Ecological concepts of evolution are based on the idea that the environment plays a crucial role in shaping the evolution of species. Understanding these concepts is important for predicting how species will respond to environmental changes and for developing strategies to conserve biodiversity. This report will discuss the ecological concepts of evolution, including how the environment affects the evolution of species and the factors that affect the relationships of species to their environment. Ecological concepts of evolution factors affecting relationships of species to their environment Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem, such as other organisms, while abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, water availability, and soil type. Abiotic factors can also affect relationships between species. For example, temperature can affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in an ecosystem. includes many forms of mutualism, host-parasite, and predator-prey relationships between species, as well as competition within or between species. In many cases, the selective pressures drive an evolutionary arm race between the species involved.

1. Evolution and Coevolution
Ecological Concepts of Evolution
SKY OBISPO LAWA-AN
DOÑA REMEDIOS TRINIDAD ROMUALDEZ MEDICAL FOUNDATION

2. INTRODUCTION
• Ecological concepts of evolution are based on the idea that the
environment plays a crucial role in shaping the evolution of
species. Understanding these concepts is important for predicting
how species will respond to environmental changes and for
developing strategies to conserve biodiversity. This report will
discuss the ecological concepts of evolution, including how the
environment affects the evolution of species and the factors that
affect the relationships of species to their environment.

3. EVOLUTION
• Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living
organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from
earlier forms during the history of the earth. It is a fundamental
concept in biology and is supported by a large body of scientific
evidence. The theory of evolution was first proposed by Charles
Darwin in his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859. The theory
explains how species change over time through genetic variation
and natural selection.
• Factors that affect these relationships include abiotic factors such
as temperature, rainfall, and soil quality, as well as biotic factors
such as the presence of other species and their interactions with
each other.

4. Natural
selection
Natural selection: The process by
which organisms that are better
adapted to their environment tend
to survive and reproduce more
than those that are less adapted.
• Driving force for evolution
• During the struggle for
resources, the strongest survive
and reproduce.

5. Evolutionary Patterns
• Speciation is the production of new species from previously
existing species. It is thought to occur as a result of a species
dividing into two isolated subpopulations.
Ex. Tawilis in Taal Lake
• Extinction is the loss of an entire species. of the estimated 500
million species believed to have ever existed on Earth, 98-99%
have gone extinct.
• Coevolution is the concept that two or more species can
reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other.
Ex. Grazing animals and grass species.

6. Coevolution
- the concept that two or more species of organisms can
reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other. In
other words, organisms affect the evolution of other organisms.
Since all organisms are influenced by other organisms, this is a
common pattern.

7. Coevolution
• includes many forms of
mutualism, host-parasite, and
predator-prey relationships
between species, as well as
competition within or between
species. In many cases, the
selective pressures drive an
evolutionary arm race between
the species involved.

8. Predation
Predation: The behavior of one
animal feeding on another or is a
kind of interaction in which one
animal kills/eats another.
• Predator benefits from food.
• Prey adaptation is manifested
in a higher reproduction rate.

9. Competition
Competition: When two or more
organisms rely on the same
environmental resource.
• A kind of interaction in which
two organisms strive to obtain
the same limited resource

10. Niche
Specialization
The process by which a species
becomes better adapted, by natural
selection, to the specific
characteristics of a particular habitat.

11. Ecological concepts of evolution factors
affecting relationships of species to their
environment
• Adaptation: A characteristic that helps an organism survive and
reproduce in its environment.
• Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence of an organism that can
lead to new traits and characteristics.
• Gene flow: The movement of genes from one population to
another, which can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of a
population.
• Other factors that affect these relationships include abiotic factors
such as temperature, rainfall, and soil quality, as well
as biotic factors such as the presence of other species and their
interactions with each other.

12. Conclusion
• In conclusion, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over
generations, and it occurs through mechanisms such as natural
selection and genetic variation. Coevolution is a type of evolution that
occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s
evolution. Coevolution can lead to specialized relationships between
species, such as between predator and prey. Factors affecting the
relationships of species to their environment include biotic and abiotic
factors. Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem, such as
other organisms, while abiotic factors are non-living components of an
ecosystem, such as temperature, water availability, and soil type.
Abiotic factors can also affect relationships between species. For
example, temperature can affect the distribution and abundance of
organisms in an ecosystem.

13. Thank You!

14. REFERENCES
https://youtu.be/eNCewsuDkgU?si=gj3-3co5K6rV-c2c