ASSESSING PRIVATE WAREHOUSING SECURITY IN GHANA A Case Of Selected Warehouses At Tema

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SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY
REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY
ASSESSING PRIVATE WAREHOUSING SECURITY
IN GHANA
A Case of Selected Warehouses at Tema
By
NJOMNANG DARLYNE MINETTE
Cameroon
A research paper submitted to the Shanghai Maritime Universityand Regional Maritime
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT
(LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT)
JUNE, 2015
Copyright: Njomnang Darlyne Minette, 2015

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this long essay is my own work; it is being submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.Sc. Management (Logistics
Management) at Regional Maritime University Ghana and Shanghai Maritime
University.
I also declare that this work has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any
other university except for the permission references from other sources which have
been duly acknowledged.
Name of student Date Signature
Njomnang Darlyne Minette ……/……/….. ..……………
(BLS0001915)
Name of supervisor Date Signature
Mr. Gabriel Senanu Akakpo ……/……/……. …………….….

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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the glory of God to whom I say THANK YOU, my lovely
parents, and siblings.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am indebted with gratitude to host of individuals and institutions that through diverse
ways helped in the completion of this study. That notwithstanding I scribble these few
words as a record of my sincere appreciation.
My heartfelt gratitude goes to our Lord Jesus Christ, the creator and curator of wisdom. I
am particularly grateful to my parents, Mr. Ngomenang Daniel, Mr. Nguepnang Jean-
Blaise and Mrs. Njilo Alice, who encouraged me and sponsored and supported me
through my years of education.
I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Gabriel Senanu Akakpo whose motivation,
direction and encouragement from the onset helped me understand my topic with
insightful contributions throughout the preparation of this research.
I cannot end my acknowledgement without mentioning Mr. Sambien Bandjie of the
Ghana Revenue Authority-warehousing office at the port of Tema, Mr. Kwesi Ofosu
Asiedu of Red Sea Maritime Services Ltd and Mr. Joel Nyarko of Distell Ghana
Limited.
I will also like to express my sincere gratitude to Eli Andoli and all my course mates.
I would also like to thank my family members who devoted their moral and material
support to me while writing this dissertation.
Lastly, I am grateful for the foresight of the Regional Maritime University and the
Shanghai Maritime University for introducing this program of which I am privileged to
be a pioneering part. It is our belief that the new breed of professionals that will play an
integral role in the logistics and supply chain revolution of the African continent are
being produced through the pioneering initiative of these prestigious institutions.

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ABSTRACT
Title of the research paper: Assessing Private Warehousing Security in Ghana-
A Case of Selected Warehouses at Tema
Degree: Bachelor of Management
The study assesses the warehousing security -related challenges of selected private
warehouses at Tema looking at the fundamental stakeholders within and outside
warehousing security at the port city of Tema, with a focus on some mitigation measures
that can be implemented to ensure warehousing security. A sample of 45 respondents
was drawn from a target population of 80 warehousing industry players using purposive
and convenience sampling methods where appropriate. The data was collected through
questionnaires and interviews and was analyzed using SWOT analysis to compare the
status of each of the selected warehouses. Based on the SWOT analysis, a forecasting
model using a simple moving average method was developed. The study established that
there are warehousing related-challenges such as theft/pilferage; lack of security
measure implementation, improper care to cargo which usually leads to contamination,
among others. The study recommended that the private warehouses should invest in
security measures by hiring more security personnel to watch their premises. IT
technologies such as RFID, CCTV cameras, and modern software such as WMS systems
should be used in warehouses. Finally, human resources and legal reforms should be
considered to address the various challenges which impede effective warehousing.
Keywords: Warehousing security, SWOT Analysis, Forecasting.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................viii
ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study ..........................................................................................1
1.1.1 Bolloré Africa Logistics Ghana ......................................................................3
1.1.2 Distell Ghana Limited.....................................................................................3
1.1.3 UT Logistics Ghana Limited.............................................................................4
1.1.4 Red Sea Maritime Services Limited ...............................................................4
1.1.5 Cocobod Ghana Limited.................................................................................5
1.2 Problem statement....................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Objectives.................................................................................................6
1.4 Research Questions ..................................................................................................6
1.5 Justification of the study ..........................................................................................6
1.6 The scope of the study..............................................................................................7
1.7 Limitations of the study ...........................................................................................7
1.8 Delimitations of the study........................................................................................7
1.9 Organisation of chapters ..........................................................................................7

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CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................8
2.0 Chapter Overview ....................................................................................................8
2.1 Overview of Warehousing .......................................................................................8
2.2 The Warehousing Industry in Ghana .......................................................................9
2.3 Security of warehouses ..........................................................................................15
2.3.1 Strategic issues affecting warehousing............................................................16
CHAPTER THREE .........................................................................................................20
METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................20
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................20
3.2 Research Design.....................................................................................................20
3.3 Area of Study .........................................................................................................21
3.4 Target Population and Sample Size .......................................................................21
3.5 Sampling Methods .................................................................................................23
3.6 Research Instruments or Data Collection Methods and Techniques .....................24
3.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Tools .............................................................25
3.8 Constraints or Challenges of the Study..................................................................26
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................27
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA.......................27
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................27
4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents..............................................27
4.2.1 The Sex of Respondents ..................................................................................27
4.2.2 The Age of the Respondents............................................................................28
4.2.3. Level of Education, type of organisation, Rank or Position and Work
Experiences of Respondents .........................................................................29
4.3 The warehousing security Related Challenges of private warehouses at Tema ....31
4.3.1. Assessment of the security related challenges of private warehousing of
Tema................................................................................................................31

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4.3.2 The fundamental stakeholders within and outside warehousing security at
Tema................................................................................................................34
4.4. Some mitigation measures that can be implemented to ensure private
warehousing security..............................................................................................35
4.5. SWOT Analysis for the Selected Warehouses......................................................35
4.6. Forecasting of UT Logistics for the next year using moving average method. ....39
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................42
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........42
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................42
5.2: Summary of the Research Findings ......................................................................42
5.2 Conclusions............................................................................................................43
5.3 Recommendations..................................................................................................44
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................48
APPENDIX 1: AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER ..........................................................51
APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION.............................................52
APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE.............................................................................58
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sample group distribution and sampling frame ............................................................. 23
Table 2: Work experience of respondents with their organizations............................................. 31
Table 3: Views given by respondents on the conditions of private warehouses at Tema ............ 33
Table 4: SWOT analysis of selected warehouses......................................................................... 37
Table 5: Security budget of UT Logistics for year 2012, 2013 and 2014...................................... 39
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: A bar chart showing percentage gender distribution of respondents .............. 28
Figure 2: Percentage age distribution of respondents..................................................... 29
Figure 3: A pie chart showing level of education of respondents .................................. 30

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ABBREVIATIONS
AVL: Automatic Vehicle Locator
BSIA: British Security Industry Association
CAQDAS: Computer aided qualitative data analysis
CCTB: Continental Commodities Trading Company Ghana Limited
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CFSAN: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
EUCommission: European Union Commission
GCe-Trak: Ghana Customs electronic Track
GIFF: Ghana Institute of Freight Forwarders
GM: General Manufactured commodities
GPHA: Ghana Ports and Harbour Authority
GRA: Ghana Revenue Authority
GRA-CD: Ghana Revenue Authority –Customs Division
GSA: Ghana Shipper Authority
ICD: Inland Container/Clearance Depots
ISO: International Standard Organization
ISPE: Engineering Pharmaceutical Innovation
JIT: Just In Time
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification Device
RSMS: Red Sea Maritime Services Limited
SMA: Simple Moving Average
TAPA EMEA: Transported Assets Protection Association
TV: Television
US: United States
USD: United States Dollard
WIP: Work In Progress

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
In today’s challenging and competitive world, a company success can hinge on whether
its warehouse security meets customers’ expectations in terms of productivity and
efficiency. One way to gauge how effectively a warehouse operation meets these
expectations is by conducting a warehouse security assessment which is a systematic
review of the warehouse functions looking for possible improvements in efficiency and
service. A good security assessment takes a quantitative look at the productivity and
service and identifies patterns and trends; it explains exactly where the warehouse is and
what needs to be done to meet the company’s goals. It also helps to compare warehouse
measurements with the company’s in-house goals as well as industry benchmarks.
From a Lay man’s definition a warehouse can be defined as a place for keeping goods
for future usage. Warehouses are of categories such as opened or closed warehouses.
On a one hand, an opened warehouse also called shed, is an opened place just as the
name indicates used for keeping goods such as raw materials, parts or manufactured
products .e.g. RSMS storing iron rocks, Japan motors storing cars in the warehouses.
On the other hand, a closed warehouse is a building where basically commercial or
traded products are being stored. These goods can be raw materials, semi-finished
goods, and finished products among others. Closed warehouses are usually operated by
manufacturers or wholesalers/retailers. They are categorized as either factory or market
warehouse. Factory warehouses are used by manufacturers to store their raw materials
and finished products when they have being processed. E.g. Distell Ghana limited.
Market warehouses are used by either wholesalers or retailers for commercial purposes
it typically stores products for retail companies like Shoprite or Wal-Mart. A
commercial warehouse is a place or building used for commercial purposes. It is usually

