Introduction to various GIS software, google earth. Intro types, types of maps, map projections and hands on to Q GIS software. Introduction to latitude longitude system, shape file generation, geo referencing and digitization.

1.  Introduction to various GIS software,
 Introduction to Google earth,
 Intro Maps, types of maps, map projections
 Hands-on to Q GIS software
Installation, Data import, Introduction to lat-long
system, Shape file generation, Geo-referencing,
Digitizing

2. Geography
Geography: Study of earth’s features and patterns of their variations
with spatial location and time
Why Geography Matters:
Linking location to information is important to many aspects of
decision making in business and the community:
- choosing a site
- targeting a market segment
- planning a distribution network
- knowing where your farmers and their resources are
- knowing where your customers and potential customers are
- allocating resources,
- responding to emergencies

3. Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS = G +IS
All data in GIS must be linked to a geographic reference
spatial coordinates of
locations on the surface of
the earth for corresponding
map locations (spatial data)
Database
(attribute data -
relational database)
Geographic
reference
Information
System
+
GIS links geographic information (where things are) with
descriptive information (what things are).
Where ? What ?

4. GIS Definition:
GIS is computer hardware and software system designed to
store, manage, analyze, and display spatially
(geographically) referenced data
-
USGS
GIS is a computer system capable of holding and using data
describing places on the earth’s surface
-
ESRI

5. From map to GIS: The Structure of GIS
Fig Source: FAO
Data
Tables
(MS
Access)

6. In a GIS …
Data are arranged as a set of independent map layers with one
map for one theme/layer – single phenomenon mapped across
space (compare one table one theme in a database)
Common locational reference (lat/long grid – geographic
coordinate system) - integrates layers by registering them to a
common coordinate system.
Thematic layers can be made visible - all at the same time or
selectively - and linked by common location
Different layers can be overlaid to get homogenous land units
and other types of information
Data can be collated from several layers for any location
Spatial analysis is feasible

7. The integrating features of GIS allow :
vital linkages to be made between apparently
unrelated activities, based on common geographic
location
…..leading to fundamental changes in the way
we visualize and analyze information for
decision-making

8. GIS can be used to get information about:
Location :
Where are specific features found ?
Conditions :
Where do certain conditions apply ?
Trends :
What changes have occurred over time ?
Spatial Patterns :
What spatial patterns exist ?
What if …:
What will be the consequences of decisions (GIS + Models)

9. Creating a GIS
Data Input
 Getting spatial data into GIS
 Getting attribute data into GIS
Data Storage
 Making data usable
Data analysis
 Geographic analysis
Data Output
 Presenting results

10. Fig Source: (Murai and Murai, 1999))
Data sources

11. What is GIS software used for
A geographic information system (GIS) is a
computer system for capturing, storing, checking,
and displaying data related to positions on Earth's
surface. By relating seemingly unrelated data,
GIS can help individuals and organizations better
understand spatial patterns and relationships.

12. A working GIS integrates five key
components
• Hardware: Hardware is the computer on
which a GIS operates. ...
• Software: GIS software provides the functions
and tools needed to store, analyze, and display
geographic information. ...
• Data. ...
• People. ...
• Methods.

13. • GPS uses satellites that orbit Earth to send information
to GPS receivers that are on the ground. The
information helps people determine their location.
• GIS stands for Geographical Information
System. GIS is a software program that helps people
use the information that is collected from
the GPS satellites.
• Differences between remote sensing and GIS.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a
computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing
features and events on earth. ... On the other
hand, remote sensing (RS) is the science of collecting
data regarding an object or a phenomenon without any
physical contact with the object.

