Acid Concentration

Acid Concentration
Does the amount of active ingredient in different types of tablets decrease or increase per milligram
after its expiration date? Overtime, the concentration of acid in a low dose aspirin tablet increases,
as the concentration of acid in a high dose aspirin tablet decreases. However, due to various
experimental errors, the claim is not a strong and compelling one. What is assumed to have
happened is that both low dose aspirin tablets and high dose aspirin tablets increase in concentration
of acid as the expiration is surpassed.
Four different tablets (two new and two expired): Bayer High Dose 325 mg (exp unknown), Bayer
High Dose 325 mg (exp 8/18), Bayer Low Dose 81 mg Enteric (exp 4/11), and Bayer Low Dose 81
mg Enteric (exp 8/18) undergo the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the Bayer High Dose 325 mg tablets used as an "old and expired tablet" is unidentified in
expiration date, but the container seems to look very old. This means that it is uncertain whether the
tablets labeled as "old" are actually expired or not (Table 1, 2, and 3). Secondly, not all of the
powdered tablet is put into the beaker. Some remain on the papers while others fly out onto the
table. Because not all contents are present during the titration process, this could very well affect the
calculations measuring the mass of acid per
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Acetic Acid Concentration Lab Report
In this experiment, the concentration of acetic acid in a sample of vinegar was calculated. The
sample used for the experiment was sample 4, created on 2/22/2017. The concentration was
calculated by titrating the vinegar with NaOH. Unfortunately, NaOH does not form a pure solution
so its concentration also had to be calculated. This was done by using it to titrate a solution of KHP,
which does form a pure solution. Once the concentration of NaOH was known, it could be used to
calculate the mols of acetic acid in a known volume of vinegar, giving us the concentration.
This will result in the calculated mass of acetic acid to be higher. This is because it appears that
additional NaOH was required to titrate the solution, and the mols ... Show more content on
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This was done by titrating the vinegar with a base that had a calculated concentration. The final
average concentration after three trials was 0.5285% by mass. All of the measurements used were
taken to four significant figures. One potential source of error is the use of an indicator and titration.
In order to induce a change in the color of the solution, it must become slightly basic, this means
that more NaOH was added than was actually required to neutralize the acetic acid. This error would
indicate that the concentration of acetic acid was slightly higher than it really is; unfortunately, it is
unavoidable with the current experiment setup. Another problem with the titration process is that the
base can only be added in drops, limiting the precision even more. Aside from these limitations it
appears that the process yielded fairly accurate results, with only a 5.706% error when compared to
the industry

The Effect Of Sulphuric Acid Concentration On The Time Taken
Introduction: Aim: To investigate the effect of sulphuric acid concentration (mol L–1) on the time
taken (seconds) for magnesium pieces to dissolve in it. Independent variable: The concentration of
sulphuric acid. (mol L–1) Dependent variable: Time taken (seconds) for the magnesium to dissolve.
Hypothesis: If the concentration of sulphuric acid (mol L–1) is increased, then the time taken for the
magnesium to dissolve should decrease. Controlled variables: The size of the beaker used to
dissolve the magnesium in (use the same size beaker). Volume of concentration that is being used
(use 50ml for each trial). Stopwatch is started when each magnesium piece hits the water (use the
same stopwatch). Concentration not stirred once magnesium piece is added. Magnesium pieces are
the same size (1cm). Ruler used to measure magnesium length. (Use the same ruler) Process:
Material: Small beaker x3 (100mL) 50ml concentration sulphuric acid x6 – 0.5 mol L–1 – 1.0 mol
L–1 – 2.0 mol L–1 Stopwatch Ruler Gloves Magnesium pieces x6 (1cm) Apron Safety glasses
Method: 1. Collect all materials. 2. Add 50ml of the 0.5 (mol L–1) sulphuric acid concentration to a
beaker. 3. Place magnesium piece in the of sulphuric acid. 4. Time how long it takes for the
magnesium piece to dissolve. 5. Record timed results in the table. 6. Pour the used sulphuric acid
concentration into a larger glass beaker (separate beaker) (do

The Storage Of Beverages At Different Temperatures Affect...
Storage of beverages
( Orange Juice and Coke )Stored at different temperatures affect their total acid concentration
Subject: Chemistry
Extended Experimental Investigation
Context: Acid in beverages
Student name: Tamana Hassanzada
Table of Contents
Hypothesis..........................................................................................................................................3
Aim......................................................................................................................................................3
Materials.............................................................................................................................................3
Procedure...............................................................................................................................................4
Results...............................................................................................................................................4
Discussion.........................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................12
Hypothesis
According to the theory, it is hypothesized that the higher the concentration base was added, the
quicker the PH would get up to PH 9. The hypothesis is justified by chemical reaction occurring in
beverages (coke and juice) at different temperatures which is 10°C, 20°C, 30°C and 40°C and how it
affect their total acid concentration,because of the Aldehydes and sugars may be oxidized to
carboxylic acid.
Aim
The aim of this investigation is to measure the the storage of beverages at different temperatures (10
°C, 20 °C, 30°C and 40 °C) affect their total acid concentration.
Materials
The following materials were used in the experiment:
8x 500mL beakers
8 x sheet beaker lids + 8 x rubber band
4 x 500 mL coke
4 x 500 mL juice
1 bottle of juice
1 bottle of

Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid...
Spectrophotometric determination of Ascorbic acid Concentration in an Unknown Solution
Introduction:
The naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties is Ascorbic acid shortly
referred as (AA). Normally the color of Ascorbic acid is white, but in some cases of impure samples
it appears yellow in color. Ascorbic acid is solid in state. In water it dissolves well to give mildly
acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form ("vitamer") of vitamin C [1]. So, Ascorbic Acid (AA) in
other terminology also called as Vitamin C. This ascorbic acid majorly helps in the maintenance of
DNA, Lipids, Proteins and others in their original active, normal form.
The name of the anion Fe(CN)64− is mentioned as Ferrocyanide. ... Show more content on
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| | | | |
|0.00 |0.00 |2.00 |2.00 |0.00 |0.00 |0.000 |
|0.10 |0.00 |1.90 |2.00 |0.25 |0.00 |0.204 |
|0.20 |0.00 |1.80 |2.00 |0.50 |0.00 |0.473 |
|0.30 |0.00 |1.70 |2.00 |0.75 |0.00 |0.761 |
|0.40 |0.00 |1.60 |2.00 |1.00 |0.00 |1.038 |
|0.50 |0.00 |1.50 |2.00 |1.25 |0.00 |1.310 |
|0.60 |0.00 |1.40 |2.00 |1.50 |0.00 |1.544 |
|0.70 |0.00 |1.30 |2.00 |1.75 |0.00 |1.801 |
|0.80 |0.00 |1.20 |2.00 |2.00 |0.00 |2.024 |
|part 2 | | | | | | |
|0.00

