Women’s asset ownership and children’s nutritional status

4. BACKGROUND • Immediate, underlying, and intermediate factors determine health and nutrition • Immediate: lack of food, low utilization/poor quality of health care • Underlying: family income, education, cultural • Intermediate: mother education influences impact of clean water on child health (ex. higher education  more awareness, more productive use of knowledge) • Child health determinant groups: child characteristics, socioeconomic, household, environmental

5. BACKGROUND • Previous studies show impact of mother’s income on child health (+) • Few studies trace the influence of mother’s wealth due to lack of data on mother asset ownership in developing countries • Previous evidence in Papua New Guinea: • Adding a boy increases household spending, adding a girl does not • Poor access to roads and public transportation hinders health care access, especially for women and children • Lack of improvement in child health at odds with global trends

6. BACKGROUND • Papua New Guinea is one of the world’s most rural countries (86% live in rural areas) • Over 1/3 live in the Highland Region with poor infrastructure • 80% in rugged/coastal terrain without access to roads/public transportation • High dependency ratio compared to other Asian countries • Communicable diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality • Malnutrition is thought to be the leading cause of child death

7. HIES • 2009-2010 Papua New Guinea Household Income and Expenditure Survey • Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), World Bank, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Australian Aid for International Development (AusAID) • Third HIES in PNG (prior:1975-76, 1996-1997) • Family demography, education, health, employment and consumption data • Use to construct Consumer Price Index • 4,079 households • 22,698 individuals, 2,926 children < 60 months

8. MODEL Child health: stunting, underweight, wasting (WHO standards) Child characteristics: age (< 60 months old), gender Socioeconomic: expenditure quintile, mother’s education, mother’s assets Household: number of children in HH, mother smokes, improved toilet, clean water Geographic: region, rural

9. SUMMARY STATISTICS

10. SUMMARY STATISTICS

11. EMPIRICAL PLAN • OLS (1) and quantile (2) regression (1) Yi = α0 + α1 Ai + α2 Xi + εi (2) 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜏 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛼 𝜏 0 + 𝛼 𝜏 1 𝐴𝑖 + 𝛼 𝜏 2 𝑋𝑖 + 𝜀 𝜏 𝑖 • Dependent variable = z-scores for OLS and quantile regression •  = 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 0.90, 0.95

12. EMPIRICAL PLAN • Asset measures (Ai): • Individual asset dummies • One per regression (6 separate regressions; only for OLS) • Asset indexes from principle components • Two factors, food production and shelter • Both in one regression • Standardized asset index (one with and one without house) • Sum of z-scores for each individual asset • One per regression

13. RESULTS (OLS)

14. RESULTS (QUANTILE) Stunted OLS Quantile OLS CI Quantile CI

15. RESULTS (QUANTILE) Wasted

16. RESULTS (QUANTILE) Underweight

17. WOMEN’S ASSET OWNERSHIP AND CHILDREN’S NUTRITIONAL STATUS Thank you QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS