Paving As A Landscape Element ~By Puneet chhonker

DISSERTATION REPORT
PAVINGASALANDSCAPE ELEMENT
Submitted By:
Puneet Chhonker
B.Arch. Fourth Year Seventh Semester BATCH 2016-17
Under the Guidance of:
Ar. Raina Garg
Associate Professor IATP, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND TOWNPLANNING
BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI
SEMESTER: JULY 2019- DECEMBER 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I , deem it a matter of privilege to express my gratitude to Ar. Raina Garg ,
Associate Professor , Institute of Architecture and Town Planning Bundelkhand
University Jhansi , for her inspiration to start this work and prudential help and
constant supervision over my work during the semester
Last but not the least I wish to express my profound gratitude to my parents ,
sisters and friends, who have smilingly embraced my work and supported me
throughout.
Puneet chhonker
B. Arch. 4th year 7 nth Semester
Institute of Architecture and
Town Planning Bundelkhand
University Jhansi
2

DECLARATION
I , Puneet Chhonker, here by declare that this project titled “ Paving as a
landscape Elemant” has been submitted by me to Institute of Architecture and
Town Planning Bundelkhand University Jhansi as dissertation report completed
in one semester.in one semester.
It is a record of my own work and the matter in this project has not been ever
submitted by me for award of any other degree it is an original work.
Puneet Chhonker
B. Arch. 4th year 7 nth Semester
3

CONTENTS
1.1 Aim
1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope
1.4 Limitations
2. METHODOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER -1…………………………………………..…..(7-8)
CHAPTER -2………………………………………….…..….(9)
3. HISTORY
3.2 Concrete
3.2 Brick
4.1 BRICK AS A LANDSCAPE ELEMENT.
4. MATERIALS
4.1.1 Materials and properties.
4.2 CONCRETE AS A LANDSCAPE ELEMENT.
CHAPTER -2………………………………………….…..….(9)
CHAPTER -3………………………………………………(10-11)
CHAPTER -4……………………………………………...…(12-14)
5. APPLICATIONS
5.1 Fencing
5.2 Garden walls
5.4 Lawns
5.5 Furniture
5.6 EDGING
5.3 Steps
5.6.2 Concrete Edgings
5.6.1 Brick Edgings
CHAPTER -4……………………………………………...…(12-14)
4

6. PAVING
6.1 BRICKS AS A PAVING MATERIAL
6.1.1 Properties of Brick Paving
6.1.2 Colour
6.1.3 Durability and Strength
6.1.4 Stain Resistance
6.1.5 Cost of Pavers
6.1.6 Brick Paving System
6.1.7 Why we use bricks in a paving
CHAPTER -5………………………………………..…..(15-18)
6.2.4 Materials
6.2.5 Advantages
6.2.1 Properties of Concrete Paving
6.2.2 Shapes and Classifications
6.2 CONCRETE AS A PAVING MATERIAL
6.2.3 Paving Blocks
7. BRICK VS CONCRETE PAVERS
7.1 Color Options
7.2 Durability
CHAPTER -6………………………………………….…(19-20)
7.3 Cost.
7.4 Style and Design.
7.5 Maintenance.
8. LAYING
8.1 LAYING A BRICK PAVER
8.1.1 Brick Bonds
8.2 LAYING A CONCRETE PAVER
8.2.2 Typical Pavement Composition
CHAPTER -7…………………………………………...(21-26)
5

9 . LITARATURE STUDY
CHAPTER -8……………………………………………...…(26-29)
REASONAL REFRENCES
CHAPTER -9…………………………………………….....…(30)
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER -10……………………………………………...…(31)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
6

1. INTRODUCTION
Landscaping is an art of planning the drives, walks, lawns, shrubs, gardens, flower-beds etc. so
as to form a beautiful setting for a building. The main purpose of landscaping is to create a
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
joyful environment round the building and give the occupants a healthy breath, good
appearance and natural beauty.
Landscape Architecture can also be defined as the composition of masses and spaces. There are
various Elements of Landscape that help beautify and organize the environment.
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with
natural or man-made features. A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysical defined
landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the
sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including
different forms of land use, buildings, and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and
weather conditions. Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human
presence, often created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place
that is vital to local and national identity.
The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense
of place that differentiates one region from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people's
lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a landscape park or wilderness. The Earth has a
vast range of landscapes, including the icy landscapes of polar regions, mountainous landscapes,vast range of landscapes, including the icy landscapes of polar regions, mountainous landscapes,
vast arid desert landscapes, islands, and coastal landscapes, densely forested or wooded
landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests, and agricultural landscapes of
temperate and tropical regions. The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is
referred to as landscaping.
To understand the Intelligent use of bricks and concrete as a landscape material.
1.1 Aim
1.2 Objective
To analyzing the correlation of landscape with bricks and concrete as pavement material.
7

