This document introduces zkSync, a technology that aims to provide infinite scalability for the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) through zero-knowledge proofs (zk). It does this by creating zkEVM, a virtual machine optimized for zero-knowledge proofs that combines EVM compatibility, a zk-friendly virtual machine called zkVM, and a recursive aggregation circuit to produce proofs. The document explains that zkEVM is optimized for compatibility rather than equivalence to the EVM in order to make the proving process more efficient.
3. The success of technologies is not defined by
incremental changes. They are defined by
order of magnitude improvements.
4. Trust Customization Ease
Performance Cost Composability
Improving one of the below domains in a breakthrough technology typically results in
⏫ user acquisition within existing use-cases
➡️lateral expansion of the technology into new use-cases
10X improvements in technology
6. I don’t think there is one vision for what
Ethereum could do, I think there are many
different visions. Once Ethereum manages to
solve it’s scaling problems, it’s going to be in a
much better place to help be the substrate that
allows all of those visions to happen.
“
Vitalik Buterin
Founder of Ethereum
7. Why zkEVM?
EVM
The most widely
adopted in our
industry
zk
The only tech for
infinite scalability
8. zkVM
A Turing-complete
RISC-like virtual
machine
optimized for
proving in a ZKP
circuit.
LLVM-based
compiler
Solidity frontend
(more precisely:
Yul frontend)
Vyper frontend
zkVM backend
Special-
purpose
circuits
Non-algebraic
hashes (Keccak,
SHA256, Blake2)
Storage access
(Merkle paths)
Elliptic curve
pairing
What is zkEVM?
Recursive
aggregation
circuit
Combines the
proofs from the
parts on the left
side
9. Our compiler is
based on LLVM
LLVM based
compilers (Low Level
Virtual Machine)
have become the
default compiler for
Mac OS X, iOS,
FreeBSD and Android
systems
Account
Abstraction
A long-anticipated
feature in the
Ethereum dev
community which
improves developer
adoption and user
experience
EVM Improvements
10. Reason 1
Creating a generalized circuit for EVM equivalence down to the byte code would be
prohibitively expensive and time consuming.
Reason 2
By eliminating non-essential opcodes we are able to massively reduce the overhead for
producing proofs.
Reason 3
The opcodes we’ve chosen NOT to support are deprecated by Ethereum itself, or rarely
used.
EVM Compatibility
zkSync is optimized to be EVM compatible not EVM equivalent for three primary reasons:
11. zkEVM aims to help each and every
use case scale up their solution
Thank you!
Editor's Notes
Trust: Netscape’s release of SSL opening the floodgates for online shopping.
Performance: Increase in network speed attracting users and enabling new verticals (gaming, streaming,...)
Customization: Development of CUDA and generally programmable GPUs expanding use-cases to ML and crypto mining.
Source for Access Speed: A Model for Internet Traffic Growth (Johannes W. Meijer, 2007)
Index size today
“Hundreds of billions” (Google)
“500 to 600 billion” (NYtimes, 2020)
“130 trillion” (Blog, 2016) – mostly spam & duplicatesActive websites
1.14 billion
“I don’t think there is one vision for what Ethereum could do, I think there are many different visions. Once Ethereum manages to solve it’s scaling problems, it’s going to be in a much better place to help be the substrate that allows all of those versions to happen”
– Bankless, Sep 26, 2022
Privacy
DA
Proof from state N to N+1
Bridges
Get to first common ancestor of two systems (go down as far as necessary)
“Go down instead of across”
Share one circuit architecture
Circuits vs proofs: you can have one circuit and many proofs
Circuits are composable programs to put together
Circuits define the protocol
“The technologies speak the same language”
Privacy
DA
Proof from state N to N+1
Bridges
Get to first common ancestor of two systems (go down as far as necessary)
“Go down instead of across”
Share one circuit architecture
Circuits vs proofs: you can have one circuit and many proofs
Circuits are composable programs to put together
Circuits define the protocol
“The technologies speak the same language”
Defillama: 530 Defi
Defiprime: 191
DAppradar: 3477
State of DApps: 2,970