14. What are the types of GIS
Software
1. Arc GIS (Esri)
2. QGIS (Quantum GIS)
3. GRASS GIS
4. MapInfo (Pitney Bowes)
5. Global Mapper (Blue Marble)
6. Geo Media (Intergraph/Hexagon Geospatial)
7. Manifold System (Manifold)
8. SAGA GIS
9. Smallworld (General Electric)
10. ILWIS
11. IDRISI (Clark Laboratories)
12. AutoCAD Map 3D and Autodesk Geospatial (Autodesk)
13. GeoDa
14. gvSIG
15. Bentley Map
16. Golden Software (MapViewer, Surfer and Didger

15. Q GIS Arc GIS
It is open source software. It is commercial software.
It is freely available. It is not freely available.
It can be installed on
different operating systems
It can only be installed on
window system.
It is not licensed
Software
It is single user licensed
software.
It is developed by all
over the world
programmers
It is developed in secure
environment of Esri.

16. Definitions
Latitude & Longitude
 Lines of latitude measure north-south position between the poles.
The equator is defined as 0 degrees, the North Pole is 90 degrees
north, and the South Pole is 90 degrees south. Lines of latitude are all
parallel to each other, thus they are often referred to as parallels.
 Longitude is the measurement of east or west of the prime
meridian. Longitude is measured by imaginary lines that run around
the Earth vertically (up and down) and meet at the North and South
Poles. These lines are known as meridians.
 Longitude is defined in terms of meridians, which are half-circles
running from pole to pole.
 The imaginary lines called parallels of latitudes and meridian of
longitudes is merely for identification of where things are on a map
or a globe. By these lines the distances are measured in degrees.
 The imaginary line around the globe are very important because are
drawn for navigation and geographic information

19. Difference Between Latitude and
Longitude
 Latitude alludes to the horizontal lines that represent
the distance of any point, north or south of the
equator, its direction is east to west. ... Latitudes are
also known as parallels while longitudes are termed
as meridians.
 Longitude is the measurement east or west of the
prime meridian. Longitude is measured by imaginary
lines that run around the Earth vertically (up and
down) and meet at the North and South Poles. These
lines are known as meridians.
 Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed
throughout India. IST is 5 hours and 30 minutes
ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Indian
Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30' E
longitude, in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh

20. How do you read latitude and
longitude
 The line of longitude is read as 2 degrees (2°), 10
minutes (10′), 26.5 seconds (12.2”) east. The line
of latitude is read as 41 degrees (41), 24.2028
minutes (24.2028) north. The coordinate for the
line of latitude represents north of the Equator
because it is positive.
 Longitude: 72o19‘03.76''E
 Latitude: 24o19'18.10'' N
 Altitude is the height measured from sea level up
to any given point.

21. How do you record latitude and
longitude
Start with your line of latitude, writing the degrees,
then the minutes, then the seconds. Then, add the
North or South as the direction. Then, write a
comma followed by your line of longitude in
degrees, then minutes, then seconds. Then, add East
or West as the direction.

22. How do you plot coordinates on Google
earth
In the search box at the top, type your coordinates.
Here are examples of formats that work: Degrees,
minutes, and seconds (DMS): 41°24'12.2"N
2°10'26.5"E. Degrees and decimal minutes
(DMM): 41 24.2028, 2 10.4418.

23. Geographic Referencing Concepts
Location on earth’s surface can be specified in:
Geographic
coordinate system
Projected
coordinate system
Datum
Spheroid
Equations
Parameters
Figs Adapted from: ESRI

24. Map  GIS
 A map is static, a GIS is dynamic
 A map has a single scale, a GIS is infinitely
scalable
 A map shows spatial relationships, while a
GIS shows both spatial relationships and
tabular data
 GIS allows query of map features
 GIS allows display of tabular data associated
with map features

25. Spatial data and Maps
Spatial/geographical data: data that is
specific to a location
Map: The traditional method of
presenting and analyzing spatial data in
2-dimensions, in which the real-world
features have been replaced by
symbols in their correct spatial
location at a reduced scale
……maps shape the way we visualize
and analyze spatial data

26. Introduction of map
 A map is a drawing that give us information about
a place at a particular time.
 Maps are a representation of the real world drawn
accurately on a flat surface but many times smaller
that the place itself.
 Maps are one of the oldest forms of nonverbal
communication.