Role of brick and concrete as Landscaping elements.
•Natural Elements
•Landform
•Artificial Elements
•Paving Styles
•Sculptures and Water Bodies
•Rock Gardens and Street Furniture
•Ramps
•Steps
•Partitions
•Sit-outs
1.3 Scope
1.4 Limitations
To study how to use brick and concrete as an pavement in Landscaping .
2. METHODOLOGY
• Case Studies
•Through internet, collection of data.
• With the discussion with the faculty guide.
BRICK/CONCRET
DATA COLLECTIONLITERATURES WEB
ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
8

3. HISTORY
3.2 Brick
The past, with all its decisions completed, its participants dead and its history told, is what the
general public perceives as the immutable bedrock on which we historians and archaeologists
stand.
CHAPTER -2
HISTORY
Bricks of various kinds have been used going back to biblical times and beyond. Most historians
think that the brick-making process originated in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq); to account for the
origin being there, they suggest that this region lacked good sources of stone suitable for building
projects (and so the people were forced to make what they needed, rather than mining it).
The practice then spread from there, throughout the ancient world. The Greeks, rich in building
stone, did not use an especially large quantity of bricks. Their successors to power in
the region, however, the Romans, relied heavily on brickwork until the emperor, Augustus came
along. Alluding to his building campaign, Augustus famously asserted: "I found Rome a city of
bricks and left it a city of marble."
600 BC – Rome: Although the Ancient Romans weren’t the first to create concrete, they were
first to utilize this material widespread. By 200 BC, the Romans successfully implemented the
use of concrete in the majority of their construction. They used a mixture of volcanic ash, lime,
and seawater to form the mix. They then packed the mix into wooden forms, and once hardened,
stacked the blocks like brick. After more than 2,000 years, Roman concrete structures stand tall
due to their ingredients colliding with Earth’s natural chemistry.
Technological Milestones: during the Middle Ages, concrete technology crept backward. After
3.2 Concrete
3.2 Brick
Technological Milestones: during the Middle Ages, concrete technology crept backward. After
the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, the technique for making pozzolan cement was lost
until the discovery of manuscripts describing it was found in 1414. This rekindled interest in
building with concrete.
It wasn’t until 1793 that the technology took a big leap forward when John Smeaton discovered a
more modern method for producing hydraulic lime for cement. He used limestone containing
clay that was fired until it turned into clinker, which was then ground into powder. He used this
material in the historic rebuilding of the Eddystone Lighthouse in Cornwall, England.
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement by burning finely ground chalk and clay until
the carbon dioxide was removed. Aspdin named the cement after the high-quality building stones
quarried in Portland, England.
In the 19th Century concrete was used mainly for industrial buildings. The first widespread use
of Portland cement in home construction was in England and France between 1850 and 1880 by
Francois Coignet, who added steel rods to prevent exterior walls from spreading.
9

