Archaeology Career Goals

Archaeology Career Goals
My long–term career goal is to become an archaeologist. Archaeologists study the origin, culture,
development, and behavior of humans. They often do fieldwork which involves learning foreign
languages, living in remote areas, and examining and excavating archaeological sites. Most
archaeologists qualify for available positions with a master's degree in anthropology or archaeology
but a Ph.D. may be needed for an advanced position. The salary of an archaeologist may depend on
their level of education, years of experience, and their working place. Typically, archaeologist
examine, recover, and preserve evidence of human activity in past cultures. They analyze human
remains and artifacts, such as tools, pottery, cave paintings, and ruins of buildings. They connect the
information they found about past environment to learn about the history, culture, and traditions of
people in earlier age. However, they do more than just dig and look for ancient things. They are also
responsible for protecting, managing, and interpreting archaeological sites. They make sure that
construction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, the master's degree program could take two years of completion and include field or lab
research. Archaeology students typically conduct their field research during their graduate programs.
Although a master's degree or bachelor's degree is enough for many positions, a Ph.D. may be
needed for jobs that requires leadership skills and advanced technical knowledge. Some of the most
important qualities that an archaeologist must have are analytical skills, critical thinking skills,
communication skills, investigative skills, and writing skills. Math skills is also essential because
you need measure everything and calculate weight, diameters and distances, and all kinds of
estimates based on mathematical equations; archaeologist also often relies on statistics to get the
data
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The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay
On May 9th, 2016, the Boston University Archaeology Department held a public outreach event
called, "Eating Archaeology", where guests were served foods from four different time periods and
places: Bronze–age Mycenae, Bronze–age China, Pre–Columbian Mesoamerica, specifically the
Aztecs, and mid–19th century Boston. The creation of these dishes was made possible through
analyzing archaeological sites through the lens of the newly popularized sub–field, archaeology of
the senses, which studies how the materiality of the world contributes to and is influenced by how
humans use their senses (Hamilakis 4). Through analyzing the bodily senses, archaeologists can
create a more detailed interpretation of the experiences of ancient humans (Hamilakis i). This new
interest in the sensory aspect of human culture brings a fascination with the types of foods that
people consumed in the past. With this in mind, a group of graduate students in the fields of
archaeology, food history, and gastronomy, at Boston University, collaborated to test if material
remains can be used to recreate ancient recipes. Through eating these foods, one can glimpse a part
of the culture that ate the dish, illustrating the power of taste, and demonstrating that archaeology
can be used to create something tangible for the public. This paper will focus on the research
process for the mid–19th century brothel site, located in Boston, and how the materials gathered
during excavation were used to reconstruct the

The Evolution Of Human Civilization In Ishmael By Daniel...
In the novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn, an unnamed narrator finds a mentor named Ishmael. Ishmael
is a gorilla that teaches through telepathy, how human civilization has developed to its current state.
He explains that human culture can be split into two groups: Takers and Leavers. Takers are the
most dominant culture; they seek to control the world through aggressive agricultural production
and development of new technology. The leavers on the other hand, are people who live in tribal
cultures that respect the world and seek to coexist with other species on earth. Ishmael explains that
the world is in danger, as the Taker way of life is destroying the world. The book challenges the idea
that humans should rule the world and presents different views on how human civilisation is
destroying the world through its aggressive expansion.
A metaphor Ishmael used in the book (pages 61–63) was that Takers expansion in the world can be
viewed like an early airman testing out the first aircraft with flapping wings, its design based on a
mistaken understanding of the laws of flight. As the flight starts out, all is well, as the airman
moving through the air freely. However, he is actually in freefall, as the device is not fit for flying.
The man looks at all the abandoned crafts on the ground and wonders why they didn't strive for
flight like him. As he realizes he is falling to the ground, he tries to save himself by pedalling with
all his might, but as the aircraft is fundamentally flawed, this does nothing to save him. This journey
can be compared to the journey of human civilization, which started out based on the misconception
that a human dominated earth could be sustainable. It failed to obey the basic laws of nature, which
is currently leading it to its downfall. This metaphor is very applicable to the world today, as we deal
with the effects of human activities such as mass industry, deforestation, and destruction of natural
animal habitats for human settlement. These activities may seem to bring many benefits in the short
term, such as economic and technological development, easy access to energy and food, and cheap
resources for mass production of goods; however, in the long term these destructive human

Time and Chronology in Archeology
Time and Chronology in Archaeology
Why is it important for archaeologists to establish chronologies and what are the strengths and
weaknesses of absolute and relative dating methods in their establishment?
By Liam Cornish
In this essay will discuss what chronologies are and why they are extremely important to
archaeology. It will also discuss the different types of chronologies as well as the varying methods
of establishing them. Time can be determined in different ways, absolutely and relatively. There are
strengths and weaknesses to both of these ways of recording and measuring time and both tell
archaeologists different information about parts of the archaeological record. Both are also highly
important to the field archaeology.
A chronology is an ordering of events and items from the past which is based on time. In his journal
article on the seriation method Robert C. Dunnell defines chronology as: "The stipulation of the
temporal dimension of a body of data" (Dunnell 1970:305). This shows how chronologies are
intrinsically linked to time in archaeology. They are what allows archaeologists to study time and its
relation with various parts of the archaeological record. It also allows times effects on the past of
humanity to be observed and measured.
Chronologies are vitally important to the study of the archaeological record. Indeed Erin C.
Dempsey, in her journal article which deals with the construction of valid chronologies, said that
"Like time, chronology is of

Heinrich Schliemann Essay
"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemann's excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider
their results without speaking of Troy or even alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in
his Journal des Savants. "Even then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the
history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 87). Heinrich
Schliemann's life is the stuff fairy tales are made of. A poor, uneducated, and motherless boy rises
through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the
world and learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful Greek bride,
and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel of ... Show more content on
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Schliemann himself once wrote, "If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope
that these may be pardoned when it is considered that I have revealed a new world of archaeology.
The objects which I brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but rarely found. It
was an entirely new world for me; I had to learn everything by myself and only by and by could I
attain the insight" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 45). Even Traill comes to the defense of
Schliemann's contributions; "The greatness of his achievements and their enduring
significance are beyond dispute" (Traill 97). Schliemann rediscovered an important site
occupied from the Early Bronze Age until Roman times that whose levels of strata most likely
contain the Homeric city of Troy ("Homeric Questions Part III –Archaeology–
9/06/98"). He put the science of stratigraphy to practice and innovated archaeology by
building off of the processes of his predecessors. His digs at Mycenae led to Sir Arthur Evans's
discovery of the city of Knossos and the lost civilization of the Minoans, precursors to the
Myceneans ("The Minoan Costume"). Neither the Minoans nor the Myceneans had
existed in anything