27. Map Scale: determines what features to show and how
Scale: ratio of distances on map to distanceson earth’s surface
(determines the size and shape of features on maps)
Preferred representation: graphical
city
city
1:500
1:250000
1:250000
1:24000
Fig Source: ESRI
Large
scale =
large
detail
Small
scale =
small
detail
Representation:
Verbal: 1 cm = 2.5 km; Numeric: 1:250000
Graphical: km
Large scale necessitates
a higher level of accuracy

28. Standard Scales:
1:1000,000 Country level (1mm : 1km)
1: 250,000 State level (1mm : 250m)
1: 50,000 District level (1mm : 50m)
1: 25,000 Micro level (1mm : 25 m)
Survey of India Maps (toposheets) are available at above scales for
most locations
(limited availability 1:25,000 and larger scales)
Map accuracy:
Thinnest visible line: 0.1-
0.2 mm
100 - 200 m at 1:1000000
25 – 50 m at 1: 250000
5- 10 m at 1:50000
2.5-5.0 m at 1:25000
Map accuracy standard (USGS): Not more
than 10% of tested points will be at
distances
(i) > 0.5 mm on map from measured
location for Small Scale maps (
>1:20000)
(ii) > 0.84 mm on map from measured
location for large scale maps (<1:20000)
Scale and accuracy

29. Defining the coordinate system – map
registration
Ground Control points (GCPs) +
Grid/pixel geographic
1 (x1,y1) (long1,lat1)
2 (x2,y2) (long2,lat2)
3 (x3,y3) (long3,lat3)
4 (x4,y4) (long4,lat4)
(Known geographic coordinates on map)
x
y
0,0 fit a surface: long = a+bx+cy
lat = d+ex+fy
Scanned image made of pixels
GCPs
(Or converting scanned image from pixel units to real world coordinates
using GCPs)

30. Types of Maps :
Based on Scale:
1. Large-scale Maps:
i. Cadastral maps
ii. Topographical maps
2. Small-scale Maps:
i. Wall Maps
ii. Atlas Maps
Based on Function:
1. Physical Maps
i. Relief Maps
ii. Geological Maps
iii. Climatic Maps
iv. Soil Maps
2. Cultural Maps
i. Political Maps
ii. Population Maps
iii. Economic Maps
iv. Transportation Maps

31. Cadastral Maps :
The term ‘cadastral’ is derived from the French word ‘cadastre’ meaning ‘register of
territorial property’. These maps are drawn to show the ownership of landed property by
demarcating field boundaries of agricultural land and the plan of individual houses in urban
areas. The cadastral maps are prepared by the government agencies to realise revenue and
taxes, along with keeping a record of ownership. These maps are drawn on a very large scale,
such as the cadastral maps of villages at 1 : 4,000 scale and the city plans at a scale of 1 : 2,000
and larger

32. Topographical Maps :
These maps are also prepared on a
fairly large scale. The topographical
maps are based on precise surveys
and are prepared in the form of
series of maps made by the national
mapping agencies of almost all
countries of the world. For example,
the Survey of India undertakes the
topographical mapping of the entire
country at 1 : 250,000, 1 : 50,000
and 1 : 25,000 scale. These maps
follow uniform colours and symbols
to show topographic details such as
relief, drainage, agricultural land,
forest, settlements, means of
communication, location of schools,
post offices and other services and
facilities.

33. Wall Maps :
These maps are
generally drawn on
large size paper or on
plastic base for use in
classrooms or lecture
halls. The scale of wall
maps is generally
smaller than the scale of
topographical maps but
larger than atlas maps.

34. Atlas Maps :
Atlas maps are very small-scale
maps. These maps represent fairly
large areas and present highly
generalised picture of the physical
or cultural features. an atlas map
serves as geographical information
about the world, continents,
countries or regions. When
consulted properly, these maps
provide a wealth of generalised
information regarding location,
relief, drainage, climate,
vegetation, distribution of cities
and towns, population, location of
industries, transport-network
system, tourism and heritage sites,
etc.