Concentration Of Acid-Base Titration
Acid–Base titration is defined as using a solution of known concentration and volume to find the
concentration of a solution with known volume but unknown concentration. Acid–Base titration can
be used when mixing strong acids and strong bases because strong acids and bases neutralize each
other. Phenolphthalein indicators, substances that change color based on pH, can be used to
determine when the titration is complete and when both of the solutions are neutralized. In this
experiment, Acid–Base titration will be used to determine the concentration of 10mL of an HCl
solution by adding a known volume 0.1003 M NaOH solution using a buret. The chemical equation
for this reaction is NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq)+H2O(l). Because the moles of NaOH equals
the moles of HCl, the number of moles of NaOH that are added to the solution in order to neutralize
it will equal the moles of HCl in the solution. The number of moles of NaOH added to the solution
will be used to determine the moles of HCl, which will then be used to determine the molarity of the
HCl solution by dividing the number of moles of HCl by the volume of HCl, according to the
formula: Moles/Volume=Molarity.
Results
The average HCl molarity was found to be 0.090 M. Our actual values were 0.091, 0.091, and
0.089. These molarities were found according to the formula mass/volume=molarity. For example,
0.089 was found by dividing the moles of NaOH added to the solution (8.9x10–4) by the volume of
HCl

How Does the Concentration of the Sodium Thiosulfate...
Investigation
How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate affect the rate of reaction to hydrochloric
acid?
contents
page 1: contents, aim, prediction, equation, diagram page 2: equipment, preliminary experiments
page 3: page 4: page 5: page 6: page 7: page 8:
Aim:
In my investigation I am trying to find out how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate and
hydrochloric acid gets affected but the concentration of the thiosulfate.
Prediction:
My prediction is that the increased concentration of the thiosulfate will in turn lead to an increase in
the rate of reaction. This is a well informed prediction as I know that one of the factors that speeds
up rates of reaction is the increasing of the substrate, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The way in which the preliminary's helped was so I could try out different concentrations and
different volumes to work out which ones would produce the most accurate and widely spread
results I could manage. The final way they helped is a simple one, the got me used to doing the
experiment so by the time I needed to do my real results and real experiment I could get everything
ready, start and finish quite fast and accurately.
Initial method:
My initial method was as follows:
Preparation:
First I made sure that I had prepared the equipment required and has checked to see if they were all
working and reliable, making sure not to have forgotten anything. Then I made sure to fully
protected my eyes and face by then putting some safety goggles on.
The next bit of preparation was to mark the cross on the piece of paper, I did this with a biro which
was the thinest pen I could find, this meant that the cross i drew was as accurate as possible.
I then boiled a kettle it make boiling water which i was going to put in the conical flask later on.
After that I started to make the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate by mixing it with the correct
volume of water in the measuring cylinder

The actual test:
All I had to do now was to add the concentration of sodium thiosulfate to the hydrochloric acid
At the exact same time as the above step happens I start the stopwatch.
Making sure that the conical flask is directly on–top of the cross

Investigating The Effect Of Acid Base Indicator On The...
Introduction In analytical chemistry, there are numerous methods that can be utilized in order to
analyze different substances by determining the composition or concentration of a said substance,
which is the main goal (Analytical Chemistry, n.d.). One of those methods available, and used
widely in analytical chemistry, is spectroscopy. Spectroscopy utilizes the quantification of light;
which is based upon intensity, amount absorbed, and amount transmitted, in order to determine the
concentration of a given substance (Vo, 2016). For the following lab, the main goal is to determine
the pKa of an acid–base indicator by means of spectroscopy. There are numerous types of
spectrometers that can be utilized for the purpose of this lab; the one utilized for this lab is the
Spec20D. An acid–base indicator is a substance that is added to s solution and indicates pH change
by means of changing colors. For example, bromocresol green is an acid–base indicator, which is a
monoprotic organic acid with a molecular weight of 698.02 g/mol. The absorbance of the indicator
solution will be tested over a range of wavelengths utilizing the protonated form to determine the
wavelength of highest absorbance; then the same tests will be conducted, but when the indicator is
in the deprotonated form. Lastly, the tests will be conducted with both species present, utilizing the
wavelengths derived from the first two tests. The data will then be plotted and the pKa can then be
derived. For the

How does Concentration affect the rate of reaction between...
How does Concentration affect the rate of reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid?
Secondary resources:
Chemical reactions only occur when reacting particles collide with each other, with sufficient energy
to react, this is called the collision theory. The minimum amount of energy required to cause this
reaction is called the Activation energy. There are four main factors which affect the rate of reaction.
The first factor is:
Temperature of reactants:
When the temperature increases the particles move around faster
(because they have more energy). Because the particles are moving faster , they are more likely to
collide. When the temperature is low, the particles are slower and they also collide less. The ... Show
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If there is a smaller surface area there is less collisions, therefore there is a decrease in the rate of
reaction.
Aim:
My aim for carrying out this investigation is to find out whether concentration effects the rate of
reaction between Hydrochloric acid and magnesium metal.
Mg+2HCL –––– MgCl +H
Magnesium +hydrochloric acid –––– Magnesium chloride +hydrogen
Pre–test:
I have decided to use the water displacement method to collect the gas. While carrying out my pre–
test, I performed experiments with different amounts, times, lengths etc in order to establish the
most appropriate quantity.
I have decided to use magnesium granules instead of magnesium strips and magnesium powder
because when I experimented with magnesium strip

It took way to long for the gas to be collected. When I experimented with magnesium powder the
gas was collected to fast. So I decided to use magnesium granules because the time of the gas to be
collected. As you can see the results below match my statement.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Magnesium (g) HCA (cm) H20 (cm) Time (s)
0.1g (granules) 20cm 0 12.38
0.1g (strip) 20cm 0 26.70
0.1g (powder) 20cm 0 No time