Catalhuyuk Women Analysis
Part 1: During the 1960's an archeological dig conducted by James Mellaart took place in what is
now modern day Turkey. Mellaart was just one of many archeologists who wanted to understand the
civilizations of the Neolithic age, and Catalhuyuk (an early civilization which lived in what is now
modern day Turkey) in particular. The dig led to a discovery of multiple female figurines made from
baked clay called Venus figurines. These figurines were most likely created around 5,000 B.C.E.
Part 2: The Venus figurines could have been made to express the way the Catalhuyuk people viewed
women. Considering how plentiful the figurines are, historians can infer that women were most
likely worshipped. Women in the Catalhuyuk civilization could have been worshipped for many
reasons. They were capable of pregnancy which people may have thought connected them to the
earth. If they had a direct connection to the earth, they were goddesses or special beings which
would have be celebrated and praised. Because religion played such a huge part in their everyday
lives, perhaps the people created the figurines to call upon the earth goddesses for rain, crops, or
protection from illness. Looking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change could have been due to the rise of agriculture. The rise of agriculture meant that men
didn't have to hunt for food and women didn't have to gather food. Naturally the men decided that
women were too weak to participate in farming so the gender roles began to become imbalanced.
The women, not having to participate in food production were now viewed purely as tools for
expanding their population. Because the clock never ticked back in time, women still remain
unequal to men this day. If women could have played a part in the agricultural revolution, would
gender roles would be more

Difference Between Prehistory And Pre History
First Long Exam
1. History vs Prehistory
a. What is prehistory and how is this concept or term defined?
Prehistory is a discipline where it composed of series of events happened during the time where
writing was not yet used to record those events. The word itself means "before history" for it is
associated with the prefix "pre–" which means before yet it was really the combination of the Latin
word "prae" that means before and the Greek word ιστορία which means history. These are the
events that happened in times where in writing was not yet used to record these events. Events are
just based on either being told, predicted or believed by the people from long time ago and
evidences of this events came from excavation of fossils and discovery of materials in places
believed to be the place inhibited by the prehistoric people. It is a discipline where in trained and
knowledgeable people in this field are the ones who can interpret, analyze and predict ... Show more
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Opinion Section
At present, how good are we in knowing and understanding our country's history? What is lacking
in the study of Philippine history and what should be done to improve our grasp of our own history?
Who or what is/are at fault in the continuous failure of the Philippines in correcting many of the
errors in the writing of its history?
Honestly speaking, most of us do not pay attention to the history of our country resulting to less
understanding about it. Philippine History need to be understood and should be thought by the ones
who understands it. Our failure is that we just let anybody tell the history of the Philippines without
fully understanding the History. This results to passing the wrong information about the history of
the Philippines to others and a lot of versions of history that made the History of the Philippines
complicated.
2. On Historiography
a. How did Zeus Salasar differentiate the Western definition of history and our "indigenous"
perception of what history or Kasaysayan

Pompeii And Herculaneum: Archaeology Analysis
The different methods used by archaeologists over time to investigate the sites of Pompeii and
Herculaneum proved to be beneficial and assisted in the conservation, protection and reconstruction
of the sites.
In source 5, Steven Ellis stated that 'Pompeii as an archaeological site is the longest continually
excavated site in the world ... the development in the science of archaeology was tested out in
Pompeii – with mixed results' indicates that scientific methods used in Pompeii revealed details that
were either conclusive or inconclusive.This method changed and challenged archaeologists as some
viewed it as positive in the sense that it could provide insight about the site or it could be negative as
the method could impact the artefacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to source 10, The House of the Gladiators collapsed in 2010 (this may not link to source
10), however it is one of the major buildings in Pompeii that have collapsed.This brought worldwide
attention and made radical reforms and outlined the corrupt nature of conserving the sites of
Pompeii and Herculaneum.The cause was due to heavy rain, the decaying restored concrete roof,
management incompetence and political neglect.
Tsao Cevoli, president of Italy's National Association of Archaeologists, called the collapse 'an
irreparable wound to the world's most important archaeological site
Yet again, in source 9 Hadrill quoted "The greatest challenge is to understand why this happens, and
to set up procedures and practices to ensure it does not happen again future"
The impact of tourism
'Today the biggest danger for the old town is the increasing number of visitors ...' Dr Salvatore
Nappo
Pompeii attracts around 2 million people every

Non Written Sources
We can find out about prehistoric lives from a variety of sources. Archaeologists and physical
anthropologists can research prehistory and unearth more information by sorting through and
observing artifacts, a handmade object whether completely intact or not that represents the cultural
aspects of a different time period. Examples of artifacts include stone tools (daggers, projectile
points, spears, harpoons, arrowheads) for hunting and gathering food, pottery (for storing food),
weapons, objects for personal use such as jewelry, clothing, and buttons, and tools used for daily life
(cooking/preparing food, making clothes, bathing) such as woven baskets, stone hearths,
grindstones, sewing needles, etc. All of the artifacts found are useful because ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A second benefit to exploring history through non–written sources is they can tell you a lot about the
everyday life of a person who lived in the time period you are studying e.g. what objects they used
and how they used it. Another benefit to exploring history through non–written sources is it is more
likely to be accurate. With physical objects there is less of a chance of forgery and bias being
committed than with written documents. Another benefit to non–written sources is they provide a
direct connection to the exact time of the event or time period and most likely was made closer to
the happening. One other benefit to exploring history through non–written sources is if they are not
complete and some part is missing it requires you to really pay attention to finer details and develop
good observation and inference skills by trying to determine exactly what happened and what it is.
Another benefit to exploring history through non–written sources is you can get a glimpse into the
culture of past civilizations by actually seeing the art, clothes, and weapons they created. One other
benefit to exploring history through non–written sources is it sometimes gives you a tangible object,
so you can have a better hands–on. Another benefit to non–written sources is the laborious task of
translating from

