Ecofriendly pest management approaches for sugarcane borer complex

1. Speaker
Abinaya S
M. Sc. (Ag.) Entomology
Eco-friendly Pest Management Approaches
for Sugarcane Borer Complex

2. 1.Introduction
2.Ecofriendly pest management
3.Components of eco friendly pest management
4. Host plant resistance
5.Cultural practices
6.Mechanical practices
7.Behavioural approach
8.Biological practices
9.Future thrust
10.Conclusion

3. 1.INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) - important commercial crop
grown in tropical & subtropical area
India is the 2nd largest producer with 4.73 million hectares under
sugarcane cultivation which gives 353.85 million tonnes production
(PIB, 2019)
Major growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand (PLOS, 2019)

4. In Bihar, sugarcane production stood at 176.10 lakh tonnes and
productivity of sugarcane was 65.48 tonnes per hectare (DES,
2019)
Among 120 insect pests , 10 insects cause 20% loss in cane yield
and 15% loss in sugar yield (Daliwal et al., 2015)
Statistically, the borers cause annual loss of 25.50 million tonnes
at national level (Goebel et al., 2011)

5. BORERS ... WHAT THEY DO…?
(Macedo, 1984)
Borer attack
Direct loss
Apical bud
death
Internal
galleries
Weight
loss
Indirect loss
Secondary
infection
Leads to fungal
infection
Loss in
Sugar and
alcohol yield

6. MAJOR PESTS OF SUGARCANE
Pest Scientific name Family Order
Geographical
distribution
Early shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus Crambidae Lepidoptera Tropical, Subtropical
Internode borer Chilo sacchariphagus
indicus
Crambidae Lepidoptera Tropical
Top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis Crambidae Lepidoptera Tropical, Subtropical
Stalk borer Chilo auricilius Crambidae Lepidoptera Subtropical
Root borer Emalocera depressella Pyralidae Lepidoptera Tropical, Subtropical
Gurdaspur borer Acigona steniellus Crambidae Lepidoptera Subtropical
Plassey borer Chilo tumidicostalis Crambidae Lepidoptera Subtropical

7. EARLY SHOOT BORER
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg
Bore holes at the
base
Rotten portion
Bore holes Dead heart symptom

8. TOP SHOOT BORER
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg
Bunchy top symptom
Pin hole symptom

9. PLASSEY BORER
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg
Extruding frass Reddening of tissue
Gregarious in nature

10. STALK BORER
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg
Boreholes present in cane
Gregarious in nature
Red tunnel in stem

11. ROOT BORER
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Egg

12. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Borer Cane yield
(%)
Sugar yield
(%)
Early shoot borer 22-33 12
Top borer 21-37 0.2-4.1
Internodeborer 34.88 7-3.07
Stalk borer 33 0.2- 4.1
Gurdaspur borer 5-55 1.5-2.5
17%
19%
24%
23%
17%
YIELD LOSS
Early shoot borer
Top borer
Internodeborer
Stalk borer
Gurdaspur borer
Srikanth et al., 2012

13. 2.WHY….? ECO-FRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENT
• To minimize all the ill effects of chemical pesticides and
maintain the pest population at minimum level
• Eco-friendly and Integrated pest management is the only way
to manage the pests within the threshold level and sustain
production and productivity.

14. 3.COMPONENTS OF ECO- FRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENT
PEST
MANAGEMENT
Cultural
method
Mechanical
method
Behavioural
approach
Biological
method
Botanicals
Host plant
resistance

15. 4.HOST PLANT RESISTANCE
Biological control together with plant resistance are the core
around which pest control in crops should be built
Wilson and Huffaker (1976)
Example:
Suppression of
borer
Tightness of
leaf sheath
Hardness of
stalk tissues

16. 5.CULTURAL PRACTICES

17. 5.1. Duration Of Varieties
 Results revealed that the incidence of shoot borer, top borer and stalk borer was
maximum (7.14, 12.03 and 5.37%) in CoH 160 (short duration) and the minimum (3.45,
4.81 and 2.96%) in CoH 167 (Longduration)
 Early maturing varieties are most susceptible to all borers than mid and late maturing
varieties
Naveen et al., 2019

