Network technology refers to the various methods and protocols used to transmit data and information between devices over a network, such as the internet or a local area network (LAN). Examples of network technologies include Ethernet, TCP/IP, and Wi-Fi. These technologies are used to connect devices such as computers, servers, routers, and switches, allowing them to communicate and exchange information.Networking is the practice of connecting devices, such as computers, servers, and mobile devices, to allow them to communicate and exchange information. This can be done over a variety of networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or the internet. Networking enables the sharing of resources, such as files and printers, and facilitates communication, such as email and instant messaging. Networks can be wired or wireless, and can vary in size from a small home network to a large enterprise network spanning multiple locations. Networking technologies and protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, and Wi-Fi, are used to connect devices and transmit data. Networking is essential for connecting devices in today's digital age, and is used in many industries, including business, education, and healthcare.

3. • A network is two or more computers (or other electronic devices) that are connected
together, usually by cables or Wi-Fi.
• Some computer networks will have a server.
• Each computer connected to a server is called a client.
• A computer that is not connected to a network is called a standalone computer.

5. • A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to
share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communication.
• The computer on a network may be linked through cables, telephone
lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
• An example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people
all over the world.

6. benefits of a network
Using a network allows you to share:
• Hardware, such as a printer
• Software, allowing multiple users to run the same programs on different
computers.
• Data, so that other people can access shared work and you can access your
data from any computer on the network.

7. Types of Network
• A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share
their resources, data, and applications.
• A computer network can be categorized by their size.

8. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a
small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium.
• It is less costly.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

10. METROPOLITAN AREA (MAN)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic
area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

12. A METROPOLITAN AREA (MAN)
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
•MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
•It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
•It can also be used for communication in the military.

13. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• WANs do the same thing as LANs but across a larger area while connecting
more devices.
• Even when miles apart, a WAN can connect devices together remotely.
• In fact, the most basic example of a WAN is the Internet which connects
computers and devices worldwide.
• Since it’s much larger, this type of network is typically maintained by multiple
administrators and ownership is distributed across various organizations.

14. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical
area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a
large geographical area through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or
satellite links.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,
and education.

17. Campus Area Network (CAN)
• A Campus Area Network is made up of an interconnection of LANs within a
specific geographical area.
• For example, a university campus can be linked with a variety of campus
buildings to connect all the academic departments.

19. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
• This is the smallest and most basic network that you’ll find.
• It’s meant to cover a very small area (typically a single room or building).
• A PAN is most commonly used for one individual and to connect just a
handful of devices such as a computer, smart phone, and printer.
• Probably the most well-known PAN technology is Bluetooth connection.

20. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

21. Global Area Network (GAN)
• GAN is a single network (not a number of interconnected networks) with
connection points spread around the world.
• A global area network (GAN) refers to a network composed of different
interconnected networks that cover an unlimited geographical area.
• GANs are mostly used by large corporate organization and consists of a series of
networked, orbiting satellites.

22. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
• VLAN is a subset of LAN.
• VLAN provides an additional method of managing the network traffic.
• LAN is a custom network which is created from one or more local area
networks.
• It enables a group of devices available in multiple networks to be combined
into one logical network.
• VLANs provide security on larger networks by allowing a higher degree of
control over which devices have access to each other.

25. • Topology defines the structure of the network of
how all the components are interconnected to
each other.
• There are two types of topology: physical and
logical topology.
• Physical topology is the geometric
representation of all the nodes in a network.

26. • The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
• Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or
directly connected to the backbone cable.
• When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message
over the network.
• All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it
has been addressed or not.
Bus Topology

27. • The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other
topologies.
• The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the
message is broadcast to all the stations.
• Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device
is connected to a single cable.
• It transmits the data from one end to another in a single direction.
• No bi-directional feature is in bus topology.
Bus Topology

30. • Advantages of Bus topology:
• Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to the cable
without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost of installation is
low.
• Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in
bus-based networks.
• Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other
nodes.

31. • Disadvantages of Bus topology:
• Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it requires a lot
of cabling.
• Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow
down the network.

32. • Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
• The node that receives the message from the previous computer
will retransmit to the next node.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless
loop.
Ring Topology

33. • It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and
having no termination point.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
• The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.
• Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed
from one node to another node.
• Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.
Ring Topology

35. • In this topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two
neighboring devices.

36. Advantages of Ring topology:
• Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for network operation and
monitoring are available.
• Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available. Therefore, the
installation cost is very low.
Ring Topology

37. • Disadvantages of Ring topology:
• Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the overall
network.
• Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow
down the network.
• Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of
nodes. Adding new devices increases the communication delay.
Ring Topology

38. Star Topology

39. • Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected
to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
• The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached
to the server are known as clients.
• Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star
topology.
• Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.

