MINOR AND MICRO IRRIGATION.pdf

MINOR AND MICRO
IRRIGATION
ANJARE

MINOR IRRIGATION
Irrigation system under an Irrigation Project having
irrigable commanded area up to 2,000 hectares
and has cost less than Rs. 2.5 million.
The Minor Irrigation types:
1.Bandhara
2.Percolation Tank
3.Lift Irrigation
ANJARE

BANDHARA IRRIGATION:
1.Bandhara irrigation scheme is a minor irrigation scheme in which
direct irrigation is practiced.
2.The bandhara is a masonry or concrete diversion weir of small
height and the object is to raise water level in the stream.
3.The bandhara is a local name and in bandhara irrigation a small
barrier or a wall of small height is constructed across the river
or stream to raise water on U/S side.
4.It can be also diverted the flow in canal on one or both sides of
bank
5.It is type of direct irrigation.
6. It serves the purpose of irrigation during long dry spell in
monsoon.
ANJARE

SITE SELECTION FOR BANDHARA
1)It should be near the area to be irrigated.
2) It should be preferably below the confluence of two or more
streams to have good supply of water.
3) It should be on upstream side of steep bed slope.
4) Good foundation should be available.
5) River stream at site should be straight, narrow and well defined.
5) The site should be within 5 km of the area to be irrigated.
7) As length of canal less , transit losses are also less.
8) Deep cutting should be avoided for canal.
9) The cost of construction should be minimum.
ANJARE

COMPONENT PARTS AND LAYOUT
ANJARE

COMPONENT PARTS
1)bandhara and scour hole.
2) the screen wall and outlet.
3) the flood bank.
4)canal and the lining wall. ( off taking canal)
ANJARE

SCOUR HOLE
ANJARE
These are holes of diameter 20 to 50 cm at a height of 30 to
50 cm above river bed across the solid wall.
The main purpose of these holes are heavy and coarse silt
passes through these holes to the downstream side.
These holes are closed after rainy season is over.

THE SCREEN WALL AND OUTLET:-
1.It is the wall constructed on upstream side of bandhara at
an angle of 90 to 120 degree with outlet located in this
wall with a steel gate which can be operated from the top
of wall.
2.The sill of opening is kept 0.3m below FSL.
THE FLOOD BANK :-
1.These are earth embankment.
2.These flood bank protect the fields on outside of bandhara
from drowing under the back water created by bandhara.
ANJARE

TYPES OF BANDHARA
The main two types of bandhara are:
1)Temporary/ Seasonal or Kachha Bandhara
2) Permanent or Pucca Bandhara
a) Solid Bandhara
b) Open Bandhara
ANJARE

Temporary/ Seasonal or Kachha Bandhara
ANJARE
1.Before construction puccha bandhara kachha bandhara is
constructed.
It is constructed by placing obstruction of any material like
stones, tree trunks with earth and stone, swan verticals of
wood with G.I. sheets facing etc.
2. For seasonal and also for temporary reason kachha
bandhara is constructed.

Permanent or Pucca Bandhara
1. The method of construction of permanent or pucca bandhara is
depend upon temporary or kaccha bandhara.
2. Before construction of permanent or pucca bandhara
Kachha bandhara is constructed and if it is found suitable after its
performance it is replaced by pucca bandhara.
3, Pucca bandhara is constructed in stone masonary, brick masonry or
either by concrete.
4.The two type of pucca bandhara is solid and open bandhara.
5.The height of bandhara may vary from 2.5 to 3.5m.And top width is
between 3 to 4m.
ANJARE

SOLID BANDHARA
ANJARE
1. Height 2.5m to 3m without shutter and 1.5m to 2.5m
with shutter.
2. Shutters are provided with wooden thick plank or M.S
plates manually or mechanically operated.
3. It helps to raise full supply level.
4. On d/s side apron is provided to protect the bed from
souring action of flow.

OPEN BANDHARA or KOLHAPURTYPE
ANJARE

OPEN BANDHARA or KOLHAPURTYPE
Location –commonly constructed in Kolhapur district
Function – To raise the water level on upstream side so that
it can be diverted in the canals on one side or both sides
of banks.
ANJARE