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managed by Third Party Logistics operators who keep goods of either importers or
traders or exporters. It is in this direction that Frazelle (2002) stated that warehouses are
commercial buildings for storing manufactured goods, imported goods and goods to be
exported. “ Logistics is defined as those activities that relate to receiving the right
product or service in the right quantity, in the right quality, in the right place, at the right
time, delivering to the right customer, and doing this at the right cost (The seven R’s)”
(Shapiro, Heskett,1985).
Warehousing is part of a firm’s logistics system that stores products (raw materials,
parts, goods-in-process, finished goods) at and between points of origin and point of
consumption, and provides information to management on the status, condition, and
disposition of items being stored. The objective of warehousing is to minimize the cost
of labor, space, and equipment in the warehouse while meeting the cycle time and
shipping accuracy requirements of the customer service policy and the storage capacity
requirements of the inventory play (Frazelle, 2002). Typical activities performed are
inventory control, materials handling, packaging, order processing, transportation and
warehouse site selection (Frazelle, 2002).
The term “security” generally refers to “the state of being free or protected against
danger or threat” and it is usually related to threats that are perpetrated voluntarily
against a target (Inglese, 2008). One part of security includes “safety” with the
difference that “security” includes those threats that are intentionally performed on a
target, while safety is based mostly on operational accidents and relates often to a
potential damage to society and its individuals. ISO (2008) proposes a definition of
supply chain security covering all the efforts to enhance the security of people and cargo
in the supply chain against such antagonistic threats as terrorism, fraud and piracy etc.
Hence, given the interpretation of warehousing as well as of security incidents, the
expression used in this report “warehousing Security” is associated to the following

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definition: “The state of cargo moved within warehousing of being protected against
voluntarily attacks such as terrorism, theft, fraud and counterfeiting”.
It is very important that efforts to assess warehousing security in Ghana and particularly
at the Tema port are emphasized as a result of “flow disruptions” perpetrated by parties
working in the security areas. The security incidents considered in this study are those
taking place in warehouses, where products, components or raw materials are
temporarily stored or moved between companies that are part of supply chains and all
attacks deliberately perpetrated against cargo in storage warehouses. To elucidate these
incidents, the Rx-360 Supply Chain Security White Paper (June, 2012) states that the
primary risks to products are counterfeiting, diversion, theft and adulteration. To
corroborate this point, (Urciuoli, 2010) stated that typical security incidents in
warehouses may include theft, smuggling, counterfeiting of the cargo or terror and
contamination.
1.1.1 Bolloré Africa Logistics Ghana
Bolloré Africa Logistics Ghana is a subsidiary of the Bolloré group which is majority
controlled by the Bolloré family. The company is situated in Tema and it conducts
logistics activities such as freight forwarding, road freight (Door-to-door delivery,
transport within Ghana and to neighboring countries) and Value-added warehousing
using Computerised warehouse management system, CCTV, intrusion alarm, advanced
receiving and inspection processes, Stock level & inventory management, specialized
handling equipment.
1.1.2 Distell Ghana Limited
Created in 2013 and launched by the Ghana Minister of Trade and Industry, Mr. Haruna
Iddrisu, Distell Ghana Limited is a subsidiary of a partnership between Finatrade Group
and Distell Group based in South Africa. The company has a bottling plant to produce
locally Hunters Gold, Savanna Dry cider, Knight whisky etc. which are then stored in
the company’s bonded warehouses. The Customs Division of Ghana Revenue Authority

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is in charge to step up their surveillance system to stem practices such as menace of
smuggling, counterfeiting and piracy that have the tendency to thwart the efforts of local
industries.
1.1.3 UT Logistics Ghana Limited
UT Logistics is the trading and logistics arm of UT Holdings which is one of Ghana's
largest and most diversified private companies with holdings in a Bank, Life Insurance,
Logistics, Properties Management, Debt collection, Private Security Services, and non-
bank financial institutions in Nigeria and South Africa, providing diversified but
integrated financial solutions to small and medium businesses and individuals. UT
Logistics is a diversified company undertaking freight forwarding, clearing of goods
clearing, shipping, haulage and warehousing business activities. At the port of Tema this
company operates bonded and commercial warehouses sharing its premises with other
companies engaged in warehousing. Specialized fenced building and security measures
are put in place to protect products.
1.1.4 Red Sea Maritime Services Limited
Red Sea Maritime Services Limited (RSMS) is a GPHA-licensed shore-handling
company with operations covering the provision of receipt and delivery services in
conventional general cargo in the Port of Tema-Ghana. Incorporated under the
Companies Act 1963, it was established on 17th April, 2010. The head office is located
in Tema Community 6, with a branch in the Port of Tema and a spacious Off-Dock yard
on the meridian road for the holding and delivery of earthmoving and heavy duty
equipment. This company uses managerial security measures put in place by port
authorities to manage its premises still there has been an appeal to abrogate the license
given to this company to operate.

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1.1.5 Cocobod Ghana Limited
COCOBOD which has its head office, located in Accra and divisions sited in other parts
of the country such as Tema, directly regulates and controls cocoa research, production,
quality and extension services as well as the internal and external marketing of cocoa. It
enacts policies and regulations to guide all activities of the industry. Cocobod controls
the cocoa sector in Ghana, and has built a strong reputation for supplying high-quality
beans and cocoa products to the global market. Cocoa is one of the major foreign
exchange earners in Ghana. Ghana’s cocoa is mainly exported but part is used locally.
Cocobod has 400,000 MT of warehousing capacity at Tema port with good security
measures put in place. The critical role of warehousing in the cocoa supply chain is
apparent from the fact that it precedes sale and export.
1.2 Problem statement
In the global supply chain where warehousing forms part of logistics operations,
warehouse operators, and especially security managers, face serious challenges
regarding warehousing security measures. As a result of these security challenges, issues
such as theft, damage, loss of cargo are reported. To elucidate these incidents, the Rx-
360 Supply Chain Security White Paper (June, 2012) states that the primary risks to
products are counterfeiting, diversion, theft and adulteration. In the United States, cargo
theft produces an annual loss of $35 billion (Shawn, July 2014). The direct costs of
security incidents concern first of all, the value of the goods, if these are damaged,
stolen, substituted or contaminated and as a result, this ends in delays, lost sales and
unsatisfied customer demand. Other indirect costs of flow disruptions that are related to
these security challenges are, according to Voss et al, (2009), the increased costs of
insurance and security protection; costs of investigation and prosecution of suspects
measured in terms of lost time of security and management personnel; reduced profits;
loss of productivity and of business reputation; deterioration in quality of service, and
threat to the survival of the business. If fewer goods are lost, damaged, allowed to

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deteriorate or go waste, great savings can be made to a country's economy. Safe and
secured warehouse protects against issues such as theft, smuggling, and any other threat
as replay attack. To do so, one must be able to assess the security of private selected
warehouses. The main aim of this study therefore is to assess the security of
warehousing in Ghana with particular reference to the city of Tema in Ghana and
suggest some mitigation measures that can be implemented to make warehousing more
secured.
1.3 Research Objectives
The main objective of this research is to assess warehousing security in Ghana with a
particular focus on the case of some warehouses situated in the Tema port. The specific
objectives that guided the study systematically were to;
i. Determine factors that impact warehousing security.
ii. Find out the fundamental stakeholders within and outside warehousing security.
iii. Suggest the mitigation measures that can be implemented to enhance the security
of warehouses.
1.4 Research Questions
The following questions form the basis of the research:
i. What are the security related challenges of warehouses at the Tema port?
ii. Who are the fundamental stakeholders within and outside warehousing security?
iii. What mitigation measures can be implemented to ensure warehousing security?
1.5 Justification of the study
This paper seeks to assess warehousing security in Ghana. Upon a successful completion
of this work, all the stakeholders of the port (port authorities, port operators, port users,
and government and warehouse operators among others) will be aware of the
warehousing security related challenges to address so as to make the warehouses more
competitive and secured.

