x-ray, a very important EM wave which have many industrial applications.

1. X-RAY
Presented By:
Suraj Kumar Saini
(2015kuec2015)
Presented To:
Dr. Ruby Dwivedi
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2. Table of Content
 X- Ray
 Properties of X-ray
 History
 Working
 Application
 Advantage and Disadvantage
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3. X-Ray
 X-rays are the electromagnetic waves, they are more energetic so
they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees.
 An X-ray machine is basically like a camera.
It uses X-rays to expose the film, instead of visible light.
 When the X-rays hit the film or sheet, they expose it just as light
would. Since bone, fat, muscle, tumors and other masses all
absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the film has
different (distinct) structures inside the body because of the
different levels of exposure on the film.
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4. Properties of X-Rays
 X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers,
corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz
(30×1015 Hz to 30×1018 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100
keV.
 X- Rays have relatively high penetrating power.
 They are classified into Hard X-ray and Soft X- Ray:
 X-ray which have high energy and shorter wavelength is known as
Hard X-ray.
 X-ray which have low energy and longer wavelength is known as Soft
X-ray.
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5. History
 X-ray technology was invented completely by accident. In
1895, a German physicist “Wilhelm Roentgen” made the
discovery while experimenting with electron beams in a gas
discharge tube.
 Roentgen placed various objects between the tube and the
screen, and the screen still glowed.
 Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass through the tissue
of humans leaving the bones and metals visible. One of
Roentgen’s first experiments late in 1895 was a film of his wife
Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger.
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6. Working 6

7.  Correct exposure is important to produce a reliable image on the film. Over-
or underexposure will result in loss of contrast and therefore possibly in loss of
diagnostic information.
body
film
X-Ray
source
Dark
Light
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8. Continue…
 Calcium in bones is considered a type of metal and when
photographic film is placed on the body, this allows the technician to
take the picture and an x-ray is developed to solve or analyze the
problem.
 The soft tissue in your body is composed of smaller atoms, and so
does not absorb X-ray photons particularly well. The calcium atoms
that make up your bones are much larger, so they are better at
absorbing X-ray photons.
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9. Applications
 Medicine:
 Dentists use them to find complications, cavities and
impacted teeth. Soft body tissue are transparent to the
waves. Bones also block the rays.
 Used to detect fractures and formation of stones in
human body.
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10.  Industry:
 X-rays are used in industry to inspect products
made by various kinds of materials.
 To identify manufacturing defects in tyres, tennis
ball and also used to check defects in diamond
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11.  Science:
 used to analyze the arrangement of atoms in
many kinds of substances,
particularly crystals.
 Used in analysis of crystal structure and structure
of complex organic molecule.
 Security:
 X-ray machines are used in airports to check
luggage.
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12. Advantage and disadvantage of X-
Ray
 Advantage:
 X-ray is the cheapest, the most convenient and widely used method.
 X-ray are not absorbed very much by air, so the specimen need not be
in an evacuated chamber.
 Disadvantage:
 They do not interact very strongly with lighter elements.
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13. References
 https://www.google.co.in/
 https://www.slideshare.net/Shweta0802/picture-archiving-and-
communication-system
 https://kpmjps.weebly.com/x-rays.html
 https://xtal.biochem.umass.edu/facility.htm
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