The Pitts River Basin
There are several ways to interpret for the variability in archaeological data in the Pitts River Basin
of northwestern Australia, but first, the history and the archaeology must be exhibited. The entire
site used to be underwater because the ocean levels had not stabilized 5000 years ago, so a lot of
artifacts surfaced once the levels stabilized and the land dried up. In the basin, there were two types
of people who were very contemporary. This is suggested by knowing that hunters and gatherers
were marrying outside their group and that the women were the ones who hunted and built this kind
of economy. The Pitts River Basin workbook problem shows three major differences in the
archaeological record of the main sites of Disaster Beach, Bonzakilla "B", and Gray's Creek. At
Disaster Beach, a refuse pile was discovered containing shellfish remains. The pile most likely came
to be because of Cardium Sp., which was located two–hundred yards inland from the high tide line.
The inland did not have a complete rainforest to support the semi–sedentary system, but there were
eucalyptus plants that helped. The high points were the only logical place with grain processing and
potential religious activity like having a Shaman look over the sites. However, the high points did
not have any detectable stratigraphy when they were studied. Carbon dating of three shell samples,
in three separate units was taken, and then returned. The shell fragments found on Disaster Beach
were dated at the

Aerial To Underwater Archaeology Research Paper
Archaeology, has its roots in antiquarianism in the 18th–century in Europe. In the 19th to 20th under
the stewardship of scholars like William Petrie, the discipline of archaeology began to take shape.
Evolving from a hobbyist movement to full–fledged discipline. Somewhere along the line modern
archaeology diverges into two paths. In north America, archaeology became a sub–discipline of
anthropology while in Europe it became a sub–discipline of history. Each hold a claim to have
archaeology under its banner, researching history is where archaeology began but anthropology is
where theory was created. Even with all that, Archaeology is more than capable of standing on its
own as a discipline. Regardless of the branch at its core Archaeology is the scientific study of
peoples of the past their culture and their relationship with their environment. ... Show more content
(http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeology101/a/archaeologyis.htm) To carry on this mission
there are several sub–disciplines of archaeology, ranging from Aerial to Underwater archaeology.
The two most important sub–disciplines are historical archaeology and pre–historical archaeology.
These two sub–disciplines break the scope of Archaeology in to two unequal time periods.
Historical archaeology covers the same time period as history dealing with people that lived after
the invention of writing, from 3500 BC to present, this includes classical archaeology and medieval
archaeology for example. Pre–historic Archaeology is where archaeology truly stands alone. No
other field is able to cover the gap between 3500BC, the invention of writing, and 200,000 years
ago, the evolution of the first

Forensic Analysis
Purpose: The main goal of this article is to raise awareness about how forensic archeology and
anthropology can be used to improve the outcome of cases in the advocacy for human rights. It is
mainly intended to prove how the material remains can be used to address violations of human
rights in the past, by allowing the families of the victims to honor their memories. A way to do that
is to provide the deceased with appropriate burials, as well as to provide their families with enough
knowledge to seek justice. This article proves the efficiency of archeological techniques to illustrate
how human rights have been compromised in the past by providing objective evidence of violations
committed during the Civil War in Spain. This article demonstrates ... Show more content on
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Some of these are the study of stratification through the analysis of color variations, and components
of the ground. Moreover, historical and archival researches were detrimental to the process of data
recollection. Other techniques included the recording of human remains before and after the
excavations by taking photographs in situ (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Features and other
non–organic remains were equally analyzed and recorded for further analysis. Other useful
techniques included geographical information based on the location and position of the graves, as
well as drawing scales of the corpses' positions in them (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014).
Furthermore, anthropological analysis was paramount. Through anthropological studies conducted
in the lab, as well as at the field, forensic anthropologists and archeologists were able to recreate a
complete compilation of oral histories based on municipal records and official documents. Also,
testimonies of the victims' family members, and interviews with former prisoners gave a profound
insight that advanced the investigation. Other methods worth mentioning were DNA analysis, but
due to its limitations and time constraints, DNA analysis was not conducted on every exhumed
body. This research method was carried out at the expense of family members with economic means
who set up to identify their dead relatives; it was not sufficiently plausible during the investigation
as a result of time constraints. Significant qualitative and quantitative data were collected during this
investigation, and these became extremely relevant to determine causes of death of the corpses
found in mass burial grounds. All the data collected and the methods used during the research,
provided a solid understanding of the circumstances of the deaths of the victims, along with concise
evidence that supports the

Narrative Essay About My Artifact
I uncovered a plastic bag with various decayed products inside but some artifacts had survived. I
called to my team of undergrads led by the famous Professor Lue Parson's at the Institute of New
Arizona. The contents in this area according to our carbon dating appeared to be only 100 years old,
however it was our job to learn the most we could about our pre–revolution society. We have been
excavating this particular site for only a couple of days. The whole area has been in ruin for awhile,
it used to be a University and the area we were in was a housing section. Carefully I pulled out a
device which was about 15 centimeters long, three centimeter in diameter and had bristles at the end
which extended 1 cm. I called the team over to see what artifact I had uncovered. ... Show more
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It really is a joy to finally get out of the classroom and into the field. I kept digging into the plastic
bag of wonders, knowing I was going to pull out something full of history and information. I pulled
out two plastic pieces, one was a thin elongated tube which was open on one end and the other was a
opened square wrapper about the size of a playing card. I investigated the tube further. It was flimsy
and very thin, at the sealed end there was some sort of organic sediment deposited. This must be a
"balloon" that I heard were once used during celebrations like a birthday parties and weddings.
Maybe the opened wrapper could give me more information of the "balloon". The wrapper read
"Trojan" on the front with an old Greek Warrior's helmet pictured above the letters. This must be the
brand of balloon, in the pre–revolutionary days before all our products were manufactured by Apple
there were so many brands of every item to choose from. It must have been exhausting trying to
figure out which product to buy. Thanks to Apple though we never have to go through the trouble of
picking and choosing our own products, they do it for

