SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 7
Download to read offline
ECT, TMS, and Ketamine For Depression –
McLean, VA Psychiatrist Offers Hope
Depression can have devastating
consequences on one’s life, including
withdrawal from the world, feelings of
loneliness and isolation, loss of enjoyment
and motivation, disrupted sleep and appetite,
pervasively negative mood, and a sense of
hopelessness and worthlessness.
Some people with depression
wonder whether life is worth
living, and some tragically end
up acting on suicidal thoughts.
Today Your Health Magazine
based near Washington DC
released a report outlining three
important treatments which offer
hope for people suffering from
depression:
Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (TMS),
Esketamine Treatments,
and Electroconvulsive
Therapy (ECT).
The report starts by discussing
transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS), a non-invasive brain
stimulation therapy cleared by the
FDA in 2008 for treatment of
moderate to severe depression.
TMS uses electromagnetic pulses to
stimulate activity in the parts of the brain
that are underactive in depression. Up to
40-60% of patients with depression have
a positive response to TMS, with 30-40%
of patients showing complete remission of
symptoms.
The next treatment discussed is
esketamine, which is related to the drug
ketamine (sold under the brand name
Spravato). Esketamine is a novel, FDA-
approved nasal spray indicated for
treatment-resistant depression in adults in
conjunction with oral antidepressant
therapy.
Esketamine works by modulating
receptors of the neurotransmitter,
glutamate, in the brain, although
the mechanisms of its
antidepressant effects are not yet
fully determined.
Finally, the report concludes
with electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), which is known as the
gold-standard, often life-saving
treatment for severe
depression.
It involves the delivery of a brief
electrical stimulus to the brain to
induce a seizure, which is brief,
controlled, and closely monitored.
ECT brings about changes in brain
activity leading to clinical
improvement.
Learn more at
mcleanntc.com

More Related Content

Similar to ECT, TMS, and Ketamine For Depression – McLean, VA Psychiatrist Offers Hope

Electroconvulsiv Therapy Presentation
Electroconvulsiv Therapy PresentationElectroconvulsiv Therapy Presentation
Electroconvulsiv Therapy Presentationchmiel23
 
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS IMMH San Antonio 2014
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS   IMMH San Antonio 2014Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS   IMMH San Antonio 2014
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS IMMH San Antonio 2014Louis Cady, MD
 
electroconvulsive therapy ect
electroconvulsive therapy ectelectroconvulsive therapy ect
electroconvulsive therapy ectAP Singh
 
Ect2
Ect2Ect2
Ect2mpape
 
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docx
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docxWhat is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docx
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docxThe Haven Detox
 
Therapy methods essay final
Therapy methods essay finalTherapy methods essay final
Therapy methods essay finalmischas
 
Depression 171202041349
Depression 171202041349Depression 171202041349
Depression 171202041349Ravi kumar
 
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.ppt
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.pptTMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.ppt
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.pptLouis Cady, MD
 
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdf
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdfThe pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdf
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdfsdfghj21
 
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious reboot
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious rebootGoldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious reboot
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious rebootLisa E Goldman, MD, MSW
 
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH Summit
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH SummitBrain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH Summit
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH SummitJay Yeomans
 
Ecstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperEcstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperJosé Cruz
 
Ecstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperEcstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperJosé Cruz
 
Brain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapiesBrain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapiesChandni Narayan
 
Psychology 12 (2 14)
Psychology 12 (2 14)Psychology 12 (2 14)
Psychology 12 (2 14)Luke
 

Similar to ECT, TMS, and Ketamine For Depression – McLean, VA Psychiatrist Offers Hope (20)

Electroconvulsiv Therapy Presentation
Electroconvulsiv Therapy PresentationElectroconvulsiv Therapy Presentation
Electroconvulsiv Therapy Presentation
 
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS IMMH San Antonio 2014
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS   IMMH San Antonio 2014Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS   IMMH San Antonio 2014
Magnets - Not Drugs: TMS IMMH San Antonio 2014
 
electroconvulsive therapy ect
electroconvulsive therapy ectelectroconvulsive therapy ect
electroconvulsive therapy ect
 
Ect2
Ect2Ect2
Ect2
 
Depression
DepressionDepression
Depression
 
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docx
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docxWhat is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docx
What is TMS Therapy for Major Depression.docx
 
