners could have been outsiders recruited by
the Scythians. For this reason, future anthropological studies on Scythians can be addressed the
analysis of biodistance markers of individuals from lower social status using ancient DNA or dental
non–metric

Greco-Persian War: The Effects Of Ancient Greek Warfare
The Effects of Ancient Greek Warfare
In 480 B.C., the Greco–Persian wars were raging. Persia's obvious wealth did not stop the Greeks
from fighting for their own freedom. The Persians learned the the hard way that the Greeks, though
small in number, were powerful. The Ancient Greeks paved the way for Western Civilization
because of the battles they won, their strategic plans and organization, and their purpose for
fighting.
The Battle of Salamis in 480 B.C. was a pivotal moment in history for not only the Greeks in the
Greco–Persian War, but also for all of Western Civilization. Themistocles, the Greek commander,
developed a plan to halt the spreading Persian attacks. He lured the large ships of the Persian fleet
into a narrow strait where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 500 B.C. the Greeks grew tired of being ruled by the Persians. They decided to build up
their army, and fight for their liberty. Mark Cartwright, a Greek Philosophy historian, explains,
"Whilst there were lengthy periods of peace and many examples of friendly alliances, the powerful
motives of territorial expansion, war booty, revenge, honour, and the defence of liberty ensured
that...the Greeks were regularly engaged in warfare both at home and abroad" (Cartwright). In other
words, although the Greeks had multiple motives for war, they also fought mainly in defense of
liberty. Similarly, in the 1700's, the thirteen original colonies of the United States grew tired of
being ruled by Great Britain, which led to the American Revolutionary War. Following the example
of the Greeks, the citizens of the U.S. fought for expansion of their territory and freedom to rule
themselves. McDougal Little reports, "The United States has fought wars to liberate people from
oppression, gain land, and as a retaliation for attack" (McDougal). Just as the ancient Greeks, the
United States has again followed their example in defending liberty while expanding their own
territory. The ancient Greeks and modern Western civilization are not so different, but without the
Greeks, Western civilization would be completely

The Rise Of Asymmetric Warfare
Question: Analyze the rise of asymmetric warfare. Provide illustrations and assess how it has
reshaped behaviors and outcomes.
The "asymmetry" in asymmetric warfare is an inherently relational concept. It refers to an irregular
conflict that is distinct by the relative dissimilarity between opponents' in battle. The asymmetry is
derived from the character of warfare and dictated by the difference in relational power amid
warring sides. This asymmetry has tended to be in terms of status and organization; means and
resources, goals and objectives; and strategies and tactics. The relationship between the belligerents
in almost all conflicts has varied in many tactical, strategic and operational levels.
A popular perception of today claims that there has been a relatively recent rise in asymmetric
warfare, or conventional irregular warfare that has transformed war from a customary and
symmetric exercise into an irregular, avant–garde, asymmetric experience. This perception is
inherently at the foundation of the question in which this essay attempts to respond. In contrast with
this perspective, the main argument of this essay is that asymmetric warfare, although definitely a
characteristic of the times is not a new genus of warfare that has "risen" in the twentieth century as a
distinct revolution in military affairs. Furthermore, asymmetric warfare cannot be used as a
description to describe deviation from Western norms – in this case conflict. Rather, asymmetric
warfare

Kautilya 's Theories On War Essay
Kautilya's Theories on War for the Twenty–First Century
Intrigue, assassination, spies, and prostitutes make for captivating reading in Kautilya's Arthishastra.
One could easily dismiss this extensive composition as amusing literature from ancient times,
seemingly relevant today only in fiction or action–adventure movies. Kautilya, an ancient Indian
military theorist and advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, is known as an extreme realist who by
comparison makes Machiavelli appear tame due to the brutality of his methods. Kautilya's
Arthashastra is a comprehensive compendium containing fifteen books providing kings and
ministers procedures for conquering, maintaining control of, and running states in the dangerous and
uncertain environment of ancient India. Of the fifteen books, three relate to war and national
security and contain several concepts relevant to modern times. Like Kautilia over two thousand
years ago, the United States (U.S.) military today faces a dangerous and uncertain global
environment and therefore must prepare for a wide array of contingencies. A brief review of three
books contained in the Arthashastra that relate to war and national security provide insight to key
issues that challenged Kautilya in his time and also challenge the U.S. military today; these issues
are not addressed by other military theorists and for this reason I believe that Kautilya's Arthashastra
best explains the nature and character of war in the 21st century.
The first of

Rockets In Ancient China
In history, rockets have been used countlessly for warfare, transportation, and for celebrations.
Whether in Ancient China or Modern USA, Rockets have always blasted their way through some
exciting parts of history. In a Chinese ritual, tubes made of bamboo filled with gunpowder were
thrown into a fire for explosions. After this, gunpowder and tubes have been used for celebrations.
As rockets became more advanced, these "fireworks" became more advanced, with more shapes and
sizes. After the bamboo tubes, China found that they were able to propel themselves and called them
fire arrows. China then launched them at the Mongols, who was attacking China. The actual damage
that the rockets made aren't certain, but it did the job well. After several improvements, including
the first 3 stage rocket and the first torpedo, rockets proved to not do enough damage at the time and
stopped being used for wars for a short period of time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
47 assistants with torches lit the rockets and he was off! None saw him after that, although he
probably exploded, as rockets usually do. In 1898–1935 a school teacher in Russia proclaimed that
we should use liquid fuel with rockets and now is called the father of modern rocketry. Two
competing countries, America and Russia, decided that they wanted to see who could get the first
satellite launched, the first animal was in space, the first man in space, the first man to orbit the
earth, and the big prize, who could achieve the first moon landing. Russia beat America in most
cases, but America finally won the space race by getting a man on the moon and back on earth