Hydrochloric Acid Concentration
The Effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate
Introduction The speed if which a chemical reaction occurs is known as the reaction rate. When
chemical reactions occur they can either happen at a slow or fast rate depending on the chemicals.
The concentration of the chemicals has the largest effect on the rate of reaction. Concentration,
which is usually measured in mass volume per unit is referred to as the ratio of a substance. Sulphur
is produced when Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphuric react to each other. In todays
society, the rate of reaction is relevant and needs to be taken into consideration because if the
reaction time is too long it may be impractical because today the world is considered ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials Hydrochloric acid (1.0 M) Sodium Thiosulfate (1.0 M or 0.1M) 50 mL and 25 mL
measuring cylinder 100 mL Flask 2 x 100mL beakers Teat pipette Stop watch White tile Black
marking pen/texta Method 1. On the white tile use the black texta to draw a cross 2. Measure 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid into the flask. 3. Carefully pour 40ml of sodium thiosulfate into the flask,
gently swirl and start the stopwatch. 4. Place the flask on the white tile over the cross. 5. When the
cross disappears stop the timer. Safety Ensure that lab coats and safety goggles are worn at all times
when the experiment is being conducting as the acids are extremely toxic to the skin. If the come in
contact with skin, ensure that the area of skin effected is washed thoroughly under water then go and
see a school nurse. Results The effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time (Seconds) of
Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulfate Concentration Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average 1 4.52 4.25
5.02 4.61 0.25 56.90 59.34 60.22 58.82 0.1 28.25 25.90 23.22

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Affect The...
To investigate how does the concentration of Hydrochloric acid affect the rate of reaction?
Outline
I aim to discover how different concentrations of Hydrochloric acid influence the rates of reaction.
In order to carry out this investigation I have decided to use marble chips, which I will vary the sizes
as powder, small chips and large chips. I will also be changing the concentration, the different
concentrations are as follows 0.2m, 0.5m, 1m, 1.5, 2m. I have chosen these concentrations as they
have a good range, we have to take this in to account, in view of the fact that if I was to use a
concentration lower than 0.2m, the rate of reaction will be to slow or if I was to use over 2 molars, it
is too dangerous to handle and violates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have also found that the big marble chips take way too long to react with in both volumes of HCL.
The marble chips which are in a powder form react too quickly and there was some marble chips
remaining within 2cm ³ of HCL. These results tell me that the right size to use for my main
experiment will be the small marble chips and I will need to use a higher volume of HCL.
Equipment
Conical Flask Bung Water (H20)
Measuring Cylinder Stop Watch Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
Safety Goggles Water Bowl Small Marble Chips (CaCo3)
Delivery Tube Weighing machine
This is a diagram to show equipment setup
Method
1. Bring out equipment (including all concentrations of HCL needed in experiment and small marble
chips)
2. Then put water in to my water bowl
3. Next clean my conical flask and delivery tube
4. After that I will fill my measuring cylinder with water in my bowl of water, making sure there is
no bubbles in the tube and then turn it upside down (as shown in the last page)
5. Wear safety goggles and put chairs under desks
6. Weigh 1 gram of marble chips, using weighing machine
7. Measure and pour 30cm³ of HCL in to conical flask

8. Put delivery tube in to measuring cylinder and bung (as shown on the last page)
9. Make sure stock clock is ready
10. Someone has to hold the measuring cylinder upside down until the 20cm³ of gas

Ascorbic Acid Concentrations Were Determined By Iodometric...
Ascorbic acid concentrations were determined by iodometric titrations of mango juice after being
exposed to increased heat for different durations of time, 3 minutes and 5 minutes, to determine if
the duration of heating of a juice sample increases the rate of decomposition of Ascorbic acid.
Results showed that ascorbic acid concentrations after being exposed to increased heat for 5 minutes
were lowest. This demonstrates that an increased exposure to heat increases the rate of ascorbic acid
degradation.
Introduction:
Ascorbic acid, better known as Vitamin C, is a water–soluble vitamin that is important for the well
being of humans and has the ability to inactivate radical compounds (Righetto and Netto, 2006).
Ascorbic acid is a cofactor that is present in many enzymatic reactions that occur during biological
processes such as digestion, absorption, anti–carcinogenicity, collagen formation, cataract
prevention and detoxification (Vikram et al, 2004). Processing of fruits, into fruit juice, often
involves a form of heat treatment which reduces the nutritional (vitamin C) content of the product
(Mercali et al, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate how prolonged
exposure to heat leads to an increased degradation of ascorbic acid in mango juice. The juice was
exposed to three treatments; 0, 3 and 5 minutes of being placed in a boiling water hot bath, and the
concentration of ascorbic acid was determined via titration with potassium iodate.

The Effect Of Acid Concentrations Increases Permeability...
Change in pH concentrations increases permeability of beetroot (‎
Beta vulgaris) cell membranes
indicated through color intensity using the spectrophotometer
Joshua Elekwa
Introduction to cell Biology, Fall 2014
Mount Royal University
ABSTRACT
The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control
entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study was conducted to test the effects of
environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using
varied pH concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results
showed that the protein function decreased sequentially when the pH decreased. This allowed the
betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and
therefore the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic
the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more permeable the, membrane indicated by
color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.
INTRODUCTION
Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into
the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays,
UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail
respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Determination Of Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid And...
Determination of Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid and Phosphoric Acid in an Unknown HCl –
H3PO4 Mixture through Use of Potentiometric Titrations
Andrea Byassee
8000 Utopia Parkway
Department of Chemistry
St. John's University
Jamaica, NY 11439 andrea.byassee12@stjohns.edu Report Prepared for:
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Professor Neil Jespersen
Due Date: October 16, 2014
Submitted Date: October 20, 2014
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if soft drinks manufactured by Coca–Cola use
phosphoric acid in their product formula. An analysis of their product concentrations of HCl and
H3PO4 was performed using the potentiometric titration method, with a standardized 0.1002 M
NaOH solution. The molarities of HCl and H3PO4 were determined by plotting the titration data,
the first derivative, and the second derivative of this data. The results of our analysis of the three
trials found the molarities of HCl to be 0.1232 M, 0.1232 M, and 0.1230 M, with a mean of 0.1231
M and an average deviation of 0.8 parts per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data,
the true mean lies within the range of 0.1228 and 0.1234 M. The molarities of H3PO4 were found to
be 0.1709 M, 0.1706 M, and 0.1702 M, with a mean of 0.1706 M and an average deviation of 1 part
per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data, the true mean lies within the range of
0.1698 and 0.1714 M. These values compare well to literature values for the