Therapy methods essay final
Therapy methods essay finalTherapy methods essay final
Therapy methods essay final
 
Depression 171202041349
Depression 171202041349Depression 171202041349
Depression 171202041349
 
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.ppt
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.pptTMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.ppt
TMS - Depression Tx for 21st Century.ppt
 
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdf
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdfThe pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdf
The pharmacological treatments used for dementia.pdf
 
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious reboot
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious rebootGoldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious reboot
Goldman grand rounds, electroconvulsive therapy (ect)...mysterious reboot
 
Therapeutic modalities
Therapeutic modalitiesTherapeutic modalities
Therapeutic modalities
 
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH Summit
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH SummitBrain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH Summit
Brain Stimulation & Neuromodulation September 2016 - BH Summit
 
Ecstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperEcstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paper
 
Ecstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paperEcstasy research paper
Ecstasy research paper
 
Brain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapiesBrain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapies
 
Ecstasy)
Ecstasy)Ecstasy)
Ecstasy)
 
Brain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapiesBrain stimulation therapies
Brain stimulation therapies
 
Therapeutic modalities
Therapeutic modalitiesTherapeutic modalities
Therapeutic modalities
 
Psychology 12 (2 14)
Psychology 12 (2 14)Psychology 12 (2 14)
Psychology 12 (2 14)
 

Recently uploaded

Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsBangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsGfnyt
 
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomdiscovermytutordmt
 
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...chandars293
 
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...chandars293
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...CALL GIRLS
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...astropune
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...astropune
 
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...jageshsingh5554
 
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiLow Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiSuhani Kapoor
 
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...hotbabesbook
 
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableChandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableDipal Arora
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Servicevidya singh
 
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escortsaditipandeya
 
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...Neha Kaur
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual NeedsBangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
Bangalore Call Girl Whatsapp Number 100% Complete Your Sexual Needs
 
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
 
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...Top Rated  Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
Top Rated Hyderabad Call Girls Erragadda ⟟ 6297143586 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine ...
 
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet 𖠋 6297143586 𖠋 Will You Mis...
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
 
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
 
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Nagpur Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service KochiLow Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
Low Rate Call Girls Kochi Anika 8250192130 Independent Escort Service Kochi
 
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
 
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD availableChandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
Chandrapur Call girls 8617370543 Provides all area service COD available
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
 
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Cuttack Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore EscortsVIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋  9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
VIP Call Girls Indore Kirti 💚😋 9256729539 🚀 Indore Escorts
 
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Aurangabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
VIP Russian Call Girls in Varanasi Samaira 8250192130 Independent Escort Serv...
 

ECT, TMS, and Ketamine For Depression – McLean, VA Psychiatrist Offers Hope

  • 1. ECT, TMS, and Ketamine For Depression – McLean, VA Psychiatrist Offers Hope
  • 2. Depression can have devastating consequences on one’s life, including withdrawal from the world, feelings of loneliness and isolation, loss of enjoyment and motivation, disrupted sleep and appetite, pervasively negative mood, and a sense of hopelessness and worthlessness. Some people with depression wonder whether life is worth living, and some tragically end up acting on suicidal thoughts.
  • 3. Today Your Health Magazine based near Washington DC released a report outlining three important treatments which offer hope for people suffering from depression: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Esketamine Treatments, and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT).
  • 4. The report starts by discussing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation therapy cleared by the FDA in 2008 for treatment of moderate to severe depression. TMS uses electromagnetic pulses to stimulate activity in the parts of the brain that are underactive in depression. Up to 40-60% of patients with depression have a positive response to TMS, with 30-40% of patients showing complete remission of symptoms.
  • 5. The next treatment discussed is esketamine, which is related to the drug ketamine (sold under the brand name Spravato). Esketamine is a novel, FDA- approved nasal spray indicated for treatment-resistant depression in adults in conjunction with oral antidepressant therapy. Esketamine works by modulating receptors of the neurotransmitter, glutamate, in the brain, although the mechanisms of its antidepressant effects are not yet fully determined.
  • 6. Finally, the report concludes with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is known as the gold-standard, often life-saving treatment for severe depression. It involves the delivery of a brief electrical stimulus to the brain to induce a seizure, which is brief, controlled, and closely monitored. ECT brings about changes in brain activity leading to clinical improvement.