Biological Weapons And Its Uses
Introduction
Dating back to the 1100's there have been records of the use of biological weapons in warfare. This
involved the usage of human and animal corpses to pollute water sources and to spread diseases.
Post World War One increased interest in biological weapons lead to them becoming more
advanced. With this improvement it is evident that warfare has evolved. This progression in warfare
can be seen when looking at the manner in which wars were fought prior to the introduction of
biological weapons in the 1100's, and comparing it to the manner in which they were fought
succeeding the advancement of these weapons in the 1900's. Although biological weapons have
rarely been used, their effects on warfare are apparent. When studying biological weapons one must
deliberate on the factors that have driven its use and creation as well as the responses and threats
thereof. This essay will therefore focus on depicting biological weapons and their uses throughout
history; beginning with its most medieval applications in siege warfare and comparing it to its
various uses in World War One, Japan in the 1920's , the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War. The
reasons as to why biological weapons have been used and created differ in each circumstance,
ranging from its advantageousness in imperialism to its role in instilling fear. Furthermore, to
properly determine the impact of biological weapons on warfare this essay will examine the
outcomes of its use. With the main response being the

Chemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay
Chemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical
warfare involves using the deadly properties of chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used
in chemical warfare are considered to be"weapons of mass destruction" or, WMDs, and are not
considered to be conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to
neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants
are an example.They are used to kill off vegetation and deny its use of cover by the enemy.
"Defoliants can also be used against agriculture and livestock to promote hunger and starvation but
with protective equipment, and decontamination measures, the effects of ... Show more content on
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A discovery of Chinese writing dating from the same period contained hundreds of recipes for the
production of toxic or irritating smokes for use in war, along with numerous accounts of their uses.
(Adrienne Mayor).
In the West, the earliest recorded use of gas warfare dates all the way back to the 5th century, during
the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The Spartan army placed a burning mixture of
wood and sulfur under the walls, hoping that the noxious smoke would impair the Athenians so that
they could not resist the assault planed. (Syed, Tanya) Chemical weapons are dangerous agents that
come in four categories: choking, blister, blood and nerve. The agents are categorized by their
effects on the body. Nerve agents "Inactivate enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the
breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the victim's synapses and causing both
muscularity and nicotine effects" the signs and symptoms of nerve agents are, miosis (pinpoint
pupils), blurred/dim vision, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, twitching/fasciculations,
dyspepsia, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Symptoms of blood agent poisoning depend on the
concentration and the exposure time.
The next type of agent is called blood agents. People killed by blood agents have bright red blood
because

English Chinese Russian And Russian Interpretations
Specific Terms
The table below gives the English, Chinese and Russian interpretations of a few terms utilized in
information security. As can be seen from the analysis of the following terms, the concepts and
conventions behind each varies widely in each language. This has the potential to provide
policymakers with misleading information.
English Chinese Russian
Information Space 信息空间 xìnxī kōngjiān Информационное пространство
Informatsionnoye prostranstvo
Cyberspace 網絡空間 wǎngluò kōngjiān Киберпространство
Kiberprostranstvo
Information Warfare 信息战争 xìnxī zhànzhēng Информационная война
Informatsionnaya voyna
Cyber Warfare 网络战争 wǎngluò zhànzhēng ибервойна kibervoyna Information Weapon 信息武
器 xìnxī wǔqì Информационное оружие ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both Russia and China differ from the U.S. in their approaches to information security by holding
the mind and information systems to be essential components in their perception of information
security. This is key to understanding the fundamental differences of Russian and Chinese
approaches to information security as being distinct from cybersecurity while the U.S. view
combines the two, not considering the mind as directly part of the "information space."
Cyberspace
In contrast to the ideas of "information space," both Russian and Chinese references to "cyberspace"
occur primarily in translations of foreign text or in references to foreign strategic approaches.
According to a U.S. military definition, "Cyberspace...is the Domain characterized by the use of
electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify, and exchange data via networked
systems and associated physical infrastructures." Consequentially, "Cyberspace Operations is the
employment of cyber capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve objectives in or through
cyberspace. Such operations include computer network operations and activities to operate and
defend the Global Information Grid." The Russian equivalent of киберпространство,
kiberprostranstvo, and the Chinese