35. Physical Maps: Physical maps show natural features such as
relief, geology, soils, drainage, elements of weather, climate and
vegetation
Relief Maps: Relief maps
show general topography
of an area like mountains
and valleys, plains,
plateaus and drainage.
Geological Maps: These maps
are drawn to show geological
structures, rock types, etc.

36. Climatic Maps :
These maps depict
climatic regions of
an area. Besides,
maps are also drawn
to show the
distribution of
temperature,
rainfall, cloudiness,
relative humidity,
direction and
velocity of winds
and other elements
of weather

37. Soil Maps : Maps
are also drawn to
show the
distribution of
different types of
soil(s) and their
properties

38. Cultural Maps: 4 types
Cultural maps show man-made features. These
include a variety of maps showing population
distribution and growth, sex and age, social and
religious composition, literacy, levels of
educational attainment, occupational structure,
location of settlements, facilities and services,
transportation lines and production, distribution
and flow of different commodities.

39. Political Maps: These
maps show the
administrative divisions
of an area such as
country, state or district.
These maps facilitate the
administrative machinery
in planning and
management of the
concerned administrative
unit

40. Population Maps: The
population maps are
drawn to show the
distribution, density and
growth of population,
age and sex composition
distribution of religious,
linguistic and social
groups, occupational
structure of the
population, etc. (Fig 1.11
on previous page).
Population maps serve
the most significant role
in the planning and
development of an area.

41. Economic Maps: Economic maps depict production and distribution of different
types of crops and minerals, location of industries and markets, routes for trade and
flow of commodities. Figures 1.12 and 1.13 show the land use and cropping
patterns and the location of industries in Nagpur district respectively.

42. Transportation Maps: These maps show roads, railway lines and the location of
railway stations and airports

43. Toposheet
 Toposheet is a Map which provides information all
main topographical features with specified legend
and symbology with various scales of maps
according to user requirements. This data will acts
as a baseline data for any geographical related
studies

44. Map projections
Transformation of 3-d earth’s surface to 2-d on paper
(mathematical transformation with equations and
parameters)
Projection
Type Projection surface
Source
ellipsoid
Adapted from: ESRI

45. Map projections lead to distortions … ..
Choice of Projections depends on allowable distortions in:
Shape
Area
Distance
Direction
(angle) Adapted from ESR

46. Projection forms
• conformal – maintains shape
• equivalent - maintains area
• equidistant - maintains distance
• true direction - maintains direction (angle)
Cylinder Cone Plane
Projection surfaces

47. Types of Map Projections
1. Cylindrical Map Projections
2. Conic Map Projections
3. Azimuthal Map Projection
A map projection is a systematic transformation of
the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the
surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a
plane. Maps cannot be created without map
projections. All map projections necessarily distort
the surface in some fashion.

48. 1. Cylindrical Map Projections:
Cylindrical map projections are one way of portraying the Earth. This kind of map
projection has straight coordinate lines with horizontal parallels crossing meridians
at right angles. All meridians are equally spaced and the scale is consistent along
each parallel. Cylindrical map projections are rectangles, but are called cylindrical
because they can be rolled up and their edges mapped in a tube, or cylinder. The
only factor that distinguishes different cylindrical map projections from one another
is the scale used when spacing the parallel lines on the map.
Cylindrical map projections are great for comparing latitudes to each other and are
useful for teaching and visualizing the world as a whole, but really aren’t the most
accurate way of visualizing how the world really looks in its entirety.

49. 2. Conic Map Projections:
conic map projections include the equidistant conic projection, These maps are defined by the
cone constant, which dictates the angular distance between meridians. Like the cylindrical
projection, conic map projections have parallels that cross the meridians at right angles with a
constant measure of distortion throughout. Conic map projections are designed to be able to be
wrapped around a cone on top of a sphere (globe), but aren’t supposed to be geometrically
accurate.
The distortion in a conic map makes it inappropriate for use as a visual of the entire Earth but
does make it great for use visualizing temperate regions, weather maps, climate projections,
and more.

