A Presentation on Lithium Ion Batteries

1. Chemistry in
everyday life
Lithium Ion Batteries
By Nelan Akanksha Topno and Samarth Bhatnagar

2. Lithium
-One of the three elements formed in Big Bang
along with Hydrogen and Helium
-Discovered in 1817 by Swedish chemists Johan
August Arfwedson and Jöns Jacob Berzelius who
purified it out of Utö Mine Sample, in the Stockholm
archipelago.
-Berselius named it after the Greek word for stone,
lithos.
-In 1855 the German chemist Robert Bunsen and
the British chemist Augustus Matthiessen obtained
it in bulk by the electrolysis of molten lithium
chloride
-Top producers of lithium are Chile, China and
Australia, produced from brines that yield lithium
carbonate when treated with sodium carbonate.
The metal is produced by the electrolysis of molten
lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
-Lithium's weakness- it's reactivity is also its
strength
-Lightest metal but so unstable that it has to be
stored under petroleum jelly so that it does not
react with air

3. LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES- ONE OF THE MOST USED MATERIALS
-Utilized in electronics from
smartphones, laptops and
tablets to speakers, power
tools, personal care
appliances, etc
-Widely applied in portable
electronic equipment and
electric vehicles due to its
inherent high energy density,
long cycle life and
environmentally benign
-Future broad use includes
clean energy battery
operated buses, cars, auto-
bicycles and forklifts
-One of the biggest uses is
their use in solar panels

4. NOBLE PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2019
FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
John B. Goodenough
The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2019
M. Stanley Whittingham
The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2019
Akira Yoshino
The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2019

5. M. STANLEY WHITTINGHAM
-Started Investigation on superconducting materials,
including tantalum disulphide which can intercalate
ions
-Very high energy density potassium ions affected
the conductivity of tantalum disulphide
-While researching more on lithium and Ionic
conductivity in solids, found out that materials with
high reduction potential were easily able to
accommodate lithium ions at high transfer rate
-Of these materials the one of particular interest
were metal chalcogenides of the type MX2
-Finally found a chalcogenide of Titanium disulphide
which can easily host lithium ions
-His battery was composed of Lithium metal as
anode, TiS2 as the cathode, with LiPF6 as the
electrolyte in propylene carbonate

6. JOHN B. GOODENOUGH
-He found another intercalated metal
chalcogenide which can be used as a
cathode
-He found that Metal oxides would
work much better than metal
disulfide
-His suggested structure was of the form LiXCoO2,
which had van der waals gaps between the cobalt
oxide layers in which lithium ions could be bound
without lattice expansion
-He further found that the compound of the form
LiXCoO2 worked best with an X of Oxygen, a small
electronegative element with a large negative free
energy and high cell voltage
-He did not make pre charged batteries but made
batteries which can be charged later after
manufacture

7. AKIRA YOSHINO
-He further built on Goodenough's battery with
LiO.CoO2 as the cathode for the battery and
started working on anode
-Before him what was general used metallic
lithium or graphite having lithium intercalated in
-He started working on various carbon-based
materials as anode and had the eureka moment
when he tried used petroleum coke, a by product of
oil industry
-When charged with electrons, the petroleum coke
was seen to draw lithium ions towards itself and
when he turned on the battery the lithium ions and
electrons flowed towards the cobalt oxide in the
cathode, which had a much higher potential
-His battery was lightweight, stable and had a
capacity of 4 volts
-His idea of Lithium ions intercalated in electrodes
instead of chemical reaction in the electrodes

8. REACTIONS INVOLVED
Lithium ions flow from the anode to the cathode, and
electrons flow from the cathode to the anode when the
battery is in use.
When you charge a lithium-ion battery, the process is exactly
the opposite. The lithium ions return to the anode from the
cathode. Electrons are transferred from the anode to the
cathode. Lithium ions flow from the cathode to the anode, and
electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, as the battery is
charging.

9. Papers' Presented

10. References-
1) https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium
2) https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/popular-information/
3) Tomooki Hosaka, Kei Kubota, Shinichi Komaba, 7.04 - Electrode materials
for K-ion batteries, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry III (Third Edition),
Elsevier, 2023, Pages 83-127
4)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adma.201800561 (30
Years of Lithium-Ion Batteries)
5) https://inverted.in/blog/learn-about-the-working-of-lithium-ion-batteries
6) https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/sc/c8ta10513h
(Lithium-ion batteries: outlook on present, future, and hybridized
technologies)

11. Thank You