Essay Writing Service http://StudyHub.vip/Apply-Basic-Scientific-Principles-And-T 👈

1. Report
Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques
in Mechanical Engineering Situations

2. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
2
| P a g e
Part 1:
Introduction
The engineering major concerned with the conceptual development, research,
design, manufacture, implementation, installation, commissioning and maintenance of
mechanical products, processes, systems or services for converting energy into power
and motion, materials into product and components into machines and systems for
domestic, industrial, public or private services, entertainment and military
applications (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). Thus, basic scientific principles and
techniques in any engineering discipline require the following:
• Mechanical techniques and related technologies, software and
hardware associated with implementing scientific principles in
engineering solutions and related to appropriate engineering
applications.
• The limitations of mechanical techniques and associated technologies,
software and hardware.
• The relevance of scientific principles to mechanical engineering.
• The applicability and limitations of an extensive range of mechanical
techniques and associated technologies, software and hardware.
• The choice of mechanical scientific principles for particular
applications.
• The applicability of particular mechanical techniques and associated
technologies, software and hardware to specific applications.
• The choice of mechanical techniques and associated technologies,
software and hardware for particular applications.
• The method of application of the scientific principles as well as
fundamental and derived quantities and explained common systems of
units.
• The procedure for converting between systems of units common
prefixes used with units and their values.
• The procedure for ensuring coherent units for meaningful solutions to
equations.

3. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
3
| P a g e
• The concept of significant figures.
• The uncertainty of computations based on experimental data
• The procedures for determining the significance of figures in
calculation.
• The procedures for estimating errors in derived quantities
• The method of application of the mechanical techniques and associated
technologies, software and hardware
• The significance of the calculation solution style in relation to the
original task.
• The significance of the non calculation solution style in relation to the
original task.
Basic Notions in Knowledge Engineering
As a transfer process "This transfer and transformation of problem-solving
expertise from a knowledge source to a program is the heart of the expert-system
development process" (Needham, 1986). The development of a Knowledge Basic
Science was seen as a transfer process of human knowledge into an implemented
knowledge base. This transfer was based on the assumption that the knowledge which
is required by the KBS already exists and just has to be collected and implemented.
Most often, the required knowledge was obtained by interviewing experts on how
they solve specific tasks. Typically, this knowledge was implemented in some kind of
production rules which were executed by an associated rule interpreter.
Figure 1 Basics and principles of Engineering.

4. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
4
| P a g e
Mechanical Engineeering
Is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of engineering,
physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of
mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and
usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of
machines and tools. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines
(Undergraduate Majors and Minors Book, 2010).
The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts including
mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and
electricity. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like
computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze
manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling
systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, weapons, medical devices,
and others.
The term "mechanical engineering" refers not only to a specific profession, but
also to a spectrum of occupations and challenges that lie within the broad field of
engineering. Mechanical engineering comprises a wide range of activities, including
research, development, design, testing, manufacturing and production, operations and
maintenance, and marketing and sales. The many areas within the scope of
mechanical engineering include transportation, power generation, energy conversion,
climate control, machine design, manufacturing and automation, and the control of
engineering systems, subsystems and their components (Undergraduate Majors and
Minors Book, 2010).
Mechanical Scientific Principles
1) Be able to determine the effects of loading in static engineering systems:
• Non-concurrent coplanar force systems: graphical representation such
as space and free body diagrams; resolution of forces in perpendicular
directions, as following equation (Mechanical Engineering Book,
2010):

5. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
5
| P a g e
And vector addition of forces, resultant, equilibrant, line of action;
conditions for static equilibrium such as:
• Simply supported beams: conditions for static equilibrium; loading
such as oncentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads, support
reactions.
• Loaded components: elastic constants such as modulus of elasticity,
shear modulus; as well as loading such as uniaxial loading, shear
loading; in addition to effects such as direct stress and strain including
dimensional change, shear stress and strain, factor of safety.
2) Be able to determine work, power and energy transfer in dynamic engineering
systems (Mechanical Engineering Book, 2010)
• Kinetic parameters: such as displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final
velocity (v), uniform linear acceleration (a)
• Kinetic principles: equations for linear motion with uniform
acceleration.
• Dynamics parameters: such as tractive effort, braking force, inertia,
frictional resistance, gravitational force, momentum, mechanical work
(W = Fs),
• Power dissipation: (Average Power = W/t, Instantaneous Power = Fv),
gravitational potential energy ( PE = mgh), kinetic energy (KE
=½mv2
).
• Dynamic principles: Newton’s laws of motion, D’Alembert’s
principle, principle of conservation of momentum, principle of
conservation of energ.

6. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
6
| P a g e
3) Be able to determine the parameters of fluid systems
• Thrust on a submerged surface : hydrostatic pressure, hydrostatic
thrust on an immersed plane surface (F = ρ g Ax); centre of pressure of
a rectangular retaining surface with one edge in the free surface of a
liquid (Mechanical Engineering Book, 2010).
• Immersed bodies: Archimedes’ principle; fluid eg liquid, gas;
immersion of a body eg fully immersed, partly immersed,
determination of density using floatation and specific gravity bottle
methods.
• Flow characteristics of a gradually tapering pipe: such as volume flow
rate, mass flow rate, input and output flow velocities, input and output
diameters, continuity of volume and mass for incompressible fluid
flow.
4) Be able to determine the effects of energy transfer in thermodynamic systems
• Heat transfer: heat transfer parameters eg temperature, pressure, mass,
linear dimensions, time, specific heat capacity, specific latent heat of
fusion, specific latent heat of vaporisation, linear expansivity; phase such
as solid, liquid, gas; heat transfer principles eg sensible and latent heat
transfer, thermal efficiency and power rating of heat exchangers; linear
expansion;
• Thermodynamic process equations: process parameters eg absolute
temperature, absolute pressure, volume, mass, density; Boyle’s law (pV =
constant), Charles’ law (V/T = constant), general gas equation(pV/T =
constant), characteristic gas equation (pV = mRT) (Mechanical
Engineering Book, 2010).

7. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
7
| P a g e
Part 2
Two items commonly used in car industry can be given as:
1) Aluminium:
Aluminium is the ideal material for future development of designing
car bodies. The main purpose for applying aluminium is decreasing total
weight of vehicle by assuming, that safety, and strength of constriction will be
at least the same. What is more, applying aluminium as an alternative material
involves the aspect of engine load reduction and decreasing the consumption
of gasoline and the reduction of exhaust emission. Furthermore, the costs of
exploitation of vehicle concerning breaks, tries, bearings and many others will
decrease as well (Carle, 1999).
It was proved that the reduction the total mass of vehicle of 10%
involves saving 6–8% of gasoline. Decreasing the total weight of each 100
pound causes savings 3.4–5.3 per 1000 miles. Aluminium is fully recyclable.
Its scarp can be easy recovered. Moreover, it can be recycled again and again
without changing quality. Its properties will be the same as aluminium
obtained from its ore. Even now, approximately 60–70% aluminium used in
vehicles (engine, body, wheels, etc.) comes from recycling. The cost of
recycling of aluminium is considerably lower than steel due to lower than in
case of steel the energy consumption (Mathers, 2002).
The resistance spot welding is the most popular method of joining
metal sheets. The connection arises by flowing the current and action of
welding force. Heating of joining parts during resistance welding is an effect
of heat generation on electrical resistance of welding circuit according to
Joule–Lenz law:
Where:
• Q– generated heat,
• I– welding current,
• R– electrical resistance of welding circuit,
• t– welding time.

8. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
8
| P a g e
The Scheme of resistance spot welding was shown on Figure 2.
Figure 2 Schematic view of the spot welding proces.
Connecting 2 or 3 parts of sheets is possible by the resistance spot
welding. During this process one or more welding joints can be obtained. It
depends of applied welding machines. Resistance spot welding (RSW) is the
most popular method of joining parts in automotive industry, which prefers
this joining method because it is low-cost, rapid, simply and easy for
automation. Over 90% of spot welds of all over the world are performed by
automotive industry. It was estimated, that each body car and its components
contains over 50 hundred spot welds. For many years the material the car
bodies consisted of was mild steel, with or without galvanized layers. Now,
the engineers try to find alternative light material such as aluminium and
magnesium alloys (Mathers, 2002).
Unconformities which can appear in spot welds because the spot welds
can have less strength and can lead into total destruction of manufacturing
parts of cars bodies. The typical unconformities of spot welds are (Kawalla,
2008):
• cold weld,
• small-diameter nugget,
• bad shape of welding nugget,
• cracks inside/around welding nugget,
• deep indentation of welding electrodes in sheet

9. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
9
| P a g e
Figure 3. Typical flaws in spot welding joints.
2) Galvanized steel sheet:
It is usually consisted of alloyed coating containing zinc and about
55% aluminum. Products have heat resistance and heat reflection property of
aluminum in addition to corrosion resistance of zinc and aluminum. In
addition, surface is attractive white silver. Taking into consideration smooth,
attractive surface produced by electro-plating. Formability of coating is
excellent, with same mechanical properties as base metal. Weldability is also
good due to light coating. Paintability, anti-fngerprint property and lubricity
can be added by post-treatment (Hot Dip Galvanized steel sheet handbook,
2006).
The Characteristics of galvanized steel sheet can be given as follows:
• Formability: Full line from general processing to for deep drawing
products. Same as JFE GALVAZINC. Full line from for general
processing to deep drawing products.

10. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
10
| P a g e
• Weldability: Weldability changes depending on zinc coating
weight. However, thin coating weight of less than 60/60 have same
weldability as cold rolled sheets under proper welding conditions.
In addition, weldability is superior to that of normal zinc coated
steel sheets due to Zn-Fe alloy coating. Same weldability as cold
rolled sheets under proper welding conditions.
• Paintability: By selecting proper spangles, flat painted surface is
obtained. By including iron in the coated layer and proper porosity
structure and uneven surface, superior paint adhesion can be
obtained.
• Corrosion resistance: With heavier coating weight than that of
electrogalvanized coating, has superior corrosion resistance.
Corrosion resistance of zinc itself and sacrificed corrosion function
delays generation of red rust.
Figure 4 Hot dip galvanizing line.

11. Apply Basic Scientific Principles and Techniques in Mechanical Engineering
Situations
11
| P a g e
References
Carle D., Blount G. (1999). The suitability of aluminium as an alternative material for
car bodies, Materials and Design, Vol. 20, No. 5, 1999, pp. 267–272.
Engineering "mechanical engineering. (n.d.)" (2010). The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved: 8 May 2010.
Engineers (2010). Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Accessed: 9 May 2010.
Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet Handbook. http://www.jfe-
steel.co.jp/en/products/sheets/catalog/b1e-004.pdf
Kawalla, R., Lehmann, G. (2008). Ullmann, M. Magnesium semi-finished products
for vehicle construction, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2008, Vol. 8,
No. 2, pp. 93–101.
Mathers G.(2002). The welding of aluminium and its alloys, Woodhead Publishing
Limited, Cambridge, England, 2002.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4. Taipei: Caves
Books, Ltd.
University of Tulsa Required ME Courses - Undergraduate Majors and Minors.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tulsa, (2010). Accessed: 4
September 2013.