Hoplite Warfare And Ancient Greece
Hoplite Warfare In Ancient Greece When one thinks of Ancient Greece, one does not typically think
of hoplite warfare. However, hoplite warfare is the quintessential factor in Greece becoming the
country that it is today. Without this warfare Greece would have fallen to a number of countries not
making Greece the independent country that it is today. Thus, making hoplite warfare the most
important aspect of Greek history.
As Greek population began to increase, city– states began to increase as well. Along with the rise of
city–states came to question a new form of warfare. This warfare is called hoplite warfare. Hoplite
warfare was formed c. 700 BC. Hoplites are a group of heavily armed soldiers. Hoplites are
supported on the left arm by a large round shield. Hoplites are also equipped in their right hand with
a long spear, six to eight feet long. Lastly, hoplites are equipped with a short sword.
Hoplites fight in an organized line called a phalanx. They would overlap their shields, thus
producing an impenetrable wall. This phalanx would be able to spread out into a line and place itself
into valleys or between mountains, causing their enemy to have to go through them rather than
around. This phalanx would work very well within Greece due to the geography of Greece itself.
Greece has many mountains and valleys that work well for this type of warfare. Throughout this
paper you will learn why hoplite warfare is the single most effective type of warfare in Greek
history.

How Did Gunpowder Change The World
How Gunpowder Changed the World Empires have been built and lost based on the availability and
destructive power of weapons used in combat. During medieval times, an startling new discovery
was made that would forever changed the world for better or worse, gunpowder. "Most military
History scholars believe that gunpowder was created in ancient China around 900 AD"–
(http://www.sacu.org/greatinventions.html). The most popular believed story is that a group of
Daoist monks who frequently developed elixirs were making a brand new elixir, and ended up
making the destructive tool gunpowder.. "One day when they were trying to find another elixir they
accidentally created an elixir with entirely new properties they have never seen before." –
(http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/tech/gunpowder.htm). When they mixed saltpeter, sulfur, and
charcoal (the basic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"For more than 400 years, the Chinese refined gunpowder and gunpowder weapons."
(http://www.sacu.org/greatinventions.html) They kept trying to figure out how it would explode, and
found the easiest way to make the elixir burn and then explode. Which led to their invention of guns
and cannons. They also experimented with many different materials to use with the powder to which
would be the most useful. The first thing they used was bamboo (because it was hollow) to propel
various projectiles. "Eventually, they settled on metal rods, which became the prototype of guns and
cannons" (http://calstate.fullerton.edu/news/inside/2006/gunpower.html). Which changed the rest of
the world as we knew it for better or worse. Either no there were many uses for gunpowder the
Chinese, and cultures have used it for over history it's mostly just used for warfare. Even today it is
used for fireworks, guns, and many other things. Gunpowder changed the world for ever one that
day in ancient

Under Fire By Henri Barbusse
WWI
The narrator, of Under Fire, is Henri Barbusse, the author, who is recalling events from the day in
his person diary. He is a French poet and journalist, who volunteered for the French army when the
war started in 1914, at the age of 41 (History.com Staff). The reading is an excerpt from Barbusse's
novel Le Feu (Under Fire), which is written during his time in the war; but, was published in 1915
(History.com Staff). Therefore, it is a contemporary text because it was written at the time of the
event in the author's diary.
The excerpt is from chapter twenty, when Barbusse and his comrades are on the Western Front
during WWI. It is early morning when the author is called to take his duties as a watch man. He
recalls the sounds he heard and what he saw at 2 am. He describes the setting using his senses. He is
looking out "along the top of the ravine" and says the "land slopes downward in front of me,
plunging into an abyss of darkness" as he hears "rifle–shots crackle" (Barbusse, 1915). He explains
how the air has a "bitter breeze" that makes him shiver as he looks out to see the moon hidden by
the mist of the night. His first–hand experience on the Western front, gives us insight to what the
war field looked like. He explains the trench warfare as an "entanglement" of wires with "sandbags"
along the shore, and the "dismantled stones of ancient ruined buildings" (Barbusse, 1915). In his
explanation we understand he is located along the ocean shore, in ... Show more content on
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He was praised for his literary testimony, but also criticized for having too much "slang and literary
fantasy" (Campa, 2014). Barbusse founded the movement called "Clarté" in 1919; which
"disapproved of the use of violence and fought for an idealistic pacifism" (Campa, 2014). He went
on to be a prolific writer. It could be said that the war helped him find his passion, for what to write