The Issue Of Today 's Society
Seminar Paper (Entangled) Introduction There is no denying consumerism has become an issue of
today's society. People are consuming more than they ever have before. Because of it material
culture has become an increasing area of study. Material culture is described as the relationship
between people and their material things. People are owning more stuff which is leading to major
problems. The mass consumptions of these goods has a negative impact on the planet. It takes lots
of energy and resources to produce a product, thus takes a negative toll on the planet. Rainforest are
cut down, habits are destroyed, global warming increases, waste and toxic gases have increased,
animals are killed, and people are displaced. The people in marginalized communities and third
world countries are the ones that are affected the most. People are employed in horrible conditions,
and paid horrendous salaries by these huge corporations profiting on the exploitation of these
people, while profiting tremendously from the boom in consumer goods. Not only have people of
western societies but people around the world are craving and desiring consumer goods. What is
being consumed at an alarming rate is technology. With the technological boom and technological
advances at an alarming rate has led to people purchasing such products. Because technology has
become so globalize and so easy to acquire at a price that is accessible by most, it has led to an
increase in sales and production

Ulu Brurun Shipwreck Essay
Ellen Ryu (503403830)
Classics 51A
Professor Papadopoulos
March 5, 2017
The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: A New Discovery
Our world is full of mystery. There are countless unknown traces from the past all over the world
and they are waiting to be solved and answered. Archaeology studies the ancient human past
through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. In fact,
archaeology is the tool that decipher the clues that are found through its continuous development of
excavation and methods. The advance of new technologies in recent decades enable archaeologists
to excavate previously unapproachable areas, such as underwater. The underwater archaeology is
developed in order to discover the lost shipwrecks and various ... Show more content on
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Thereby, both underwater and land archaeology should coincide information in order to search for
more accurate explanations. For instance, the connection between Ulu Burun shipwreck and
Egyptian civilization could be unveiled with the help and support from the land archaeology.
Although the Ulu Burun excavators found material and assumed that to be ivory, in fact it was
African Blackwood found in Sudan, Mozambique and Angola (Bass 238). However, archaeologist
could later learn that they were the same wood that was used in King Tut's tomb by supplementing
archaeological discoveries from the land. As a result, they successfully confirmed that the Ulu
Burun shipwreck was associated with Egypt. On the other hand, the increasing number of findings
can often challenge the original assumption. The raw materials found on the ship along with the
various Cypriot and Canaanite objects made it appear as if the ship was traveling from the east to the
west when it sank (Bass 240). However, the discovery of some amber beads refuted this original
thought. This particular amber was identified as Baltic amber, "which occurs in an arc sweeping
across northern Europe from the Baltic south to the Black Sea" (Bass 241). His statement asserts
that it became unclear exactly which direction the ship was heading. This requires archaeologist to
continuously

The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: Underwater Archaeology at its...
Archaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and
excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades,
archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. For example, new diving
equipment and tools such as proton magnetometers, side–scan sonar, sub–bottom profiler, and
miniature submarines have allowed archaeologists to dive into the deep depths of the ocean. As a
result, the branch of underwater archaeology was created to search for shipwrecks and other artifacts
on the ocean floor. Underwater archaeology's role has increased in recent years as it allows
archaeologists to more accurately interpret the past by supplementing ... Show more content on
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Archaeologists noticed that these items did not come from a central location, but came from several
specific locations. By analyzing the artifacts, archaeologists are able to determine which cultures
came into contact and traded with each other. Through isotope analysis, it was determined that the
copper ingots were from the island of Cyprus. The pottery was similar to those found throughout
Canaan. Also in the wreck, there were logs of blackwood which grew in primarily Africa. There
were also glass ingots that were the same as glass found in Egypt and Mycenaean Greece. In
addition, there was ivory from elephants and hippopotamus primarily from Syria. Since all of these
items were on one trading vessel, archaeologists were able to determine that there was "a vast trade
network was well established among various racial and linguistic groups centered on the
Mediterranean, from subtropical Africa and the Near East to northern Europe" (Bass 699).
Therefore, underwater archaeology shows that there was multicultural trade during the Late Bronze
Age. The various civilizations along the Mediterranean coast worked together in a cooperative
fashion and relied on each other in order to thrive during the Late Bronze Age. In addition, trade was
not localized but widespread throughout the Mediterranean. Through previous land

Cultural Appropriation, By The Kylie Jenner Lip Challenge
Anyone who knows me, knows me knows that I love to watch reruns of "What not to wear" on TLC,
As it teaches me something I clearly know nothing about, fashion. However anyone who is in my
Spanish class known that I not only care about my culture but others as well. This school year has
been interesting both fashion–wise and politically, from the Kylie Jenner Lip challenge, to Donald
Trump running for president. It has been such a weird school year however, that it has pointed out a
sad fact about the current fashion world, that is prevalent through the politics we discuss in our
everyday lives, and that is cultural appropriation. As cultural appropriation according to the Oxford
Dictionary is "A term used to describe the taking over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or
practices by one cultural group from another. It is in general used to describe Western appropriations
of non‐Western or non‐white forms, and carries connotations of exploitation and dominance." And
despite how much we would like to believe that this issue doesn't exist in our present day society, if
one looks In clothing stores, fashion magazines, and even Halloween parties, cultural theft is
occurring. This can be seen especially with indigenous cultures as: elements of indigenous cultures
are morphed into fashion trends and costumes for those who will never understand their
significance. "Navajo print" leggings, "tribal" jewelry, and "Indian princess" Halloween costumes
are examples of gross

