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1. Submitted to-
Dr. Bhupendra Singh
Submitted by –
Neha Yadav
220749
MSc 2nd semester
TOPIC-CASE STUDY OF THERMAL POWER
PLANT

2. CONTENTS
.
 INTRODUCTION
 WORKING PRINCIPLE & LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
 EIA Of THERMAL POWER PLANT
 PROJECT PROFILE
 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ANALYSIS
 TOOLS FOR IMPACT ANALYSIS
 REMEDIATION MEASURES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
.
 A thermal power plant converts the heat energy of coal into
electrical energy. Coal is burnt in boiler which converts water into
steam. The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical
power which drives the alternator coupled to the turbine. Thermal
power plants contribute maximum to the generation of power for
any country
 Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total installed
captive and non captive power generation in India.
 In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas etc. are
employed as primary sources of energy

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE
.
 Firstly the water is taken into boiler from a water source. The boiler is
heated with the help of coal,
 The increase in temperature helps in the transformation of water into
steam. The steam generated in the boiler is sent through a steam
turbine.
 The turbine has blades that rotate when high velocity steam flows
across them. This rotation of turbine blades is used to generate
electricity.
 A generator is connected to the steam turbine. When the turbine turns,
electricity is generated and given as output by the generator, which is
then supplied to the consumers through high-voltage power lines.

5. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
.

6. EIA Of THERMAL POWER PLANT at Raigarh district of
Chattisgarh by Jindal Steel and Power Ltd (JSPL)
.
About the project:
• JSPL is operating a open cast coal mine, along with Crushing, Screening and
Washing plant, in Rajgarh.
• JSPL has now set up a 2x150 MW thermal power plant which will use the
middling and coal fines generated during coal washing as Raw material
• The company runs a steel plant in Raigarh and proposes to transmit the power
generated by this thermal power plant to its steel plant through its own
dedicated transmission network

7. Salient features of the project
• Location
• Village- Dongamahua, Gharghoda Tehsil, of Raigarh district. The site is approximately 50 kms away
from Raigarh, and 30 kms off the Raigarh-Ambikapur state highway.
• The Kelo river flows at a distance of around 3.5 kms from this proposed site. There are many seasonal
drains and tributaries of the Kelo, which ultimately merge into the river.
• The area surrounding the project site is rich in coal, and therefore many coalmines are either
operating, or are proposed. Also, industries based on coal have also come up with the 4x250 MW
Jindal Super Thermal Power Plant is under construction 7 km away from the project site. Within a 0-7
km radius of the project site, apart from the open cast coal mine, one underground coalmine is
operational 3 km away from the proposed site, and another five coalmines are proposed.
• Fuel
Coal
Requires 2.47 million tonnes of coal per annum (312tonnes/hr for 330 days)
Middlings and coal fines are transported to plant site via road or conveyor belts
The project also requires some light diesel oil (LDO).

8. Water Requirement
• The project will require 7.46 million cubic meters of water (MCM), which will be
sourced from groundwater collected in the mine sump, and from borewells.
Land use
• Requires 56 acres of land (approximately 22.7 hectares).The area has a flat
topography. According to the EIA report, the land acquired for the project is
either agricultural or wasteland.
Human habitation
• 94 inhabited revenue villages within a 10-km radius

9. Environmental impact of the project and the analysis of the EIA report
1. Impact of water consumption by the project
• Thermal power projects are normally water intensive, and the impact on local water resources is one of
the major impact areas. According to the EIA report, the proposed project will consume 7.46 MCM of
water, which will reduce to 6.84 MCM through recirculation and reuse. All of this will be groundwater –
either seepage of groundwater in the existing mine sump, or water from borewells. The EIA report
states that the excess water available in the mine sump is 4.39 MCM and therefore the additional 2.45
MCM will have to be met from borewells.
• Also, the EIA report claims that the water requirement in the washeries would increase to 1,400 m3/day
in the future, from the current 500 m3/day. This means an additional consumption of 900 m3/day.
Therefore, the water requirement which will be met from borewells will be 3.23 MCM, and not 2.45
MCM. Even if the water availability and water consumption from the coal mines is taken into
consideration, the water consumption required would be 1.38 MCM. This is the minimum water
requirement of the proposed thermal power plant, which will be met from borewells.
• Another issue related to groundwater is that breaching of groundwater by mining activity has the
potential to substantially alter the local groundwater regime. For instance, in the coal mine, the average
seepage of groundwater is 11,200 m3/day.