Working –
1.It is fully open weir. It consists of number of piers & has
side grooves for fixing wooden needles.
2.The needles are put across the piers for the required
height to form continuous weir.
3.The height can be changed by removing needles or putting
additional needles.
4.Needles are removed during floods to avoid rise of water
on u/s.
5.The needles is 15cm height 5cm thick and 2mm length
6.These needles are to be replaced in about 5 years time.
ANJARE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID BANDHARA AND OPEN
BANDHARA
Solid Bandhara Open Bandhara
In this, permanent construction of
bandhara will be done after the
temporary and there will be no change
in that
In this, permanent construction also has
allowance to change the needles as per
the requirement of height
Flood water can not be controlled in
this bandhara
Flood water can be controlled by
removing needles
This bandhara act as a solid weir This bandhara act as a fully open weir
Height of solid bandhara varies from
2.5m to 3.5m and without any gate
1.5m to 2.5m
Height of open bandhara can be easily
varied by removing or adding needles as
a requirement
ANJARE

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bandhara
Irrigation
Advantages
1)The system of irrigation is economical.
2)The irrigated area is compact and hence irrigation is intensive.
3)length of canal is less, transit losses are also less, all these factors lead
to high duty of water.
4)The water of small catchments which would otherwise have gone •
waste is fully utilized.
Disadvantages
1) As irrigable area is fixed if more water is available for irrigation it
cannot be utilized.
2)There might be uncertainty of supply of water in case of non-Perennial
River.
ANJARE

2.PERCOLATION TANK
ANJARE
1. Percolation tanks are needed to raise the ground water
table in the command area.
2. This increase in water table leads to raising of water
levels in wells which helps in increasing lift irrigation.

SITE SELECTION OF PERCOLATIONTANKS.
1) where soil is porous and not possible to construct the big
retaining structures.
2) In percolation tank water percolate through soil pores and joins
the ground water which increases water level in wells on
downstream side.
3) Thus percolation tanks are suitable where there are more
number of wells and bore wells.
4) Useful in areas where other water retaining structures cannot
be constructed.
5) The bed of tank should be pervious so that water will percolate
and join ground water.
6) The side of stream should be steep.
7) for construction the material and labour should be available
nearby the site.
ANJARE

CONSTRUCTION OF PERCOLATIONTANK
-The only component of these scheme is earthen bund may be in
single or straight alignment with cut off trench.
- A cut off trench of 30 to 90 cm depth and 60 to 120 cm bottom
width which is constructed with locally available material like
murum, soft rock, black cotton soil and stones for chipping.
-The earthen bund consisting of sandy casing & clayee hearting for
retaining water on u/s side.
-The central core portion of bund is compacted, properly by adding
proper moisture and then sandy type of soil is placed on this
core as a cover with compaction and upstream.
-Side is packed with boulders or stones. Riprap is provided to
protect the u/s slope of bund.
-Cut off trench is provided at the centre of hearting in foundation
of tank. height of bund will not generally exceed the limit of 10m.
The drainage arrangement should be provided in the bund seat
to avoid slips by saturation
ANJARE

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
PERCOLATIONTANK
ADVANTAGES
1.LOW COST:
2. EASY COSTRUCTION:
The construction of bunds is simple and hence there is no
need for skilled labours machines etc.
3. RESOURCE UTILISATION:
The site which are unsuitable for other type of irrigation may
suitable for this type of scheme and thus better utilization of
natural resources can be made.
ANJARE

DISADVANTAGES
1.LOW EFFICIENCY:
2.COSTLY INVESTIGATION:
Passage water through soil to find out location, various test to
be conducted in command area.
3.UNCERTAIN COMMAND AREA:
As water percolate through soil it is not possible that it always
connect to water table.
It may run parallel to ground water table joins far away from
area of irrigation.
4.SLIP OF BUNDS:
Bunds may slip due to seepage which leads to increase in cost.
ANJARE

LIFT IRRIGATION
1.When the source of water is lower than the area to be irrigated,
then water is to be lifted by artificial means and process.
2. lifting water from lower to higher level is called as lift irrigation.
3.This situation occurs when the area to be irrigated is at higher
level than canal or reservoir.
4.When nearly through gravity, it is not possible to divert flow of
water to irrigable land similarly on higher banks of contour canal
the area can not be irrigated by gravity.
5.In such cases lift irrigation system in installed.
ANJARE

NECESSITY OF LIFT IRRIGATION
1.Where the areas are left out of canal irrigation due to their
high elevation.
2.In areas where rain fall is uncertain and inadequate.
3. where source of water is lower than area to be irrigated.
ANJARE

LAYOUT AND COMPONENT PARTS OF LIFT
IRRIGATION
ANJARE

COMPONENT PARTS OF LIFT IRRIGATING
(1) Intake channel
(2) Inlet chamber
(3) Jack well
(4) Inlet pipe joining inlet chamber
(5) Engine house
(6) Rising main
(7) Delivery chamber
(8) Water distribution system
(9) Pumping machinery
ANJARE