4.1 Brick as a landscape element.
By landscape one means the human-altered environment. Humans have been in the business of
4. MATERIALS
CHAPTER - 3
MATERIALS
By landscape one means the human-altered environment. Humans have been in the business of
altering the landscape, as long as there have been humans. We seek order over chaos, harmony
with nature over conflict, and the opportunity for unique cultural or regional expression over
global homogeneity. Brick is one of a handful of materials that has survived ever-evolving
design values and has achieved status as a timeless hallmark of quality in landscape design.
Brick as a landscape material is an important design element. Brick paving applications can be
used to create a pathway through the landscape, delineating pedestrian elements from natural
elements. Since brick is made from the earth and is small in scale, it fits into many landscaping
plans.
The earth soil is generally classified in three broad categories: Sand, Silt and Clay. Of these,
clay has the greatest plasticity and workability. These qualities, combined with its availability
over many regions, have led humans to shape both useful and beautiful artifacts from clay for
more than 10,000 years. Because clay is a naturally occurring material, its content varies widely,
producing distinct regional variations in the resulting bricks. Clay, in its purest state consists
mainly of silica and alumina. The specific mineral content of clay, along with its impurities,
CLAY AND SHALE: THE RAW MATERIAL OF BRICK
mainly of silica and alumina. The specific mineral content of clay, along with its impurities,
affects the color and structural characteristics of the finished brick.
4.2 Concrete as a landscape element.
The most common landscape CMU is a grey concrete H-shaped block, either open or closed on
each end, 8in wide x 8in tall x 16in long (a typical 8x8x16 speed block). They are stacked end to
end, row after row, by masons using mortar to hold the hollow blocks in place. CMU walls
require waterproofing on both sides to prevent weeping through the joints, and often receive a
final stucco exterior finish. It is also important to allow for proper drainage, both subsurface and
surface (two separate systems), to relieve hydrostatic tension behind the wall and prevent surface
water from flowing over the top.
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Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.
The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates together.
Concrete is often looked upon as “man made rock”.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world.
In the United States almost twice as much concrete is used as all other construction materials
combined.
Concrete is a versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of agricultural and
residential uses.
Concrete has strength, durability, versatility, and economy.
It can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and reproduce any surface texture.
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5. APPLICATIONS
Major applications are:
Fencing
Garden walls
Steps
Garden path
CHAPTER - 4
APPLICATIONS
Garden path
Garden furniture
Edging
5.1 Fencing
Though not exactly a part of the garden fences are a utility for boundary and for protection from
the cattle’s. Sometimes they are given to separate parts of the gardens.
~brick ~concrete
5.2 GARDEN WALLS
Are used for beauty and safety point of view. These can be constructed in brick, stone; concrete
etc. the height may very ranges 1.8 to 5 mt.
~brick ~concrete
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5.4 Lawns
Various materials are used for e.g. Lawns, stone, bricks timber, concrete and pebbles preferable
5.3 STEPS
steps and stairs to your garden or yard is a great way to enhance your outdoor landscaping whether
they are perfectly flat or spiral.
~brick ~concrete
Various materials are used for e.g. Lawns, stone, bricks timber, concrete and pebbles preferable
width from .6 mt up to 1.2 mt.
~brick ~concrete
5.5 Furniture
Garden furniture, also called patio furniture or outdoor furniture, is a type of furniture
specifically designed for outdoor use.
~brick ~concrete
5.6 EDGING
Lining of borders of flowerbeds, paths, lawns, shrubbery with help of brick, concrete, plants is
known as edging.
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5.6.1 Brick Edgings
Of all the masonry edging projects, bricks in soil is
one of the simplest projects to complete (in modern
culture, going back to post World War II, for you
patio historians). Bricks are laid in a narrow trench
around the edge of a patio, which can also be made of
brick, concrete, pavers, or other materials. For those
who have clay soil, for once consider yourselves
lucky—the bricks will stay put better than in sandy
soil types since there is no mortar.
For an edging, bricks can be set vertically or angled for a jagged or toothed look. An invisible
edge can be created by building a small underground footing that secures paving without visual
support. The paving is set into a cast-concrete surface that conceals the footing.
5.6.2 Concrete Edgings
For those who want to create a well-defined
edging, concrete might be the way to go. It helps
retain paving but also serves as a mowing strip next
to a lawn.
How it's built: Pour concrete into forms or molds
(pictured), then screed flush with the top of the
forms, making sure edging is even with the paved
surface. Concrete can be left smooth or given some
kind of finish, like salt, aggregate, seeded-
aggregate, travertine, stamping or tooling, along
with tints and colors.
~concrete
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6. PAVING
Paving is the pathway or passage in a landscaped area for the circulation and also avoiding harm
to the plants. The materials available for paving are many, and can be natural or man-
made There are many materials that can be used for paving such as stone, tiles, concrete, brick,
marble, etc. These materials are available in different colors, patterns and textures. Paving
beautifies the place to an extent and if planned properly it becomes the integral part of landscape
CHAPTER - 5
PAVING
beautifies the place to an extent and if planned properly it becomes the integral part of landscape
architecture.
6.1 Bricks as a Paving material
Bricks are the oldest artificial building material in use today. They offer a great variety of
textures and colors as well as flexibility in use.
Composed of hard, burnt clay and shale, brick is available in many colors due to the variation in
the chemical content of clay. Bricks can be used to make tiles with varied shapes. Because of the
hard surface and resistance to wear and cracking, these tiles are best suited for outdoor paving.
These could be laid on stone bases or on concrete slabs. The most common patterns are running
bond, herringbone and basket weave.
•BRICKS OFFER A VARIETY OF PATTERNS.
•IT IS A NON-GLARE AND NON-SKID SURFACE.
•IT HAS A WIDE COLOR RANGE.
•CAN BE EASILY REPAIRED.
•DIFFICULT TO CLEAN.
•HIGH INSTALLATION AND COST.
6.1.1 Properties of Brick Paving6.1.1 Properties of Brick Paving
brick paver is made using natural clay material, which automatically turns the product into an
eco-friendly option. The advantages of using an eco-friendly product as paving material is that it
can retain all its natural properties including finishes and colors for a long period of time, which
means an investment that can add value to your property.
6.1.2 Colour
Clay paving brick comes in a variety of colors, including reds, browns, pinks, and buffs. Other
earth tone colors are available, and practically any combination can be found. When taking the
time to choose the perfect color for your project, it is reassuring to know that the color of the
clay paving brick chosen will never change. Cleaning, when necessary, is easily accomplished
with the use of a hose and a little detergent.
15