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1.6 The scope of the study
This research and its findings are limited only to the warehouses located in the city of
Tema. It covered only selected private warehouses located within the city of Tema.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The researcher was not able to go to all the different cities to actually have a study of the
different factors under consideration due to financial constraints and also due to the
multitude of warehouses.
1.8 Delimitations of the study
The study was limited to the Tema commercial area where we could easily locate Port
users and operators, since the topic of this research is solely focused on the challenges of
warehousing security of private warehouses. The sample could have been enlarged but
due to economic and time constraints we cannot go beyond.
1.9 Organization of chapters
The research was organized in the following sequence;
 CHAPTER ONE: This chapter presents the background to the study, problem
statement, aims and objectives of the study, significance of the research, scope
and limitations of the study and organization of the study.
 CHAPTER TWO: This chapter reviews previous literatures relevant to this
research.
 CHAPTER THREE: This chapter contains the methodology which comprises
the description of the study area and population; sample size, sample method,
research instruments and data collection method.
 CHAPTER FOUR: Presentation of data is done here. Data collected analysed
and interpretations made.
 CHAPTER FIVE: This chapter presents the summary of findings with
conclusion and recommendations. References are presented in this chapter.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Chapter Overview
This chapter describes the theoretical context for the essay. It presents literature review
on the overview of warehousing and types of warehouses operating in Ghana. It assesses
the security of warehouses within the context of the Tema Port commercial Area. A
literature review of both theoretical and empirical studies in Supply Chain Management
is equally done with a focus on warehousing security factors. The chapter concludes
with an identification of the gap the study fills in warehousing security research in
Ghana.
2.1 Overview of Warehousing
Trading has made warehousing an important auxiliary of shipping. This is because it
creates time utility by bridging time gap between production and consumption of goods.
A warehouse is a large place in which goods or merchandise are stored. The process of
storing these goods within a storage facility on a large-scale in a systematic and orderly
manner, making them conveniently available when needed, is termed warehousing
(Hilmola and Lorentz, 2011). In other words, warehousing means holding or preserving
goods in huge quantities from the time of their purchase or production till their actual
use or sale. Warehousing is one of the important auxiliaries to trade. It creates time
utility by bridging the time gap between production and consumption of goods (Hilmola
and Lorentz, 2011).
Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) defines warehousing as a system by which imported
goods or locally manufactured goods are stored under Customs control in a Government
or Private Bonded Warehouse without payment of import duty and other taxes (GRA,
2011). This system affords the importer or manufacturer the opportunity to defer the
payment of duty and taxes until the goods are needed for home consumption or are

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exported. According to GRA, this facility enables the Importer/Manufacturer to take
advantage of both the home and foreign markets without any loss in respect of duties
and taxes (GRA, 2011).
Warehouses are commercial buildings for storing manufactured goods, imported goods
and goods to be exported. Warehousing on the other hand is a relief facility extended to
importers in any country to be able to pay in bits, duties and taxes of their wares as they
remove them. It again serves as a safe keeping regime for importers, exporters and
manufacturers who have to find customers for their wares or can be used as a transit
point to export or re-export such goods (Adu, Poku, &Anarfi, 2014).
Warehousing is actively involved in the supply chain. In demand-driven supply chains
this may be mainly by storing goods, or involve more sorting activities; both being
required to largely feed external customers. In the supply-driven supply chains, then
warehouses get renamed as stores, and hold stocks required to feed internal activities
like production. Warehouses are therefore an integral part of the supply/demand
chain/pipeline infrastructure (Stuart, 2005). From the above definitions of warehousing,
we observe that Warehousing clearly has a critical part to play in all aspects of supply
chain management.
2.2 The Warehousing Industry in Ghana
Warehousing plays a very important strategic role in an organization. As a result,
Rommel (2006) argues that there are a number of strategic roles played by warehouses.
They are used to hold buffer inventory in a physical distribution system, bulk breaking,
and reconstitution of loads, Consolidation and customer specific forward delivery.
Warehouses are value addition and distribution centers, their proximity to production
units ensures minimal production cycle times. Warehouse security has long term impact
on supply chain network. Operational efficiencies from warehouses can make marginal
difference in otherwise cost inefficient strategic decisions, while well secured supply

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chain entities such as warehouses and other distribution networks will provide long term
competitive advantage.
According to Hilmola and Lorentz (2011), warehousing is necessary for a number of
reasons. Seasonal Production is one of the important reasons in warehousing.
Agricultural commodities are harvested during certain seasons, but their consumption or
use takes place throughout the year. Large-scale production also makes it necessary to
operate a warehouse. In case of manufactured goods, nowadays production takes place
to meet the existing as well as future demand of the products. Manufacturers also
produce goods in huge quantity to enjoy the benefits of large-scale production, which is
more economical. The other reason why firms need warehouses is due to continuous
production of goods in factories that requires adequate supply of raw materials. So there
is a need to keep sufficient quantity of stock of raw material in the warehouse to ensure
continuous production (Hilmola and Lorentz, 2011).
Looking at all the above roles of warehouses, when we bring it to the context of Ghana
and to that of Tema in particular, we realize that warehouse really plays an essential role.
At the port of Tema, warehouses are usually used to store all types of commodities
whether raw materials, WIP, semi-finished or finished goods such as cocoa, rice, maize,
flour, sea food, and general commodities imported such as cars, TV sets, home
consumption items, etc.
There are several basis of classifying warehouses. They can be classified on the basis of
the type of ownership, the type of storage and even according to the services offered.
Min (2009), indicates that there are various types of warehouses such as: Private
warehouses-which are owned and managed by the manufacturers or traders to store
exclusively their own stock of goods; Public warehouses which are run to store goods of
the general public; Government warehouses that are owned, managed and controlled by
central or state governments or public corporations or local authorities; Bonded
warehouses that are owned, managed and controlled by government as well as private

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agencies used to store imported goods for which import duty is yet to be paid and Co-
operative warehouses- owned, managed and controlled by co-operative societies and
provide services at the most economical rates to the members of their society.
According to GRA (2011), there are four categories of warehouses which include: State
warehouse, Government warehouse, Private Bonded warehouse and Public warehouse.
A- State Warehouse
The Warehouse is a compulsory storage place for goods which have contravened the
Customs laws, or goods which have not been entered within the statutory period. As
such, goods which are un-entered, detained, unexamined, abandoned, or seized are
compulsorily stored in a State Warehouse. Security of such goods is the responsibility of
the Customs, Excise and Preventive Service now called GRA-CD (Ghana Revenue
Authority –Customs Division).
B- Government Warehouse
A Government Warehouse is a building or place, the property of the Government,
approved by the Minister by notice in the Gazette where goods to be warehoused may be
lodged, kept or secured. Goods entered for deposit in the Government Warehouse are so
deposited at the request of the Importer/Manufacturer after passing a Warehousing
Entry, a removal bond is executed before delivery of the goods into the Warehouse. The
Customs provides the revenue lock to the Warehouse.
C- Private Bonded Warehouse
A private warehouse is reserved for the use of the authorized trader who is also the
depositor of the goods. The trader need not be the owner of the goods being deposited
(Customs Procedures Branch, 2012). In Ghana, a private Bonded Warehouse is any
building or place appointed by the Commissioner of Customs and licensed to be a place
where goods to be warehoused are lodged, kept and secured. Similar to Government
Warehouse, goods entered for this warehouse are so deposited at the request of the

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importer/Manufacturer after passing a Warehousing Entry and executing a removal
bond. Double locks are provided: one by the Warehouse Keeper and another by
Customs.
D- Public Warehouse
A Public Warehouse is any building or place appointed by the Minister of Interior and
licensed by the Commissioner of Customs for the storage of Arms and Ammunitions and
dangerous weapons for the security purposes and the consequent levying of Customs
duties. This warehouse is kept and Controlled by the Police and the Customs (GRA,
2011).
At the port of Tema commercial area, the majority of warehouses operating is Bonded
warehouses which are warehouses in which commodities on which duties are unpaid are
stored under a bond and in the combined custody of the importer and the Customs
Officer. It may be managed by the state or by a private enterprise. In the latter case, a
Customs Bond must be posted with the government. While the goods are in the bonded
warehouse, they may, under supervision by the Customs Division of GRA, be
manipulated by cleaning, sorting, repacking, or otherwise changing their condition by
processes that do not amount to manufacturing. After manipulation, and within the
warehousing period, the goods may be exported without the payment of duty, or they
may be withdrawn for consumption upon payment of duty at the rate applicable to the
goods in their manipulated condition at the time of withdrawal.
Customs officials also use bonded warehouses to store impounded or confiscated goods
while working out what is going to happen to the goods, thereby ensuring that people
don't pay duties on goods they cannot use. A bonded warehouse enables collection and
prevents evasion of customs duties. It provides information on the goods imported and
exported and gives the government some control over the goods imported and exported.
It should provide specialized storage services such as deep freeze or bulk liquid storage,

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commodity processing etc. Some bonded warehouses are operated by the government.
Others are run by third parties who contract out their warehouse space, and in some
cases they may take on the responsibility for paying duties, while in other instances, the
importer or agent who arranges for the storage are responsible. Import/export companies
may maintain their own bonded warehouses for their convenience and that of their
clients.
Benefits of Warehousing in Ghana
• It affords the importer or manufacturer the opportunity to defer the payment of duty
and taxes until the goods are needed for home consumption or are exported.
• It provides on-site storage for manufacturers' goods on his premises.
• Less Cash tied up in duties and taxes, more cash for importer's business.
• Just-in-time delivery of goods for both manufacture and general trade.
• Duty need not be paid on imported goods which are intended for re-export.
One major innovation in the warehousing sector in Ghana is the introduction of the
GCe-Trak system which has replaced the escort system. This system enables Customs to
monitor and track goods imported into the country under the suspense regime, ensure
requisite revenue collection for the government and reconcile deficits. The GCe-Trak
system operates by a device called Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) which is installed
on trucks, with e-tags, wired and locked with a seal. This makes it difficult for goods to
be stolen or diverted (GRA, 2015).
The monitoring and tracking of consignments is done online via digital satellites.
Whenever the system is tampered with, a signal is sent to the front-end screen of all
stakeholders monitoring. Normal practice in warehousing provides for a Customs officer
to be permanently posted at each bonded warehouse (as a Resident Officer), to
physically monitor and control all shipments into and out of the warehouse. In the
absence of the Customs officer, the warehouse gate cannot be opened.