Lab Report Customized Concentration Of Diluting...
The title of this lab report is a Customized Concentration of diluting Hydrochloric Acid and Iron
(III) Chloride Hexahydrate Solutions. This lab focuses on diluting the original solutions to the
desired concentrations. The compounds that we will use to prepare the solution are HCl
(hydrochloric acid) and FeCl3 (Iron (III) Chloride). In this experiment, the objective is that the
diluted concentrations should be 0.12 M FeCl3 and 0.40 M HCl, and the 100 mL solution should be
homogeneous consisting of those compounds. The glassware we need that are 100 mL volumetric
flask, 50 ml graduated cylinder, and 50 mL beaker. Next is a protocol of the experiment. First of all,
wear goggles. This is the most important to protect the body. Then measure up

Shell Mass And Acid Concentration Lab
Shells Mass and Acid Concentrations Lab
This lab started out when our class was reading an article on ocean acidification. The article was
explaining that ocean acidification has been increasing. "Since the industrial revolution in the early
1800s, the ocean's pH has dropped to 8.1, the equivalent of a 30 percent increase in acidity." [1
hhmi] Our class began the lab to prove the increase in acidification in the ocean. Our guiding
question is, what does different concentrations of acid do to shells? The hypothesis for the
experiment is, the different concentrations of acid will decrease the mass of the shells.
The experiment procedure is first, get your materials, shells, water, vinegar, measuring spoon, a cup,
and a beaker. Next,

The Enzymes And Its Effects On The Concentration Of...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ADA is a part of the purine salvage pathway which functions to rid the cells of deoxyadenosine.
Adenosine deaminase is considered a critical enzyme that consists of a 12 exon, 32 kb gene located
on chromosome 20q13–q13.1, is a 42 kDa protein with 363 amino acid. Adenosine deaminase
produces the irreversible deamination of adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo). The enzyme
Ado is further converted to inosine and and the enzyme dAdo is converted to non–toxic molecule
2'–deoxyinosine. Most adenosine responsible for breaking down adenosine 5 '–triphosphate (ATP)
and the degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA).The lack of the ADA enzyme leads to the pathway
become inactive and the build up in the amount of adenosine in the ... Show more content on
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These individuals are referred to as having CID, or leaky SCID and may have less severe infections
than those with SCID.1
DIAGNOSIS
Adenosine deaminase deficiency is usually diagnosed between six months of age and a year.
Prenatal and newborn screenings can discover the ADA deficiency.1 Usually newborns that have a
family history of SCID are screened. However, as early identification of SCID can result in life–
saving interventions before infections occur, many states have added SCID to their newborn
screening panel. A test for ADA deficiency usually demonstrates the low number or absence of ADA
activity in red blood cells. ADA deficiency is diagnosed when there is <1% of normal ADA catalytic
activity in lysates of washed red blood cells from heparin or EDTA anticoagulated blood, reduced
S–adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity and elevated urinary deoxyadenosine nucleotides in red
blood cells and very low T, B and NK lymphocyte counts in peripheral

Aim:
To investigate how concentration affects the volume of gas that is produced after one minute.
Background Information:
In this experiment hydrochloric acid is reacting with magnesium to form magnesium chloride and
hydrogen, and the chemical equation goes as follows:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Particles must collide with each other at a certain activation energy in order for a chemical reaction
to take place. Reducing the concentration reduces the amount of particles, which in turn reduces the
probability of particles colliding with enough activation energy thus reducing the rate of reaction.
Hypothesis:
I predict that the rate of reaction will increase as the concentration increases. This is due to the fact
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was clear to see as the amount of gas produced after one minute with the hydrochloric acid of
0.5 molars was 6.5ml, while the hydrochloric acid with 2M produced 68ml of gas after one minute.
The results that I got agree with my hypothesis because I predicted that the higher the concentration
the faster the rate of reaction would be, and the results I got show that more gas was produced at
each given time interval as the concentration increased. THis is due to the fact that as the
concentration increases, the number of particles increases. Therefore, resulting in a higher chance of
successful collision which in turn increases the rate of

Discovering The Concentration Of Sodium Hydroxide And...
Discovering the Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide and Citric Acid
Introduction:
This laboratory experiment focuses on determining the quantity of a substance that is existing in a
certain solution, by using titration in the experiment, (French et al. 2014). A hypothesis for this
experiment is that the unknown concentration of a solution will be identified. The objectives are to
identify the concentration of citric acid and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in solutions of
unknown concentration. In order to discover the concentration of a solution, acid–base titration must
be executed during the experiment, (French et al. 2014). The standard solution (known
concentration) is reacted entirely during titration due to stoichiometry located in the equation, and
because the chemical reaction is between a base and an acid, the products formed from the reaction
will be salt and water, (French et al. 2014). The equivalence point occurring in an acid–base titration
will have the same amount of moles in H+ as in OH–. The equations that are used for this acid–base
titration are as follows:
HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H_2 O(l)
H_2 SO_4 (aq)+2NaOH(aq)→〖Na〗_2 SO_4 (aq)+2H_2 O(l)
To determine the concentration of acid in the solution, the number of NaOH moles supplemented to
equivalence point must be discovered, (French et al. 2014).
Because sodium hydroxide takes in water and is hydroscopic, the discovery of the concentration is
required that sodium hydroxide is titrated against a

Titration Of A Concentration And The Acid Base Titration
Summary
The purpose of this experiment was to find the molarity of a concentration and the acid–base
titration. In part A of this experiment, the molarity of an assigned concentration which was 0.040,
was found using formulas that represent molarity. Part B of this experiment, which was titration of
an acid and base, was found by a series of steps that involved dropping Sodium Hydroxide from a
buret into vinegar, until the perfect shade of pale pink occurred. With the Phenolphthalein, too much
acid causes the base to turn a dark pink. The molarity was then found of the titration. So the end
results will determine M HCH3O2.
Introduction A solution is a homogenous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes. The
substance that dissolves in the solute is the solvent, and the solute is what gets dissolved. Solutions
can vary in concentration in great ratio differences. It is very important to be able to correctly
prepare solutions. There is always a proper amount of solution to be made to have a desired amount
of produced. So in the medical world, too much solute will most likely have harmful effects like
overdosing and too little could result in ineffective treatment. Also the money spent on solutions
could also be another reason for correct preparation of solutions, because the success of the drug has
an effect on future sales and profit. Solutions that are dilute, are weak, and solutions that are
concentrated are strong. A precise means of describing concentration is 1.