1) Intake well:
A channel is constructed for diverting the flow of water to inlet
chamber.
2) Inlet chamber:
It avoids silts and debris to enter into jack well.
3) Jack well:
It is provided to facilitate location of an engine house above high
flood level and allows pumping during floods.
4) Inlet pipe:
To convey water from inlet chamber to jack well and inlet pipe is
provided with proper gradient.
5)Engine House:
It is small storage room which accommodates the engine and
pumps to be installed.
ANJARE

6) Rising main:
It is a delivery pipe which transmits water from well to delivery
chamber.
7) Delivery chamber:
The water from rising main is collected in delivery chamber and
then it is allowed to flow in field ditches.
8)Water distribution system:
It is the system which distribute water from delivery chamber to
field channel.
9) pumping machinery:
the design of pump should be according to be made. Generally 3
pumps are installed for design discharge.
ANJARE

Advantages of Lift Irrigation
1.Made irrigation possible at higher levels.
2. Land acquisition problem is less.
3. Seepage and evaporation losses are low.
4. Man power is less used.
5.Efficiency gets increased due to optimum use of water.
6. Initial investment cost is low.
Advantages of Lift Irrigation
1.Maintenance cost is more, sometimes this proved to be
uneconomical.
2. Pumping machine and electricity is required.
3.Discharge of water is less compared canal system.
ANJARE

STANDARD DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION DESIGN CRITERIA:
1)source of water supply should be reliable and dependable.
2) suitable site for the construction of intake well should be
available in the river bed.
3) necessary arrangement should be made to prevent the entry of
floating matter and silt into the well.
4) even in the dry or lean season, there should be sufficient
amount of water entering into the intake well.
5) the level of the inlet pipe conveying water from intake well to
the jack well should be above the silt level in the intake well
i.e. It should allow to flow silt free water from intake well to
the jack well by gravity
6) the diameter of the inlet pipe should be sufficiently large (
greater than 450mm) to avoid choking of the pipe due to silt
etc.
ANJARE

7)the jack well should be installed at such a place that under no
circumstance it is flood by the water. i.e.This weir should be
located such that its top is above the high flood level of river.
8) there should be continent access to the jack well through out
year
9) it should be possible to install the pumping unit on the top of
jack well without difficulty.
10) a square shape pumping unit is to be preferred to the circular
one.The total gross head (H) will equal to the difference in level.
11) the static suction head usually varies from 3 to 4m and the
total suction head is to be limited to 8m.The delivery end of the
pipe should be suitable connected to the rising main by one or
more y junctions.
12)proper arrangement of a sluice and a reflux valves is to be
regulate the discharge and to avoid removal of water from the
main rising main.
ANJARE

13) the appropriate size( i.e. Diameter) of raising main should be
selected for given discharge.
14) the type of pipe is of required thickness.
15) usually the rising main is buried underground with proper
cover.
16) the water from the delivery chamber should flow into the
distribution system by gravity.
ANJARE

DRIP IRRIGATION
ANJARE
Drip irrigation is the application of water at a slow rate drop
by drop through pipe to irrigate limited area around the plant.

IMPORTANCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION:
1.A precise amount of water which is required by the plant is given
in drip irrigation.
2.Percolation losses and evaporation losses are reduce.
3. It is more applicable to variety of row crops from widely spaced
fruit crops to closely spaced vegetable crops.
4. It saves the water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly
to the root of the plants.
5. In water scarcity zones, this system is much useful.
6.There is no wastage of water in this system.
7.It is most suitable for row crops.
ANJARE

COMPONENTS OF DRIP IRRIGATION:
1.Pump unit :
It conveys the water from the source and provides the
pressure for delivery into the pipe system.
2. Control head or control valves :
Control head is made of valves.
These valves control the discharge and pressure of water in
the complete system.
It also consists of filters which clear the water.
ANJARE

3.Mainlines, sub-mains and laterals :
Water is pumped from source and conveyed to the fields
from the control head through mainlines, sub-mains and
laterals.
Mainlines, sub-mains and laterals are generally made in PVC
or polyethylene hose which buried below ground.
4. Emitters or Drippers:
It is a device by which the discharge of water from lateral to
the plants can be controlled.
Emitters are generally spaced more than 1m apart with one
or more emitters.
ANJARE

MAINTENANCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1) drip system should be flushed checked every day and cleaned if
necessary.
2) drip lines should be flushed with acid at the end of each season to
remove the precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts.
3) if there is already a lot of algae and bacteria growing in the pipeline,
then emitters can be plugged worse it is very important to flush the
lines extensively before irrigating again.
4)inspect drippers, micro sprinklers and micro tubing periodically to
ensure that no dripper is clogged.
5) filter screen should also be flushed and cleaned at least once in month
depending upon the water quality.
6) drip tubing should also be flushed periodically.
ANJARE