6.1.3 Durability and Strength
To ensure the durability of the product, it is important that all clay paving brick meet ASTM C
902 standards. The standards used to test brick used for walls and brick used for paving are
different.
Brick used for walls is not made to endure pedestrian traffic or light vehicle traffic. If you install
a brick that does not pass this test, it is quite possible that the brick will crack and/or disintegrate
after a few years.
ASTM C 902 testing standards, which are specific to paving brick, ensure that paving bricks are
able to withstand higher levels of moisture, foot traffic, and light vehicular traffic. This standard
also accounts for the tremendous strength of clay paving bricks, which usually surpass the
minimum weight requirement of 8,000 pounds per square inch.
6.1.4 Stain Resistance
Clay paving bricks resist most stains, with the exception of efflorescence, a white powdery
substance that sometimes appears and washes away over time. To avoid efflorescence, calcium-
chloride deicers should not be used.chloride deicers should not be used.
6.1.5 Cost of Pavers
The cost of both clay pavers and concrete pavers are more than asphalt or concrete; however,
long-term durability and aesthetic appeal must be factored into an assessment of the cost
effectiveness of any paving option. Most segmental paver installers lay both clay and concrete
pavers for the same price.
6.1.6 Brick Paving System
Brick paving can be classified by two basic systems; flexible and rigid. Flexible brick pavements
usually consist of mortarless brick paving over a sand setting bed and an aggregate base. Rigid
brick pavements consist of mortared brick paving over a concrete slab. Mortarless brick paving
can be used over any base. Mortared brick paving must be supported by an adequate concrete
slab or the mortar joints or pavers may crack if the base is not sufficiently rigid. Examples of
flexible and rigid brick pavements are shown in Figs respectively.
Although a flexible brick paving system is generally recommended, there are certain applications
where rigid brick paving is desired. An example is brick steps, which requires the edges to be
mortared together to keep the brick in place. The major advantages of using a flexible pavementmortared together to keep the brick in place. The major advantages of using a flexible pavement
include easier repairs to utilities beneath the pavement and usually lower installation costs. The
design of brick paving systems can be rather complex, depending on the size of the project.
•Design possibilities. For a product that comes in relatively standard sizes and colors, they
offer an enormous amount of design options. This is because there are so many brick patterns to
choose from when laying them. You can build a walkway or patio that is either classic looking
and formal or one that is more laid-back and informal, depending on the pattern you choose.
The herringbone pattern and the basket weave pattern are two of the most popular.
•Ease of installation. For the do-it-yourselfer, paving bricks are a good choice. It is relatively
easy to install these pavers.
Durability. Before starting your project, make sure you choose a paving brick and not one that
is meant to be used in a wall. If you use paving bricks, your project will be around for years and
years after you are finished.
16