40. • In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a
cable.
• This hub is the central node, and all other nodes are connected to the
central node.

41. Advantages of Star topology
• Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a star topology as
compared to bus topology. In a bus topology, the manager has to inspect the
kilometers of cable. In a star topology, all the stations are connected to the
centralized network.
• Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub with its
own cable, therefore failure in one cable will not affect the entire network.
• Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to the
open ports on the hub.

42. • Disadvantages of Star topology
• A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the
connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other.

43. • Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology.
• A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected
with each other in hierarchical fashion.
• The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes
are the descendants of the root node.
Tree Topology

44. Root Node
Child Node
Child Node

46. • Advantages of Tree topology
• Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing
network. Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily
expandable.
• Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the
entire network.
Tree Topology

47. • Disadvantages of Tree topology
• Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on root node and failure in
bus root node will damage the overall network.
Tree Topology

48. Star topology Ring Topology
In star topology, the nodes are
connected to the central hub or router.
In-ring topology, every node is
connected to its left and right side
nodes.
In star topology, the only hub is the
failure point.
In-ring topology, every node are failure
point
The cost of star topology is high. The cost of ring topology is low.
In star topology, the information is travel
from the central hub or router to all the
nodes.
In-ring topology, the information is travel
from nodes to nodes in a ring manner in
one direction.
The cables are required in star topology
more than the ring topology.
The cables are required in ring topology
less than the star topology.
A new cable is added to the central hub
to add a new node.
Whereas to add a new node in a ring
topology, the connection must be
broken.

49. Star topology Bus Topology
Star topology is a topology in which all devices are
connected to a central hub.
Bus topology is a topology where each device is
connected to a single cable which is known as the
backbone.
In star topology, if the central hub fails then the whole
network fails.
In a Bus topology, the failure of the network cable will
cause the whole network to fail.
In star topology, there is a non-linear arrangement of
nodes in a network.
In a bus topology, there is a linear arrangement of
nodes in a network.
Star topology does not have any terminator. Bus topology has a terminators at both ends of the
network.
Star topology has a high implementation cost
because of the central hub and extra wires required
for connection.
Bus topology is less expensive than a star topology
Data transmission is faster in a star topology. In a Bus topology, the data is transmitted slower as
compared to a star topology.

50. What is Transmission media?
• Transmission media is the data signal carrier within computer networks.
• Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver.
• Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
• The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the
information.

51. • It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data
communication.
• In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical
signals.
• In a fiber based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.
• The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber
optics, atmosphere, water, and vacuum.

52. • Factors to consider when selecting transmission media.
• Transmission Rate
• Distance
• Cost and Ease of Installation
• Resistant to environment Conditions

54. • Twisted pair
• Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of
cables twisted with each other.
• A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other
transmission media.
• Installation of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a
lightweight cable.
• A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern.

56. Types of Twisted pair

57. • Unshielded Twisted Pair
• UTP is an unshielded twisted pair cable used in computer and
telecommunications mediums.
• Its frequency range is suitable for transmitting both data and voice via a
UTP cable.
• Therefore, it is widely used in the telephone, computers, etc.
• It is a pair of insulated copper wires twisted together.
• It is a wire with no additional shielding, like aluminum foil, to protect its
data from the exterior.

58. • Unshielded Twisted Pair:
• An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication.
Following are the categories of the unshielded twisted pair cable:
• Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that have low-speed
data.
• Category 2: It can support upto 4Mbps.
• Category 3: It can support upto 16Mbps.
• Category 4: It can support upto 20Mbps. Therefore, it can be used for
long-distance communication.
• Category 5: It can support upto 200Mbps.

59. RJ - 45

60. • Shielded Twisted Pair
• A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the mesh
surrounding the wire that allows the higher transmission rate.
• A shielded twisted pair is a type of twisted pair cable that contains
an extra wrapping foil or copper braid jacket to protect the cable
from defects like:
cuts,
losing bandwidth(The maximum amount of data transmitted
over an internet connection in a given amount of time.),
noise,
and signal to the interference.

61. • Shielded Twisted Pair
• It is a cable that is usually used underground, and therefore it is
costly than UTP.
• It supports the higher data transmission rates across the long
distance.

63. • Characteristics Of Shielded Twisted Pair:
• The cost of the shielded twisted pair cable is not very high
and not very low.
• An installation of STP is easy.
• It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted
pair cable.

64. • Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for
example, TV wire is usually a coaxial cable.
• The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors
parallel to each other.
• It has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.
• The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper,
and the outer conductor is made up of copper mesh.
• The middle core is made up of non-conductive cover that
separates the inner conductor from the outer conductor.