50. 3. Azimuthal Map Projection
The azimuthal map projection is
angular- given three points on a map
(A, B, and C) the azimuth from Point
B to Point C dictates the angle
someone would have to look or travel
in order to get to A. These angular
relationships are more commonly
known as great circle arcs or geodesic
arcs. The main features of azimuthal
map projections are straight meridian
lines, radiating out from a central
point, parallels that are circular around
the central point, and equidistant
parallel spacing. Light paths in three
different categories (orthographic,
stereographic, and gnomonic) can also
be used. Azimuthal maps are
beneficial for finding direction from
any point on the Earth using the
central point as a reference.

51. Shape file
 A shape file is a simple, nontopological format for
storing the geometric location and attribute
information of geographic features. Geographic
features in a shape file can be represented by
points, lines, or polygons (areas).

52. Steps: Creating your Shape file ArcGIS
 Open Arc Catalog.
 Navigate to your project folder.
 From the menu, click File>New>Shapefile.
 Give your shapefile a name and select a geometry
based on what type of features you are trying to
draw.
 Use the Edit button to select the coordinate system
that you are using in your ArcMap project.

53. Steps: Creating your Shape file in Q GIS
 Open the georeferenced image (Layer > Add Raster
Layer) or WMS layer (Layer > Add WMS Layer)
in QGIS.
 Select Layer > New > New Shape file Layer to
create the new empty layer for your vector feature.
 You will then be prompted to confirm: ...
 The shape file will be added to the Table of
Contents panel on the left hand side.

54. Georeferencing
Geo-referencing is the process of assigning
real-world coordinates to each pixel of the
raster/ map or aerial photo image can be related
to a ground system of geographic coordinates.
Many times these coordinates are obtained by
doing field surveys - collecting coordinates
with a GPS device for few easily identifiable
features in the image or map.
Importance of Geo referencing for the Mapping
Data. Geo referencing can be understood as the process of
conveying real coordinates to the spatial data. It assigns
coordinates to the pixels of raster images. Common frames
and coordinate systems are developed to define the
positions within the information

55. Digitization
 Convert (pictures or sound) into a digital form
that can be processed by a computer
 Digitization, less commonly digitalization, is
the process of converting information into a
digital format, in which the information is
organized into bits.

56. Spatial Data formats
Spatial Data
Vector format - features represented as
points, lines, areas - discrete objects
view of reality (analog maps)
Raster format - features represented as
grid of squares/grid cells/pixels - fields
view of reality (continuous variation in
properties of earth’s surface - imageries,
photographs)
In principle, both formats can be used to code fields
and discrete objects

57. Spatial Data formats: Vector and Raster
representations of reality (highway)
vector
format
raster
format
a series of points joined by straight lines to form graphic representation
of the feature (highway)
Study area divided into a mesh of grid cells; each cell on feature
(highway) given a numerical value to represent feature
Columns
Rows

58. Vector and Raster Formats
Fig source: http://www.extension.umn.edu/

59. Spatial data Generation in Vector Format
(process of converting a scanned paper map
into GIS data by on-screen digitizing)
Screen
• digitization: generation of data of X,Y coordinates of points, lines and
polygons; and their identities, geometry, and topology (connections)
and their storage in a database (feature attribute tables in MS Access)
• for lines, geometry = line length
• for polygons, geometry = area, perimeter
• points, lines and polygons have independent feature attribute tables
• attribute data: can be added to feature attribute tables or stored in
external database with common Ids for thematic mapping
• georeference scanned image:
define coordinate system – datum,
projection, GCPs)
• discretize lines/areas into points
(nodes) and digitize as straight-line
segments

60. Google Earth
 Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D
representation of Earth based primarily on satellite
imagery. The program maps the Earth by superimposing
satellite images, aerial photography, and GIS data onto
a 3D globe, allowing users to see cities and landscapes
from various angles
Satellite View Navigation Street view

62. Navigation
Navigation is the process of
changing the position of your view
of the Earth. The position of the
view can be changed through the
navigation controls, mouse
navigation, key combinations,
searching, or visiting pre-defined
places.