14
In Ghana parties involved in the warehousing industry are mainly freight
forwarders/shippers, Ghana Revenue Authority-Custom Division (GRA), Bolore Africa
Logistics, Red Sea Maritime Services Limited (RSMS), Warehouse Operators, and other
parties involved in the related industry.
When we take a look at the Tema port commercial area, we could clearly see that there
are about fifty (50) warehouses located in that area which are operated either by typical
warehouse operators or manufacturing companies just to mention a few.
Apart from the above mentioned parties, there are others actors that are playing a
significant role in the level of security in physical distribution networks from the point
of view of Urciuoli, (2010) as follows:
a- The law enforcement agency. This stakeholder has to ensure that criminals are
prosecuted and that resources are allocated to fight cargo crime. At the same
time, this actor is organizing collaborative activities that are meant to enhance
the understanding of security and stimulate the implementation of security
measures.
b- Distribution and transport operators. The difficulties encountered by these
stakeholders are the willingness to pay of transport buyers, the dilemma to trade
off JIT with security, and the impact on performance of security measures. In
addition, the length of distribution networks is another factor influencing the
security of operations. According to statistics from Ghana Institute of Freight
Forwarders (GIFF), there are a total of one thousand two hundred Freight
Forwarders as of January 2012 (GIFF, 2012) who are involved in the physical
distribution channel.
c- Insurance Companies. Insurances are being used to cover losses related to
security incidents. Hence, these operators prefer to pay the excesses and higher
premiums instead of purchasing security devices or implementing specific
routines.

15
d- Security Solution Providers. In Ghana, many security packages are still in a
development phase. In addition, the most advanced and effective security devices
are too expensive to be implemented on a warehouse.
e- Cargo Criminals. Some operators think that it is useless to invest in security
solutions since criminals will find out how to deceive them. Criminals are
intelligent, they have access to financial resources, and most of all have the
capability to quickly learn and deceive security measures.
f- Terminal and warehouse operators. Their main roles are to protect the port
facilities which are warehouses or terminals. security guidelines pertinent to
terminal and warehouse operators are to be prepared with written and verifiable
security procedures for areas under warehouses/terminal control, comply with
applicable security guidelines and regulations, post conspicuous signs that
describe established security measures, gather and assess information with
respect to security threats and exchange such information with appropriate
stakeholders, provide the means for raising the alarm in reaction to security
threats or security incidents, conduct training, drills, and exercises to ensure
familiarity with security plans and procedures, conduct regular security
inspections to ensure the continuation of appropriate security measures, Perform
or participate in port security incident management and contingency planning
(Patrick, 2003).
g- Authority. The authority is working by issuing security certifications.
Certification may enhance security or some regulations put in place by
authorities may worsen efficiency and still not enhance security.
2.3 Security of warehouses
Warehousing offers many advantages to the business community. Whether it is industry
or trade, it provides a number of benefits such as; protection and preservation of goods,
regular flow of goods, continuity in production, convenient location, easy handling,

16
useful for small businessmen, creation of employment, facilitates sale of goods,
availability of finance, reduces risk of loss, etc. Therefore, securing warehouses becomes
a prime concern for warehouse operators/managers.
The major users of warehouses are manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, just
to mention a few. Warehouses exist primarily to facilitate the movement of goods to the
end user. The resources of a warehouse are space, equipment and personnel. The
usefulness of a warehouse resides in the effective use of its resources to satisfy customer
requirements. Customer requirements are simply the demand to have the right product in
good condition at the right place at the right time. Therefore, the product must be
accessible and protected. If a warehouse cannot meet these requirements adequately,
then the warehouse does not add value to the product and in fact very likely subtracts
value from the product (Abrampah, 2009). Therefore, Supply chains must be secured
against any form of man-made and natural disruption (Transportation & Logistics of
2030, 2011).
2.3.1 Strategic issues affecting warehousing
Storage is a vital link in the supply chain, effective control measures are essential at each
point in the distribution chain to prevent unintentional contamination, theft, damage
since goods that have not well been preserve will make the company not only loose
capital, but also customer goodwill. Hence, given the interpretation of warehousing as
well as of security incidents, the expression used in this research “Security in
warehouses” is associated to the following definition: “The state of cargo moved within
physical distribution networks of being protected against voluntarily attacks such as
terrorism, theft, fraud, piracy, counterfeiting etc.” Typical security incidents may include
theft, smuggling, counterfeiting of the cargo or terror and contamination (sabotage
actions) (ISO, 2008; Voss et al., 2009; Rodwell et al. 2007; EUCommission, 2008;
European Parliament, 2007). The security incidents considered in this study are those
taking place in warehouses, where products, components or raw materials are

17
temporarily stored or moved between companies that are part of supply chains (Urciuoli,
2010).
Theft: Cargo theft is an ever‐increasing problem in the transportation industry. It's
estimated that cargo theft costs shippers and trucking companies up to $30 billion a year
– and it's only getting worse. A recent study showed the frequency of cargo theft claims
is increasing13% percent per year” (Sentry Insurance, 2014).Warehouses and
distribution centers are frequent targets of burglary, theft and pilferage. These facilities
contain lots of new merchandise in its original packaging, something that is highly-
desirable to both professional and amateur thieves (Michael, 2014).
The large quantity of merchandise in most warehouses also brings out an emotional
feeling within many people that suggests: “Wow, there are so many of these items, they
won't miss just one…” (Michael, 2014). This feeling can sometimes tempt people who
otherwise wouldn't think of themselves as criminals. Warehouses are subject to both
internal and external theft. Internal thefts are committed by company employees,
contractors, and other "insiders" who have a legitimate reason to be in the warehouse at
certain times. External thefts are committed by "outsiders"- people outside of the
company who have no legitimate need to be in the warehouse and are coming to the
facility specifically to steal (Michael, 2014).
Truck drivers and other types of delivery service drivers can pose a specific security
risk. Some drivers have gotten into the habit of stealing from their customers when
making a pick-up or delivery, and consider this to be a justifiable "fringe benefit" given
the inadequate wages that they feel they are making. Drivers are often allowed to wander
freely while their trailer is being loaded or unloaded and can use this opportunity to
gather up items that they wish to steal. It is often easy to place additional items into the
trailer after it has been loaded, or to place stolen items into the cab of the truck
unnoticed (Michael, 2014).

18
Theft by staff is unfortunately one of the commonest types of theft (The British Security
Industry Association, 2007) along the same lines, many warehouse employees feel that
they are underpaid and underappreciated, and look at stealing from the warehouse as a
way to supplement their income and to get back at their employer at the same time.
There are variety of ways in which warehouse employees can steal: some simply load
merchandise into their car during the day; others place merchandise in trash bins and
come back later to retrieve it; and still others may pack merchandise into a box and ship
it to themselves using a bogus address that they have established just for this purpose
(Michael, 2014).
Sometimes, dishonest warehouse employees work in conjunction with dishonest truck
drivers to steal from the company. This can be a particularly dangerous combination: the
warehouse employee has knowledge of what's coming and going, can plant stolen
merchandise in outgoing shipments, and can modify paperwork to cover his tracks -
while the truck driver has the means to remove the merchandise from the warehouse.
Collusion between warehouse employees and truck drivers is a big problem in some
industries and is responsible for multiple millions of dollars of losses each year.
Worldwide, cargo losses have been estimated at US$30 billion a year, and the incidence
is probably increasing (Salkin, 1999).
Additionally, products are stolen from distribution facilities or while transported to their
destination. Theft happens particularly during loading and unloading and makes
warehouse security a key element in preventing breaches of the cargo distribution chain
that by some estimates result in world-wide losses of £15 billion every year (The British
Security Industry Association, 2007).
Hijacking: It is also a technique used to take over the vehicle and its cargo (TAPA
EMEA, 2009).