7) during freezing weather, it is recommended to remove the battery
operated controller for the season.
8) remove end caps or open hose ends to flush the line once a year.
9) during freezing weather, it is recommended to drain poly tubes or
rolling it up or storing it.
10) remove the filter body and check the screen at the end of first week.
If the screen is clean, check the filter each month. If there is no dirt at
the end of a month, then clean the filter once per season.
11) once a week, walk along drip irrigation system, when it is on and look
to make sure that water is flowing at each dripper. If dripper is not
working , replace it.
ANJARE

1.Water is applied over the land surface in the form of spray.
2.It is also called as overhead irrigation.
ANJARE

NEED OR NECESSITY OF SPRINKLER
IRRIGATION
Sprinkler irrigation is best suited for very light soils as
percolation losses at higher depth are prevented.
This irrigation method can be used for all the crops but not
suitable for the crops like rice, jute, sugarcane, jowar etc.
for which standing water is required.
This method is more flexible to suit undulating topography,
therefore levelling for land is not necessary.
It is quite suitable for lawns in the garden, small height crops
etc
ANJARE

NEED OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION:
1.Where water requirement of crop is less.
2.Where slopes are excessive.
3.Where soil is erosive.
4.Where soil is excessively permeable.
5.Where depth of soil is shallow.
ANJARE

LAYOUT OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
ANJARE

COMPONENT PARTS AND IS FUNCTION
PUMPING UNIT:-
water is pumped under pressure and then it is applied to the field through
sprinklers in the form of spray.
High speed centrifugal or turbine pump can be used for the purpose of
operating the sprinkler irrigation system.
MAIN, SUBMAINS, LATERALS PIPE:-
it consist of machine, sub lines an lateral main line carry water from the
source and distribute it to the sub mains which further convey water to
the laterals, laterals turn the water supply to the sprinklers, now-a-days,
PVC pipe are mostly used for sprinkler system.
COUPLERS:-
couplers can be used for connecting two pipes and uncoupling rapidly and
easily.
SPRINKLER HEAD:-
it is must important component. It distribute the water uniformly on field
without any loss( runoff)
ANJARE

FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES
1) Water meter:
it measure the volume of water delivered.
2) Flange, couplings :
these are used for the proper connection to the pump, suction and
delivery.
3) Bend, tees, reducers, elbows, hydrants, plugs and butterfly valve
are the various fitting units used in the sprinkler system.
4)Valves:
To control flow of water.
5) Pressure gauge:
it controls water pressure and hence it is used to know whether
the sprinkler system is working under required pressured or
not.
ANJARE

MAINTENANCE
1) keep all nuts and bolts tight.
2) clean any dirt silt or sand out of the groove in the coupler
frequently because It affects the performance.
3) fertilizer bags should not laid on the pipe.
4) when moving the sprinkler line, make sure that sprinklers
are not damaged or pushed into the soil.
5) Any oil or grease or lubricant should not apply to the
sprinklers.
6) check the washer for once in a year or every six month
and replace the washer if it worn.
7) after several seasons operations, the swing arm may need
tightening and it can be done by pulling out the spring and
at the top and re bending it.
8) sprinkler equipment should be kept in a cool and dry place
during the off season. ANJARE

OPERATION
The pumps lifts the water from the source like water tank,
reservoir etc.
Supply the water through the pipe to the sprinklers from which
the spray of water is developed and spread over the land
surface.
ANJARE

MERITS OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1) Erosion of land can be minimized.
2) Uniform application of water is possible
3) Levelling of land is not required.
4) Elimination of seepage & percolation losses thus prevent water
logging.
5) Fertilizers can be applied in solution form along with irrigation
water from the sprinklers.
6) More land is available for agricultural purpose.
7) Small streams of irrigation water can be used effectively.
ANJARE
–

DEMERITS OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1)Uniformity of irrigation is not achieved when wind velocity is
more than 16 km/hour.
2) Initial cost of sprinkler set is high.
3) Sprinklers are not suited for crops requiring frequent large
depth of irrigation as in case of banana, paddy etc.
4) A constant supply of water is needed for economical use of
equipment.
5) Water must be clean & free from sand etc.
6) The power requirement is high
ANJARE

FARM PONDS
ANJARE
Large hole dug in the earth, usually square or rectangular shape.