Brutality of Bioterrorism and Biowarfare Essays
Imagine this: you wake up hours before your alarm sounds to find your entire neighborhood in
chaos; people running, robbing banks and stores, and bodies are littering the once calm streets. Over
the night, a government–run biological experiment dealing with germ weapons had been released,
infecting, destroying, and causing panic across the globe. As a single, globalized society, we need to
heighten our security against biological weapons and biological terror to prevent the endangerment
of mankind. It would be most beneficial to our species if we did not try to use or experiment with
biological weapons, seeing as they are engineered specifically to create social, economic,
governmental, military, and general fear and disruption. Bioterror ... Show more content on
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These experiments were done using the Chinese Manchurians, after the area was taken over by
Japan in 1931. The Japanese killed roughly 10,000 people with their use of anthrax, cholera,
typhoid, and various plagues during the duration of the war (Lewis). Seeing as such horrid and
devastating examples of biological warfare have been used as far back as the fourteenth century, one
can obviously see that biowarfare isn't just a passing form of fear instilling violence, but an active
part of our history. Frighteningly, not all biological weapons are made by man, but many, and some
of the deadliest, of the weapons are found in nature. Many of the viruses that have plagued
humanity come from exposure to fleas and other vermin, certain plants, or fungi. Biological threats
are classified into three categories based on severeness. Class A weapons are the most dangerous
with the highest mortality and infection rate. The classes go down to C, which are naturally found
toxins or infections that can be engineered to be a threat to society. In 2001, shortly after the terrorist
attacks on the World Trade Center, anthrax laced letters were received from presumable terrorists.
Anthrax, a class A weapon, is a spore producing bacterium known as Bacillus anthracis that is
usually acquired from anthrax infected cattle or meat products, but is now receiving heightened
attention for its use as a biological weapon (Biological). Class B weapons are the second highest
priority since they are

Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon Essay...
Fatal Dilemma: Using Clostridium botulinum as a Biological Weapon
Ever since the dawn of biotechnology, the world had to face a new dilemma: bioterrorism. Using
biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., bioterrorism attack aims to cause illness of
death in people, animals, or plants as a method of warfare. Used throughout history, biological
weapon serves as a pivotal role in disarming an army. Botulism toxin, known for the most toxic
substance in the biological world, has been used throughout history as a biological weapon. The
bacteria Clostridium botulinum causes botulism causes botulism disease, which is a serious
paralytic illness that strikes all age groups. The clinical forms of botulism include foodborne ...
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The dead bodies that carried highly contagious diseases, such as smallpox and bubonic plague, were
catapulted into besieged towns, where they quickly spread to civilians within the town walls
(Hurlbert 4).
Usage of biological weapon reached its height during the 19th century world wars, as agents were
used in all criminal, terrorist, or state–sponsored events (Anderson 20). Sprouted from the world
wars, biological research programs for both offensive and defensive strategies have been developed
by the United States, Britain, the former Soviet Union, Canada, and several other nations (Fong vii).
However, attention has not been focused on the potential threats of biological warfare and
bioterrorism until the terrorist attack on September 11th, 2001 and the anthrax crisis in Florida and
New York City (Fong vii). Throughout history, biological warfare has played a significant role, as
biological weapons, deliberately or inadvertently, in restricted and assisted armies over the
centuries.
Advantages of biological weapons are that they are effective in spreading the disease, highly toxic,
inexpensive, and cultivated in a short period of time. Due to the detrimental effects of biological
weapon, the army faced with these weapons would be easily disarmed. However, biological
weapons prove difficult to store and deliver without unintentionally releasing them (Hurlbert 6).
Therefore, innocent workers and civilians are

The Pros And Cons Of Chemical Warfare
The chemical weapon warfare has ever since the ancient ages been elicited great debate among
various scholars and military expert. Some people greatly support the use of chemical as a weapon
while at the same time, different group greatly condemn the warfare. In the article "it would be very
well if we could avoid it" by Thomas Faith, the author discusses different opinions used by those
supporting and those opposing chemical warfare. And General Pershing prospective on chemical
warfare during and after his military career. This paper gives an analysis of the reasons for and
against chemical warfare.
The opponents of chemical warfare were mainly guided by the stereotypic views about the use of
chemicals in the battlefield. This negative attitude arose as a result of the close connection between
the use of chemicals and poison, a method which had received heavy condemnation throughout ages
as cowardly and treacherous. The use of chemical weapon in the First World War was thus
considered as being cynical and barbarous disrespect to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Instead of dying an agonizing death from horrible wounds, soliders might only be incapacitated by
gas and then be humanely carted off to prisoner–of–war camps where they could quickly recuperate
with no ill effects (Slotten, 1990)." And the use of gas weapon could be deployed openly and its
release could not be a secret. He believed chemical warfarw was a means through which a nation
can be able to establish itself as a superpower.He used to say that war is 'survival for the fittest'. This
rhetoric means, if one is weak then war is not for them; he encouraging people to embrace war
especially the soldiers that he

What Is Chemical Warfare?
Chemical Warfare
Chemical Warfare is a brutal, terrifying form of warfare that shouldn't have even happened.
Chemical warfare, first appearing long ago in the form of poison arrows and disease, is a form of
warfare that involves the use of noxious chemicals with the intent to kill or maim large groups or
areas. Whereas in ancient times poison came in the forms of herbs and elements, science today
creates gases that stop the heart or cause immense pain. Chemical warfare is different from nuclear
or physical warfare in that, instead of explosions, it's intended effects are cardiac arrest or
suffocation. There are many different types of toxins used in chemical warfare and they all do very
different things.
On the topic of stereo–typical poisons like back in the day. The blood toxin Cyanide is still used
today. "Signs and symptoms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the council of foreign relations "Vx is the most toxic nerve agent ever
synthesized(council of foreign relations). It is able to kill people in less than an hour after exposure
to skin or inhalation by extremely small doses. Which is extremely dangerous considering that it can
be delivered as a gas(Us Army DA PAM ). "Early symptoms of percutaneous exposure (skin
contact) may be local muscular twitching or sweating at the area of exposure followed by nausea or
vomiting. Some of the early symptoms of a VX vapor exposure to nerve agent may be rhinorrhea
(runny nose) and/or tightness in the chest with shortness of breath (bronchial constriction). Miosis
(pinpointing of the pupils) may be an early sign of agent exposure but is not usually used as the only
indicator of exposure"(Us Army DA PAM) Vx has been rumored to have been stockpiled by several
countries. It is terrifying to think how quickly it can kill a healthy adult human and then wonder
why someone would seek out such deadly