18. 5.2. Tolerant Varieties
• Bo 91
• Rajendra ganna- 1
• CoLk 94184 (Birendra)
• Co 0232 (Kamal)
• Co 0233 (Kosi)
Tolerant varieties against borer released
by Sugarcane breeding research
institute, Lucknow, UP suitable for
North central and North east region
AICRP, 2018; AESA IPM, NIPHM
Pest Tolerant varieties
Shoot borer CO 312, CO 421, CO 661, CO 917
,CO 853
Internode borer CO 975, CO 7304 , COJ 46
Top shoot borer CO 419, CO 745, CO 6516, CO 859,
CO1158, CO 7224
By Sugarcane Research Institute, Pusa

19. Kumar et al. (2016)
5.3. Intercropping

20. 5.4. Irrigation Management
 Frequent irrigation reduces borer incidence
Randhawa et al. (2009)

21. 5.5. Nutrient Management
Balanced fertilization is the key to realize the potential sugarcane
productivity.
Nitrogen enhances tillering and growth of canes and subsequently
improves millable cane production while, the higher amount of N
resulted in soft canes susceptible to heavy damage
Rao (1962) observed a high positive correlation between high sugar
content and shoot borer incidence whereas a negative correlation
between silica content and shoot borer incidence.

22. 5.6. Weed Management
Weed growth can support to enhance abundance and
diversity of natural enemies that can suppress infestations
Natural enemies play a more important role in population
regulation in crop- weed diversity systems than in annual crop-
crop diversity systems (Baliddawa, 1985).

23. Cntd...
Srikanth et al. (2002)

24. • Early planting should done to escape early shoot borer infestation.
• Mulching with cane trash at the early stages also has been
reported to reduce the incidence of ESB and help in conserving
moisture.
• De trash the crop on September and October to reduce incidence
of scale insects, mealy bugs, stalk borers and plassey borers.
• Propping of cane help to reduce borers incidence.
• Drain excess water from the field to reduce incidence of plassey
bores.
5.7. Other Cultural Practices

25. Jaipal (2000)
Collection and destruction of egg masses and infected plants
6. MECHANICAL PRACTICES

26. 7. BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH Early shoot borer- 55.33 %
Top borer – 47.77 %
Stalk borer- 58.86%
Yield – 8.08 %

27. 8. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Goal of bio-
control
technology
Regulate
pest
population
Through
biological agents
in ecosystem

28. Bio-control agents
Parasitoids
Egg parasitoids
Larval parasitoids
Pupal parasitoids
Predators
Entomopathogens
Virus
Fungi
Bacteria
Entomopathogenic nematode

29. 8.1.a. Trichogramma
• Family – Trichogrammatidae
• 12 indigenous sp. in india
• T. chilonis & T. japonicum are
Predominant
• Weekly release of 50,000 adult/ ha
• Effective against all borers
8.1. PARASITOIDS

30. RESEARCH FINDINGS
• Better to grow in alternate temperature (Sharma, 1968)
• In northern India, the native strain of the parasitoid was more
effective than an Indonesian strain against different borers
(Maninder, 1996)
• Parasitoid activity was generally low at the end of June but
increased from August onwards peaking in September (19–
21%)
• Use of 5% tomato extracts or soybean intercrop enhanced T.
chilonis efficiency against internode borer (Thirumurugan et
al. 2006).

31. 8.1.b Cotesia flavipes
• Apanteles flavips
• Braconidae, Hymenoptera
• 50,000 adults/ha – 57% reduction in
borer incidence
• Study from Punjab results cotesia
flavipes reduced the incidence of shoot
borer and stalk borer 7.1% & 8.7%
respectively (Shenhmar et al. (1996)

32. • Use of entomopathogens or their products in pest
management.
• Microbes should be virulent to the target pest and specific.
• Microbes protect crops by cessation of feeding or by death
(Heimpel,1965).
• Used for both short and long term suppression (pathogen
persists in ecosystem &cause repeated infections on insects).
Pathogenic micro organisms of sugarcane pests:
Viruses- Granulosis Virus(GV)
Bacteria- Bacillus thuringiensis
Fungi- Beauveria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae
8.2. ENTOMOPATHOGENS

33. • Bacillus thuringiensis – Used in limited scale against
sugarcane borer.
• Thuricide and Bactospeine are products against borers.
• Thuricide at weekly intervals during July–October
reduced infestation of the borer from 11.3 to 4.8–5.8%
in Punjab (Atwal, 1969)
8.2.a. BACTERIA