Concrete may be poured in situ, offers a variety in texture and colour and forms a durable
walking surface. It is extensively used as a paving material.
Concrete lends itself to variations in finish, and maybe smooth or rough, with aggregates
exposed when desired.
6.2.1 Properties of Concrete Paving
The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab
action so the load is distributed over a wide area of sub grade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs
with steel reinforcement.
1.The rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or prestressed
concrete.
2.Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in
the slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes.
6.2Concrete as a Paving material
Here are four generic shapes of paver blocks corresponding to the four types of blocks as :
Type A: Paver blocks with plain vertical faces, which do not key into each other when paved in
any pattern,
Type B: Paver blocks with alternating plain and curved/corrugated vertical faces, which key into
each other along the curve/corrugated faces, when paved in any pattern,
Type C: Paver blocks having all faces curved or corrugated, which key into each other along all
the vertical faces when paved in any pattern .
Type D: 'L' and 'X' shaped paver blocks which have all faces curved or corrugated and which
key into each other along all the vertical faces when paved in any pattern.
6.2.3 Paving Blocks
The quality of materials, strength of cement concrete and durability as well as
dimensional tolerances etc. are of great importance for satisfactory performance of
block pavement. The recommended thickness of block and grades of concrete for
various applications and specification for paving in which materials used for preparation
of blocks, physical requirements, physical test methods, sampling and acceptance
criteria has already been formulated in BIS Code.
17

6.2.4 Materials
The quality of materials, cement concrete strength, durability and dimensional tolerance of
paving blocks, etc. is of great importance for the satisfactory performance of block pavements.
These aspects and the block manufacturing process itself, which immensely affect the quality of
paving blocks, have been outlined in the Indian Roads Congress Special Publications. The
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) has prepared the specifications for ICBP.
6.2.5 Advantages
Mass production under factory conditions ensures availability of blocks having consistent
quality and high dimensional accuracy.
Good quality of blocks ensures durability of pavements, when constructed to specifications.
ICBP tolerates higher deflections without structural failure and will not be affected by thermal
expansion or contraction.
ICBP does not require curing, and so can be opened for traffic immediately after construction.
Construction of ICBP is labor intensive and requires less sophisticated equipment.
The system provides ready access to underground utilities without damage to pavement.The system provides ready access to underground utilities without damage to pavement.
Maintenance of ICBP is easy and simple and it is not affected by fuel and oil spillage.
Use of colored blocks facilitates permanent traffic markings.
ICBP is resistant to punching loads and horizontal shear forces caused by maneuvering of heavy
vehicles
Low maintenance cost and a high salvage value ensures low life cycle cost.
18

7. BRICK VS CONCRETE PAVERS
Knowing what types of pavers you’re using will allow you to calculate the quantity of pavers
needed and can help you adjust the size of the patio based on your budget. One of the biggest
conundrums most people face in this step of the project is choosing bricks vs. concrete pavers
as each have their pros and cons.
CHAPTER - 6
BRICK VS CONCRETE
7.1 Color Options
When choosing between brick and concrete pavers you’re essentially selecting among clay
(brick) and concrete. The durability of each obviously depends on the materials but so do the
color options that are available. The color of brick is changed by altering the amount and types
of clay added into the mixture during manufacturing. That being said, this results in only the
traditional colors of brick (oranges, reds, browns) being available for your pavers.
Concrete on the other hand has a virtually unlimited option of colors and designs available
when it comes to pavers. For lighter colors, concrete pavers are the route most homeowners
take. Those who want a more natural, Earthy, and rustic look opt for brick. One thing to note is
that the color of brick pavers is the same throughout the entire piece which means they’ll
maintain their shade longer.
7.2 Durability
When analyzing the durability of brick and concrete pavers it comes down to not only strength
of the pieces, but also how well they maintain their look. Clay brick will maintain its color
longer and will not fade even when exposed to UV rays. This is a very important feature when
considering resale value down the line. Concrete pavers can achieve the same sustainability,considering resale value down the line. Concrete pavers can achieve the same sustainability,
but only when applied with a sealant every 3-4 years.
Both types of pavers are strong and have a resistant force of over 10,000 psi. Of the two
however, it might be surprising to know that the clay in brick pavers will break down faster than
concrete and is more likely to chip and crack. The freeze and thaw cycle in colder climates is
especially harmful to the brick makeup. Concrete pavers become more durable because of the
sealant that prevents moisture from seeping into their joints. Both pavers can be damaged
depending on the type of wear but brick is generally easier to find matching replacements for.
7.3 Cost.
There are high quality and low quality versions of both concrete and brick pavers. Average
concrete patio pavers can range from $6/sq ft to $15/ sq ft. Bricks on the other hand are
significantly more expensive at $10/sq ft all the way up to $50 sq ft. Using pavers of similar
quality, a brick project will typically cost 15% to 20% more than concrete pavers. Learn more
about how much it costs to install a patio.
19