10. 2. Impact of the project on local air quality:
• Thermal power projects are hugely air polluting. Assessing the impact of air pollutants is therefore very important
in the EIA for a thermal power plant. Suspended particulates, sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx),
carbon dioxide (CO2) and emissions of mercury have to be estimated, and their impact assessed.
• Particulate emissions: The EIA for the proposed project has estimated the particulate emissions as 64.5 kg/hr,
which works out to 511 tonnes of particulate emissions per annum.
• SO2 and NOx emissions: The EIA has estimated the SO2 emissions as approximately 3120 kg/hr. However, while the
EIA mentions that light diesel oil will be used as a secondary fuel, Oil has a high sulphur content (1.8%), and
therefore, data on the quantity of oil consumed would make the estimation of SO2 emissions much more robust.
• Similarly the EIA report has estimated the NOx emissions as approximately 4,000 tonnes per annum.
• Apart from coal, fly ash is also a source of fugitive emissions. An estimated 1.37 million tonnes of ash (fly ash and
bottom ash) will be generated every year, and all of this will be highly susceptible to fugitive emissions.
3. Local biodiversity
• The region surrounding the proposed site is rich in biodiversity. More than a fourth of the area in the buffer zone
is forested. According to the EIA report, even the core zone is home to mammals like foxes and monkeys. The
buffer zone consists of many protected species including the spotted deer, the macaque, bear, and the leopard.
• The region surrounding the proposed plant is also rich in mahua plantations, which is of very high economic value
to the local community. There are allegations (recorded in a case submitted to the National Appellate
Authority, which is reviewing the environmental clearance given to the 2nd stage of JSPL’s existing steel plant)
that emissions from JSPL’s existing steel plant in Raigarh have caused a reduction in the yields of mahua crop
in the surrounding areas.

11. 4. Solid waste management:
• The proposed plant generates fly ash and bottom ash – a total of 1.37 million tonnes of solid wastes will
be generated.
TOOLS FOR IMPACT ANALYSIS
• Checklists
• Matrices
• Networks
• Overlays and geographical information systems (GIS)
• Expert systems
• Professional judgement

12. IMPACT MITIGATION
• to avoid, minimize or remedy adverse impacts
• to ensure that residual impacts are within acceptable levels
• to enhance environmental and social benefits

13. Remediation measures in thermal power plant
• Air pollution control:
For boiler stacks - ESP/ Bag house
Coal crusher - Bag filter
Coal mill - Bag filter
• SOx control:
Use of alternative fuel
Low sulphur containing fuel
Lime dosing
High stack
• NOx control:
Ammonia injection
Low NOx burner
Flue gas recirculation

14. Fugitive Dust control:
• Covered storage yard for coal
• Closed unloading of coal with adequate dust suction device
• Closed conveyor belt for transportation of raw
Fly ash management:
• Ash disposal site should be lined to prevent metal contamination
• Construction of green barrier all around the ash pond
• Construction of piezometric holes
• Recycling of ash pond effluents

15. Conclusion
• JSPL’s proposed thermal power plant is not a small-scale project. There are two main impact areas of
the project – impact on local groundwater regime, and impact on forests and local biodiversity. The
project is coming up in a forested area. It is the site of the project that will play the largest role in
deciding its overall environmental impact. The region is eco-sensitive for many reasons – the forests
form the base of peoples’ livelihood in this predominantly tribal area (mahua in particular is central to
the local economy), the forests are also home to many protected species and moreover forests play an
extremely important role in groundwater recharging.
• The ecology in the area is facing the impacts of many industrial projects – including the 4x250 MW
Super Thermal Power Plant, many coal mines, and many sponge iron plants. Therefore, in considering
the environmental impact of this proposed project, the larger picture has to be kept in mind, the impact
on the local ecology – whether on the forests, or on the local groundwater regime - will be cumulative.

16. REFRENCES:
.
1. An India case study on Thermal power plants
2. International journal of Environmental Engineering and
management
3. www.cseindia.org
4. www.environmental-experts.com
5. www.researchgate.net
6. www.cenfa.org

17. .
THANK YOU