19
Smuggling: Drugs, humans, nuclear weapons or terrorists are smuggled in containers to
enter US, Europe or Africa. Stowaways and smuggling in containers take place often on
the routes travelled by in high risk countries like South Africa, Morocco, Tanzania,
Algeria, West Africa, Eastern Europe, Colombia and China. Containers are penetrated
either when they are accidentally left open or by forcing seals and locks put on the doors
(Mason, 2004).
Counterfeiting: This is fraudulently mislabeling of a product in identity or source
(Shawn, July 2014). Fake products, with low cost and quality, may appear in the end of
supply chains because purchased either voluntarily or involuntarily by a consignee
(OECD, 2007). Illegal entities are able to infiltrate a distribution chain, conduct trading
and bidding with potential buyers and finally sell fake products at competitive prices.
Contamination: Products or raw materials, such as chemical substances, food or
pharmaceuticals, that are moved in distribution chains can be deliberately contaminated
or poisoned by terrorists or saboteurs. Examples are given by the contamination of citrus
fruits exported from Israel in 2003 (CFSAN, 2003) and glass contaminated chicken
fillets in Sweden (Kris information, 2009).Safety has always been of prime importance
in warehousing because of the amount of movement, lifting and manual handling
involved. Even with the levels of mechanization and automation in some modern
installations, safety is still of key importance. Safe working practice is a moral
obligation and also makes economic sense by minimizing lost staff time, the costs that
can be incurred in accident investigations, and the possible legal costs and claims that
may be incurred. As a result we cannot talk about warehousing security without looking
at the safety aspect as well (Abrampah, 2009).

20
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In the quest to assess the warehousing security in Ghana in general and at the port of
Tema in particular, it was necessary to find suitable data, upon which analysis would
informed the conclusions, and recommendations that could be made. Based on the
findings from the literature review, it was vital to collect both primary and secondary
data for the study to answer the research questions posed adequately. This chapter
presents the study area, research methods, target population, sampling design and the
sample size. The data collection method employed in the study was also explained in
this chapter. In addition, the chapter highlights the possible limitations encountered
during data collection.
3.2 Research Design
The design of this study was chosen based on the research questions and objectives. In
order to adequately answer the questions and satisfy the purpose of the study, both the
qualitative and the quantitative approaches were employed to conduct the research since
the study is intended to be descriptive and exploratory. Descriptive research was
employed so as to collect, organize and summarize information about the research
problem and issues identified therein while the exploratory method of research helped in
investigating the problem for the purpose of shedding new light upon it and
consequently uncovering new knowledge i.e. is if the current private warehousing
facilities are adequately secured to support the storage of goods.
Both the qualitative and the quantitative data analysis approaches were used for the
purposes of arriving at a more holistic understanding of the problem. The quantitative
approach involved the use of the questionnaires to generate relevant data while the

21
qualitative method included surveys which helped in the collection of data from a
sizeable population.
3.3 Area of Study
Ghana has two seaports, namely Tema and Takoradi both under the control of Ghana
Port and Harbours Authority (GPHA). The Study area is basically the city of Tema.
Tema port is the largest and is located about 30km east of Accra, 5 ͦ 38’N, 0ᵒ 01’E and
counting up to fourteen (14) berths with a maximum safe depth of 11.5 The port handles
imports as well as exports and transit cargoes for the landlocked countries Burkina Faso,
Niger and Mali which accounts for over 70% of Ghana’s seaborne trade (GPHA,
2010/11). Additionally, the port of Tema occupies a total land area of 3,904,754 m2
meters with modern container shipping terminal, offshore mooring facilities, sufficient
warehouse facilities and reefer storage capacity. Nowadays, the port is linked to seven
(7) Off-dock container terminals (also known as Inland Container/Clearance Depots
(ICD) that are in its immediate vicinity with the functions of providing receipt, storage
and delivery services of goods.
The research required the collection of primary data from the study population of experts
in organizations such as GSA, and warehouse operators such as Distell Ghana Limited,
RSMS, Global Haulage Co Ltd, UT Logistics and forwarders who are involved in the
warehousing industry. Since these bodies are located in Tema, it was required to focus
data collection in Tema.
3.4 Target Population and Sample Size
The target population included private warehouses which are mainly specialized in raw
materials and semi/finished- products. A raw materials storeroom receives goods from
an outside source, stores the goods, picks the goods and ships the goods to an inside
user. A finished goods warehouse receives goods from an inside source, stores the
goods, picks the goods and ships the goods to an outside user (Rushton et al, 2010).Each

22
of these categories of warehouses has been classified based on the types of products they
stored. For example warehouses such as Cocobod and Red sea have been classified as
raw material warehouses where as the other category which is the finished goods
warehouse comprises three warehouses which are Distell, Bolore Africa Logistics, and
UT Logistics Limited. Last but not the least warehouses such as Baj Freight and CCTB
warehouses have been also chosen based on convenience sampling method to see if
these companies are also facing some security challenges, thus making the research
more accurate.
Within these warehouses the target population is CEOs, operators, security personnel,
drivers and related companies (this entails all other stakeholders that are involved in
warehousing industry). This target population was allocated based on the size of the
company; for example companies like Cocobod as several warehouses made of many
warehouse controllers and security personnel. As shown in table 3.1, in all forty-five
(45) respondents were considered as sample size for the study.

23
Table 1: Sample group distribution and sampling frame
Warehouse
Types
Warehouses C
E
O
Driver Operator Security Related
Companies
Sampling
Method
Used
Raw
Material
Cocobod
(Cocoa)
1 2 5 1 6 Purposive
Red Sea
(Iron Cables)
1 2 3 1 5
Finished
Products
Bolore (GM) 1 2 2 1 5 Purposive
UT Logistics
(GM)
1 2 3 1 5
Distell
(drinks)
1 2 3 1 5
Semi/Finish
ed Products
Baj Freight
(GM)
1 2 2 1 4 Convenien
ce
CCTB
(Sugar)
1 1 2 1 3
TOTAL 7 13 20 7 33 80
3.5 Sampling Methods
The study used purposive or judgmental sampling in drawing the sample size. This
sample method helped in choosing experts that best answered the research questions and
met the objectives. These experts had in-depth understanding of the supply chain
security and its operations, and as such their opinions were very relevant to answering
the question whether or not the current state of security in private warehouses and
storage facilities currently available are adequate to set up the physical distribution
network in Ghana. However, top managerial personnel operating in the warehousing
field such as Bolore Africa logistics, RSMS and Distell or other related companies were
selected by purposive sampling procedure. This sampling technique was used because it
helps obtain key information which could not have been provided by anybody else, but

24
these officials based on subjective judgment. Another appropriate sampling technique
that used was the convenience sampling method based on the research questions and
objectives.
3.6 Research Instruments or Data Collection Methods and Techniques
In order to ascertain the right and adequate information, the study used questionnaires as
well as secondary data which were collected from relevant sources such as internet,
journals, handbook, etc. In this study personal interviews were used as instruments to
collect data from the sampled respondents. The use of personal interview helped to
gather valid and reliable data that was relevant to the research questions and objectives.
Interviews took the form of both structured and semi structured (Saunders et al., 2007).
Structured interviews used questionnaires based on standardized set of questions.
Whereas in the case of semi-structured interviews, there was a list of questions covered
and differed from interview to interview, given a specific organizational context. The
questionnaire, sent out from 20th
to 26th
March 2015, was designed in both structured
and non-structured ways. The structured format of questions was followed with answer
options where respondents were required to make choices from these options while the
non-structured questions required respondents to provide their own answers. The
questionnaire made it easy to reach to all the respondents whether the responses were
gotten on the spot or at a later date. Each set of questions were categorized into four
sections. Section A centered on the Background Information of Respondents, section B
centered on the Assessment of the Security related Challenges of warehouses at the
Tema port, and section C was on the Fundamental Stakeholders within and outside
warehousing security at the port of Tema and the last section D was to find out Some
Mitigation Measures that can be implemented to ensure warehousing security. The
interviews schedule allowed the researcher to get personal views from the respondents.
The information from the interview was used to validate and supplement responses
gathered with questionnaires. Interviews with one (1) principal revenue officer of GRA

