The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical routes. The oral route is the most common and involves drugs being administered via tablets, capsules, syrups, or powders. The parenteral route includes injections that are intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, or subcutaneous. Inhalation allows drugs to pass directly to the lungs via aerosols or vapors. Topical administration applies drugs to external surfaces like the skin or mucous membranes through methods such as creams, poultices, or insufflation of powders.

1. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
PRESENTED BY:
Dr. Ajay Mandal

2. ANIMAL HANDLING
• Animals should be approached in a confident and relaxed manner.
• Animals should be handled regularly to help reduce stress and to calm them
down when restraining them for procedures to be performed on them.
• Most animals have sharp claws and prefer not to be placed on slippery
surfaces, so, where possible, use a cage top (for rodents) or a nonslip
cover/liner for benches.
• With practice, most species of animals are easily restrained and handled.
• There is no one correct method of handling or restraining animals, but the
general principle is that it should not cause pain or discomfort to the animal.
It should also be comfortable for the handler, especially when the animal is
being restrained for an injection, so that the handler is able to concentrate on
the injection procedure.
• The methods shown in the species-specific sections are recommended,
• although some people may feel more comfortable using slightly different
ways to restrain the animals, which is also acceptable.
• It may be obvious, but one basic tip to remember is to keep your fingers
away from the mouth of the animal, especially when performing a procedure
such as an injection. Many people, while busy concentrating on positioning
the needle, forget that their fingers are within easy reach of the mouth of a
mouse or rat and hence get bitten.

3. HANDLING OF MICE & RATS

4. HANDLING OF GUINEA PIG & RABBIT

5. • The path taken by the drug to get into the body is known as the route of drug
administration. A drug may be in ionized or unionized form.
Classification:
1. Oral route
2. Parenteral route
3. Inhalation
4. Topical
1. ORAL ROUTE:
Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. It is mostly used
for the neutral drug. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup,
emulsions or powders.
Advantages:
 It is convenient
 It is the cheapest available route
 It is easy to use
 It is safe and acceptable.
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

6. Disadvantages:
 Less amount of drug reaches the target tissue.
 Some of the drug is destroyed by gastric juices e.g.
adrenaline, insulin, oxytocin
 Absorption has to take place which is slow, so is not
preferred during emergency.
 It might cause gastric irritation
 It might be objectionable in taste.
 It might cause discoloration of teeth e.g. iron causes
staining, tetracyclines below 14 cause brown discoloration
so are not advisable during pregnancy.
First Pass Effect:
 First pass effect is the term used for hepatic metabolism
of drug when Absorption and delivered through portal
blood. Greater the first pass effect, less amounts of the
drug reach the systemic circulation.

9. 2. PARENTERAL ROUTE:
Parenteral route includes:
Injections:
a. Intra muscular
b. Intra venous
c. Intraperitoneal
d. Intradermal (Intracutaneous)
e. Subcutaneous route (Hypodermic)
Advantages:
• Parenteral route is rapid.
• It is useful for uncooperative patients
• It is useful for unconscious patients
• Inactivation by GIT enzymes is avoided
• First pass effect is avoided
• Bioavailability is 100%
Disadvantages:
• Skill is required
• It is painful
• This method is expensive
• It is less safe.

10. A. INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE:
• Intramuscular route might be applied to
the buttock, thigh and deltoid. The
volume used is 3 ml.
Advantages:
• Absorption is rapid than subcutaneous
route.
• Oily preparations can be used.
• Irritative substances might be given
• Slow releasing drugs can be given by
this route.
Disadvantages
• Using this route might cause nerve or
vein damage.
Large muscle mass
Site of injection
Needle Insertion in to the thigh at 45°

11. B. INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS:
• Intravenous injections might be applied to the
lateral tail veins
Advantages:
• Immediate action takes place
• This route is preferred in emergency situations
• This route is preferred for unconscious patients.
• Titration of dose is possible.
• Large volume of fluids might be injected by this
route
• Diluted irritant might be injected
• Absorption is not required
• No first pass effect takes place.
• Blood plasma or fluids might be injected.
Transverse section of rat tail

12. C. INTRAPERITONEAL ROUTE:
Intraperitoneal route may be used for peritoneal dialysis.
Two persons - (Rat & other species)
The hind quarters and tail should restrained by the assistant and the operator should extend one of
the animals hind legs. The injection should be made in to the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.
In this area there are no organs except small intestine. Prepare by wiping the area with 70%
ethanol. The tip of the needle should insert in to the intraperitoneal cavity without puncturing the
small intestine. The plunger of the syringe should be pulled back to confirm that the needle is not
in intestine or any other organ.
Assistant holding the animal for Intraperitoneal injection
needle insertion at 30° angle in to the
intraperitoneal cavity.

13. D. INTRADERMAL ROUTE:
The site of injection should be clipped/depilated
before the injection.
• The test item is injected in to the dermis layer of
skin and not below the dermis.
• Animal holding should be done by assistant and
the person performing the injection should hold
the fold of skin and insert the needle nearly flat on
the skin, so that the needle is in the dermis layer.
• Inject the test item slowly in the dermis layer.
• The intradermal injection is proper if there is bleb
formation at the site of injection.
Site of injection
Bleb formation at the site of injection

14. E. SUBCUTANEOUS:
• Subcutaneous route might be used for the arm, forearm, thigh and subscapular space.
• Hypodermic needle (25G–30G)
Advantages:
• Absorption is slow and constant
• It is hygienic
Disadvantages:
• It might lead to abscess formation
• Absorption is limited by blood flow
• Examples of drugs given by subcutaneous route include insulin, adrenaline and norplant.

15. 3. INHALATION:
• Inhalation may be the route of choice to avoid
the systemic effects. In this way drugs can pass
directly to the lungs.
• Drugs used involve volatile drugs and gases.
• Examples include aerosols like salbutamol;
steam inhalations include tincture and Benzoin
• Advantages:
• Rapid absorptions takes place.
• Rapid onset of action takes place.
• This route has minimum side effects.
• No first pass effect takes place.
• This method is easy.
• Fewer doses is required.
• Disadvantages:
• Special apparatus is required.
• Irritation of the respiratory tract may take place.
• Cooperation of the patient is required.
• Airway must be patent.

16. 4. TOPICAL ROUTE:
• Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin and the mucous membranes.
Topical route includes:
a. Enepidermic route
• When the drug is applied to the outer skin, it is called enepidermic route of drug
administration. Examples include poultices, plasters, creams and ointments.
b. Epidermic route (Innunition):
• When the drug is rubbed into the skin, it is known as epidermic route. Examples
include different oils.
c. Insufflations:
• When drug in finely powdered form is blown into the body cavities or spaces with
special nebulizer, the method is known as insufflations.
d. Instillation
• Liquids may be poured into the body by a dropper into the conjunctival sac, ear,
nose and wounds. Solids may also be administered.
e. Irrigation or Douching
• This method is used for washing a cavity e.g. urinary bladder, uterus, vagina and
urethra. It is also used for application of antiseptic drugs.
f. Painting/Swabbing
• Drugs are simply applied in the form of lotion on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of
buccal, nasal cavity and other internal organs.

17. REFERENCES
• www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-420-
acute-oral-toxicity-fixed-dose-
procedure_9789264070943-en
• www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/50/1948370.pdf
• www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/51/1948378.pdf
• www.google.com

18. THANK YOU