Book Review Barbarians to Angels Essay
Wells, Peter. Barbarians to Angel: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. New York, NY: W.W. Norton &
Company, Inc., 2008
Barbarians to Angels written by Peter Wells is an enlightening read that sheds light on to what really
went on during "The Dark Ages". The written word during 400–800 AD came from educated
citizens of the Roman Empire and their recount could be judgmental. Many historians are led to
believe that Barbarians destroyed Roman and everyone suffered from acts of violence, a mass
migration, disease, starvation, and this was the way of life for hundreds of years. But Peter Wells
goes beyond the information in the written accounts and looks at the actual archaeological evidence.
He uses this information to help visualize life that went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But over time some of these building would be torn down to make room for other uses and the some
of the larger stones would be reused. Wells see's this as another example of how life didn't stop just
continued on differently. The studies of these cities reveal that there was continuity from one
generation to the next and not abrupt declines followed brilliant discoveries.
Wells points out several times throughout the book and he even uses a whole chapter to talk about
Religion. The way Wells stresses that even though the declared religion is Christianity people still
used or practiced their beliefs from before. Wells does use archaeological evidence to back this up
from the burial sites, burial practices in Christian literature, artwork, and mythological themes
hidden with Christian imagery. This evidence shows that the general public was very slow to accept
proper Christian practice, and even those converted rulers held to traditions too. The book makes
one think about how long and how many of these traditions survived. Wells even states in the book
on pages 184–185, "Wearing or carrying charms, saying prayer before meals, decorating Christmas
trees, coloring eggs at Easter, and tossing coins into fountains are parts of practices that were carried
out by the prehistoric Peoples of Europe. What people think today when they toss their pennies,
dimes, and quarters into the water may not be very different from what

Pros And Cons Of Museum Repatriation Controversy
Museum Repatriation Controversy
Museums are in a showdown with other countries over art, artifacts, and even culture. They are
fighting over repatriation,the return of artifacts and other antiquities. One expert explains, "There
are those in favor of repatriation who say it is unethical to keep these artifacts. Others contend that
such artifacts should remain in museums because they are part of a universal human history"(Art
and Cultural Repatriation). Having better more fair laws on cultural property and repatriation could
lower looting and increase archeological dig sites to find even more antiquities. The individual
country the artifact comes from, and the museum researching it, should be the only ones that can
claim whether the artifact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Author Svensson of "On Craft and Art", believes that by giving back artifacts of cultural importance
it will mean better environments for it to be in, and become a tourist attraction for these countries so
they could get more money. Svensson also thinks that for the indigenous peoples that now have
museums could finally have something to attract more people and promote sharing of the artifacts
between other museums(par. 1). Along with Svensson's ideas there is also a problem with stopping
museums from buying stolen artifacts and refusing to give them back. Henrik Bering noted, "The
traditional museum concept of universalism, the British cultural–policy adviser Munira Mirza points
out, is now associated with "imperialistic values" and the theft of other peoples' identity, for which
there is said to be only one remedy: to hand back our ill–gotten gains"(par. 16). Some museums feel
it necessary to keep artifacts because they believe they could provide a better more suitable
environment for the ancients works, underestimating the country of origin. Having a bias towards
themselves when the country of origin could do just as good, possibly better. Museums shouldn't
hold antiquities for ransom and instead give them back to share with, and help, the

Analysis Of Marija Gimbutas 's ' The Living Goddess '
Archeology like any other science is prone to uncertainty and a couple mistakes. However, when an
idea is presented as a fact, it is outrageous, nothing is completely definite and everything is basically
a theory. Marija Gimbutas was very passionate about the Goddess, in The Living Goddess, she says,
"The role of the father in prehistoric antiquity was either not fully understood or not as highly
valued as that of the mother," (112). Nevertheless, the way that she presented her argument was not
convincing. Gimbutas acted as though she knew the history of a civilization just by looking at the
artifacts she found, she used her own research as her evidence to support her claims, and lastly she is
guilty of letting her own ideas cloud her judgment. Throughout her work, Gimbutas appears to be
omniscient claiming to know that there was a civilization in Old Europe that was matrifocal,
peaceful and offered its citizens a higher quality of life. She paves the road for her peaceful utopia
by defining the word civilization through the eyes of an archeologist, "Historians have assumed that
civilization implies a hierarchical political and religious organization, warfare, a class stratification,
and a complex division of labor," (Gimbutas, The Civilization viii). Once she introduced the
barbaric society that revolved around males she contrasts this by saying that gynocentric cultures did
not revolve around petty superficial things that mattered in a patriarchal society (Gimbutas, The

Big Family Archaeology Research Paper
Archaeology is the scientific study of humans from the origin through the present. It encompasses
the investigating, analyzing, and interpreting of culture, behavior and the material remains of
previous human societies. Material remains, or artifacts, might include structures, garbage–heaps,
tools, metals, ceramics, or food. Archaeology is an important field of anthropology, which is the
study of human culture. Archaeologists concentrate on past societies and cultures and study their
changes in those societies over extremely long periods of time. Before this search I didn't realize
what a big family archaeology belonged to. I thought archaeology was just about digging up
artifacts from the past because people wanted their findings to be put

Archaeology : Modern Infrastructure Projects Threatening...
At first glance, the study of archaeology may be perceived as the study of ancient artifacts,
discovering tombs, or even just treasure hunting. However, archaeology has very large impacts in
the world today. Firstly, archaeology is vastly important because it is very relevant to how we
understand human history today. The study of archeology is not just important because it contributes
to museums and writes history books. Without the work, projects, and excavations conducted by
archeologists, we would not have the valuable understanding of past humans and their interactions
with the objects, society, and world around them. In addition, many archaeological sites are in
developing countries, which could have very positive economic impacts if valuables are found.
However, even though there are various constructive aspects of the work and study of archaeology
today, there are many controversial arguments about what is to be done with archaeological finds; as
well as modern infrastructure projects threatening archeological sites. For several decades now,
many museums and archeologists have had feuds on epic archaeological discoveries and how they
were collected. The most famous example of this would be the controversy surrounding the Elgin
Marbles. Excavated and collected by Lord Elgin from the Parthenon in Athens, the Elgin Marbles
are a collection of stone sculptures, inscriptions, and ancient Greek architectural features. The
sculptures were excavated from the Parthenon.

Appropriate Observation
Out of every given site, site E was most likely to have fossils because it has the traits that are needed
to find fossils. There is no vegetation, lots of sedimentary rock, and shows evidence of erosion. In
this project, our group evaluated every site to find the most fossils and narrowed it down to site "E."
To start it off, there is an absence of vegetation. This makes fossil finding easier because the
paleontologists don't need to dig under trees, roots, and other assorted plants to get to fossils that
may have been hidden under vegetation. This makes digging much harder as opposed to
sedimentary rocks. When vegetation lies on the ground, it is much harder to find fossils as the time
spent uncovering the ground of plants will take up more

The Physics Of Egyptian Archaeology
From the start of the Carter's article, it is made known that clearing the objects from the
antechamber is a delicate and difficult process. Each object needs to be handled carefully, or they
can crumble. The process was slow and, and put significant amount of pressure on archaeologists.
One wrong move, and evidence and knowledge from the past could be gone. Additionally, not all
excavations are carried out properly, and because of this knowledge of Egyptian Archaeology is fifty
percent less than what it should be. Carter mentions there were many things that could have gone
wrong, one of these things being theft. Since everyone was excited about the tomb and because of
the valuables, guards and security were needed to minimize the chance of theft. Furthermore, the
condition of the objects careful treatment was of concern and, and also visitors.
The first step of the process is photography. For this, movable electric standard lighting was
required to take pictures of the chamber before anything else. The photos were developed in an
empty tomb used as a dark room. Next, they made a registering system with numbers so later they
know where the object came from in the tomb. Then, Carter describes, it was important to find a
seclude storage and private space for the objects once removed, which they found in the tomb of
Seti II. This tomb was protected from the sun and open, although there were some space issues and
distance problems from the scene. Moreover, Carter also notes

What It Does It Exist?
In our history as a species, humankind has always been curious about itself. We have entire fields of
study dedicated to the understanding of what it means to be a human. One of the ways we explore
our species and the societies we build is through the discovery and careful recording of those people
and societies that have come before us. However, as early research destroyed more than it
conserved, new techniques were necessary to keep as much of our history intact as possible. This led
to new ways of conducting these investigations, preserving as much of the materials as possible.
Two such advances are ground penetrating radar (GPR) and side–scan sonar (SSS). Ground
penetrating radar was first suggested not long after radar itself was patented, but was not widely
available to the general public until the mid–20th century. The way it works is simple:
electromagnetic radiation that exists on the radio band of frequency is sent into the earth, and
different densities of materials reflect these waves back in different ways. A highly skilled operator
is absolutely essential in the use of GPR, as these waves are difficult to read and interpret. However,
with these returned waves understood properly, much information can be discovered without ever
compromising the site. Side–scan sonar is a similar application for an entirely different kind of
archaeological site: underwater. SSS uses sonar pulses aimed at the bottom of any body of water and
the reflections of these

Archaeology : Museum Of Archaeology Script
Museum of Archaeology Script
Introduction
Good Morning year 11s and welcome to the Museum of Archaeology. On today 's excursion I will
be taking you on a tour of the museum and help you acquire the knowledge of what archaeology is,
what archaeologist do, learn about one of the most outstanding archaeologist from the past 200
years, get to observe 2 artefacts from the Pandora and discover how they teach us about the
everyday life of an 18th century soldier.
Definition
Archaeology is not just 'digging', although the excavation of artefacts is important, there are many
more aspects of archaeology involved that are all as significant. Archaeology can best be described
as the study of extinct human cultures meaning that it is not just ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final type of archaeologist are university archaeologist who both teach and train students in the
study of archaeology (Zarmati & Cremin, 2004). In actual fact almost everyone that you see
working here today, including myself, come under the category of Museum archaeologist as we are
preserving and presenting artefacts but not digging for them. Just behind this glass window you will
see some of our staff working to conserve the artefacts that have been given to us by field
archaeologist.
Effects, interest and arguments
Although archaeology is important in society today, without it there can still be authentic historical
scholarship.If you look behind me you will notice an artefact from the Egyptian tombs and next to it
is an image of an archaeologist and historian working together to find it's location.
Both archaeologists and historians study past human activity, however they are not the same
profession. The difference between the two according to the reliable source provided by Richard
Woodbury is that historians study and write about our past whilst archaeologist study recovering and
interpreting both artefacts and remains of past civilizations (Woodbury, 2008). Historians on the
other hand focus more on studying cultures that have already developed systems of writing. This is
one of the key reasons why archaeology is not a major factor when it comes to authentic historical

Time Capsule Research Paper
A time capsule represents a culture in a bottle. And so, in order to create a relevant time capsule, this
class must ask the question; "What three facets of a society clearly represent its culture?" Because
archeology specializes in the deciphering of long–dead cultures, a look at archeology's perspective is
most beneficial in answering this question. A review of the archeological literature reveals three
topics consistently dominating the conversation. The technology, belief system, and pastimes
peculiar to a nation define its culture to observers viewing it from a future date. Therefore, a time
capsule to be opened in the year 2115 must include an artifact specific to the area of innovation, a
relic representative of America's dominant religion and the main contender, and something to
present a picture of popular entertainment. The smartphone presents itself as the obvious choice for
an artifact to represent technology. However, it seems the only constant in computer science is that
no constants exist. Technology grows at such a rapid rate that merely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the main religion, a relic of unembellished, mainstream Christianity deserves a spot in any time
capsule. Also, since America in form and function is now primarily secular, secular humanism
should provide part of this item. Audio recordings of a Southern Baptist minister and a vocal atheist,
such as Richard Dawkins, would supply the perfect relic. Because of the difficulty of acquiring a
playback mechanism for vocal mediums found in time capsules, the smartphones should carry them
as files. This raises another problem, however, a charging cable attached to a hand cranked generator
or similar method is necessary to preserve the information should the future lose today's technology.
In conclusion, the smartphones ought to include files which represent the current religious
landscape, and a method for perpetuating the files' life put in

Summary Of Accuracy In Island Of The Blue Dolphinss
Accuracy in Island of the Blue Dolphins Accuracy varies depending on the purpose by which an
author writes a story. Some authors may choose to base their story purely on facts, some may stick
to being entirely fictional, and the rest pick and choose facts and fiction. Island of the Blue Dolphins
entails the journey of a young native girl, Karana, who becomes stranded on her home island until
her eventual rescue. This story in particular is based on that of a Nicoleno woman, the Lone Woman.
However, facts were left out regarding what happened in real life. In Island of the Blue Dolphins,
the author, O'Dell, inaccurately depicts the Lone Woman's situational, historical, and archaeological
relevance. O'Dell undermines the Lone Woman's relevance in terms of the situations Karana, the
main character, faces throughout Island of the Blue Dolphins. Karana watches her father die , which
is an aspect O'Dell created to develop his story and is not historically evident. O'Dell's personal
views of what a mother should be affected the accuracy of his story because he felt that a mother
should not forget her child . This explains why his book shows how Karana returned to the island for
her brother instead of being like the Lone Woman who returned for her child. O'Dell even makes up
the concept of public and secret names , which furthers his inaccuracy because this shows that he
added the names as an element to build on the symbolism. Even more so, Captain Baranov's offer of
trade goods

Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management...
The final article is "Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management" presented by K.
M. Sullivan in 1986. This paper is about game theory and negotiation processes. It refers
specifically to the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service's approach to cultural
resource management. It has implications for academic researchers in dealings with Aboriginal
people. In New South Wales where environmental impact assessment is required, the Service has the
right to require archaeological survey to be carried out for Aboriginal sites. Such work is done at the
expense of the developer who engages consultant archaeologists. If sites exist, the developer must
either show that they will not be adversely affected, or must apply for consent to destroy the sites.
Such consent is given only after any further detailed archaeological investigation and in consultation
with local Aboriginal people, whose agreement is sought for research, mitigation or destruction.
Academic research which in any way damages a site must be the subject of an application which
must meet both academic and conservation standards and requirements, and must have Aboriginal
consent. During these processes, there are many issues which could result in various costs to the
developer. Negotiation is required to resolve conflict over sites, which is essentially land use
conflict. The aim of the Service is to protect sites, but in resolving the conflict surrounding any one
site, the long–term general

Underwater Archaeology Research Paper
The salary vary's for an underwater archaeologist. The lower–level technicians get paid about
$30,000 and the higher–level technicians get paid about $90,000 for management and academic
positions. The payment mainly depends on your level of education, training, experience, and
location. Underwater archaeologist deals with site found below the surfaces of the oceans, rivers and
lakes. They study submerged aboriginal sites such as fish and middens. Underwater archaeological
work is more complex than land archaeology. Underwater includes remote–sensing surveys, diving
surveys to locate map sites, and excavation. Staying warm during long dives is very important so
underwater archaeologist often use make that cover their entire face, dry suits

The Bible Is True And Not Myths
Archaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical
stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations
discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the
people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major
events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology
and the Old Testament, the book of Judges took place around the Iron Age period, which was 1200 –
586 BC. Excavations have provided some useful information about daily life in ancient Israel during
Judges, including the land, climate and people. However, before we learn about how people lived
their daily lives in Israel during the Iron Ages, we should learn about the geography of Israel. The
land of Israel stretches from Dan in the North to Beersheba in the South and from the Mediterranean
Sea in the west to the Transjordan in the east. Israel 's landscape is divided into five main regions
and even though the regions are in the same place they all receive different amounts of rain, which
produce different crops. The first region, the coastal plain, goes along the Mediterranean coast to
Rosh HaNiqura, receives about 25 to 16 inches of rain which is a great place to grow grain. The
second region, is the central mountain range that goes from Galilee to Negev Highlands; this region
receives from 20 to

The Body As A Metaphor For Society
In Andean society many societies and cultures generally believed that all things, such as mountains,
rivers, and waterfalls had life (Benson 2001: 1). The Andean individuals believed that all inanimate
objects were thus animated. This ideology not only influenced the way they thought about the world,
but also the way they treated and viewed the body. The body is a very important and useful theme in
archeology as the body acts as a metaphor for society, the way a society/culture treats the body
provides vital important regarding their worldview. In addition, the body is a tool of lived
experience which can indicate how individuals lived, what was sacred or important to them and also
shedding light on who they were. In other words, by understanding how bodies were conceptualized
in Andean societies archeologist can indicate the significance of certain ritual practices. It is
important to deconstruct the body as it provides social truths regarding a specific culture within the
Andean region. Furthermore, people do things to their bodies which may help archeologists
understand their belief system, the practices/work they may have been doing. For example, if an
individual spends their whole life grinding corn the body would reflect this activity and thus would
be able provide information regarding that culture. This theme concerning 'the body' pushes us to
consider distinct ontologies as different cultures and societies developed differently and thus has
diverse beliefs,

Archaeology : The Field Of Archaeology
Archaeologists:
The field of archaeology is a sub–discipline of anthropology. People, who study archaeology, are
called archaeologists. What they do in this field is that they find and study the artifacts of past
civilizations like tools and weapons, pottery, jewelry, and clothing (if it survived that passage of
time). From analyzing artifacts, archaeologists are able to form hypothesizes of how that ancient
culture would have lived and behaved, even if there is no written record.
The field of archaeology helps, especially, with decoding the unknown history of the Native
Americans before European contact. From the archaeological sites to the different dates of artifacts
collected over the decades, archaeologists have grouped pre–European contact in Native American
history four periods of time, Paleo (Prehistory) (more than 10,000 years ago), Archaic (roughly
10,000–2,500 years ago), Woodland (roughly 3,000 years ago– early 1600s), and then Euro–
American (1600s to present)*. *These time frames are a rough estimate, which means that there is
potential overlapping, and it is theorized that there is not a distinct beginning and end, just one
continuous growth of culture throughout time. Most Native American communities will accept
western time periods of their culture, however, there are some that refuse to acknowledge them
because they are western times about their life.
Paleo: Post–Glacial Native Americans:
When did Paleo–Indians arrive?
Archaeologists believe that