The Effect Of Acid Concentration On Plant Plants And...
Introduction
Gibberellic Acid is a naturally occurring plant growth hormone that belongs to the gibberellin group
(Gupta and Chakrabarty, 2013). Gibberellins are responsible for stem growth in plants and regulate
the synthesis of proteins. Gibberellic acid is a by–product of the Gibberella Fujikuroi fungi which
has the effect of causing developing rice plants' stems to grow in such an expeditious manner that
the plant collapses (John M. Riley, 1987).
The experiment's variables include the independent variable, which is the concentration of
gibberellic acid that is used to soak the seeds, and the time period of germination, as well as the
dependant variable, which is the number of seeds that germinate. The control used to compare seed
germination and in this situation is the sample with a gibberellic acid concentration of 0 ppm.
Constants in the experiment include factors affecting seed germination such as constant
temperatures where each sample receives the same temperature and in the case of variation the same
amount of variation, quantity of moisture where the same amount of gibberellic acid is added to
each bag corresponding to the concentration, the samples should also receive the same conditions of
light, have the same sowing density, and number of seeds per square centimetre.
The aim of this practical is to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid on the germination rates of
two plant species. It was hypothesised from the above information that higher

Effect Of Concentration On The Determination Of...
2) Density = 0.94g/mL Volume = 10.0mL Mass = m
A 100% yield would not make sense because it would imply that we end up with all of the (±)–α–
phenylethylamine in the end. However, this racemic mixture contains two enantiomers of α–
phenylethylamine: the (+) enantiomer and the (–) enantiomer. Since we only extracted the (–) form
of the enantiomer, the percent yield should only represent about 50% of the overall racemic mixture.
Therefore a value of 32.8% is very close to the theoretical 50% yield that we were looking for.
3) Optical Purity = [α] sample _ x 100 [α] pure enantiomer
= –35.31 x 100 –40.4
= 87.4% Therefore the optical purity is 87.4%. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It dissolves easily in high pH solutions due to the high concentration of free OH– ions in the
solution. The high concentration of OH– comes from the dissociation of the strong base NaOH.
Tartaric acid contains H+ that can dissociate and react with the OH– ions to form water and thus
create an equilibrium reaction. This also allows the tartaric acid to dissolve to form tartrate. In low
pH solutions, there would already be a lot of H+ ions in the solution and so tartaric acid would not
be able to dissociate and dissolve into the

Experiment On The Concentration Of Acetic Acid
Year 11 Chemistry Summative Practical
CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
Aim:
To calculate the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar, CH3COOH – via titration methods.
Apparatus:
0.100 M standard solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Household vinegar (CH3COOH)
Phenolphthalein indicator
Distilled water
200ml volumetric flask
250 ml conical flask
20ml volumetric pipette
Burette
Retort stand
Filter funnel
Method:
Before the commencement of the practical, all necessary glassware and measurement tools were
rinsed appropriately. The pipette was rinsed three times with vinegar solution, whereas the
volumetric flask was rinsed three times with distilled water. 20mL of the vinegar solution was
measured and transferred to the volumetric flask, where it was diluted with distilled water by filling
the flask to the 200mL graduation line. A 20ml aliquot of the aforementioned solution was extracted
from the volumetric flask via the volumetric pipette and subsequently transferred to the conical
flask. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator were then added. The burette was filled with the
provided NaOH solution of 0.1M, with volume measurements taken from the bottom of the
meniscus. The conical flask was placed under the burette, from which a rough titration of the
vinegar solution began. Titrations halted once a permanent color change was visible in the conical
flask. This process was repeated until three concordant titre values were obtained.
Results and Calculations:

How Does The Concentration Of Acid Affect The Rate Of...
1. The results obtained clearly prove the hypothesis stated as the average rate of reaction of the
chalk and acid increased as the temperature changed from iced water, to room temperature, to
boiling water. The average rate of reaction in seconds in room temperature water was 57.34, this
decreased to 68.93 seconds when the chalk was placed in iced water and then when placed in boiling
water there was a dramatic increase in the rate of reaction to 23.77 seconds.
2. The results were the way they were because it is known that as the temperature increases, the
particles inside gain energy from the heat causing them to bounce/move around a lot faster. This
faster movement of particles causes them to collide which then makes the reaction occur quicker. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If this experiment was to be completed again, there would be some changes and improvements I
would make towards the experimental design that would benefit the outcome of results. One of these
would be to use different temperatures rather than purely just iced water, room temperature and
boiling water. This would potentially confirm the current results obtained even further and make it
more accurate. One more change I would make would be too just purely complete more than three
tests for each, this would cause there to be a greater sample size to compare each temperature water
and confirm the current results, making it more accurate and giving a true average rate of

The Concentration Of Acid Soluble F Concentrations On The...
Data werer taken from (1) Chen et al. 2002; Fung et al. 1999; (2) Mossman 1973; Walton 1988; (3)
Al–Agha 1995; Shomar et al. 2004; (4) Haikel, Voegel, and Frank (1986).
And also compared to critical limits of total F with 1000 mg kg–1 (Ozsvath 2009) and the
critical limit of acid–soluble F with 150 mg kg–1 (Arnesen 1997), the F concentrations in the
soils of the CDR area near Kaduna, Nigeria are, with respective average values of 160.5 mg kg–1
and 8.0 mg kg–1, within safe ranges.
In summary, the F concentrations measured in the soils of the CDR area near Kaduna are
significantly lower than the critical F concentrations as well as the F concentrations measured in
areas of endemic skeletal fluorosis. The reason for the low F ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Compared to the geogenic background value of areas underlain by acidic igneous bedrock, which
contain high concentrations of F–bearing minerals, such as biotite or apatite (Reimann and Caritat
1998), the F concentrations of the drinking water in the CDR area near Kaduna are significantly
lower. As the water samples were taken from surface sources and shallow, hand–dug wells, where
the main F source are the highly weathered parent rocks, the low F concentrations were expectable.
However, since surface water and the shallow hand–dug wells are the main drinking–water sources
of the local population, we assumed the overall F consumption via the rock–water pathway to be
low as well.
In contrast, F concentrations in drinking water in basalt areas around Lake Magadi in Kenya, where
dental fluorosis is endemic, are greater than 1.7 mg L–1 (Jones, Eugster, and Reitig 1977). In the
Obuasi area and the Bolgatanga area of Ghana, where the local population suffers from dental
fluorosis, the F concentrations are typically greater than 3.0 mg L–1 due to high contents of F–
bearing minerals in the granitoid basement rocks (Smedley et al. 1995). According to
Dissanyake and Chandrajith (2009) and Ekanayake and Van der Hoek (2003), F concentrations of
greater than 4.0 mg L–1 cause