Using Chemicals as Weapons in War Essay example
There has been war since man has been on Earth. Over time, war tactics, weapon, armor, and even
the soldier has changed. The main weapon that has changed the battlefield has been the use of
chemicals to stun, immobilize, or cause death. Chemical warfare isn't a new form of fighting; it has
been around since 400 B.C., but even a powerful and versatile weapon has its disadvantages. Nature
always finds a way to fight in a battle too. The threat of a chemical attack haunts every country
today. The extreme tension in the Middle East leaves the United States crippled because of their
supply of chemical weapons and nervous about what the future will hold. The advancements in
chemistry has altered the war front since its introduction during ... Show more content on
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Since these gases are heavier than natural air, they stay close to the ground. This was effective
because the main battle strategy was trench warfare. The Mustard gas would be dropped from
bombs, and the yellow gas would fall into the trenches; killing or injury anyone who was exposed to
it (Russell).
There are advantages and disadvantages to the use of chemical toxins, and nature almost always
plays a part in determining the final result of the success or failure of chemical warfare. Nature can
be useful and used as a tool, or it can backfire and cause chaos and destruction. In World War I and
II, the airborne chemical had to be dropped in the enemy trenches or up wind of the enemy. Since
there was no way of controlling the gas as it was falling, it could change direction due to the wind
and kill the soldiers who had released the weapon. During the 60's and the 70's, United States
soldiers killed the Vietcong's food crops by spraying a newly developed and untested herbicide; this
chemical soon picked up the nickname "Agent Orange" due to its orange coloring (Grossman). It
destroyed enough crops to feed 600,000 enemies. This was good news for the Americans and South
Koreans, but there was a flaw. The herbicide was later found to cause cancer and birth defects to
anyone who came in contact with the chemical. Hundreds of American veterans have been
negatively affected by their contact with Agent Orange. Another way that

Comparing The Bombing Of Nagasaki And Hiroshima
The bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima was ultimately necessary in order to secure peace and to
mark the end of World War II. The actions taken by the Allies were necessary and crucial in order to
secure peace, as the Japanese had adopted a no surrender policy, a part of the Bushido code and the
ongoing conflict could have caused unpredictable events, leading to possible worse outcomes. As
the Japanese adopted a No Surrender policy, which stems back to the Ancient times of The Samurai
with the Bushido code. The Bushido code involved loyalty, courage, veracity, compassion, and
honour. This has been integrated into Japanese society which meant that the likelihood of Japanese
Surrender was minimal. This meant that there was no other choice for

Cyber Warfare Is Not Fully Understood
Cyber–warfare is a relatively new concept to the imagination, but its novelty should not belie its
importance to be understood at all echelons of a command structure. It is an emerging reality, and its
relevance is proportionate to the continuous global expansion and convergence of digital networks.
The capabilities of cyber–warfighting strategies and tactics are extensive, and a need for a common
language and understanding is necessary for cyber–warfighting capabilities. Within any culture,
language is developed through a symbolic evolution, and military science has largely built its own
unique vocabulary and terminology to describe conventional and unconventional warfare. Whether
this language can be applied to cyber–warfare is not fully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The essence of Glad's essay is that descriptions of war are largely reflective of the culture and
political environment of their time. This applies just as easily to our modern era, when cyber–
warfare presents an unknown frontier through which it must be described in intelligible terms.
Beyond the cultural context through which we understand warfare is the biological context. The
vocabulary of kinetic warfare derives from our five senses, similar to how classical physics started
with an exploration of objects and phenomena that were readily available to our senses. Our senses
initially limited how science was conducted. The smallest object that an unaided eye can see is
about 0.1 mm in diameter (). The farthest a 6 feet tall standing human can see is about 3 miles
because of the curvature of the earth. Unlike other organisms, such as sharks, humans cannot sense
electrical stimuli and locate objects based off of changes in electric currents (). For the majority of
humans, vision is the primary sense for navigating the world. Other organisms, such as ants, rely on
smell as their primary sense for navigation (). Vision makes the world appear as having sharp
boundaries, whereas navigating the world via

The Importance Of Chemical Weapons
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) defines chemical weapons as "Any toxic chemical or its
precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its
chemical action" (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, n.d.). Chemical weapons
have been around for a long time since ancient times, in fact some chemical weapons such as
chlorine were frequently used during World War I (War of nerves, 2006) (Pitschmann, 2014). Over
the years with the increase of industrialization and the advancements in technology chemical
weapons have become easier to make, since the materials needed to make chemical weapons are
now more accessible to the public and industries (War of nerves, 2006). This not only has allowed
some states to improve their chemical warfare programs, but it has also increased the proliferation
and it has allowed terrorists to be able to developed chemical weapons and conduct successful
chemical terrorists attacks (War of nerves, 2006). Chlorine can be obtained easily and a chemical
attack using chlorine can have serious consequences because it could affect many people
(Pitschmann, 2014). It is important to recognize that the chemical weapons that are usually
employed by terrorist organizations are not as developed as the warfare chemical weapons that are
developed by nation–states (Pitschmann, 2014). Due to the lack of expertise, resources,
infrastructure, and ineffective delivery methods, chemical weapons that are

The During Battle And The War Wars
From the beginning of time, war has been used to conquer lands, establish order, enforce rules and
settle disagreements. Over time, war tactics have progressed and become more organized and
efficient in accomplishing the goal of defeating the enemy. There are thousands of advances in
strategies used during battle and the war wars are fought are have constantly changed. Looking back
to when organized war truly began many distinct, and commonly used, improvements can be seen.
Such as, chariots, hoplites, phalanxes, war elephants, and siege engines. Humans have always been
fascinated with speed and are constantly seeking ways to move faster. The invention of the wheel
gave birth to practical forms of transportation. Once the chariot ... Show more content on
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The walls of the chariot, or the "box," were generally leather with a lightweight wooden frame.
Within the box were two men, a driver and a warrior. Projecting from the chariot was a long pole
angled upward and attached to a yoke , which was mounted on the horses' backs. At first there were
two horses pulling each chariot, it is believed later on the setup was changed to fit four horses. On
the right side of the chariot, the driver's job was to control the horses and to get the warrior in the
best position to make his attacks. His attacks could be made with a bow and arrow, spear, mace,
sword or dagger, however the bow was normally a prime choice for the average warrior. A typical
warrior riding into battle was in full armor and ready to defend his chariot at all costs. The use of
chariots spread very quickly as their effectiveness was easily recognizable. The Shang of China
adopted the concept of chariots and modified them to fit three men. These three men were made up
of a driver, a warrior and his servant whose role was to replenish his arrows and have weapons
ready for his use at all times. In the Chinese culture, the chariots were used as a way to jump into a
new social class as well. Horses were so rare to own and expensive to acquire that only the few who
were wealthy enough to buy horses were able to be noble

World War II And The Korean War
Modern warfare is warfare using the concepts, methods, and military technology that have come
into use during and after World War II and the Korean War.[citation needed] The concepts and
methods have assumed more complex forms of the 19th– and early–20th–century antecedents,
largely due to the widespread use of highly advanced information technology, and combatants must
modernize constantly to preserve their battle worthiness.[1] Although total war was thought to be
the form of international conflicts from the experience of the French Revolutionary Wars to World
War II, the term no longer describes warfare in which a belligerent use all of its resources to destroy
the enemy 's organized ability to engage in war. The practice of total war which had been in use for
over a century, as a form of war policy, has been changed dramatically with greater awareness of
tactical, operational, and strategic battle information.
War in modern times has been the inclusion of civilians and civilian infrastructure as targets in
destroying the enemy 's ability to engage in war.[disputed – discuss] The targeting of civilians
developed from two distinct theories.[citation needed] The first theory was that if enough civilians
were killed, factories could not function. The second theory was that if civilians were killed, the
enemy would be so demoralized that it would have no ability to wage further war.[citation needed]
However, UNICEF reports that civilian fatalities are down from 20 percent

The Red Badge Of Courage Literary Analysis
War can either forge or destroy the many that are subjected to it. Some may say that the only true
honor a man can receive is through the heat of battle. Soldiers become obsessed with the idea of
embodying the legends of the ancient Greek warriors. Although bloodlust is not the only way for
this relative glory to be achieved, it is a rather simple way. All one has to do is dedicate himself or
herself to fighting with all of his or her strength possible. There have been many wars and battles
that have molded men into legends, and the Civil War was no different. In Stephen Crane's The Red
Badge of Courage, the story of a Union soldier just wanting glory is graphically told. The personal
stories of every soldier are all unique. Their experiences, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In a journal written and told be J. B. Kershaw he talks about a young lad that never got to
experience anything else in life except war but after he was killed in battle, he was thought to lived
one of the greatest lives achievable. Also, in The Red Badge of Courage Fleming witnesses many
die for their regime but he also sees many "rewarded" with an injury or a red badge of courage.
After Henry Fleming notices that every man that has been hurt in the line of duty must have been
giving their all he becomes jealous and saddened at his previous attempt at