25
and one (1) supervisor from CCTB warehouse, (1) Warehouse Controller of RSMS, (1)
information supervisor at Bolore and (1) warehouse controller of Distell Ghana limited
and (2) personnel from Baj Freight were held in their offices respectively and the
personnel of UT logistics as they all made themselves available to share their views on
the subject of private warehousing security at the Tema. The information was recorded
by note taking. These sessions were done on a one-to-one basis that is face-to-face.
However telephone interviews were used depending on the availability of the
respondent. Following the format of the study objectives, the questionnaire and
interview required respondents to answer major questions that focused on:
1. The Assessment of the state of Ghana's storage facilities with a particular focus on
the main security problems in Ghanaian warehouses,
2. Fundamental Stakeholders within and outside warehousing security at the port of
Tema,
3. Finally, the mitigation measures that can be implemented to enhance the
warehousing security in Ghana in general and at the port of Tema in particular.
3.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Tools
Owing to the data collection tools employed and the qualitative nature of the research, it
was appropriate to use Computer aided qualitative data analysis (CAQDAS) programs to
export statistical analysis such as Microsoft Office Excel to display frequencies
(Saunders et al., 2007). CAQDAS increases the transparency and methodological rigor
of the research findings. However, relevant comments were arranged according to the
research questions they address. Conclusions and recommendations would be made from
the results and comments of interviewees. Additionally, based on the SWOT Analysis of
the selected private warehousing companies, a forecasting method using moving average
was used to quantify the selected private warehouse Security budget. Additionally,
research ethical principles such as confidentiality and personal data protection were duly

26
observed in this study. Identities of individual respondents are respected and protected
while their opinions are used for new knowledge.
3.8 Constraints or Challenges of the Study
A major limitation to this work was difficulty to access information on warehousing
security whether through internet and library books. Otherchallenges encountered during
data collection include:
 Some representatives were not cooperating with the researcher due their tight
schedules
 Time allocated for the interviews was not compatible to some respondent
 Monetary constraints as this study is not a funded research
 Unavailability of data in some warehouses with regards to warehouse security
 Unwillingness of some representatives to give out some information due to their
sensitive nature

27
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
This chapter comprises of research data collected from a sample size of forty-five (45)
respondents who are parties involved in warehouses operations such as freight
forwarders, some warehouse operators and related users of the port of Tema. The data
collected is grouped into series figures comprising graphs and pie and tables. Issues
relating to the demographic characteristics of respondents, the assessment of
warehousing security related challenges confronting the private warehouses at the port
of Tema, and the Fundamental Stakeholders within and outside warehousing security at
the port of Tema and the last but not the least, Some Mitigation Measures that can be
implemented to ensure warehousing security is addressed in this chapter.
4.2 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
The socio-demographic characteristics included sex of respondents, age of
respondents, level of education, the type of organisation, and rank or position and the
number of years the respondents have worked in the organization. These are discussed
as follows:
4.2.1 The Sex of Respondents
Of the total of eighty (80) questionnaires that were distributed, only 45 respondents
administered with the questionnaires were able to answer. Majority were males (32
representing 71%) and the females totalled 13 (representing 29%). From this statistics,as
shown in Figure 1, it can be deduced that more men were represented in this study than
women and opinions given were male-dominated.

28
Figure 1: A bar chart showing percentage gender distribution of respondents
4.2.2 The Age of the Respondents
From the study, it was realized that most of the employees fell between the ages of 25-
34 years which was represented by 56% of the total number of respondents. There were
no respondents under the ages of 24, thus making a group of percentage of 0(zero).
Figure 2 illustrates the findings of the age of respondents.
71%
29%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Male Female
Percentage

29
Figure 2: Percentage age distribution of respondents
4.2.3. Level of Education, type of organisation, Rank or Position and Work
Experiences of Respondents
The level of education ranged from the Ordinary level of education to the tertiary level
of education. The study disclosed that a considerable number of the respondents
35(78%) had attained the tertiary level of education. About 18 (40%) have attained their
First Degrees and 2 (4%) their Post Graduate Degrees. A total of 15 respondents
representing 33% were Higher National Diploma (HND) graduates. About 3 (7%) of the
respondents obtained the Advanced Level certificate (2) another group representing 4%
had obtained Ordinary Level certificate while the rest of 5 the respondents characterised
as others represented 11%.Figure 3 illustrates the level of education of respondents.
0%
56%
27%
13%
4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1 2 3 4 5
Series1

30
Figure 3: A pie chart showing level of education of respondents
The seemingly high level of educational attainment of the respondents translated into
their occupational backgrounds. Majority of the respondents were full time warehouse
operators(38/84.0%), while others held positions in their various organisations as senior
managers, middle managers and junior managers and a number of them (7/16.0%) in
supervisory positions or drivers. In addition to the educational levels and the ranks held
by the various respondents, the study also sought to find out the experiences of
respondents in their organisations so as to ensure their views were suitable for the
research based on a good background and an understanding of the field. Thus, their
responses showed that most of them (34/75.6%) have worked in their organisations for
more than 5 years.
4% 7%
33%
40%
4% 11%
Level of Education
O Level
A Level
Diploma
First Degree
Post Graduate
Others

31
Some of these respondents (22/49.0%) had worked in their organisations for 1 to 5 years
and others (14/31%) for between 6-10 years. There were other respondents (9/20%) who
had worked in their organisations for more than ten years.
These diversities in the working experiences of the respondents clearly reveal that, they
are well vested in their organisations and aware of the challenges undermining the
warehousing security. See table 2.
Table 2: Work experience of respondents with their organizations
WORK EXPERIENCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1-5 years 22 49.0%
6-10 years 14 31%
More than 10 years 9 20%
TOTAL 45 100%
4.3 The warehousing security Related Challenges of private warehouses at Tema
In this section, the views of the respondents on the warehousing security related
challenges of the Tema port are presented.
4.3.1. Assessment of the security related challenges of private warehousing of Tema
a) Warehousing security challenges
This section looks at the views of the respondents on the security related challenges
faced by private warehouses at Tema. Respondents were first made to determine if there
is any policy/regulation on the security of products in their company and they were to
determine how often they refer to this policy.

32
It was realised that majority of the respondents representing about 93 % (42) stated that
their warehouses uses a policy/regulation on warehousing. However, only 3 of the
respondents, forming about 7% stated that they were not aware of any policy on
warehousing security.
Additionally, it was realised that majority of these respondents agreed that the private
warehouses at the port of Tema are faced with some security challenges such as theft,
pilferage, dust covering goods such as rice or sugar, which exposed over a long period of
time usually lead to contamination of products or insects pestering on goods. Most of
the warehouse personnel also complained about the state of the premises itself which
was not fit to receive cargo, because when it rains most warehouses are confronted to
flood which leads to damage of cargo as it is the case of Red Sea Maritime Services Ltd
Sheds operating in the port premises which obviously don’t have any doors.
Other security challenges of warehousing in these warehouses are related to the
identification of personnel entering and this usually leads to loss of certain packages or
cargo because there is lack of security measures implementation. It was also realised
that most of the respondent stated that another challenge faced by warehousing is due to
corruption and bribery. Also, some private warehouse operators said that the majority of
problems are due to the high cost of rentals which make parties involved in private
warehousing to go for warehouses having improper conditions.
Other staff of warehouses like Distell Ghana Limited stated that they did not foresee any
security challenge since they put the adequate security measures in place and
additionally they make use of modern software such as Pastel which is system generated
and use a new seal whenever the bonded warehouse is used.

33
b) Condition of private Warehouses at the port
Most respondents (about30/67.0%) were of the view that the number of the present
warehouses to receive goods was sufficient whilst the rest forming 33.0% thought that
additional warehouses needed to be built to help alleviate counterproductive effects on
Conventional cargo vessels, discharging an important tonnage of bags of rice, cement,
sugar, and steel products etc., which render their operations extremely difficult. Along
this line, the warehousing services ought to be reviewed to enhance competitiveness.
With regards to the condition of the private warehouses 39 of the respondent forming a
percentage of about 86.67% argued that the facilities used at Tema port were in good
conditions. However, 6 of the respondents, forming about 13.33% stated that the
handling equipment or the warehouses themselves were rather in bad conditions.
Table 3. Shows the results as follows:
Table 3: Views given by respondents on the conditions of private warehouses at Tema
Responses Frequency Percentage
Very bad - 0.0%
Bad 6 13.33%
Good 39 86.67%
Very good - 0.0%
Total 45 100%

34
4.3.2 The fundamental stakeholders within and outside warehousing security at
Tema
a) Warehousing inspection authority in Ghana
This section looks at the views of the respondents on the fundamental stakeholders
within and outside warehousing security in Ghana with a particular focus of the Tema.
About (91.0%) of Respondents are aware of warehousing inspection authority in Ghana
and they were able to name them as follows: Ghana Revenue Authority-Custom
Division, Ghana Standard Authority, and Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana Fire
Service, among others. Notwithstanding this, interviewees believed that each of these
inspection authority play a vital role in the warehousing industry e.g. Ghana Revenue
Authority-Custom Division is the main body involved in customs bonded warehouses;
GRA makes sure that goods enter into a bond where all duties on the goods have to be
paid before leaving the warehouse premises. And as a matter of fact, to ensure the
security of goods, there are two types of bonds established: removal bond covering the
movement of goods from the port to the warehouse which is cancelled immediately
when the goods have entered the warehouse and a premise bond which covers goods
stored in the warehouse. And to make sure that there is no breach of security a resident
officer is assigned to the warehouse to make sure that duties on the goods are fully paid
and this is the reason why there are two locks, one from the owner and the other from
the resident officer.
b) security breach in recent past
Moreover, on the question to know whether some warehouse faced any security breach
in recent past, 35 respondents (78%) said that their company has not been exposed to
any warehousing security in the recent past and that they have an insurance policy that
will protect them if the need arises or to cater for issues of accidents such as fire, theft,
flood. On the contrary, 10 respondents (22%) argued that their warehouses have been