Cortical Bone Loss In The Neolithic Community
Unlike Greece where the majority of the research has been the team has also started to look and do
research in the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük. One of the research projects that occurred in that
location is the investigation of cortical bone loss and fracture patterns in the Neolithic community
using radiogrammetry. The main focus of this study is an examination of the widely used calculation
that expresses second metacarpal cortical bone values, followed by an examination of age and sex–
related patterns of cortical bone loss and skeletal fragility fracture in a Neolithic archaeological
skeletal sample from Çatalhöyük, Turkey. This study is particularly unique because there have been
very few works in the bio archaeological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is argued that the influence of bone/body size is removed from MWI and CTI and can be
demonstrated algebraically, statistically and graphically, analogous CI values in this analysis did not
differ noticeably or influence statistical outcomes. We do suggest however, that the relationship
between size variables and measurement variables are explored prior to the application of ratios.
Bone quantity and quality of the human skeleton is the cumulative product of health, diet and
nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle over the life course. Further, while nutrition plays a key role
in skeletal growth and maintenance during all developmental stages, diet and nutrition are intricately
woven with other biological, social, and cultural influences on the skeleton. Bone tissue is a
dynamic medium that is capable of recording many life history events, allowing us to reconstruct
some of the key influences on bone loss and fragility in past populations. While our work, on
cortical bone loss at Çatalhöyük remains preliminary, and will benefit with the addition of
biomechanical analyses in other long bones of the skeleton, the patterns revealed in this study do
provide some insight on bone health across different life stages, particularly in those individuals
from the later Neolithic phases of mound occupation. Adult cortical bone loss measured in the
metacarpals shows some of the expected age–related patterns but

Example Of Artifact Essay
In the examination of an artifact, many things can be deduced from the society that used this object.
For example, take the existence of a shirt–which will be referred to as an artifact for the purposes of
this analysis. This particular shirt has a collar, buttons, and patches on its chest and sleeves. It is grey
in color with red stitching, black accents, and red lining. With further exploration, the shirt is found
to contain writing on one of the interior portions underneath the back side of the collar. It reads:
"Chiliwear–100% Polyester M Made in China." This writing, while seemingly meaningless at first,
is highly enlightening on the sophistication of the shirt's creators. A second piece of the shirt near
the opening at the bottom contains a tag that reads: "MACHINE WASH COLD LIKE COLORS.
DO NOT USE [SOFTENERS]. TUMBLE DRY LOW. DO NOT IRON. DO NOT BLEACH." All of
these things are inherently revealing about the civilization that produced it, but let us focus on a few
of these qualities in particular: the tag, the label, the material, and the implications created. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They value the functionality of shelter that clothing provides. Judging from the embroidery on the
shirt, they also apparently value style. Should it have been a utilitarian object with no purpose aside
from covering the torso, it likely would not have the vibrant colors that accent the main grey cloth.
Therefore, the society values its appearance as well as its functionality. This would lead us to
believe that they are capable of rational thought and reasoning to decide what is fashionable and
what is not. This assertion serves us alongside with the very existence of the artifact itself as proof
of their

Ian Hodder's Reading The Past
W Welliver
Reading the Past In Reading the Past, Ian Hodder argues that Processual, or New, Archaeology is
flawed and that we must look at approaches used before its adoption and integrate parts of those
approaches into the study of archaeology. He points out that Symbols in Action helped him to
develop three ideas regarding how to do this. First, we must consider that material culture has
meaning. Second, that the individual is important to the development of theory in archaeology; and
finally that archaeology is most closely related to history and should consider that in its approach. In
looking at meaning in material culture Hodder brings up how ethnographic work showed that,
contrary to previous belief, interaction between cultures could actually lead to a more marked
difference in their pottery styles. He also referenced burial practices and refuse buildup, and how
they differ based on cultural beliefs of death and dirt, respectively. He also goes on ton argue that the
material culture is not solely an adaptation to the environment, but also depended upon the culture
that produces it. To attempt to properly interpret the material culture requires context. Here Hodder
asks three questions concerning context: what is it, is the meaning we construct the same that was in
people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hodder argues that through the actions of individuals and the material culture society is created.
However Processual archaeology rejected the individual and chose to look at the socio–cultural
system and its long–term development. Ethnographic information shows this as a flawed approach.
In some cases variations in ceramic styles were to denote social differences, as opposed to the
craftsman's education or the ceramics use, something a processual archaeologist may not even
consider. He does point out that the focus on the individual has nothing to do with the role of free
will in change, but rather to add meaning to the material

Yigael Yadins Archaeological Contributions
Yigael Yadin's Archaeological Contributions
Introduction
Biblical Archeology has helped in supporting the historicity of the Bible. Not that archaeology
proves or disapproves the Bible – this it does not, it only supports the history of the Bible. One of
the discoveries that support the biblical historicity is the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls
came from eleven caves, mined over the course of seven years, over 15,000 documents supporting
biblical historicity have been unearthed at Qumran. One of the archeologist that played an important
part in this discovery was Yigael Yadin of Israel. Yadin, not only contributed to the discovery and
research of the Dead Sea Scrolls more than any other archeologist, but he also ... Show more content
Not only did he contribute to the discovery and research of the Dead Sea Scrolls but he also was
responsible for unearthing many mysteries that surrounded the history of Israel at places like
Masada, Hazor and Tel Megiddo. In this paper I will briefly talk about Yadin's life, his archeological
achievements and major contributions to biblical archeology and in doing so will show that Yadin
was no ordinary archeologist but truly was a one of the most influential archeologists concerning the
discoveries as it relates to the history of Israel.
Early Life Yigael Yadin's original name was Yigael Sukenik and he was born March 21, 1917 in
Jerusalem. His mother was Chassiya Sukenik and his father was Lipa Sukenik. Even as a child
people remarked how exceptionally beautiful he was and how remarkable he was at a young age.
This would prove to be true later in life. He was considered as growing up in a middle–class Jewish
society in far–off Lithuania. His mother, Chassiya had the opportunity to become a respectable
businessman's wife in Bialystok but she had no desire to do so. Chassiya had as far back as her
teenage years intended to become a teacher of Jewish pioneers' children among the palm trees of
Eretz Israel. Yadin's father, Lipa

Sanisera Research Paper
Sanisera (Menorca) Sanitja bay, located on the northern coast of the island of Menorca, is home to a
Roman fort and Sanisera. The bay was originally only open to the Roman military but later opened
to trades around the time Sanisera was established. Unlike Pollentia, Sanisera was one of the only
Roman sites not constructed on top of an indigenous site. The lack of modern construction over
Sanisera has made it possible to undertake an extensive excavation of both sites. The first phase of
excavations focused primarily on the fort with some surveys of the city, the current phase of the
excavation of Sanitja began in 1992 (Sa Nitja 1996). Throughout both excavation phases, there has
also been a lot of focus on the various shipwrecks in the bay.

Archaeology Career Goals

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