The document provides information about fax machines and fuzzy logic washing machines. It discusses: - How traditional fax machines work by scanning documents and transmitting them as electrical signals over phone lines. - Modern faxing can be done via fax/modem software and online, but documents must be converted to text to edit. - Fuzzy logic washing machines use sensors to monitor conditions and adjust operations like water temperature and spin speed to optimize cleaning based on load size and material instead of a fixed cycle. - A block diagram shows the fuzzy logic controller receiving inputs from sensors and adjusting washing parameters as outputs to improve efficiency.

1. LECTURE NOTES
El.TR. 303: EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
ABSTRACT
These notes are the guide for the subject of
DAE Electronics Technology. Dedicated to all
fresher’s
Engr. Tanveer Ahmed
Electronics Engineer
Electronics Technology Truly Revolutionized the World

2. Lectures Notes
El.TR. 303 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
Facsimile of Fax
Facsimile Machine
A fax (short for facsimile and sometimes
called telecopying) is the telephonic transmission of
scanned-in printed material (text or images), usually
to a telephone number associated with a printer or
other output device.
Working of fax
The original document is scanned with a fax machine, which treats the contents
(text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap. In
this digital form, the information is transmitted as electrical signals through the
telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image and
prints a paper copy of the document.
Modern day’s Fax
Almost all modems manufactured today are capable of sending and receiving
fax data. Fax/modem software generates fax signals directly from disk files or
the screen. Even if a document is text only, it is treated by the computer as a
scanned image and is transmitted to the receiver as a bitmap. Faxing a
message online works well if the recipient wants only to read the message.
However, if the document requires editing, it must be converted into ASCII text
by an OCR (optical character recognition) program, or it must be retyped
manually into the computer.
A more efficient method of sending documents that require modification is
through the e-mail system. E-mail files are already ASCII text so they can be
edited immediately in any text editor or word processing program.
The Internet now provides a new and cheaper way to send faxes in some cases.
A number of free and commercial companies provide arrangements for using
the Internet rather than the public telephone system for most or part of the path
to the fax point. Some services also provide the ability to broadcast a fax to
multiple addresses.

3. Lectures Notes
El.TR. 303 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
Block Diagram
ch7 1 complete diagram of fax
7.3 Fax Machine Features
The key features you find in the present fax machines are functional and increase the
convenience of use of this device. Some of the interesting features of the fax machines
today are
1. Fax printing is one of the key features found in fax machines today. With the
laser and color options of printing received faxes the whole process has become
more reliable, accurate and cost effective at the same time.
2. Feature like dual access lets you print incoming faxes from memory while
transmitting another fax, or scan a fax into memory while receiving a fax.
3. Modified Modified Read (MMR) protocol increases the transmission time of a fax
machine and thus makes it more efficient.
4. Out of paper reception is another feature to count on. It receives and stores the
fax when the fax machine is out of paper.
5. PC based faxing is a new era where the fax machine gives you the ability to fax
over a computer.
Document
Communication
linePhotoelectric
conversion
Transmission
Communication line
Receiving Recording
Main scan
Main scan
Auxiliaryscan
Document
Main scan
Main scan
Auxiliaryscan
Transmitting side simplified diagram
Receiving side simplified diagram

4. Lectures Notes
El.TR. 303 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
6. Speed dialing is a common but important feature in a fax machine.
7. Multifunction device is what a fax machine has become today. It can work as a
phone, fax machine, scanner, printer and copier as well and is known as Multi-
Function Device (MFD)
8. Digital fax machine are much more faster and cheaper than earlier version
Analog lines
These are the normal telephone lines (also known as POTS or PSTN lines). You would
need an analog card, fax board or a modem in order to be able to send and receive faxes
using an analog line. An analog line supports DTMF routing, however the fax device would
need a voice chipset to identify and to capture the DTMF tones.
Digital Lines
These type of lines are provided by telephony service providers and normally consist of
either BRI or PRI lines, and are much faster than analog lines in nature. Should you wish
to send faxes over these lines you would need to purchase a Digital (ISDN) card. The
main advantage of these lines is that the users can been assigned virtual numbers and
use DID and MSN routing technologies (that means that a user will receive the fax directly
into his mailbox). Such functionality would depend on the amount of MSN / DID numbers
provided by your ISDN service provider.
Fax over IP
Fax over IP is a technology that lets faxes be sent in real-time over an IP network. The
GFI FaxMaker server can send faxes over IP by using IP-enabled software or devices.
These devices are documented in here. This type of faxing is ideal should you need to
perform least cost routing between geographically dispersed offices, however requires a
compatible gateway device to perform the translation between the IP network and the
phone network.
Fax 1
PSTN/PTCL network
Fax 2
ch7 2 digital simplified fax linkup

5. Lectures Notes
El.TR. 303 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
Washing Machine
Courtesy
https://www.samsung.com/in/support/home-appliances/what-is-fuzzy-logic-in-a-washing-
machine/
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/fuzzy-logic
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual
"true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based. The idea of
fuzzy logic was first advanced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of the University of California at Berkeley
in the 1960s.
Fuzzy Logic Machine.
So according to above definition fuzzy logic machine differs from conventional washing
machine in conventional machine only take cycle time as input which was adjusted by the
user and after the completion of cycle buzzer indicated the cycle end but in fuzzy washing
machine sense the input parameter and adjust the washing parameter to clean the cloths
by save extra energy and time. Suppose a cloth is less dirty is such case sensor will
detects dirtiness and then adjust the washing time, detergent and water to clean it
accurately according to it.
Fuzzy Logic Machine advantage and features.
Fuzzy logic washing machines are gaining popularity. These machines offer the
advantages of performance, productivity, simplicity, productivity, and less cost. Sensors
continually monitor varying conditions inside the machine and accordingly adjust
operations for the best wash results. As there is no standard for fuzzy logic, different
machines perform in different manners. Typically, fuzzy logic controls the washing
process, water intake, water temperature, wash time, rinse performance, and spin speed.
This optimizes the life span of the washing machine. More sophisticated machines weigh
the load (so you can’t overload the washing machine), advise on the required amount of
detergent, assess cloth material type and water hardness, and check whether the
detergent is in powder or liquid form. Some machines even learn from past experience,
memorizing programs and adjusting them to minimize running costs.
A simplified block diagram is shown below which full express the controlling element and
parameter inside the machine
ch7 3 fuzzy logic machine cycle

6. Lectures Notes
El.TR. 303 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE & SERVICING
Operating principle of Washing Machine
The fuzzy logic checks for the extent of dirt and grease, the amount of soap and water to
add, direction of spin. The machine rebalances washing load to ensure correct spinning.
Else, it reduces spinning speed if an imbalance is detected. Even distribution of washing
load reduces spinning noise. Neuro fuzzy logic incorporates optical sensors to sense the
dirt in water and a fabric sensor to detect the type of fabric and accordingly adjust wash
cycle.
Block Diagram of washing machine.
Figure 1 fuzzy logic controller input and output