FARM PONDS
1) To harvest rainwater and store it for further use.
2) It has inlet to regulate inflow and outlet to discharge excess
water.
3) Pond are surrounded by small bunds.
4) Size and depth depend on requirement of water, type of soil,
land available and cost of excavation.
5) Water can conveyed by manually or by motor for further use.
ANJARE

SELECTION OF FARM POND SITE
1) A pond should be located at a site where the largest volume can be obtained
with least volume of earthwork and by submerging minimum area.
2) Removal of trees and other vegetation should be minimum.
3)The site should have suitable foundation.
4)There should not be excessive seepage through the foundation.
5) Construction material should be available easily nearby.
6)There should be a natural waterway to use it as emergency spillway.
7)They should be at a minimum possible distance so that the transportation cost
becomes minimum.
8) Ponds to be used for fishing or other recreation purposes should be readily
accessible by transportation facilities.
ANJARE

ADVANTAGES OF FARM PONDS
1) They provide water to growing crops, without waiting for
rainfall.
2) They provide water for irrigation, even when there is no rain.
3) They reduce soil erosion.
4) They recharge ground water.
5) They improve drainage.
6) The excavated soil can be used to enrich soil in fields and
levelling lands.
7)They promote fish rearing.
8) They provide water for domestic purposes and livestock.
LIMITATIONS OF FARM PONDS
1) Farm ponds reduce water flow to other tanks and ponds
situated in lower-lying areas.
2)They occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.
ANJARE

JALYUKT SHIVAR ABHIYAN
The Maharashtra government in India has launched a water conservation
scheme named Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan to make Maharashtra
a drought-free state by 2019.
The programme aims to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every
year.
The key aim of Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan is to establish belief in a farmer
that “every drop of rainwater is owned by me and it should
percolate in my land”.
Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan aims to bring water empowerment to 25,000
drought-affected villages in Maharashtra within five years.
The programme Jalyukt Shivar was initiated by Pankaja Munde.
With the passing time, the scheme has been going strong with villages
building infrastructure and making the programme one of the largest
Government initiatives in terms of public participation.
ANJARE

Well :
It is a vertical structure dug in ground for purpose of
bringing ground water to the earth’s surface
Basically wells are classified as follows
1)Open wells (Dug wells)
a)Shallow well b)Deep well
2)Tube wells
a)Strainer well b)Cavity type well
c)Slotted type well
ANJARE

1)OPENWELL
ANJARE
1)Constructed by digging the earth.
2) It’s diameter varies from 1m to 2m and depth from 10m to 20m.

ANJARE
a)Shallow well b)Deep well

a)Shallow well
The well which draws water from the unconfined aquifer is
known as shallow well.Yield of well depends upon water table.
In dry season water table goes below the bed of well, the
discharge of well is stopped and well is dried.
b)Deep well
The well which draws water from the confined aquifer is known
as deep well.
Yield of well not depends upon water table.
Discharge of water available throughout the year.
ANJARE

2) TUBEWELLS
 It consists of G.I. pipes of diameter varying from 3.75cm to
15cm and length from 7m to 8m.
 The tube well sunk into the ground by boring.
ANJARE

ANJARE
a)Strainer well
1)G.I Pipes of 6m length and of required diameter are assembled
with socket joint and driven into the ground up to required
depth.
2)Conical shoe provided at bottom at aquifer.
3)A strainer is perforated pipe around witch fine wire mesh is
wrapped.
4)Water enters through mesh and fine
sand particles are prevented from
entering tube well.

ANJARE
b)Cavity type well
1)G.I pipes of required diameter are driven into the ground up to
depth such that it just penetrates clay layer and finds a water
bearing strata.
2) No stringer is provided.
3) At the beginning pumping is start fine sand comes out with
water consequently cavity is formed.
4) The cavity finally takes shape of
hemisphere and no more sand
particles enter in the well.
5) The cavity thus formed behaves
like a clear water pool.

c)Slotted type well
ANJARE
1) G.I casing pipes of bigger diameter ( 30 cm ) is first
driven in to the ground.
2) Then G.I well pipes of lesser diameter ( 15cm )
inserted into the casing pipe.
3) The lower portion of well pipe is slotted.
4) The casing pipe is then withdrawn and the space in
b/w casing and well pipe is filled with gravel and
coarse sand.
5) When pumping started the sandy
water comes out through the
well initially and then final fine
sand is eliminated and clear
water comes out.

MINOR AND MICRO IRRIGATION.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to MINOR AND MICRO IRRIGATION.pdf

Similar to MINOR AND MICRO IRRIGATION.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

MINOR AND MICRO IRRIGATION.pdf