This document discusses the production of terracotta roof tiles. Clay is the ceramic material used, which contains aluminium silicates and crystalline silica. The manufacturing process of terracotta roof tiles involves preparing the clay material, screening, extruding, molding, drying, firing, and packaging. Terreal Malaysia is a local company that produces high quality terracotta roof tiles through processes like extrusion and uses ceramic injection molding as an alternative method.

1. KKKM4672 PROCESSING OF CERAMICS
SEMESTER II SESSION 2019/2020
PRODUCT : TERRACOTTA ROOF TILES
LECTURER : PROF. DR. ANDANASTUTI MUCHTAR
DR. NABILAH AFIQAH BINTI MOHD RADZUAN
GROUP MEMBER:
1. WONG YONG CHIN (A160820)
2. MUHAMMAD AZAMMUDDIN BIN MHD
ARSHAD (A159612)
3. MAZLAN BIN MOHD ZAIN (A157956)
4. WAI KAR SHUEN (A159918)

2. Which ceramic materials used to make
terracotta roof tiles?
The CERAMIC materials was CLAY.

3. CLAY ROOF TILES
• Clay is a type of ceramic material.
• Naturally found in the soil, clay is a moistened mineral that contains aluminium silicates and
crystalline silica.
• Clay can also provide different contents depending on the location where it is harvested.
• Terracotta is a porous reddish-brown clay that is used as a medium to create structures and
sculptures.
• Terracotta clay is easily sculpted into all kinds of forms. Once formed, it is heated to harden to
1,000-2,000 ° F. A clear coat of glaze then will render watertight terracotta.
• The word "terracotta" originally comes from the Italian language and means "baked earth." Often
this material is also called earthenware.
• The striking color is due to the reaction between the clay's high iron content and the airborne
oxygen.
• The final baked product can be glazed or left unglazed since waterproof is only glazed terracotta.

4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY
Legends:
• SiO2 = Silicon Dioxide
• Al2O3 = Aluminium Oxide
• Fe2O3 = Iron(III) Oxide
• K2O = Potassium Oxide
• CaO = Calcium Oxide
• Na2O = Sodium Oxide
• MgO = Magnesium Oxide
• TiO2 = Titanium Oxide
Al2O3
22.32%
SiO2
61.4%
Fe2O3
8.83%
K2O
3.55%
Na2O
0.31%
CaO
0.27%
MgO
1.1%
TiO2
1.04%
Depending on the location where
it is harvested. Clay can also
provide different contents.

5. PHYSICAL AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES
• UV resistant
• Low water absorption rate
• Durable (may last over 100
years)
• Naturally reddish in colour
and the colour is not easily
faded
• Fireproof
• Insulating properties to keep
heat and noise in or out of
the building

6. APPLICATION OF
TERRACOTTA
ROOF TILES
•
•
•

7. PROCESS OF
MANUFACTURING
1. Preparation of clay material
2. Screening the clay
3. Extrude and forming the tile
4. Moulder
5. Drying process
6. Firing the terracotta roof tile
7. Packaging and storage

8. Preparation of clay material Screening the clay Extrude and forming the tile
Moulder
Drying processFiring the terracotta roof tilesPackaging and storage

9. TERREAL MALAYSIA
SDN BHD
• A local company founded in 1990,
situated in Kluang, Johor.
• Produce wide range of roofing product
including roof tiles, roofing component
etc.
• Known for production of high quality
terracotta products in the market.
• Provide innovative solutions for the
building envelope through four activities :
roofing, structure, cladding-decoration,
solar
• Mission: to develop local areas and
promote sustainable, beautiful and
functional housing that respects both
people and the environment

10. ALTERNATIVE METHOD
(CERAMIC INJECTION MOULDING)
• Flexible and cost-effective process
• To improve quality of terracotta roof tile
• Eliminate the need for two-stages process (extrusion and pressing
process)
• Retain ceramic material properties such as superior hardness,
corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength
• Vacuum process to remove air for prevent cracking during sintering

11. REFERENCE
• What Is Terracotta? - WorldAtlas. (n.d.).
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-terracotta.html [21 July 2020].
• Sultana, M. S., Ahmed, A. N., Zaman, M. N., Rahman, M. A., Biswas, P. K. & Nandy,
P. K. 2015. Utilization of hard rock dust with red clay to produce roof tiles. Journal
of Asian Ceramic Societies 3(1): 22–26. doi:10.1016/j.jascer.2014.10.005
• Production Process — Tiles & Bricks Europe. (n.d.). http://www.tiles-
bricks.eu/production-process [21 July 2020].
• Akbari, H., Levinson, R. & Berdahl, P. 2003. A Review of Methods for the
Manufacture of Residential Roofing Materials. Berkeley, CA (United States).
doi:10.2172/860887
• Ceramic injection-molding technology produces cheaper, stronger complex
ceramic parts. (n.d.). https://phys.org/news/2016-07-ceramic-injection-molding-
technology-cheaper-stronger.html [21 July 2020].
• Terreal Roof Tiles | Malaysia. (n.d.). https://www.terreal.com.my/ [21 July 2020].
• Ceramic Injection Moulded (CIM) Components | Morgan Technical Ceramics.
(n.d.). https://www.morgantechnicalceramics.com/en-gb/products/ceramic-
injection-moulded-components/ [21 July 2020].

12. JOB SCOPE
Azam
1. Ceramic material used
2. Chemical composition
Wong
1. Application of the product
2. Physical and Chemical properties of material
Mazlan
1. Manufacturing Process
Wai
1. Local company
2. Alternative method
3. Video Editing