The objective of this experiment was to discover how the concentration of hydrochloric acid
affected the rate of reaction in a reaction with calcium carbonate. It was deduced through the
experiment that an increase of concentration principally results in a greater rate of reaction. This can
be justified through each data point increasing from the previous value, aside from the anomaly
when the concentration was at 2 M. The correlation between the two variables was positive. The
correlation was not as strong as expected due to the point while the concentration was at 2 M being
well off the trend of the data.
Concentration is the number of molecules for a given volume (Dictionary of Earth Sciences, 2008).
As any concentration is increased, there are more available molecules to react with other molecules.
The 2 M hydrochloric acid which was used in the experiment had the greatest amount of molecules,
much greater than the 0.4 M hydrochloric acid. When there is a much vaster amount of total
molecules of one reactant, there is a higher probability that more reactions will occur with the other
reactant. With so many overall collisions occurring with higher concentration hydrochloric acid, a
greater amount of successful reactions should come as a byproduct. The pressure in the flask
increases due to the amount ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multiple factors must be achieved for a successful collision to occur. There must be enough kinetic
energy during the collisions in order for bonds to be broken and as well molecules must be oriented
in the right direction in order for a successful collision to occur (UCDavis, n.d). This is the
justification for why every single collision is not successful and why the largest concentration and
therefore greatest amount of molecules should result in the greatest rate of reaction, as it has the
largest potential for successful

Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of...
Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid
Rates of Reaction: Investigation
Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid.
Chemical reactions between substances are caused by the collision of particles. More collisions
mean a quicker rate of reaction.
In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, the chemical reaction takes place
when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products are hydrogen gas
and magnesium chloride.
The equation for this reaction is as follows:–
Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
Mg (s) + 2HCL (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I predict this because of collision theory.
There will be more particles in a solution of hydrochloric acid with a higher concentration than in a
lower concentration, in the same volume of liquid. This means that particles in higher concentrations
will collide with magnesium particles more frequently, therefore increasing rate of reaction i.e. a
shorter time measured for the magnesium to be used up in reaction.
I can predict that rate of reaction will increase with concentration of acid. The quicker the rate of
reaction, the less time the reaction will take to be completed.
Therefore:–
Rate of reaction 1 concentration of acid
time taken to react

So...
Rate of reaction concentration
time taken to react
Plan
I am intending to react a chosen length of magnesium ribbon with different concentrations of
hydrochloric acid. I will measure the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear (be used up
in reaction) with a stop–clock. This will be switched on when the piece of magnesium ribbon is
dropped into the hydrochloric acid seen to be reacting with the acid i.e. producing bubbles of gas,
and switched off when the magnesium is no longer visible no more new bubbles are being
produced.
Results will be recorded in a results table, with 4 readings and an average time for each
concentration value.
– I will conduct a preliminary experiment to investigate the optimum length of magnesium ribbon to
be used in my experiments.
3cm, 2cm and 1cm

Mandelic Acid And Buffers Lab Report
p The experiment that will be discussed in this paper is called Acidity Constants of Mandelic
Acid and Acetic Acid and Buffers, which was used to determine the students' knowledge of acidity
constants, and how to calculate such of mandelic acid and acetic acid from laboratory measured pH
levels of each solution. In this paper, background information on KSUBa/SUB, pH, mandelic
and acetic acid will be given. Procedures for calculating KSUBa/SUB, acid concentration and
percent acidity of vinegar, along with percent error, will be given as well. Explanations for pH
changes will be present too. /p
pBut before discussion on the experiment and the results can really start, the reader must first
understand some background information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As I mentioned earlier, there were 2 trials that we performed for each solution, and each trial had a
different concentration. We did this to see what the pH change would be like for changing
concentrations. For mandelic acid, as molarity increased, so did the KSUBa/SUB, but the pH
value went down. This shows that as the concentration increased, so did the strength of the acid,
which is shown in the KSUBa/SUB value increasing. The more acid there is, the stronger the
solution will be, as well as increasing the ability to dissociate. As the concentration increased, the
acidity value decreased. This means that the solution became more acidic – the more acid preset, the
more acidic the solution is. But, despite the fact that the KSUBa/SUB increased, it was by such
a small amount that it is still considered a weak acid. The same changes could be found in the trials
that involved acetic acid. As the concentration of the solution increased, so did the
KSUBa/SUB, but the pH value went down. And the reasons as such are the same for acetic
acid as they were for mandelic acid. Despite the change in KSUBa/SUB value, acetic acid is
still considered a weak acid.

Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the...
Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the reaction between magnesium ribbon and
hydrochloric acid
Aim
It is to tell how the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid will be effected if we change
the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Introduction
In the experiment the magnesium reacts with the hydrochloric acid to create magnesium chloride
and hydrogen. The balanced formula for this is: Mg(s) + 2HCL(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid, because it is higher in the reactivity series than
hydrogen. The magnesium displaces the hydrogen in the acid, so it forms magnesium chloride and
hydrogen gas.
Magnesium strip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is to compare with the other diagrams to see what the change is and if the reaction rate has
decreased or increased.
The first one is to see what will happen if I change the temperature of the solution. As the
temperature increases the speed and the power at which the acid particles hit each other increases,
making the number of successful collisions with the magnesium strip increase.
The second one is to show how increasing the mass of the magnesium strip can increase the rate of
reaction slightly because of the increased surface area but it is only slightly increased on the sides
and so this is proportional to the rate of reaction of the original diagram. It is only slower than the
original reaction because there is more of it to react with and produces more of the products.
Figure 3 shows the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increased so there are more particles to
have more successful collisions. This is a faster reaction then the original reaction.