7.4 Style and Design.
The design options are limited with brick – however some people prefer that. “Brick” is
essentially the name of the shape that the pavers come in so the shape doesn’t cipher from the
traditional rectangle. Concrete pavers lock together for installation which means any shape
that accommodates this joint can be used. Rectangles, squares, octagons, and even triangles
and more are shapes offered in concrete pavers allowing many different layout patterns.
Concrete pavers can also be colored during the manufacturing process and they can even be
integrated with textures, either at production or with sealants.
7.5 Maintenance.
Sealing a concrete paver patio makes it significantly easier to maintain – but at the same time
that sealing process itself is required maintenance. A brick paver patio is essentially a “set it
and forget it” home feature although general cleaning and weed maintenance is recommend to
prolong the life of your investment.
Brick vs. concrete pavers will both last for several years after initial installation, it’s just the
amount of maintenance that you want to put in that will determine that overall life span. Thisamount of maintenance that you want to put in that will determine that overall life span. This
as well as budget, style, and climate are all ideas that must be considered when choosing the
perfect paver material for your needs.
20

8 LAYING
Laying definition, to put or place in a horizontal position or position of rest.
8.1 Laying a Brick Paver
Building a brick floor or patio over dirt is not as
simple as flattening the ground and laying down
CHAPTER - 7
LAYING
simple as flattening the ground and laying down
bricks. If the ground under the bricks is not
properly prepared, the bricks will quickly move
out of place, succumbing to erosion as the ground
beneath them wears away. With the right steps,
however, a brick floor over dirt can last for
decades.
Step 1: Mark out the area for your brick floor. Trace it with a hose or string to outline the shape.
Drive wooden stakes vertically into the ground along the border to mark out exactly where you
will need to dig. Ideally, the stakes should go about 18 to 20 inches into the ground and be
spaced every 2 to 3 feet.
Step 2: Dig out 8 to 10 inches of ground, leaving a level surface with a very slight slope.
According to Easy2diy.com, your patio should slope 1 inch every 4 to 8 feet to let it drain.
Step 3: Remove the stakes and line the hole with landscape fabric. Use the widest, thickest
fabric available and completely line the bottom and sides of the hole, leaving 6 inches extra at
the sides.
21

Step 4 : Pack 4 to 6 inches of gravel into the hole and tamp it down with a gas-powered plate
tamper so that it is level. According to Reader's Digest, you can buy gravel either by the cubic
yard or the ton. "One cubic yard... covers about 50 sq. ft. at a 6-in. depth by the time it's
compacted, and weighs 1-1/2 tons."
Step 5: Lay down 1 to 1.5" of stone dust or sand and tamp it down. According to Reader's
Digest, you will need about 5 tons of sand for every 12 tons of gravel you use, including sand to
put between bricks.
Step 6 : Lay the bricks down over the sand and tamp
each one down with a rubber mallet to avoid scarring
it with a regular one. Make sure that your bricks set
level.
Step 7: Spread a layer of sand or stone dust on the
bricks and sweep it over your stone floor to fill in thebricks and sweep it over your stone floor to fill in the
cracks between the bricks. If you are using stone
dust, water it to cause it to harden and hold the bricks
more firmly in place.
Step 8: Bend the edges of the landscape fabric
towards the stone floor and bury them under dirt at the edges of the stone patio to secure them.
You can get a official degree in bricklaying on many different levels. To get a qualification in
bricklaying takes time. Mastering it in different areas can take a lifetime. Bricklaying is not just
putting a brick on top of each other. You’ve got to think about every movement and calculate
your actions. Once you’ve done your first projects, make sure to keep a curriculum vitae of
your achievements. In this way you can show new clients your level of skills.
8.1.1 Brick Bonds
As already mentioned above, brick bonds aren’t only for the walls. Yes, they are also used for
paving’s. Walls need to support itself and sometimes loads from above, in contradict brick
paving are entirely supported by the underlying surface. Few of the most common paving brick
Running bond – Same pattern as the wall brick, but these can be done parallel, vertical, or
diagonal to the length of a path or patio.
Herringbone bond – This is one universally attractive pattern. A very simple zig-zag pattern
where each brick is perpendicular to its neighbours.
Basketweave Bond – A square pattern with bricks placed side-by-side in pairs, and each pair is
perpendicular to its neighbours. This is an easy pattern for areas that are rectangular or square in
shape.
Stacked Bond – Also known as Jack-on-Jack paving. This is a square grid of even rows with no
staggering between courses.
Brick bonds for paving’s can be more decorative and flexible in design.
Jack-on-jack brick- pattern is best suited to smaller areas—the pattern can be hard to follow
through a larger space. When you choose the pattern— or bond—think about the degree of
difficulty involved. Some patterns require precise brick cutting and accuracy.
paving are entirely supported by the underlying surface. Few of the most common paving brick
bonds are:
22