66. • Advantages Of Coaxial cable:
• The data can be transmitted at high speed.
• It has better shielding as compared to twisted pair cable.
• Disadvantages Of Coaxial cable:
• It is more expensive as compared to twisted pair cable.
• If any fault occurs in the cable causes the failure in the entire
network.

67. • Fiber Optic
• Fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for
communication.
• Fiber optic is a cable that holds the optical fibers coated in plastic
that are used to send the data by pulses of light.
• The plastic coating protects the optical fibers from heat, cold,
electromagnetic interference from other types of wiring.
• Fiber optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

69. • It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of
glass or plastic.
• The core is surrounded by a glass or plastic covering called the
cladding.
• It is used for transmission of large volumes of data.

70. Fiber Optic Connectors
• A fiber optic connector also goes by the name termination
because it connects two ends of fiber optic cables.
SC Connector ST Connector

71. • Each type of transmission media has special characteristics
that make it suitable for a specific type of service.
• Cost
• Installation requirements
• Bandwidth
• Band Usage(Baseband or Broadband)
• Attenuation
• Immunity from electromagnetic interference.
• Multiplexing
What is Transmission media?

72. • In computer networking, the term bandwidth refers to the measure of
the capacity of a medium to transmit data.
• A medium that has a high capacity, for example has a high bandwidth,
where as a medium that has limited capacity has a low bandwidth.
Bandwidth

73. • Bandwidth can be best understood by using an analogy to water hoses.
• If a half inch garden hose can carry water flow from a trickle up to two
gallons per minute, then that hose can be said to have a bandwidth of
two gallons per minute.
• A four-inch fire horse, however, might have a bandwidth that exceed
100 gallons per minute.
• Data transmission rates frequently are stated in terms of the bits that
can be transmitted per second.

75. • The two ways to allocate the capacity of transmission media are with
baseband and broadband transmissions.
• Baseband devotes the entire capacity of the medium to one
communication channel.
• Broadband enables two or more communication channels to share the
bandwidth of the communications medium.
Band Usage(Baseband or Broadband)

77. • Baseband refers to a communications channel in which information is
carried in digital form and which uses the transmission medium as a
single-channel device.
• This means a single channel is used to communicate with devices on a
network, which allows computers to transmit and receive data on a
single cable.
Baseband

78. Broadband
• Broadband enables two or more communication channels to share
the bandwidth of the communications medium.
• Broadband supports only unidirectional communication.
• It means, nodes connected at both ends of a medium can send or
receive data but can’t perform both actions simultaneously.
• Only one action is allowed at a time.

80. Multiplexing
• Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the multiple data
streams over a single medium.
• The process of combining the data streams is known as multiplexing and
hardware used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer.

81. Multiplexer
(MUX)
Demultiplexer
(DEMUX)
Single Communication Channel
Caring 4 Different Transmission Channel
Sending Location Receiving Location

82. • Multiplexing is achieved by using a device called Multiplexer (MUX)
that combines n input lines to generate a single output line.
• Demultiplexing is achieved by using a device called Demultiplexer
(DEMUX) available at the receiving end.
• DEMUX separates a signal into its component signals (one input and
n outputs).

83. • Multiplexing is a technique that enables broadband media to support
multiple data channels.
• Multiplexing makes sense under a number of circumstances:
– When media bandwidth is costly.
– When large amounts of data must be transmitted through low-capacity
channels.

84. • It is an analog technique.
• When the carrier is frequency, FDM is used.
• Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the available
bandwidth of a single transmission medium is subdivided into several
channels.
Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM)

86. • Time-division multiplexing (TDM) divides a channel into time slots that are
allocated to the data streams to be transmitted if the sender and receiver
agree on the timeslot assignments, the receiver can easily recover and
reconstruct the original data streams.
• In TDM the shared channel is divided among its user by means of time slot.
• Each user can transmit data within the provided time slot only.
Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)

88. • Attenuation is the loss of signal strength in networking cables or
connections.
• Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the
strength of a signal.
• Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or
analog.
• Sometimes called loss, attenuation is a natural consequence of
signal transmission over long distances.
Attenuation

90. • Electromagnetic Interference(EMI) consists of outside
electromagnetic noise that distorts the signal in a medium.
• Crosstalk is a special kind of interference caused by adjacent wires.
• Crosstalk is a particularly significant problem with computer
networks because large number of cables often are located close
together with minimal attention to exact placement.
Electromagnetic Interference

92. Data migration process infographics
Saturn
Saturn is the ringed planet. It’s a gas
giant, composed mostly of hydrogen
Neptune
Neptune is the farthest planet from the
Sun. It’s really cold there
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one
Mars
Despite being red, Mars is a cold place.
The planet is full of iron oxide dust