The final reaction has the same amount of particles of acid and the magnesium, but the magnesium
has been cut to increase the surface area. This makes the acid particles more likely to have more
successful collisions each second than the original reaction.
There are also many factors that I could record like the weight of the solution and the time it took
for the magnesium strip to dissolve, but
I am only recording the hydrogen produced. I chose

What Effect Will the Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid...
Introduction In this chemical reaction, the magnesium will dissolve in the hydrochloric acid to
produce hydrogen gas. This is because magnesium is higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series.
Therefore, when the two reactants are combined, a displacement reaction occus and the magnesium
displaces the hydrogen, forming magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) –
MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid – Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Aim
The aim of this investigation is to observe the effect that the concentration of hydrochloric acid
(independent variable) has on the rate of reaction (dependent variable) between the magnesium
ribbon and the hydrochloric acid. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is more surface area exposed to the hydrochloric acid, the particles of acid will have a
greater area of magnesium to react with and form successful collisions, thus increasing the rate of
reaction. – Volume of Hydrochloric Acid Used: An overall volume of 50ml of hydrochloric acid and
water should be used for every trial. If a lesser volume is used, this will decrease the rate of reaction
as there will be less particles in the HCl to collide with the Mg particles, which will lessen the
chance for creating a successful collision, and thus lower the rate of the chemical reactions. –
Timing of the experiment: Bung with delivery tube should be placed on the conical flask as soon as
possible after the magnesium ribbon is dropped. This will ensure that as much of the hydrogen gas
gets measured in the measuring cylinder above the trough, in order to obtain accurate measurements
when calculating the rate of reactions. Stopwatch will begin as soon as the magnesium is dropped
into the hydrochloric acid, so that the timing of the reaction is measured accurately. – Cleaning of
the magnesium: The ribbon of magnesium will be cleaned with sandpaper to remove the coating on
the magnesium metal caused by reactions with atmospheric gases. This needs to be done so that the
measuring cylinder measures the gas produced from the reaction

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Increase...
Introduction:
The collision theory states that reactions are produced by the collision of particles. Frequent
collisions produce a faster reaction time and release greater energy. This energy is converted into
heat and therefore the temperature can be measured.
There are many factors that can increase the reactivity of an element when mixed with hydrochloric
acid. These include pressure, temperature, surface area and concentration.
The atmospheric pressure of a room affects the reaction rate as it forces the particles closer together
therefore inducing more collisions. The more energy released from the particles raises the
temperature. The higher the concentration of the solutions the more particles there are therefore
making it more likely to collide. The surface area can have an influence on the rate of reaction as the
element had more exposed surfaces, allowing the reactant to collide with the element.
It was known that a reaction had occurred as there was the formation of new substances from the
existing elements such as hydrogen. This was an exothermic reaction as it produced heat which was
another factor contributing to the increased reaction rate.
Variable identification:
The independent variable in this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This trend can be observed in the graph above. The lowest concentration of hydrochloric acid was 1
mole and produced an average temperature increase of 18.4°c. This value sat above the line of best
fit and it can be concluded that this is due to the difference between the averages collected from the
groups. There was a range of 4°c which was the greatest difference recorded. The next concentration
tested was 1.5 moles, recording a temperature change of 23.8°c. The temperature change increased
by 6.5°c as the concentration increased by 0.5 of a

Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid
Magnesium + sulphuric acid → magnesium sulphate + hydrogen Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
Metal hydrogen carbonates and acids is also a common reaction. In this case, metal hydrogen
carbonates are reacted with acids; this produces water, salt and carbon dioxide. A common example
occurs between sodium hydrogen carbonate and hydrochloric acid, which react to form water,
carbon dioxide and sodium chloride (a salt). Metal hydrogen carbonate + acid → salt + water +
carbon dioxide Sodium hydrogen carbonate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water +
carbon dioxide NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 Acids and bases can be defined as either
strong or weak. The strength of an acid or base is determined by the amount of ionisation. Ionisation
is the creation of an ion through the addition or removal of an electron. If a substance ionises
completely, it is referred to as a strong acid. Weaker acids do not ionise completely in solution;
therefore, they are referred to as weak acids. Similarly, a strong base ionises completely, while weak
bases do not. For example, when a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water it
splits and forms hydronium and chloride ions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, weak acids do not fully ionise. Instead, they form an equilibrium mixture. Ethanoic acid
is a weak acid as it does not fully ionise when mixed with water. It reacts with water to produce
hydronium ions and ethanoate ions; however, only approximately 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules
are converted into

Compare And Contrast The Concentration Of Hydrochloric...
Considering the data and evidence collected from both primary, secondary and additional sources, I
can conclude that my hypothesis, which suggests that the higher the food colouring concentration,
the steeper the gradient of diffusion reaction, is valid. To support my hypothesis I will refer to my
primary, secondary and additional evidence to explain my conclusions in depth.
Firstly, if we consider the data collected in tables from my primary and secondary evidence, we can
see that the values of the range of diffusion reaction are higher when the concentration of food
colouring dye used is higher in percentage. Specifically, when the concentration is at 0%, there is no
diffusion reaction at all. In contrast, as we increase the percentage of food dye used by a specific set
value (+20% each time) the distance (radius or diameter) of food dye formed from diffusion around
the well becomes steeper. For example, 20% of food dye concentration diffused presents the lowest
means: 12.3mm (primary data) and 2.3mm (secondary data, where the radius has been measured
instead of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agar is remarkably related. To be specific, diffusion is a process in which substances move down a
concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to reach
the equilibrium. When a well is filled with a specific food dye, the well becomes the area of high
concentration. It eventually diffuses through agar, (agar being the region having no concentration of
food dye particles) at a certain rate, depending on the concentration of the food dye to reach the
equilibrium. When doing my practical and collecting data, food dye with higher concentration
diffused through agar had a bigger gradient of diffusion(bigger area around the wells), which
presents higher values exactly as I predicted in my

Investigating The Concentration Of A Hydrochloric Acid A...
The objective of the lab was to prepare standardize solution (titrant: NaOH) of sodium hydroxide,
and to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid and KHP solution using acid‐base
titration. Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a
solution. The molarity (M) of a solution is used to represent the amount of moles of solute per liter
of the solution. Titration is one type of procedure often used in standardization process. A titration is
a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an
unknown solution.
In a titration, an exact volume of one substance(NaOH) was reacted with a known amount of
another substance (HCl). The point at which the reaction was complete in a titration is referred to as
the endpoint. We recognized a solution which reached the endpoint: when we saw a solution
completely turned into pink color. A chemical substance known as an indicator was used to indicate
the endpoint. An indicator is a substance that undergoes a distinct observable change (pink color)
when conditions in its solution change. The indicator we used in this experiment was
phenolphthalein because Phenolphthalein is a weak acid. The weak acid is colourless and its ion is
bright pink. And the solution turned pink when we added a basic solution (NaOH) into the solution
because adding hydroxide ions removes the hydrogen ions from the equilibrium which replace them
turning the indicator