8.2 Laying a Concrete Paver
Blocks can be laid generally by manual labour but
mechanical aids like hand-pushed trolleys can
expedite the work. Normally, laying shouldexpedite the work. Normally, laying should
commence from the edge strip and proceed
towards central line. When dentated blocks are
used, the laying done at two fronts will create
problem for matching joints in the middle. Hence,
as far as possible, laying should proceed in one
direction only, along the entire width of the area to
be paved [4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 10].
While locating the starting line, the following should be considered:
•On a sloping site, start from the lowest point and proceed to up-slop on a continuous basis, to
avoid down-slop creep in incomplete areas.
•In case of irregular shaped edge restraints or strips, it is better to start from straight string line
as shown in Fig. 5.
•Influence of alignment of edge restraints on achieving and maintaining laying bond.
23

8.2.1 Laying Pattern
The blocks can be placed in different bonds or patterns depending upon the requirement, some
popular bonds commonly adopted for block paving are [4]:
1. Stretcher or running bond 2. Herringbone bond 3. Basket weave or parquet bond The typical
layouts of these bonds are given.
Various Laying Pattern
Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) has been extensively used in a number of
countries for quite sometime as a specialized problem-solving technique for providing
pavement in areas where conventional types of construction are less durable due to many
operational and environmental constraints. ICBP technology has been introduced in India in
construction, a decade ago, for specific requirement viz. footpaths, parking areas etc. but now
being adopted extensively in different uses where the conventional construction of pavement
using hot bituminous mix or cement concrete technology is not feasible or desirable. The paper
dwells upon material, construction and laying of concrete block pavement as a new approach in
construction of pavement using Interlocking Concrete Paver Blocks.
Dr. S.D. Sharma, Scientist "F" Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
24

8.2.2 Typical Pavement Composition
Curves: It is necessary to cut the paving units to fit
the edge restraints. Rectangular blocks of a similar or
contrasting colour as an edging have been used to
minimize the visual effects of small errors in block
cutting. To avoid unsightly and potentially weak
joints, it is often preferable to change the laying
pattern at the curve. The curve itself can be installed
in Herringbone bond and yet the pavement can revert
to stretcher bond on the approaches .
Pavement Intrusions: On some pavements, like in
A typical compositions normally used in ICBP are given in Table and a cross-section is shown
in a figure .Block Pavements at Typical Locations: Essentially, there are three important
aspects in detailing. These typical locations are:
Pavement Intrusions: On some pavements, like in
city streets, there could be several intrusions, like,
manholes, drainage gulleys, etc. where coping with
these intrusions with the pavement is desirable.
Around intrusions, it is good practice to lay along
both sides of the intrusion simultaneously so that
closure is made away from the starting workface,
rather than carrying the pavement around the
intrusion to return to the original laying face to avoid
accumulation of closing error.
Changes in alignment: Changes in alignment of
a road pavement can some times be achieved by
the use of special blocks. However, it is generally
easier to choose a block that can be installed in
Herringbone bond through simply cutting the
blocks to fit into the edge restraints. Where
aesthetic requirements of shape of the paving unit
dictate the use of Stretcher bond, then only a 90odictate the use of Stretcher bond, then only a 90o
shape change
in alignment can be achieved without cutting the blocks . At intersections, if a Herringbone
bond laying pattern is adopted, the block laying can proceed without the need for construction
joints . An alternative to this is to install a shoulder (support) course of rectangular blocks
between the main road and the side streets; this permits different laying patterns to be used in
two roadways
25

Located in Pinellas County, Florida, the city of Pinellas Park had several goals in mind when
they undertook the sizeable project to create a low impact development parking lot for its
Performing Arts Center.
A major key to the success of the Eco-Holland
Stone permeable pavers in this application is in
the careful and thorough preparation of the
substrate levels beneath the surface
While the north lot is totally surfaced with Eco-
Holland Stone permeable pavers, the smaller
south lot employs these pavers for the drive
aisle only and parking spaces are on the grass.
CHAPTER - 8
LITERATURE STUDY
9. LITERATURE STUDY
aisle only and parking spaces are on the grass.
Water quality treatment for the north lot is
provided in the pervious pavement system
through dry retention, while in the south lot
water quality is realized in the equalized ponds
through efﬂuent ﬁltration
VILLAGE CENTER STREETSCAPE
CONCEPTS
-Development of Historic Center and Village
Core
-Pedestrian experience and accessibility
-Design of streets and public places Amenities
SATELLITE VIEW VIEW
BRICK PAVEMENT WALK WAYS
26