35
exposed to security threat recently and as a matter of fact the case of wrong cargo
leading to shortage that happened at Bolore Africa Logistics was mentioned.
4.4. Some mitigation measures that can be implemented to ensure private
warehousing security
With regard to the mitigation measures that can be implemented to ensure private
warehousing security about 31.0% of the respondents suggested that in order to prevent
security problems in near future, companies such as Red sea Maritime Services need to
create a way for rain water to pass out and avoid premises flooding when it rains.
Additionally, they said that this company should relocate their warehouses or create
more ventilation passage and think about installing CCTV cameras and proper security
measures that will help solve issues when they arise since the camera can capture events.
These respondents think that companies facing security breaches should hire sound-
minded security personnel who will not connive neither with drivers or outsiders to rob
the warehouse. In a company like Distell Ghana Limited it was realised that the
marshalling of stocks should be done taking repeated stock out before loading and
sending report/feedback to suppliers.
4.5. SWOT Analysis for the Selected Warehouses
First and foremost, SWOT Analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threats. It is a useful technique for understanding an entity Strengths and
Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open to this entity and the
Threats it faces. Used in a business context, it helps to carve a sustainable niche in the
market.
SWOT analysis can offer helpful perspectives at any stage of an effort. It might be used
to:

36
 Explore possibilities for new efforts or solutions to problems.
 Make decisions about the best path for an initiative. Identifying ones
opportunities for success in context of threats to success can clarify directions
and choices.
 Determine where change is possible. If realized at a juncture or turning point, an
inventory of one’s strengths and weaknesses can reveal priorities as well as
possibilities.
 Adjust and refine plans mid-course. A new opportunity might open wider
avenues, while a new threat could close a path that once existed.
In this study, it was necessary to apply this method of analysis to see the status of each
of the warehouses in terms of security measures implementation. When using the SWOT
analysis to analyse the security of warehousing companies such as Bolloré, UT logistics,
Distell Ghana Ltd, Red Sea Maritime Services Limited and Cocobod Ghana Company
Ltd, from the interviews, we could easily categorise the companies depending on the
types of security measures they put in place to prevent/address issues.
Companies such as UT logistics, Distell, Cocobod and Bolore Africa logistics could
easily fall in the same category looking at their mode of operations and security
measures implementation put in place. Other companies like Red Sea Maritime Services
Ltd could be classified solely due to the fact that this company faces a particular security
problems which are quite different from the others companies. See the results of this
analysis as indicated in table 4.

37
Table 4: SWOT analysis of selected warehouses
Companies Internal External
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Bolore Africa
Logistics
Use of CCTV,
intrusion alarm,
advanced
receiving and
inspection
processes using
high-performance
and computerised
management
systems to make
sure that cargo is
well secured. The
deployment of the
best IT solutions.
Inefficient of
personnel applying
security measures.
There is possibility
for Bolore to be
more competitive
than other
warehouses since
the company uses
high performance
computerised
management
system to operate
their warehouses.
Just like UT logistics,
Bolore is faced with
the problem of
competition and
exchange rate
fluctuation.
Cocobod Ghana
Limited
Opened to many
customers since it
is a monopolistic
company. This
company has its
own facilities and
this avoids the
company to incur
cost of rentals.
Theft/pilferage.
If good security
implementation are
put in place and
being practiced by
the warehouse
workers Cocobod
will achieve better
productivity. Also
security locks and
CCTV camera will
help to detect
potential cargo
criminals.
There is a threat
coming from local
buying companies
(competition). High
inflation and currency
depreciation are likely
to affect Cocobod.
Distell Ghana
Limited
Proper security
measures put in
place. Use of
modern
technologies such
as pastel to
manage their
inventory.
Shortages on
receipts from the
port.
This company has a
prospective for
future business,
since it uses
adequate software
such as Pastel to
manage it
operations. CCTV
cameras and strict
safety regulations
put are in place.
Fluctuation in
exchange leads to
increase in the cost of
doing business.
Read Sea Maritime
Services Ltd
Possibility of
having many
customers since it
Theft/pilferage,
Flood,
contamination,
Lack of security
Possibilities to have
good customers if
the security
Loss of customer
goodwill. Lack of
warehouse

38
is located in the
port premises.
Low transportation
cost involved.
personnel. Lack of
proper security
equipment and
implementation
measures.
measures put in
place to protect
cargoes are revised.
productivity.
UT Logistics UT logistics
considers safety
and security of
personnel’s and
goods in the
warehouse as one
of their top
priorities. Goods
in the warehouses
are well stacked
and ensure to
prevent loss. It
uses customized
seals, there is a
24/7 security,
appropriate
insurance.
The company is
situated far from
the port and this
increases their
transportation cost.
With Technology
advancement, UT
can engage in
automated
warehousing
techniques.
Competition and
Economy threats: the
effect of fluctuating
exchange rate leads to
increase in the cost of
doing business
Comparing the security level of companies such as UT logistics, Distell Ghana Ltd,
Cocobod Ghana Limited and Bolore Africa logistics we could easily realise that the
security level of these four companies is more enhance than that of a private company
like RSMS.
In terms of types of equipment and efficiency, interviewees admitted that the first
category of company operated relatively high level of equipment than the second
category which entails RSMS. Additionally, With regards to our data collection using
the SWOT analysis, we could easily realize all the above mentioned organizations are
faced with the plaguing problem of Security, even though they put some security
implementation measures in place; thus making them weak, but there are still
opportunities opened to these companies if the try to go according to what the
respondents suggested as mitigation measures.

39
4.6. Forecasting of UT Logistics for the next year using moving average method.
Based on the SWOT Analysis of the above companies we realized that among all the
selected five warehousing companies, Red Sea Maritime Services Limited is faced only
company which is intensively faced with the plaguing problem of security, thus there is
a need to forecast how much budget this company can invest to have a secured premise
for the next year but the lack of past forecasted data for this company made it impossible
to the researcher to do so. The researcher could only estimate past data of UT logistics
based on the research survey and this prompt the forecast choice.
With the great increase in the number of parties involved in the physical distribution of
goods, the chances of warehousing security attacks increase. Therefore, there is a need
to know how much a warehousing company should budget to defend/protect against
security problems. Additionally, it is necessary to know what forecasting model
warehousing companies should use to forecast Security challenges in their premises. For
the purpose of this research a quantitative forecasting model has been use to find the best
fit model for forecasting warehousing Security budget and help to increase customer
satisfaction/service of companies such as Red Sea and Cocobod and UT Logistics
among others.
The decision of how much to budget to defend against warehousing Security problems
needs objective evaluation criteria. The researcher made use of the simple moving
average, based on the example illustrated below. Refer to table 5 as shown below.
Table 5: Security budget of UT Logistics for year 2012, 2013 and 2014
Years 2012 2013 2014
Estimated demand 5500.42 5533.75 5258.33

40
The Simple Moving Average
According to Investopedia (2015) a simple, or arithmetic moving average (SMA) that is
calculated by adding the closing price of the security for a number of time periods and
then dividing this total by the number of time periods, is the most basic of the moving
averages used for trading. Short-term averages respond quickly to changes in the price
of the underlying, while long-term averages are slow to react. To calculate the simple
moving average formula you divide the total of the closing prices and divide it by the
number of periods.
With regards to the data above, Three years moving average forecasts are calculated
based on the budget data of UT Logistics compiled from the year 2012 to 2014.
Ft = (∑i Ai)/n = (At-1 + At-2 + ….. At-n)/n
Ft =forecast for period t
n=number of periods used to calculate moving average
At =actual demand in period t.
We make a 3 year Simple Moving Average forecast for UT Logistics.
3 years SMA (2015): (2012+2013+2014)/3
(5500.42+ 5533.75+ 5258.33)/3
= 16292.50/3
=5430.83 (rounded to nearest whole number)
F2015=5431

41
From the results, using simple moving average method of forecasting, we realized that
the forecasted budget of UT Logistics for the year 2015 is almost the same as that
comparable to that of the previous years, but there is a slight difference, because the
forecasted budget of 2015 increased as compared to previous years. This shows how it
will be necessary for this company to invest more in security to make their warehouses
to be more productive and attain a competitive edge, thus meeting the customer
expectations (the 7R’s of the customer).