Small Pox History
Chapter four of Viruses, Plagues, and History, entitled Smallpox, provided a broad spectrum of
information about smallpox as well as exploring its potential to return and once again cause death
and devastation. I found this chapter to be especially terrifying because of the stress put on the fact
that smallpox could be weaponized by bioterrorists. All of the information about smallpox itself as
well as its history as a virus and a weapon really scared me because it could cause so much
devastation.
Despite smallpox's long history of harm, killing nearly 300 million people in the twentieth century
alone, it is now considered eradicated thanks to a vaccine and vaccination program lead by the
World Health Organization. Because of its eradication, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The earliest indicator of smallpox in history is the extensive lesions on three Egyptian mummies.
There are also recorded cases from the Hitties (1346 BC), Syracuse (595 BC), Athens (490 BC),
China (48AD), Korean Peninsula (583 AD), and Japan (585 AD), however, they are not definite
cases because these ancient physicians were unable to distinguish smallpox rashes from other skin
rashes. Nevertheless, this distinction was made in 910 AD by physician Al–Razi. As Islam spread
across North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, smallpox followed. By 1000 AD, smallpox epidemics
were widely recorded from Japan to Spain. In the 16th century, smallpox outbreaks hit large cities
such as London and Geneva, and exploration across oceans facilitated the spread of smallpox as
well to the Americas, Australia, and South Africa. In the Americas, natives were seen as lesser and
put to work in mines and on plantations where the combination of poor working conditions and
European disease thinned out their population. This encouraged the importation of slaves from
Africa as replacements and eventual establishment of slave trade to the New World. Smallpox
outbreaks killed many natives, starting in Hispaniola and spreading to Cuba, the Yucatan, and other
parts of Mexico. The spread was almost systematic, and due to the nature of smallpox, affected
isolated, indigenous populations. Even after Edward Jenner created a successful vaccine for
smallpox, it remained a serious threat, as many people, especially in rural areas were not

Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction (1) Introduction (2) The Term * 1
Early uses of term * 1.1 Evolution of its use * 2 Definitions of the term * 2.1 United States * 2.1.1
Strategic * 2.1.2 Military * 2.1.3 Criminal (civilian) * 3 Common hazard symbols * 3.1 Radioactive
weaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2
Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non–
proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic
(4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
states with stockpiles * 3.2.1 Israel * 3.2.2 North Korea * 4 Manner and form * 5 Disposal * 6
Lethality * 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn[76] * 8 Unitary
versus binary weapons (6) Biological (6.1) Biological Warfare * 1 Overview * 2 History * 3
Modern BW operations * 3.1 Offensive * 3.1.1 Anti–personnel * 3.1.2 Anti–agriculture * 3.1.3
Entomological warfare * 3.2 Defensive * 3.2.1 Research and development into medical counter–
measures * 3.2.2 Role of public health and disease surveillance * 3.2.3 Common epidemiological
clues that may signal biological attack * 3.2.4 Identification of bioweapons * 3.3 Genetic Warfare *
4 List of BW institutions, programs, projects and sites by country * 4.1 United States * 4.2 United
Kingdom * 4.3 Soviet Union and Russia * 4.4 Japan * 4.5 Iraq * 4.6 South Africa * 4.7 Canada * 5
List of people associated with BW * 6 In popular culture (6.2) Biological Agent * 1 Classifications
* 1.1 Operational * 1.2 Legal * 1.3 Regulatory * 2 List of biological and toxin agents of military
importance * 2.1 Bacterial bio–agents * 2.2 Chlamydial bio–agents * 2.3 Rickettsial bio–agents *
2.4 Viral bio–agents * 2.5 Mycotic bio–agents * 2.6 Biological toxins * 2.7 Biological

Through The Misty Panes And Thick Green Sea By Wilfred Owen
Owen continues writing, "Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, / As under a green
sea, I saw him drowning. / In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, / He plunges at me, guttering,
choking, drowning" (13–16). These lines from Owen's poem emphasized the dreadful atrocity of
WWI: Chemical Warfare. The word "pane" means "A framed sheet of glass in a window or door."
Owen used the word pane to describe the two clear glass lenses of the gas mask. The description by
Owen of green–colored gas figuratively provides the reader an illusion of being underwater;
however, chlorine gas floating in the air is literally green in color (CDC). Chlorine gas kills its
victims by reacting with water in the lungs to form hydrochloric acid. This strong acid deteriorates
the lining of the lungs and causes its victims to drown while standing on dry land (Fitzgerald 613).
Owen knew this particular soldier was doomed because of the lethality of inhaling poisonous
chlorine gas. Nonetheless, government propagandists refused to reveal the horrifying reality of
inhumane deaths caused by chemical warfare. If this truth were disclosed, people would realize that
soldiers were expendable objects with no guarantees of a dignified death.
Owen states, "If in some smothering dreams you too could pace / Behind the wagon that we flung
him in, /..." (17–18). These lines described the carnage after a chemical attack. Even though the
soldier was dead and lying in a burial wagon, Owen