34. White muscardine fungus (Beauveria bassiana)
• Cause 43-60% & 100% mortality in shoot borer &
Root borer respectively at 107 spore/ml
• Optimum temperature for higher motality- 25°C.
Green Muscardine fungus- Metarrhizium anisopliae
Against borer at the rate of 106 spores per egg
mass.
Hirsutella nodulosa
Hirsutella nodulosa was recorded on Chilo
sacchariphagus indicus, and the fungus was active
throughout the year except during summer
(Easwaramoorthi et al., 1997)
8.2.b. FUNGI

35. • Used against shoot borer & internode borer
• A wettable powder formulation of GV remained
viable up to 12 months of storage (Easwaramoorthy
et al., 1999)
• GV at 109 or 108 IBs/ml also decreased shoot borer
infestation significantly (Choudhary et al., 1998)
8.2.c. GRANULOSIS VIRUS

36. EARLY SHOOT BORER
• Egg parasitoid
• Trichogramma chilonis
• Trichogramma japonicum
• Telenomus beneficians
• Larval parasitoid
• Cotesia flavips
• Sturmiopsis inferens
• Pupal parasitoid
• Tetrastichus howardi
• Tetrastichus israeli (Mani, 1953)
• Xanthopimpla stemmator
• EPN- Mermis sp (Ali, 1957)

37. INTERNODE BORER
Egg parasitoid
• Trichogramma chilonis
• Telenomus dignoides
• Telenomus beneficiens (Rajendran, 1999)
Pupal parasitoid
• Tetrastichus howardi
Entomopathogens
• Early instars of internode borer were more susceptible than late instars to GV (
Easwaramoorthy et al., 1993)
EPN
• Steinernema carpocapse, Steinernema glaseri and H. indicus could be multiplied on
C. sacchariphagus indicus larvae (Karunakar et al., 1992)
• Mass production potential of the Heterorhabditis indicus – Photorhabditis
luminescens (symbiotic bacterium) complex was worked out with success (Ehlers et
al., 1998)

38. TOP BORER
• Egg parasitoid
• Telenomus dignoides (Krishnamurti and Usman, 1954)
• Telenomus beneficiens (Isaac, 1941)
• Trichogramma japonicum (Sardana, 2000)
• Larval parasitoid
• Cotesia flavipes (Gupta, 1954)
• Bracon famulus (krishnamurthi et al, 1954)
• Listrognathus clavinervis (Box, 1953)
• Mesostenus longicornis (Box, 1953)
• Isotima javensis (saxena, 1973)
Cotesia flavipes

39. • Entomopathogens
• Aerobacter sp. (Bacteria)
• Granulovirus (GV) (Singaravelu, 1999)
• Aspergillus parasiticus and Beauveria
bassiana (Steinhaus, 1962)
• Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN)
• Neotylenchus sp. (David,1962)
• Hexamermis sp. (David,1962)

40. STALK BORER
• Egg parasitoid-
• Trichogramma chilonis
• Larval parasitoid –
• Cotesia flavipes
• Sturmiopsis inferens
• Goniozus indicus
• Entomopathogens –
• Beauveria bassiana
Cotesia flavipes

41. PLASSEY BORER
Egg Parasitoid - Trichogramma chilonis
Larval Parasitoid - Cotesia flavipes

42. ROOT BORER
• Egg parasitoid –
• Trichogramma chilonis
• Larval parasitoid -
• Goniozus indicus (Khanna and butani, 1958)
• Rhaconotus scirphophagae (Karla, 1965)

43. (Saroj jaipal, 2000)
The cumulative use of these tactics resulted in reduced pest damage (below economic
injury level), significantly increased yield (22-36% improved productivity), reduced costs
of pest control, conservation of natural enemies maintaining resource quality, avoiding
environmental and other risks to human and animal.
COMBINED STUDY SEVERAL PRACTICES

44. Knowledge on pest biology
Ecological factors
Timely application
Specific practices
PEST SUPPRESSION
Prediction
9.CONCLUSION
Integrated approach

45. 10. FUTURE THRUST
• Research should be carried out to develop thermo
stable and pesticide tolerant parasitoid.
• Resistant varieties should develop with the help
genetic engineering
• Standardized crop calendar should be develop
including all eco-friendly pest management practices.
• Improvement of concept ecological engineering