42
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This concluding chapter of the study dealt with the summary of key research findings. It
proposed measures that may be adopted to improve warehousing security at the port of
Tema in order to reach warehousing industry benchmarks.
5.2: Summary of the Research Findings
 From the analysis it was realized that (78%) had attained the tertiary level of
education while (22%) felt in the category of O level and others. It was also
realized that respondents (22/49.0%) had worked in their organisations for 1 to 5
years and others (14/31%) felt between 6-10 years. There were other respondents
(9/20%) who had worked in their organisations for more than ten years and
majority of them were male.
 It was also realised that majority of the respondents representing about 93 % (42)
stated that their warehouses uses a policy/regulation on warehousing. However,
only 3 of the respondents, forming about 7% said that they were not aware of any
policy on warehousing security.
 It was realised that majority of these respondents agreed that the private
warehouses at the port of Tema are faced with some security challenges such as
theft, pilferage, dust covering goods such as rice or sugar, which exposed over a
long period of time usually lead to contamination of products or insects pestering
on goods.
 From the SWOT analysis of the four warehouses (UT logistics, Distell, Red Sea,
Cocobod and Bolore) findings shows a relatively unique strength and the
weakness in the security performance levels of companies such as Distell, Bolore

43
and UT Logistics While a company like Red Sea could be classified separately
due to its particular weakness characteristics which are worst as compared to the
other warehouses.
 It was realized from the forecasting that the budget of private warehousing
security like UT Logistics will increase compared to the three previous years.
5.2 Conclusions
In Ghana the warehousing industry remains under-developed and inefficient, lacking
adequate storage and transport infrastructure and strong supporting institutions and
instruments that enable producers or parties involved in the warehousing industry to
manage warehouses properly. The research findings adequately answered research
questions and met objectives satisfactorily. From data analysis and results, we could
realize that indeed Ghana warehousing industry in general and particularly that of Tema
lack the satisfactory warehousing security measures in facilities and is not really
adequate to support the flow of products moving in the physical distribution network.
These findings also revealed that indeed Ghana’s warehousing security was poor in the
past, but has improved significantly in the late 2000’s but there is still a lot to do to
improve the private warehousing sector. For instance, in Tema a very high number of
warehouses surveyed were classified as good, while only some few were below average.
Also, interview respondents cited that though there are deficiencies in the warehousing
security aspect, Ghana could still manage its distribution channel. Warehouse managers
should be looking for ways to trim costs and improve customer service at the same time
(Frazelle, 2002). It is within this framework that this paper proposes that warehousing
security should be improved and more quality warehouses be constructed to enhance
international trade. It was reviewed that marketing for a range of commodities in Ghana
warehousing industry should establish training programs that will help transform
warehousing industry in the country as well as significantly improve management of
warehousing risks in some of the warehouses. Port authorities and the various parties

44
involved should put in place some general guidelines to address warehousing security
measures that should be taken by shippers from the point of product storage through
delivery, Good warehousing techniques can contribute greatly to the effective use of
finance made available for imports. If fewer goods are lost, damaged, allowed to
deteriorate or go to waste, great savings can be made to a country's economy. Best
warehouse security protect against addressed issues such as theft, smuggling, and any
other threat as replay attack.
5.3 Recommendations
This study sought to assess the current warehousing security related challenges at Tema.
This concluding chapter made some recommendations as to what can be done to
enhance warehousing security to make it worthwhile. Recommendations below
particularly addresses the deficiencies identified in the private warehousing industry in
the port of Tema, which pose a significant threat to the development of a credible
warehouse that will support a viable distribution network.
From data analysis, the researcher recommends the following to the warehouse operators
and related parties who are engaged in the warehousing industry at the Tema port:
The government especially the Ghana standard Board should promote certification
standards for warehouses. The Government can foster this through offering attractive tax
incentives to companies complying with safety and security standards. In addition,
investment in warehousing security in Tema needs to be encouraged. From the
warehousing security perspective, data shows that warehousing security has improved
over the years. This improvement is attributed to the governmental and private
operator’s efforts to involve the new trends in security and introduction of technology in
warehouse management.
Managers and supervisors involved in the transportation, handling, and storage of
products that will be off/loaded in the warehouse should be trained. They should be able
to judge potential risks, take appropriate preventive and corrective actions, and ensure

45
effective monitoring and supervision to prevent intentional and unintentional security
problems from occurring.
In order to minimise the extent of theft, the warehouse premises should be secured using
appropriate gates, locks, seals and alarm systems to prevent/protect the cargo against
extremes of theft and counterfeiting among others. Additionally, there should be
maintenance of roof to avoid leakages when it rains. Before approving a warehouse
location, the building should be inspected to see if it is water or fire proofed, with proper
vents and demarcations.
Good security personnel must be provided in warehouse premises of companies such as
Red Sea Maritime Services Limited to watch people coming in and out and increase
vigilance because it is a human institution and issues can always happen.
Also, video surveillance system should be provided to record activity in high value
goods. CCTV Cameras should be placed to view entrance points as well as interior
areas. There should be a provision of healthy, energetic and sound-minded security
personnel. Looking at Distell Ghana Limited, their marshaling of stocks should be done
taking repeated stock out before loading and report should be sent to suppliers. Also all
stocks leaving the premises must be accompanied with a pass/waybill. Periodic
inventory/stock out must be conducted.
Additionally, the warehouse operator should not allow truck drivers to wander through
the warehouse. If possible, provide a dedicated "driver lounge" for use by drivers. Driver
lounge should contain restrooms and other amenities that can be used by drivers while
they are waiting for their trailers to be loaded or unloaded.
In order to tackle the issue of theft, the company should try to separate areas used for
Shipping away from areas used for Receiving. When possible, provide physical barriers
between these two areas.

46
In the case of UT Logistics, the company should establish a policy that prohibits
personal vehicles from being driven into the shipping and receiving yard area. Vehicles
and pedestrians should be separated both inside the distribution Centre or warehouse and
outside in the yard (Alan, Phil and Peter, 2006). Keep the gate to the exterior yard area
locked at times when the warehouse is closed.
To avoid dealing with issue of contamination, the warehouse operator should not accept
products known to be, or suspected of being, adulterated.
The warehouse team must contain a “security manager” who must establish aspects
concerning security such as Security roles (Items that can be accessed and modified and
the type of users that can do this must be defined). Security technology (good warehouse
security combines the best of new technology with sound procedures that have been
tried and tested over the years).
When possible, the warehouse manager's office should be located so that direct visual
observation of the shipping and receiving bay doors from the office is possible.
When it comes to finished product warehouses, the warehouse operator should provide
separate areas for the storage of valuable or highly desirable items, such as computer and
electronic equipment, cigarettes, liquor, baby formula, expensive clothing, etc. If
possible create separately lockable "high-value" cages or rooms for the storage of these
items.
Warehouses should use an electronic access control system to control access into high-
value rooms or cages. Access control system should be capable of providing audit trail
of who entered and when or disallow entry of unauthorized persons.
Warehousing companies should go for insurance to avoid a complete stock loss in case
of incidences like theft, fire, and flood.

47
Additional warehouses need to be built to help alleviate counterproductive effects on
Conventional cargo vessels, discharging an important tonnage of bags of rice, cement,
sugar, steel products etc.,
Further investment is required in, especially in new warehousing management system
such as Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), Bar-coding, warehouse
simulation model among others.
The warehouse operator should also assess Safety Procedures by inspecting fire
prevention and safety measures. Make sure that he takes precautions to avoid mishaps
and that the staff is trained to deal with emergencies. Review previous records of
accidents or security problems, noting the steps the organization takes to avoid repeating
these mistakes. Inspect firefighting equipment, as well as staff’s safety gear for handling
inventory. Inspect security guard procedures and burglar alarm systems.

48
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51
APPENDIX 1: AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER

52
APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PORTS & SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION
STUDENT PROJECT REPORT
QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
Title: Assessing private warehousing Security in Ghana: A Case of selected private
warehouses at Tema.
TARGET: TEMA PORT'S OPERATORS AND USERS
This questionnaire is part of my academic work to find out the security related
challenges confronting warehousing at the port of Tema. It is solely for academic
purposes. Your views, responses or opinions are essential to this study and will be
completely confidential. No individual will be identified. Your anonymity is therefore
fully assured. Thank you
SECTION A: Background Information of Respondents
1. Gender: (a) Male: [ ] (b) Female: [ ]
2. Age:
(a) Less than 24 years [ ] (b) 25 – 34 years [ ] (c) 35 – 44 years [ ]
(d) 45 – 54 years [ ] (e) 55 + years [ ]
3. Level of education attained:
(a) ‘O’ Level/SSS/Technical [ ] (b) ‘A’ Level [ ] (c) Diploma /HND [ ]
(d) First Degree [ ] (e) Post Graduate Degree [ ]
(f) Other (specify)………………………………………………………………………
4. Type of organization:

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