Equilibrium Constant Lab Report
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to find an equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant
was for a reaction between propan–1–ol and ethanoic, or acetic, acid that formed water and the ester,
propylethanoate. A titration reaction was used to be able to calculate the concentrations of each
solution at equilibrium, and ultimately the equilibrium constant.1 In a titration, a solution with a
known concentration is added to a solution of an unknown concentration that contains an indicator.
In this experiment, phenolphthalein is used which is colorless in acidic solutions and red in basic
solutions. At its equivalence point, it is pink. In an experiment, this point marks when the
concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide are equal, so the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was done by subtracting the acid correction value from the final acid concentration:
[ethanoic acid] = [H+ total] – [H+ correction]
[ethanoic acid] = 6.90 M – 0.64 M
[ethanoic acid] = 6.26 M
Next, it is known that at equilibrium, the concentrations of ethanoic acid and propan–1–ol are equal.
Because of this, it was known that the concentration of propan–1–ol was also 6.26 M.
From the overall reaction, it was also known that as the reaction progressed, ethanoic acid was
converted into propylethanoate. Because of this, the concentration of propylethanoate at equilibrium
could be calculated:
[propylethanoate] = [initial ethanoic acid] – [equilibrium ethanoic acid]
[propylethanoate] = 10.71 M – 6.26 M
[propylethanoate] = 4.45 M
Also from the formula, it was seen that the concentrations of water and propylethanoate would be
equal. Because of this, the concentration of water was also 4.45 M at equilibrium.
Finally, to calculate the equilibrium constant, all of these values were plugged into the equilibrium
constant expression:
Keq = [propylethanoate][water] / [ethanoic

Concentration Of Acid-Base Titration
Acid–base titrations are a commonly used laboratory practice, used to determine the concentration
of a particular acid or a particular base by neutralizing them with a known concentration of another
acid or base. Acid–base titrations are tracked and measured with the use of an indicator, which
causes a color change whenever the pH changes between specific values. An indicator is composed
of an acid or base whose conjugate acid or conjugate base has a color different from that of the
original compound.1 The use of the indicator allows us to observe and note the neutralization of a
titration which occurs at the end point. Hydrochloric acid (strong acid) and sodium hydroxide
(strong base), are the most commonly used acid and base in experiments. A strong acid dissociates
(or ionizes) completely in aqueous solution to form hydronium ions (H3O+), while a strong base
dissociates completely in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions (OH–).1 In this experiment we
used potassium hydrogen phthalate and sodium carbonate as primary standards. These two are
compounds used as primary standards, which are tools that aid in determining the exact
concentration of acids and bases due to their characteristics (See Discussion).
In this experiment, we standardized the strong base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using potassium
hydrogen phthalate (C8H5KO4) also known as KHP, as the primary standard and using
phenolphthalein as the indicator. This titration follows the reaction scheme:

Diffusion is the movement of particles from one high concentration area to a low concentration area.
The particles disperse until the entire substance has an identical concentration. Osmosis is the
diffusion of a solvent, such as water. The solvent passes from a dilute solution, through a
semipermeable membrane, and to a more concentrated solution. Osmosis does not require energy to
occur. A semipermeable membrane acts as a barrier, permitting some molecules to pass through and
preventing others. Cell membranes and dialysis tubing are types of semipermeable membranes.
Dialysis tubing promotes the removal of molecules from a solution. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids are the four types of biomolecules. The biomolecules all serve important functions
in living organisms.
Over a span of 15 minutes the weight of the glucose dialysis tube increased from 9.4 grams to 10.11
grams. The weight of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After reviewing the data collected, we reject the hypothesis because the weights of all the tubes
changed over time. The weight of the glucose increased by 0.71 grams. The sucrose increased by
0.89 grams. The sodium chloride increased by 0.59 grams. The albumin decreased by 0.07 grams.
The distilled water increased by 0.38 grams. The glucose and sucrose are carbohydrates. The large
change in their weights prompts the question of whether the dialysis tubing allows more
carbohydrate molecules to diffuse. The very small decrease in the albumin, a protein, suggests that
the dialysis tubing does not allow many protein molecules to diffuse. Based on the fluctuation of
weights it can be assumed that diffusion and osmosis both occurred, either individually or
simultaneously. The semipermeable dialysis tubing aided the diffusion and osmosis. This
observation leads one to question if the weight of an organism's cells is constantly fluctuating due to
diffusion and

Determining The Molar Concentration Of Acetic Acid
The purpose of the lab is to determine the molar concentration of acidic acid in vinegar by titrating it
with a solution of NaOH. The sodium hydroxide is a basic solution. When adding it to a acetic acid,
a neutralization occurs. An indicator is added to the solution. The indicator is a dark pink color.
When the NaOH is added, it makes the solution more basic and causes the solution to turn light
pink. The experiment is successfully completed when the right amount of indicator is added, and It
turns light pink and not dark pink. The moles of NaOH used to neutralize the acid will equal number
of the moles of acetic acid that's in the vinegar.
Introduction
Vinegar is a liquid containing 5% acetic acid, water and other traced chemicals. The acetic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, wash the burette with soap using a burette brush. Rinses well with tap water and then several
times with distilled water. Next, fill the burette with the desired solution above the zero mark and
then drain the solution out the tip so that the level of the solution is just below the zero mark. Before
beginning the titration record the initial reading on the burette. Put the tip of the burette into the
titration flask, but do not let the tip touch the side of the flask or the solution being titrated. The
volume of the titrant used is the difference between the initial and the final readings. After the
burette is prepared, it is to be filled to 0.40M. Pipet exactly 10 ml of white distilled vinegar into a
clean 125 ml flask using a volumetric pipet. Add 10 ml of distilled water and 2 or 3 drops of
phenolphthalein solution to the vinegar. Let a volume of sodium hydroxide run into the flask equal
to the volume that you think is needed for the neutralization minus 1 o 2 ml. Swirl the flask to mix
the solution and then rinse down the walls of the flask with distilled water from a squirt bottle. Add
the sodium hydroxide drop by drop until the end of the point is reached. The sodium hydroxide
should be added while maintaining a gentle swirling motion of the flask. The solution should be a
very light shade of pink when the titration is finished. Record the final burette reading. Repeat the
titration three more

Acid Concentration

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