Bacillus Anthracis and Biological Warfare Essay
Bacillus Anthracis and Biological Warfare
Bacillus anthracis is a rod–shaped, nonmotile, aerobic, gram–positive bacterium that can be
transmitted from herbivoric animals to humans (Figure 1). Before an animal's death, its orifices
exude blood containing huge quantities of the bacterium. Anthrax forms extremely resilient spores
upon exposure to atmospheric conditions. Because of this spore–producing ability, even after the
animal host dies the germs can sporulate again, persisting in the soil for up to several decades (1).
No cases of human–to–human transmission have been reported for this zoonosis. Historically,
human cases have been either industrial, as with woolsorter's, or agricultural (2).
Anthrax can be transmitted via 3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, most recent outbreaks have occurred in southeastern Asia and Africa where anthrax is
endemic, often in isolated villages, and therefore have been difficult to investigate.
Pulmonary anthrax (woolsorter's disease) results from spore inhalation and like gastric anthrax, is
very rare, but inhalation remains the primary infection route for weaponized anthrax, due to its
nearly uniform fatality (Table 1). Pulmonary anthrax is approximately 90% fatal, and the US
Department of Defense estimates that the human LD50 is between 8,000 and 10,000 spores (5).
Some estimates, however, project that the minimum infectious dose could be as high as 80,000
spores (2). As shown in Table 2, early symptoms include malaise, myalgias, fatigue, occasional
retronasal pressure, nonproductive cough, and a low–grade fever, and are followed by an acute
phase; the acute phase involves respiratory distress, shock, and death (Table 3; 3). Because the early
symptoms so closely resemble viral infections or the common cold, anthrax diagnosis proves
difficult. While acute phase symptoms are more readily diagnosable, the disease's advanced
progression often makes treatments ineffective at this point (5). Moreover, in the US, there were
only 11 reported cases of inhalational anthrax between 1945 and 1994, and so few health physicians
have clinical experience with the disease (6). In

Governments Should Put Forward Legislations Eradicate The...
Governments should put forward legislations to eradicate the production and stockpile of nuclear
weapons. There are several compelling reasons for why nuclear weapons being no longer needed.
One example is nuclear weapons only put up an unnecessary wall between nations as trade grows to
more global scales. While legislation would take much negotiation, public support, and time, it
would be worth it in the long run. Nuclear weapons have made an infamous impact a negative
impact on humanity from their beginning. On August 6th, 1945, the atomic bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima, Japan. Killing an initial 80,000 people and taking around 10,000 in the tollowing weeks
from wounds and radiation posioning, nuclear weapons made their strength known to the world
(History.com 2009). Atomic bombs proved to be a much more efficient means of warfare; ground
invasion and the casualties accompanying it were no longer required because bombs could be
delivered via missile or plane. The downside of this efficiency is rather clear: nuclear weapons have
the power to end the world. On several occasions, complete nuclear warfare almost took place. In
order to be brief, a list of these occasions is: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the 1979 NORAD Computer
Glitch, the 1983 Nuclear False Alarm, and the Able Archer 83 Exercise (Andrews 2013). All of
these mishaps were due to misunderstandings or errors on a human's part. If humans are unable to
properly control and care for nuclear weapons, should they have the

Asymmetric Warfare Is An Inherently Relational Concept
The "asymmetry" in asymmetric warfare is an inherently relational concept. It refers to a relative
dissimilarity between opponents' in battle, derived from a difference in relational strength amid
warring sides. This asymmetry has tended to be in terms of status and organization; means and
resources, goals and objectives; and strategies and tactics. The relationship between the belligerents
in today's conflicts varies in many tactical, strategic and operational levels, which has come to be
perceived as changing warfare. This popular perception is that with the rise of asymmetric warfare,
conventional warfare had transformed from a customary and symmetric exercise into an irregular,
avant–garde, asymmetric experience. In contrast to this perspective, the main argument here is that
asymmetric warfare is not a new genus of war that has "risen" in the twentieth century as a distinct
revolution in military affairs, but rather, asymmetric warfare is a perennial characteristic of warfare,
or set of distinct conflict dynamics in warfare that occasionally surface out of asymmetric strength
between opponents in war.
At the foundation of this essay is a question calling for the analysis of "the rise of asymmetric
warfare". However, after analyzing the history of asymmetric warfare and the changes and
behaviors that have taken place through this time – as this essay will do – my perspective is critical
of the assumption in the question that asymmetric warfare has 'risen'. Warfare, in

Chemical Weapon In Vietnam
ntroduction
Why did the United States introduce chemical weapons and defoliant agents into the Vietnam War?
The United States Military introduced chemical weaponry in their attempts to defeat communist
forces in Vietnam. Because of the nature of the terrain, which consisted mostly of dense jungle, the
US Armed Forces were unable to effectively target their enemy, the Vietcong.
The introduction of chemical weapons, notably defoliant agents such as Agent Orange, enabled the
US military to clear large areas of land that had previously been jungle, exposing Vietcong hideouts
as well as threatening the Vietnamese food supplies. In this way the tactic was very successful.
However, the use of chemical weapons in Vietnam had other unintended consequences that
eventually saw the US Army withdraw from the conflict. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I feel that I have a good understanding of the Vietnam War having taking a great interest the history
of the conflict and having been to Vietnam myself. I've had the privilege of speaking with some of
the people who fought on both sides, including a real life Vietcong veteran.
There is also a large collection of museums and memorials pertaining to the war in Vietnam, with
large displays in nearly every city. These displays include descriptive commentary on the events
from the Vietnam colonial wars, as well as ancient battles and the war with the US.
Since my visit to Vietnam I have developed a specific interest in the use of chemical warfare and its
famously inhumane effects during the war. The 40th anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War has
allowed for more developments and compensations from the United

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