Stone Paving Concrete PavingStone Paving
QUEEN ROAD CALIFORNIA
Stone Paving Concrete PavingStone Paving
Stone Paving
Granule
PavingConcrete Paving
SANFRANSISCO, NORTHEN AMERICA
Concrete Paving
Paving
Concrete Paving
LAMITON ROAD, MUMBAI
27

REASONAL REFRENCES
Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community.
Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods
(e.g. observations & interviews).
Pathway
When crossing your muddy yard to fetch the daily paper turns
into an obstacle course of slips and slides, perhaps it's time to
think about an alternative path - literally. Instead of sinking
up to your ankles in the name of the morning stock report,
take a weekend to lay a brick walkway.
Brick Pathway
Brick Vehicular way
A road surface or pavement is the durable surface
~New town Park, Kolkata
~Bungalow
Brick Vehicular way
~Narora to Rajghat old drive way
A road surface or pavement is the durable surface
material laid down on an area intended to sustain
vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road.
28

Courtyard
Brick Courtyard
Parking
Brick Courtyard
Brick Parking
29

CHAPTER - 9
CONCLUSION
ICBP technology can provide durable and sustainable road infrastructure where
As per above review, these concrete paver blocks can be used at habitation areas on rural
and urban roads. It will give a good aesthetic view as compare to cast in situ concrete
roads. As regard of maintenance point is concern the damaged blocks can be easily
replaced where as in case of concrete roads the replacement of damaged concrete is
difficult. The further analysis & monitoring can be categories under scope for future
work.
ICBP technology can provide durable and sustainable road infrastructure where
construction and maintenance of conventional pavements are not cost effective.
ICBP is much cheaper than rigid (concrete) pavement designed for identical conditions.
Compared to bituminous pavement for low traffic volumes and high strength subgrade, the
initial construction cost of ICBP is likely to be equal to or marginally higher. For high
traffic volumes and low strength subgrade, ICBP will be cheaper than flexible pavement.
Guidelines for use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement and Specification on Paver
Blocks are published in Codes and available with Indian Roads Congress and Bureau of
Indian Standards which are very useful for Indian industries and highway professions for
adoption of block pavement technology.1
Brick pavers are incredibly versatile ways to add value to your home and landscape.
There are a lot of creative ways you can implement them. Typically, consulting with an
expert is a great way to narrow down your options.
When you are considering adding brick pavers to your house, a landscaping professional
can provide all the guidance you need. Good designers have an eye for what will work,
but great designers know how to tailor what works to your needs. It’s important, then, to
have a vision in mind that you want to develop with said professional (for some more
walkway inspiration, check out our patios & walkways gallery
30
walkway inspiration, check out our patios & walkways gallery

CHAPTER - 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Landscape Architecture Construction, third Edition, Harlow Landphair (Author),
Fred Klatt Jr. (Author)
Landscape detaling , third edition, Michael littlewood (A.uthor)
Landscape Construction Book by David Sauter.
https://www.usgs.gov/science/evaluating-potential-benefits-permeable-pavement-
quantity-and-quality-stormwater-runoff?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
https://www.wcpavers.com/west-coast-pavers-fort-myers/
Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture.
https://www.gardenguides.com/85792-cut-
landscaping-bricks.html
https://www.elementallandscapesltd.com/
https://starsricha.snydle.com/materials-used-for-
landscape-architecture.html
https://www.slideshare.net/AadeshJani/elements-of-
landscape
31
https://www.google.com/search?q=conclusion+OF+BRICK+PAVING&sxsrf=ACYBG
NS4rZF10utBDn9mJaXynQyxA6jpZw:1574772527589&ei=Lx_dXazPI9CS9QOLkr
XoAw&start=40&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjsou_o9IfmAhVQSX0KHQtJDT04FBDy0w
N6BAgMEDQ&biw=1641&bih=808

Paving As A Landscape Element ~By Puneet chhonker

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